Constitutional relations between Britain and India: the Transfer of power 1942-7. The Simla conference: background and proceedings, 1 September 1944-28 July 1945, , Esmond Walter Rawson Lumby, Penderel Moon, Her Majesty`s Stationery Office, 1974, 0115800808, 9780115800801, . .

DOWNLOAD http://kgarch.org/1bGN6Pv

Constitutional relations between Britain and India , Nicholas Mansergh, , History, . .

Burma, the Struggle for Independence, 1944-1948: From military occupation to civil government, 1 January 1944 to 31 August 1946 , Hugh Tinker, S. R. Ashton, 1983, History, 1078 pages. .

The Transfer of Power 1942-7: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty, princes, partition, and independence, 8 July-15 August 1947 , India Office Records, India Office Library, , History, . .

The partition of the Punjab, 1849-1947 , Prem Vati Ghai, 1986, History, 192 pages. .

The Transfer of Power 1942-7: The interim government, 3 July-1 November, 1946 , Nicholas Mansergh, Esmond Walter Rawson Lumby, Penderel Moon, 1979, Constitutional history, . .

Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India; the Transfer of Power, 1942-7: The Mountbatten Viceroyalty: formulation of a plan, 22 March-30 May 1947 , Nicholas Mansergh, Penderel Moon, India Office Records, India Office Library, 1981, History, . .

Walls and Mirrors Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity, David G. GutiГ©rrez, 1995, Social Science, 320 pages. Covering more than one hundred years of American history, Walls and Mirrors examines the ways that continuous immigration from Mexico transformed?and continues to shape?the ....

Ideology and Development in Africa , Crawford Young, Council on Foreign Relations, Sep 10, 1983, Business & Economics, 380 pages. Looks at examples of African Marxism, socialism, and capitalism, and discusses the economic and political conditions in modern Africa.

Musalmans and money-lenders in the Punjab , Septimus Smet Thorburn, 1886, , 198 pages. .

Mission with Mountbatten , Alan Campbell-Johnson, 1951, History, 383 pages. .

Peasants and princes agrarian unrest in the East Punjab states, 1920-48, S. Gajrani, Jan 1, 1987, History, 216 pages. .

Indian periodicals directory , Krishna Kanta Sud, 1964, Indic newspapers, 188 pages. .

An Epic Unwritten , Muhammad Umar Memon, Jan 1, 1998, India, 369 pages. A Collection Of Some Of The Most Memorable Urdu Stories About The Partition And Its Aftermath In This Valuable Addition To The Growing Body Of Literature On The Partition ....

Bengal's night without end , Udayan Namboodiry, 2006, , 514 pages. On electoral malpractices in West Bengal, India; with special focus on Communist Party of India (Marxist)..

BrowseBooksBiographyBusinessCookbooks & FoodFiction & LiteratureHistoryHobbies, Crafts, & HomeKids & TeensMystery & DetectiveReligionRomanceScience FictionOther ContentBrochures & CatalogsCourt FilingsCreative WritingFormsHow-To Guides/ManualsMapsPostersPresentationsRecipes/MenusSchool WorkMy LibraryRecently SavedLoading...Go to My Library →{{title}}{{author_name}}

Welcome to Scribd, the world's digital library. Read, publish, and share books and documents. See more ➡DownloadStandard viewFull view of .Add noteSave to My LibrarySync to mobileLook up keywordLike thisShare on social networks4Activity×There was a problem sending you an sms. Check your phone number or try again later.To get Scribd mobile enter your number and we'll send you a link to the Scribd app for iPhone & Android.We've sent a link to the Scribd app. If you didn't receive it, try again.Text meWe'll never share your phone number.iTunes App Store | Google Play Store×Share to your social networks.TweetEmbed0 of .Results for: No results containing your search queryp.{{ page_number }}{{& result_text }}

Activity (4)FiltersAdd to collectionReviewAdd noteLikeEmbedShowingAllMost RecentReviewsAll NotesLikesYou've already reviewed this. Edit your review.Rating 0/5Post notePost reviewPost replyPost note and like1 thousand reads|21 days agoAlankar liked this|3 months ago1 hundred reads|9 months agohetero1234 liked this|8 months agoLoad more

The pursuit of Goeben and Breslau was a naval action that occurred in the at the outbreak of the First World War when elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet attempted to intercept the German Mittelmeerdivision comprising the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau. The German ships evaded the British fleet and passed through the to reach Constantinople, where their arrival was a catalyst that contributed to the Ottoman Empire joining the Central Powers by issuing a declaration of war against the Triple Entente.

Dispatched in 1912, the Mittelmeerdivision of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), comprising only the Goeben and Breslau, was under the command of Konteradmiral . In the event of war, the squadron′s role was to intercept French transports bringing colonial troops from Algeria to France.

When war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on 28 July 1914, Souchon was at Pola in the Adriatic where Goeben was undergoing repairs to her boilers. Not wishing to be trapped in the Adriatic, Souchon rushed to finish as much work as possible, but then took his ships out into the Mediterranean before all repairs were completed. He reached Brindisi on 1 August, but Italian authorities made excuses to avoid coaling the ship; Italy, despite being a signatory to the Triple Alliance, was still neutral. Goeben was joined by Breslau at Taranto and the small squadron sailed for Messina where Souchon was able to obtain 2,000 short tons (1,800 t) of coal from German merchant ships.

Meanwhile, on 30 July Winston Churchill—the First Lord of the Admiralty—had instructed the commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet, Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne, to cover the French transports taking the XIX Corps from North Africa across the Mediterranean to France. The Mediterranean Fleet—based at Malta—comprised three fast, modern battlecruisers (HMS Inflexible, Indefatigable, and Indomitable), as well as four armoured cruisers, four light cruisers and a flotilla of 14 destroyers.

Milne′s instructions were "to aid the French in the transportation of their African Army by covering, and if possible, bringing to action individual fast German ships, particularly Goeben, who may interfere in that action. You will be notified by telegraph when you may consult with the French Admiral. Do not at this stage be brought to action against superior forces, except in combination with the French, as part of a general battle. The speed of your squadrons is sufficient to enable you to choose your moment. We shall hope to reinforce the Mediterranean, and you must husband your forces at the outset."[2] Churchill′s orders did not explicitly state what he meant by "superior forces". He later claimed that he was referring to "the Austrian Fleet against whose battleships it was not desirable that our three battle-cruisers should be engaged without battleship support."[3]

Milne assembled his force at Malta on 1 August. On 2 August, he received instructions to shadow Goeben with two battlecruisers while maintaining a watch on the Adriatic, ready for a sortie by the Austrians. Indomitable, Indefatigable, five cruisers and eight destroyers commanded by Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge were sent to cover the Adriatic. Goeben had already departed but was sighted that same day at Taranto by the British Consul, who informed London. Fearing the German ships might be trying to escape to the Atlantic, the Admiralty ordered that Indomitable and Indefatigable be sent West toward Gibraltar.[4] Milne′s other task of protecting French ships was complicated by the lack of any direct communications with the French navy, which had meanwhile postponed the sailing of the troop ships. The light cruiser HMS Chatham was sent to search the Straits of Messina for Goeben. However, by this time, on the morning of 3 August, Souchon had departed Messina heading west.

Without specific orders, Souchon had decided to position his ships off the coast of Africa, ready to engage when hostilities commenced. He planned to bombard the embarkation ports of Bône and Philippeville in French Algeria. Goeben was heading for Philippeville, while Breslau was detached to deal with Bône. At 18:00 on 3 August, while still sailing west, he received word that Germany had declared war on France. Then, early on 4 August, Souchon received orders from Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz reading: "Alliance with government of CUP concluded August 3. Proceed at once to İstanbul." So close to his targets, Souchon pushed on and his ships, flying the Russian flag as he approached, carried out their bombardment at dawn before breaking off and heading back to Messina for more coal.[5]

Under a pre-war agreement with Britain, France was able to concentrate her entire fleet in the Mediterranean, leaving the to ensure the security of France′s Atlantic coast. Three squadrons of the French fleet were covering the transports. However, assuming that Goeben would continue west, the French commander—Admiral de Lapeyrère—sent no ships to make contact and so Souchon was able to slip away to the east.

In Souchon′s path were the two British battlecruisers, Indomitable and Indefatigable, which made contact at 09:30 on 4 August, passing the German ships in the opposite direction. Unlike France, Britain was not yet at war with Germany (the declaration would not be made until later that day, following the start of the German invasion of neutral Belgium), and so the British ships commenced shadowing Goeben and Breslau. Milne reported the contact and position, but neglected to inform the Admiralty that the German ships were heading east. Churchill therefore still expected them to threaten the French transports, and he authorized Milne to engage the German ships if they attacked. However, a meeting of the British Cabinet decided that hostilities could not start before a declaration of war, and at 14:00 Churchill was obliged to cancel his authorization to attack.[6]

The rated speed of Goeben was 27 kn (31 mph; 50 km/h), but her damaged boilers meant she could only manage 24 kn (28 mph; 44 km/h), and this was only achieved by working men and machinery to the limit; four stokers were killed by scalding steam. Fortunately for Souchon, both British battlecruisers were also suffering from problems with their boilers and were unable to keep Goeben′s pace. The light cruiser HMS Dublin maintained contact, while Indomitable and Indefatigable fell behind. In fog and fading light, Dublin lost contact off Cape San Vito on the north coast of at 19:37. Goeben and Breslau returned to Messina the following morning, by which time Britain and Germany were at war.

The Admiralty ordered Milne to respect Italian neutrality and stay outside a 6 mi (5.2 nmi; 9.7 km) limit from the Italian coast—which precluded entrance into the passage of the Straits of Messina. Consequently, Milne posted guards on the exits from the Straits. Still expecting Souchon to head for the transports and the Atlantic, he placed two battlecruisers—Inflexible and Indefatigable—to cover the northern exit (which gave access to the western Mediterranean), while the southern exit of the Straits was covered by a single light cruiser, HMS Gloucester. Milne sent Indomitable west to coal at Bizerte, instead of south to Malta.[7]

For Souchon, Messina was no haven. Italian authorities insisted he depart within 24 hours and delayed supplying coal. Provisioning his ships required ripping up the decks of German merchant steamers in harbour and manually shovelling their coal into his bunkers. By the evening of 6 August, and despite the help of 400 volunteers from the merchantmen, he had only taken on 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) which was insufficient to reach Istanbul. Further messages from Tirpitz made his predicament even more dire. He was informed that Austria would provide no naval aid in the Mediterranean and that Ottoman Empire was still neutral and therefore he should no longer make for Istanbul. Faced with the alternative of seeking refuge at Pola, and probably remaining trapped for the rest of the war, Souchon chose to head for Istanbul anyway, his purpose being "to force the Ottoman Empire, even against their will, to spread the war to the against their ancient enemy, Russia."[7]

Milne was instructed on 5 August to continue watching the Adriatic for signs of the Austrian fleet and to prevent the German ships joining them. He chose to keep his battlecruisers in the west, dispatching Dublin to join Troubridge′s cruiser squadron in the Adriatic, which he believed would be able to intercept Goeben and Breslau. Troubridge was instructed 'not to get seriously engaged with superior forces', once again intended as a warning against engaging the Austrian fleet. When Goeben and Breslau emerged into the eastern Mediterranean on 6 August, they were met by Gloucester, which, being outgunned, began to shadow the German ships.[8]

Milne ordered Gloucester to disengage, still expecting Souchon to turn west, but it was apparent to Gloucester′s captain that Goeben was fleeing. Breslau attempted to harass Gloucester into breaking off—Souchon had a collier waiting off the coast of Greece and needed to shake his pursuer before he could rendezvous. Gloucester finally engaged Breslau, hoping this would compel Goeben to drop back and protect the light cruiser. According to Souchon, Breslau was hit, but no damage was done. The action then broke off without further hits being scored. Finally, Milne ordered Gloucester to cease pursuit at Cape Matapan.

Shortly after midnight on 8 August, Milne took his three battlecruisers and the light cruiser HMS Weymouth east. At 14:00, he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria—war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne chose to guard the Adriatic rather than seek Goeben. Finally on 9 August, Milne was given clear orders to "chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east." Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean, unaware that Goeben did not intend to come out.

Souchon had replenished his coal off the Aegean island of Donoussa on 9 August and the German warships resumed their voyage to Constantinople. At 17:00 on 10 August, he reached the Dardanelles and awaited permission to pass through. Germany had for some time been courting the Committee of Union and Progress of the imperial government, and they now used their influence to pressure the Turkish Minister of War, Enver Pasha, into granting the ship′s passage, an act that would outrage Russia which relied on the Dardanelles as its main all-season shipping route. In addition, the Germans managed to persuade Enver to order any pursuing British ships to be fired on. By the time Souchon received permission to enter the straits, his lookouts could see smoke on the horizon from approaching British ships.

Turkey was still a neutral country bound by treaty to prevent German ships passing the straits. To get around this difficulty it was agreed that the ships should become part of the Turkish navy. On 16 August, having reached Constantinople, Goeben and Breslau were transferred to the Turkish Navy in a small ceremony, becoming respectively the Yavuz Sultan Selim and the Midilli, though they retained their German crews with Souchon still in command. The initial reaction in Britain was one of satisfaction, that a threat had been removed from the Mediterranean. On 23 September, Souchon was appointed commander in chief of the Ottoman Navy.[12]

In August, Germany—still expecting a swift victory—was content for the Ottoman Empire to remain neutral. The mere presence of a powerful warship like Goeben in the Sea of Marmara would be enough to occupy a British naval squadron guarding the Dardanelles. However, following German reverses at the First Battle of the Marne in September, and with Russian successes against Austria-Hungary, Germany began to regard the Ottoman Empire as a useful ally. Tensions began to escalate when Ottoman Empire closed the Dardanelles to all shipping on 27 September, blocking Russia's exit from the Black Sea—the Black Sea route accounted for over 90% of Russia's import and export traffic.

Germany′s gift of the two modern warships had an enormous positive impact with the Turkish population. At the outbreak of the war, Churchill had caused outrage when he "requisitioned" two almost completed Turkish battleships in British shipyards, the Sultan Osman I and the Reshadieh, that had been financed by public subscription at a cost of £6,000,000. was offered compensation of £1,000 per day for so long as the war might last, provided she remained neutral. (These ships were commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Agincourt and HMS Erin respectively.) The Turks had been neutral, though the navy had been pro-British (having purchased 40 warships from British shipyards) while the army was in favour of Germany, so the two incidents helped resolve the deadlock and the Ottoman Empire would join the Central Powers.[13]

Continued diplomacy from France and Russia attempted to keep the Ottoman Empire out of the war, but Germany was agitating for a commitment. In the aftermath of Souchon′s daring dash to Constantinople, on 15 August 1914 the Ottomans canceled their maritime agreement with Britain and the Royal Navy mission under Admiral Limpus left by 15 September. http://kgarch.org/ek2.pdf http://kgarch.org/cjl.pdf http://kgarch.org/758.pdf http://kgarch.org/4gj.pdf http://kgarch.org/len.pdf http://kgarch.org/n2f.pdf http://kgarch.org/10j4.pdf http://kgarch.org/6be.pdf http://kgarch.org/l59.pdf http://kgarch.org/h8n.pdf