La Recherche Biomédicale En Suisse: Espace Social, Discours Et Pratiques

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La Recherche Biomédicale En Suisse: Espace Social, Discours Et Pratiques Document CSSI 2/2014 La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, discours et pratiques Martin Benninghoff, Raphaël Ramuz, Andrea Lutz Observatoire Science, Politique et Société (OSPS), Université de Lausanne Le Conseil suisse de la science et de l’innovation Le Conseil suisse de la science et de l’innovation CSSI est l’organe consultatif du Conseil fédéral pour les questions relevant de la politique de la science, des hautes écoles, de la recherche et de l’innovation. Le but de son travail est l’amélioration constante des conditions-cadre de l’espace suisse de la formation, de la recherche et de l’innovation en vue de son développement optimal. En tant qu’organe consultatif indépendant, le CSSI prend position dans une perspective à long terme sur le système suisse de formation, de recherche et d’innovation. Der Schweizerische Wissenschafts- und Innovationsrat Der Schweizerische Wissenschafts- und Innovationsrat SWIR berät den Bund in allen Fragen der Wissenschafts-, Hochschul-, Forschungs- und Innovationspolitik. Ziel seiner Arbeit ist die kontinuierliche Optimierung der Rahmenbedingungen für die gedeihliche Entwicklung der Schweizer Bildungs-, Forschungs- und Innovationslandschaft. Als unabhängiges Beratungsor- gan des Bundesrates nimmt der SWIR eine Langzeitperspektive auf das gesamte BFI-System ein. Il Consiglio svizzero della scienza e dell’innovazione Il Consiglio svizzero della scienza e dell’innovazione CSSI è l’organo consultivo del Consiglio federale per le questioni riguardanti la politica in materia di scienza, scuole universitarie, ricerca e innovazione. L’obiettivo del suo lavoro è migliorare le condizioni quadro per lo spazio svizzero della formazione, della ricerca e dell’innovazione affi nché possa svilupparsi in modo armonioso. In qualità di organo consultivo indipendente del Consiglio federale il CSSI guarda al sistema svizzero della formazione, della ricerca e dell’innovazione in una prospettiva globale e a lungo termine. The Swiss Science and Innovation Council The Swiss Science and Innovation Council SSIC is the advisory body to the Federal Council for issues related to science, higher education, research and innovation policy. The goal of the SSIC, in line with its role as an independent consultative body, is to promote a framework for the successful long term development of Swiss higher education, research and innovation policy. Document CSSI 2/2014 La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, discours et pratiques Martin Benninghoff, Raphaël Ramuz, Andrea Lutz Observatoire Science, Politique et Société (OSPS), Université de Lausanne À l’attention du Conseil suisse de la science et de l’innovation CSSI 2 La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, discours et pratiques – Document CSSI 2/2014 Préface du Conseil suisse de la science et de l’innovation Le Conseil suisse de la science et de l’innovation (CSSI) a défini au sein de son programme de travail 2012– 2015 un projet intitulé «Tendances de la recherche en biomédecine». Dans ce cadre, il analyse les dévelop- pements récents de ce domaine scientifique hybride d’une importance majeure pour la Suisse, et réflé- chit à leurs implications pour l’organisation de la re- cherche publique et privée. Le projet se concentre sur les questions propres à la recherche, tout en prenant en compte les principales interfaces de la formation, de la santé et de l’innovation. Dans un premier temps, le CSSI a mandaté deux études originales interrogeant la notion de bioméde- cine ou de recherche biomédicale. La première retrace l’évolution de la biomédecine en tant que nouvelle dis- cipline épistémologique depuis les débuts du 20ème siècle jusqu’à nos jours 1. La deuxième étude, présen- tée dans le présent rapport, explore le paysage suisse de la recherche biomédicale sous l’angle du discours des acteurs institutionnels et des chercheurs indivi- duels. Ces différents travaux, qui éclairent le domaine biomédical selon des perspectives complémentaires, sont aujourd’hui publiés en parallèle sous la respon- sabilité de leurs auteurs respectifs. Dans un deuxième temps, se basant sur les résultats de ces études ainsi que sur les réflexions d’autres ac- teurs institutionnels, le CSSI va formuler des thèses et recommandations relatives aux enjeux liés à la re- cherche biomédicale en Suisse. 1 Strasser, Bruno (2014). Biomedicine; Meanings, assumptions, and pos- sible futures, Document CSSI 1/2014, Conseil suisse de la science et de l’innovation, Berne. 3 4 La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, discours et pratiques – Document CSSI 2/2014 Table des matières Résumé, Zusammenfassung, Summary 7 Introduction 10 1 Mandat 11 2 Problématique 12 3 Stratégie de recherche et démarches méthodologiques 15 3.1 Topographier l’espace de la recherche biomédicale 15 3.2 Appréhender les signifi cations et les défi nitions de la recherche biomédicale 17 3.3 Etudier les pratiques des chercheurs: la fabrication des faits scientifiques 17 Chapitre 1 – Une topographie de la recherche biomédicale en Suisse 20 1 Introduction 21 2 Résultats de la recherche topographique 21 2.1 Les lieux de la recherche biomédicale 21 2.2 Evolution du domaine dans le temps 24 2.3 Confi guration disciplinaire 27 2.4 Natures et usages de la catégorie «biomédical» 31 3 Représentations de la recherche biomédicale par les acteurs 33 3.1 Lieux institutionnels 33 3.2 Lieux disciplinaires 35 4 Synthèse: entre hétérogénéité et dynamique transdisciplinaire 36 Chapitre 2 – La recherche biomédicale: questions de défi nition(s) 38 1 Histoire du développement de l’espace biomédical dans les discours 39 2 Une catégorie peu stabilisée 42 3 Cœur médical et multidisciplinarité de la recherche biomédicale 44 4 Du spectre étroit au large spectre 47 Chapitre 3 – Pratiques dans la recherche biomédicale 52 1 Parcours professionnels 53 1.1 Les carrières des chercheurs: des trajectoires différenciées 53 1.2 Les enjeux liés à la formation des médecins 54 2 Financement 56 2.1 Connaissance des agences de moyens et stratégies des acteurs 56 2.2 Usage du label «biomédical» et recherche de fonds 57 2.3 FNS: portail légitime et privilégié des chercheurs 57 2.4 Autres moyens pour fi nancer la recherche 58 2.5 Stratégies différenciées et appartenance institutionnelle des chercheurs 60 3 Collaborations 61 4 Technologies 63 5 Publications 64 6 Normes sociales et scientifi ques 65 5 La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, discours et pratiques – Document CSSI 2/2014 Table des matières Conclusion 68 1 Résumé des résultats 69 2 Un usage différencié du «biomédical» comme label 71 3 Le «biomédical»: objet politique non-identifi é 72 4 La recherche biomédicale: une reconfi guration de la recherche sur la santé? 73 Références 75 1 Littérature secondaire citée 75 2 Sources 77 2.1 Rapports cités 77 2.2 Sites internet consultés 78 Acronymes 79 Annexe 1: guides d’entretien 80 1 Entretien «chercheurs» 80 2 Entretien «agences» 82 Annexe 2: tableaux réalisés à partir de la base de données SPSS 84 1 Nombre de chercheurs par institution et type d’affi liation à la catégorie «biomédical» 84 2 Nombre de chercheurs par institution de recherche et par faculté 85 3 Projets FNS 91 4 Projets européens 93 5 Projets CTI 95 6 Confi guration disciplinaire 96 7 Idéaux-types 98 6 La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, discours et pratiques – Document CSSI 2/2014 Résumé Zusammenfassung Summary La recherche biomédicale en Suisse: espace social, Finalement, nous avons étudié les différentes acti- F discours et pratiques vités de la production des savoirs (carrières, finance- ment, collaboration, publication, etc.). Cette analyse a Cette étude porte sur la recherche biomédicale en permis de comprendre que la diversité des définitions Suisse dans une perspective interprétative. Elle s’in- et des significations que les acteurs attribuent à la ca- téresse à l’usage que font les acteurs scientifiques et tégorie «biomédical» a aussi un ancrage dans la ma- institutionnels de la catégorie «biomédical», à la signi- térialité des réseaux sociotechniques dans lesquels fication qu’ils en donnent et aux processus de struc- les chercheurs s’inscrivent. Ces éléments confirment turation de la recherche biomédicale autour de ces l’idée d’une fragmentation et d’une hétérogénéité de enjeux de catégorisation. Nous avons formulé l’hy- l’espace de la recherche biomédicale. En dépit de cette pothèse que le «biomédical» pouvait être considéré fragmentation, nous avons également montré que dif- comme un label, à savoir une stratégie discursive de férentes mesures et instruments d’action publique positionnement des acteurs, ou pouvait constituer un visant à organiser et réguler les pratiques des cher- champ, à savoir un espace social de recherche forte- cheurs sont mis en œuvre. Néanmoins et paradoxale- ment structuré. Pour pouvoir vérifier la validité de ces ment, la recherche biomédicale ne constitue pas pour hypothèses, trois perspectives analytiques ont été re- autant un objet de politique scientifique abordé par tenues: topographie, discours et pratiques. les autorités politiques, en tous les cas pas sous l’angle Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi une topo- de la catégorie «biomédical». graphie de la recherche biomédicale en repérant les Ces différents niveaux d’analyse ont permis d’arriver acteurs (et leur appartenance disciplinaire) et les ins- à la conclusion que la catégorie «biomédical» n’est pas titutions qui s’associent au terme «biomédical», que suffisamment institutionnalisée et que le degré d’in- ce soit pour décrire des institutions ou des projets
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