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Pests Associated with Tomato Fruit

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Pests Associated with Tomato Fruit MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANT PROTECTION DEPARTMENT REPORT OF PEST RISK ANALYSIS ON IMPORTATION OF FRESH TOMATO FRUITS (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) FROM REPUBLIC OF KOREA INTO VIETNAM MARCH 2010 Agency Contact: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Plant Protection Department 149 HoDacDi Street, DongDa District, Hanoi, Vietnam 1. General introduction This risk assessment was prepared by Plant Protection Department (PPD), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) for National Plant Quarantine Service of Republic of Korea (KNPQS This document assesses the risks associated with the importation of fresh tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) from Republic of Korea into Vietnam were estimated and assigned the quantitative terms High, Medium or Low in accordance with the template document, 10 TCN 955: 2006 Specialized standard: Phytosannitary - Pest Risk Analysis Procedure For Importing Plants and Plant Products. This risk assessment is one component of a complete pest risk analysis, which described as having three stages: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment) and Stage 3 (risk management). The commodity is assessed in this report is fresh tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum L., family Solanaceae, order Solanales) imported from Republic of Korea to Vietnam. In Republic of Korea, tomato plant is cultivated all over the country and throughout the year because it is frow in greenhouses. Major tomato production areas include Busan City, Buyeo City, Chuncheon City, Dalseong Country, Damyang City, Nonsan City, Gimcheon City, Gimhae City, Gwngju City and Iksan City. The optimal temperature for sprouting is 28 - 30°C and 25 - 27°C for growth. The temperature should be maintained at 27°C during the daytime and at 17°C during the night. Soil temperature needs to be maintained at 18 - 22°C. The optimal temperature for flowering, fruiting, and coloring is around 20 - 25°C. Major tomato varieties are Momotaro, Seogwang, Younggwang, Gangryeokmisu, Dae- hyeongboksu, Koko, Baebae, Evita, Trust, Dombito, Apollo, Recento, Red Giant, Minigold, Wawabangul, Tamnara, Wonhong 1, Wonhong 2, Wonhong 3, Wonhong 4, Wonhong 5 and Summerking. At present, Republic of Korean fresh tomato fruits have been exported to Japan, Guam and Saipan. For pest prevention and control of tomato, agricultural chemicals registered with the Republic of Korean government are used, provided that they meet the standards for residues of chemicals from importing countries. Appropriate time of pest control will be decided through the monitoring during the growing season. In addition, integrated pest management system such as biological control using natural enemy instead of relying chemical control is in operation. Harvest and post harvest management Fruits setting start 3 - 5 days after fertilization and fruit plumping is almost finished after 30 days. Fresh tomatoes are harvested 45 – 50 days after fertilization at a low – temperature period, or 35 – 40 days after at a high – temperature period after fertilization. Fresh fruits of tomatoes can be harvested through the and mainly produced March to July, and October to November. Fruits are collected in plastic containers and moved to packing facility (in some case, net or vinyl covers are used to cover the boxes load on trucks). Fruits infected by pests and damaged are removed from the packing line and destroyed. Carton boxes are generally used for packing with 5kg, 10kg and 15kg. Sometimes plastic clamshells are used for packing with 1 – 2kg. Criteria of grading are weight, size, color, growing period, etc Fresh tomato fruits are stored at 7 - 10°C and relative humidity for 85 – 90%. No chemical treatments are applied to the fresh fruits of tomato after harvest. In general, refer comtainers are used to transport paprika to export ports. Sometimes covered trucks and wing trucks with cold storage facility are also used. All consignment of tomato are checked and inspected by National Plant Protection Organazation (NPPO) of Republic of Korea before export (KNPQS, 2008). 2 Pests According to information of Republic of Korean National Plant Quarantine Service (KNPQS), there are 94 pests on tomato in Republic of Korea including: 50 insects, 06 nematodes, 28 funguses, 05 bacteria and 05 virus species. Some of them can seriously damage to tomato plants as: potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella), verticillium wilt of tomato (Verticillium albo- atrum), target leaf spot of tomato (Corynespora cassiicola), bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) and cucumber mosaic (Cucumber mosaic virus). 2. Risk Assessment 2.1. Initiating Pest Risk Analysis This is first time fresh tomato fruits imported from Republic of Korea into Vietnam. So in the past, there is no previous risk assessment report on tomato fruits from Republic of Korea. Based on Decree No: 02/2007/NĐ-CP decision on 05 January 2007 of The Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Decision No: 48/2007/QĐ-BNN of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development issued on 29 May 2007 and Decision No: 34/2007/QĐ-BNN of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development issued on 23 April 2007, before import into Vietnam, some plants and plant products which have highly introduction potential of associated pests must be analysised for pest risk assessment to prevent introduction of the dangerous pests into Vietnam. 2.2. Identify Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway Table 1 lists the pests associated with Lycopersicon esculentum L. that also occur in Republic of Korea and the absence or presence of these pests in Vietnam. The criteria for pests likely to follow the pathway include: - Being present in the exporting country - Being associated with the commodity - Being a quarantine pest Based on table 1, any pest that meets all above criteria will be selected for further assessment (Table 2) 3 Table 1- Pests associated with fresh tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and present in the Republic of Korea Geographic Plant Quarantin Follow No Pest Distribution Part Affected e Pest Pathway References (Yes/No) (Yes/No) ARTHROPODS Mites Tarsonemidae 1 Tarsonemus bilobatus Republic Leaves Yes No CABI, 2007 Suski of Korea Tetranychidae 2 Tetranychus kanzawai Republic Leaves, No No KNPQS, 2008; Kishida of Korea, Stems CABI, 2007; (tea red spider mite) Vietnam Hinomoto, Tran Dinh Pha (http://www1.m ontpellier.inra.f r/CBGP/spmwe b/notespecies.p hp?id=1023 ) 3 Tetranychus urticae Republic Leaves No No CABI, 2007; Koch of Korea, NIPP, 1999 (two-spotted spider mite) Vietnam Insects Coleoptera Chrysomelidae 4 Psylliodes Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008; angusticollis Baly of Korea Takizawa H., (eggplant flea beetle) 2005 Coccinellidae 5 Epilachna Republic Leaves No No KNPQS, 2008; vigintioctomaculata of Korea, NIPP, 1976 Motschulsky Vietnam (large 28-spotted lady beetle) 6 Epilachna Republic Leaves No No KNPQS, 2008; vigintioctopunctata of Korea, NIPP, 1999; (Fabricius) Vietnam CABI, 2007 (hadda beetle) Curculionidae 7 Listroderes Republic Leaves, Yes No CABI, 2007 costirostris Schönherr of Korea Roots 4 Geographic Plant Quarantin Follow No Pest Distribution Part Affected e Pest Pathway References (Yes/No) (Yes/No) (vegetable weevil) Endomychidae 8 Ancylopus pictus Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008 asiaticus Strohecker of Korea Tenebrionidae 9 Gonocephalum 1 Republic Leaves No No CABI, 2007; of Korea, NIPP, 1976 Vietnam Scarabaeidae 10 Adoretus sinicus Republic Leaves No No KNPQS, 2008; Burmeister of Korea, CABI, 2007; (rose beetle) Vietnam NIPP, 1976 11 Phyllophaga 1 Republic Leaves No No CABI, 2007 of Korea, Vietnam Collembola Sminthuridae 12 Bourletiella hortensis Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008 (Fitch) of Korea (garden springtail) Diptera Agromyzidae 13 Chromatomyia Republic Leaves, No No CABI, 2007; horticola Goureau of Korea, Stems Andersen A., (pea leaf miner) Vietnam Tran Thi Thien An & Nordhus E., 2008 14 Liriomyza bryoniae Republic Leaves No No KNPQS, 2008; Kaltenbach of Korea, Andersen A., (melon leaf miner) Vietnam Tran Thi Thien An & Nordhus E., 2008 15 Liriomyza trifolii Republic Leaves No No KNPQS, 2008; Burgess in Comstock of Korea, Andersen A., (American serpentine Vietnam Tran Thi Thien leafminer) An & Nordhus E., 2008 Hemiptera 1 For organisms identified to only the genus level, not analyzed further 5 Geographic Plant Quarantin Follow No Pest Distribution Part Affected e Pest Pathway References (Yes/No) (Yes/No) Aleyrodidae 16 Bemisia tabaci (B Republic Leaves Yes No CABI, 2007 biotype) of Korea (silver leaf whitefly) 17 Trialeurodes Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008; vaporariorum of Korea CABI, 2007 Westwood (greenhouse whitefly) Aphididae 18 Acyrthosiphon Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008; gossypii Mordvilko of Korea CABI, 2007 19 Acyrthosiphon solani Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008 Kaltenbach of Korea (foxglove aphid) 20 Aphis fabae Scopoli Republic Growing No No CABI, 2007; (black bean aphid) of Korea, points, PQDC, 1999 Vietnam Leaves 21 Aphis citricola van Republic Leaves No No KNPQS, 2008; der Groots (=A. of Korea, CABI, 2007 spiraecola) Vietnam (spirae aphid) 22 Aphis gossypii Glover Republic Leaves, No No KNPQS, 2008; (cotton aphid) of Korea, Stems CABI, 2007; Vietnam NIPP, 1999 23 Brachycaudus Republic Growing Yes No CABI, 2007 helichrysi Kaltenbach of Korea points, (Leaves-curling plum Leaves aphid) 24 Cavariel la salicicola Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008 (Matsumura) of Korea (willow two-tailed aphid) 25 Hyalopterus pruni Republic Leaves Yes No KNPQS, 2008 (Geoffroy)
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