Guide to Further Reading
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Guide to Further Reading Bibliographies which simply list title after title have never seemed to me particularly useful. This essay tries to survey the material available on the various individuals and theatres covered in the book. The place of publication is London unless stated otherwise. General There is no general account of the history of alternative and experimental theatre in Britain. The nearest to it is David Bradby and John McCormick People's Theatre (Croom Helm, 1978); this covers Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States and Germany in less than 160 pages, so the observations as regards Britain are necessarily brief. Theatre Quarterly (vol. 1, no. 4, October-December 1971) is devoted solely to articles on 'People's Theatre'. History Workshop (4, Autumn 1977) contains some wideranging articles on the Workers' Theatre Movement. Expanded versions together with new work are in R. Samuel, E. MacColl and S. Cosgrove, Theatres of the Left 1880-1935 (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985). Look too at the essays in D. Bradby, L. James and B. Sharratt (eds), Performance and Politics in Popular Drama (Cambridge University Press, 1981). The journal Theatre Quarterly, published from 1971, often included interesting historical material. 210 Guide to Further Reading 211 1 The Great Bard and All That What is needed is a book which looks at just how Shakespeare's plays have been staged and interpreted since the sixteenth century. Until then we have to rely on Gamini Salgado's Eyewitnesses ofShakespeare (Sussex University Press, 1975). Peter Brook in his The Empty Space (Penguin, 1972) distinguished certain strands within the theatre, but I don't think his model is as helpful as mine (yes, well, I wouldn't, would I?).John Pick's view of the West End stage is apparent from his title alone: The West End: Mismanagement and Snobbery (Eastbourne: John Offord, 1983). 2 Stage Melodrama in the Nineteenth Century There are several good histories of stage melodrama, among them Frank Rahill, The World of Melodrama (Pennsylvania University Press, 1967), M. R. Booth, English Melodrama (HerbertJenkins, 1965) and a number of older books by M. W. Disher including Blood and Thunder (Muller, 1949). A. E. Wilson's East End Entertainment (Arthur Barker, 1954) is a lively but unreliable account of the minors in the East End. Useful essays with copious footnotes are in the Bradby, James and Sharratt collection (see above). Some Victorian melodramas have been reprinted, for example James L. Smith, Victorian Melodrama (Dent, 1976). 3 The Rise of the West End The standard histories - George Rowell's The Victorian Theatre (Cambridge University Press, 1978), J. C. Trewin's The Edwardian Theatre (Blackwell, 1976) and Allardyce Nicoll's volumes - are of only moderate use. Much more illuminating are Michael Baker, The Rise of the Victorian Actor (Croom Helm, 1978) and Peter Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian England (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978). Anna Miller's The Independent Theatre in Europe (reissued New York, Blom, 1966) is 212 Guide to Further Reading indispensable. John Stokes, Resistible Theatres (Paul Elek, 1972) should be better known. As for Morris and Shaw, consult the various biographies. A Marxist view of Shaw's plays is in Alick West, A Good Man Fallen Among Fabians (Lawrence and Wishart, 1950). Ian Britain, Fabianism and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1982) is important. Brief but revealing is the chapter in Holbrook Jackson, The Eighteen Nineties (Penguin, 1939). The only book devoted to the Court Theatre under Barker and Vedrenne is D. MacCarthy, The Court Theatre 1904-1907 (Bullen, 1907) - another is needed. 4 Regional, Nationalist and Yiddish Theatre There are several good accounts of the Abbey Theatre whether by participants such as Lady Gregory (Our Irish Theatre, Putnam, 1914) or Lennox Robinson (Ireland's Abbey Theatre, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1951; he also edited The Irish Theatre, Macmillan, 1939); or in more general histories: Una Ellis Fermor, The Irish Dramatic Movement (Methuen, 1939), Peter Kavanagh, The Irish Theatre (Ireland: Kerryman, 1946), Michael 0 hAodha, Theatre in Ireland (Blackwell, 1974). For the various repertories see the individual histories cited in the footnotes. But see in particular P. P. Howe, The Repertory Theatri(Secker and Warburg, 1910), Cecil Chisholm, Repertory (Peter Davies, 1934) and Rex Pogson, Miss Horniman and the Gaiety Theatre, Manchester (Rockliff, 1952). A good starter for the history of the Scottish theatre is David Hutchison, The Modern Scottish Theatre (Glasgow, Molendinar Press, 1977). Norman Veitch in The People's provides an excellent account of the life and struggles of a little theatre (Gateshead, Northumberland Press, 1950). There is no general account of the Clarion movement let alone its cultural activities. Nor is there of the Yiddish theatre. A good chapter in M. J. Landa, The Jew in Drama (P. S. King, 1926) is devoted to the topic; otherwise see Lulla Rosenfeld's biography of Jacob Adler, Bright Star of Exile (New York, Crowell, 1977) and the useful essay by A. B. Levy in the East London Papers ofJuly 1963 Guide to Further Reading 213 together with numerous memoirs and autobiographies. But all in all, another gap waiting to be filled. 5 Women in the Theatre Excellent on the Actresses' Franchise League is] u1ie Holledge, Innocent Flowers (Virago, 1981). A general history is Rosamond Gilder, Enter the Actress (Harrap, 1931) and a more recent account, Michael Sanderson, From Irving to Olivier (Athlone, 1984). Lively as always is Richard Findlater, The Player Queens (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976). A valuable short essay is Elizabeth Robins, Ibsen and the Actress (Hogarth Press, 1928). Autobiographies by Robins, Lena Ashwell, M. W. Nevinson and Cicely Hamilton - see footnotes - tell us much about theatrical attitudes of the time regarding actresses. Otherwise I read my way through the suffragettes' weekly, VotesJor Women. Some AFL documents and plays are in the British Library but more particularly in the Fawcett Library at the City of London Polytechnic. 6 Between the Wars: the 'Little Theatre Movement' Norman Marshall, The Other Theatre Uohn Lehmann, 1947) is an excellent survey of the inter-war period. A contemporary account is Huntley Carter, The New Spirit in the European Theatre 1914-24 (Benn, 1925). Of the various initiatives discussed see Michael Sidnell's thorough Dances ojDeath (Faber, 1984) about the Group Theatre which should be complemented by the more personal and moving Robert Medley, Drawn Jrom the Life (Faber, 1983). For Terence Gray see Richard Cave, Terence Gray and the Cambridge Festival Theatre (Cambridge, Chadwyck Healey, 1980) which accompanies a set of 50 slides. There are several articles and essays about the Maddermarket in Norwich, most of which can be consulted at the Norwich Public Library, but no full-length book other than the collected reviews by Charles Rigby, Maddermarket Mondays (Norwich, Roberts, 1933). For the repertories, see the footnotes. 214 Guide to Further Reading 7 Between the Wars: the Political Theatre Groups In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in the Workers' Theatre Movemen t - see for exam pIe History Workshop (4) and R. Samuel etc. (above). The first book was Ness Edwards, The Workers' Theatre (Cardiff, Cymric, 1930) of which a copy exists at the British Library. Unity Theatre has not been so well covered but Colin Chambers is engaged on writing what should be a definitive account to be published by Lawrence and Wishart. There are numerous pamphlets issued at the time: the Unity Theatre Handbook of 1939 and People's Theatre ofc. 1946. For good studies of local Unity theatres see Angela Tuckett, The People's Theatre in Bristol193~5 (Our History 72, no date) and Jerry Dawson, Lift Theatre (Liverpool, Merseyside Writers, 1985). Also look at Ray Waterman on Proltet in History Workshop (5 Spring 1978), Malcolm Page on the early history of Unity in Theatre Quarterly (Vol. I, no. 4, October-December 1971), and the two essays by Andre van Gyseghem and Jon Clark inJ. Clark et al. (eds) Culture and Crisis in Britain in the '30's (Lawrence and Wishart, 1979). The three articles by Dr Len Jones are referred to in the footnotes. I also read my way through the newspapers and periodicals of the 1930s - Daily Worker, Lift Review, Lift News, New Leader, Clarion, New Statesman, Amateur Theatre, Drama - which does throw up much information on the period even ifit takes quite some time. Relevant material is held at the Victoria and Albert Museum and at the Marx Memorial Library in London, e.g. a copy of the thesis by Ron Travis on Unity between 1936 and 1946. 8 The War Years Nor very much to report, unfortunately because this is a highly illuminating saga. Best to start with Ann Davies, The Theatre (Bodley Head, 1948), Mary Glasgow and Ifor Evans, The Arts in England (Faber, 1949) and Robert Speaight's essay in Since 1939 (Phoenix, 1949). Informative is Peter Noble, The British Theatre (British Yearbooks, 1946). Revealing isJack Lindsay's pamphlet, British Achievement in Art and Music (Pilot Press, 1945) Guide to Further Reading 215 and his After The Thirties (Lawrence and Wishart, 1956). Broader cultural overviews are in Janet Minihan, The Nationalization of Culture (Hamish Hamilton, 1977) and Robert Hewison, Under Siege (Quartet, 1979); for the overall picture see Angus Calder, The People's War (Panther, 1971) and my more slender Where Did the Forties Go? (Pluto, 1984). 9 After 1945 For London Unity see the sources mentioned above in Chapter 7. For Glasgow Unity John Hill's article in Theatre Quarterly of Autumn 1977 and some ofthe articles in New Edinburgh Review (no. 40, February 1978). The Theatre Conference episode is chronicled in New Theatre and in J. B. Priestley's books and essays of the time.