Former Allison Testing Stands Eagle Farm Conservation Management Plan

RIDDEL ARCHITECTURE Former Allison Testing Stands Eagle Farm Conservation Management Plan

August 2006

A Report for the TradeC oast Central Pty Ltd

RIDDEL ARCHITECTURE

7 Diddams Lane Petrie Bight PO Box 1267 Fortitude Valley Q 4006

Ph 38314155 Fax 38314150 email [email protected] CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 1

1 Historical overview ...... 2 Eagle Farm airport...... 2 Allison engine testing stands ...... 3

2 The site today...... 8 The southern open testing beds...... 8 Enclosed testing areas...... 8 Northern open testing beds...... 9 Auxiliary buildings ...... 9 Allison Testing Stands— site ...... 11 1942 Stands ...... 12 1943 enclosed stands ...... 13 1943 external stands ...... 15 Site of warehouses...... 16

3 Cultural heritage significance of former Allison Testing Stands . . . 17 Statement of significance - Heritage Register 17 Schedule of significant elements ...... 18

4 Conserving the former Allison Testing stands ...... 19 The Burra Charter ...... 19 The significance of the site ...... 20 Qualified personnel...... 20 Materials and method of repair ...... 20 Interpretation...... 20 Intrusive elements ...... 21 New structures—site of former buildings...... 21 New structures —Enclosed stands ...... 21 Adaptation—1942 open-air stands ...... 21 View corridor ...... 21 Options for re-use ...... 22 Endnotes...... 24

Appendix...... 25 Drawings 2006 ...... 25 Illustrations

Figure 2. Plan of Eagle Farm airfield, 1945 ...... 4 Figure 2. Aerial view, Eagle Farm airfield, c. 1943 ...... 6 Figure 3. Aerial view, Eagle Farm airfield c. 1944...... 6 Figure 4. Allison Testing Stands and staff, c. 1943 ...... 6 Figure 5. Site plan - Allison testing stands ...... 10 Figure 6. Allison Testing Stands, view from north-west ...... 11 Figure 7. Site of former warehouses ...... 11 Figure 8. 1942 testing stands ...... 12 Figure 9. Detail of one blade ...... 12 Figure 10. Remnant concrete block ...... 12 Figure 11. Timber framing on blade...... 12 Figure 12. Detail of I beam...... 12 Figure 13. Enclosed stands viewed from east ...... 13 Figure 14. Northern stand, view from west...... 13 Figure 15. Southern stand, viewed from west...... 13 Figure 16. Control room, view from west...... 13 Figure 17. Control from, view from east ...... 13 Figure 18. Interior of southern stand...... 14 Figure 19. Interior of northern stand, eastern end...... 15 Figure 20. Interior of northern stand, western end ...... 14 Figure 21. Interior of northern stand with timber framing for sound-proofing...... 14 Figure 22. Northern stand, detail of gantry ...... 14 Figure 23. Interior of control room located between the two stands..... 14 Figure 24. 1943 external stands ...... 15 Figure 25. Concrete block to south of control room...... 16 Figure 26. Entrance to control room...... 15 Figure 27. Foundations of latrines...... 15 Figure 28. Interior of control room...... 15 Figure 29. Concrete block, north of control room...... 15 Figure 30. Site of warehouses, view to north-east...... 16 Figure 31. Detail of metal grate over drain, north-west corner of former warehouse...... 16 Figure 32. Potential for adaptation of Allison testing stands ...... 23 Introduction

HE FORMER ALLISON TESTING STANDS WERE erected in 1942-43 to provide facilities for testing one of the most well used engines in the TUnited States Air Force. The site is located within the former Eagle Farm airport. The site is entered on the Queensland Heritage Register (no 602329).

This report was commissioned by TradeCoast Central Pty Ltd.

Method

This conservation plan uses the method of investigation and analysis established by the Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (the Burra Charter).

Brief

The brief required the consultant to undertake the following tasks:

• research and prepare a documentary history of the development of the place; • inspect the place and its setting and examine the physical evidence of the place; • ascertain the views of stake holders; • prepare a draft history, statement of cultural heritage significance and conservation policies for the place; and • prepare a final conservation plan, responding to comments from the project officer.

The study team

This report was prepared by Thom Blake and Natalie List with assistance from David Oliver and Peter Todd. The site was recorded and inspected in June 2006.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 1 1 Historical overview

n the history of warfare, World War II was a watershed in the use of aircraft. During World War I, light planes were used but did not play a Icritical role in the outcome. Major advances in aeronautical technology during the 1920s and 1930s led to aircraft playing a decisive role in the 1939-45 conflict. Following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbour in December 1941 and the entry of the into the conflict, Australia suddenly became directly involved – no longer was the war being fought on the other side of the world. Australia quickly became the base for the Allied forces in the Pacific.

Aircraft production was but one of numerous major industries undertaken in Australia during the war. No less important was the repair and maintenance of aircraft. With the arrival of the USAAF in 1942, facilities and procedures were quickly established to overhaul and maintain the ever- increasing numbers of aircraft required in the Pacific campaign. Because of security threats, the repair and overhaul of aircraft were confined to and Melbourne.1 In Brisbane, the USAAF contracted some of the work of engine overhaul and repair to firms including , ANA and General Motors Holden.

One of the most widely used engines in the US air fleet was the Allison V-1710. An in-line, liquid-cooled V-12 engine, it was used in a range of fighters including the P-38 Lightning, P-39 Airacobra and P-40 Warhawk. The Allison company was founded by James Allison and built motor vehicle engines and other components. The company was acquired by General Motors in 1935 and subsequently developed the V-1710 engine.

In Brisbane, General Motors Holden established a facility specifically for the repair and overhaul of Allison engines. The factory was located in three large igloos on the banks of Breakfast Creek and next to Sandgate Road. Due to the noise developed when testing the engines, a separate facility away from the residential areas was required. The Eagle Farm aerodrome was selected as the most appropriate location for testing overhauled engines

EAGLE FARM AIRPORT

Following the establishment of commercial aviation in Australia in the early 1920s, the Commonwealth government acquired land at Eagle Farm for an

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 2 airfield. The area was low-lying and had been primarily used for farming and grazing.

An airstrip and basic facilities including hangers were constructed. The site, however proved to be less than suitable as drainage was a problem, (and still is today) as well as occasional flooding. Eagle Farm became less utilised when a more suitable airstrip was developed at Archerfield on the southern outskirts of the city. Facilities were relocated from Eagle Farm and the Commonwealth government then leased the land for grazing and farming. The government had intended to sell the land but prices were low due to the economic depression.2

The Eagle Farm airfield was re-activated as the late 1930s as the Second World War loomed. The RAAF established a training school at Eagle Farm in late 1939.3

The escalation of the war with the Japanese bombing in December 1941 and the entry of the United States into the conflict had a direct impact on the Eagle Farm site. Suddenly, it became strategically very important as an airfield. Two new sealed runways were constructed by the USAAF as well as hangers, workshops and other infrastructure. By 1944 more than £500 000 had been expended on the Eagle Farm airfield and it had become a major military air base.

Eagle Farm airfield also became the site for testing stands for the Allison engine.

ALLISON ENGINE TESTING STANDS

When General Motors Holden were awarded the contract for overhauling and repairing the Allison engines, facilities were necessary for testing the reconditioned engines. Because of the noise generated by the engines, it was not possible to test the engines at Breakfast Creek in the midst of a residential area. Although it was not necessary to locate the testing stands at an airfield, the Eagle Farm airfield was a convenient location.4

In June 1942 the Eagle Farm airfield was extended when the Commonwealth government compulsorily acquired land immediately to the east of Schneider Road. This land had been used for farming and part of it was allocated for the construction of the testing stands.

The first testing stands were erected in October-November 1942 by members of the USAAF 81st Air Depot Group. The 81st Air Depot Group had responsibility for the assembly and maintenance of aircraft of US aircraft in southern Australia. They were initially located at Tocumwal and Amberley before moving to Eagle Farm in August 1942.5 The 81st Air Group were responsible for the overhaul of a wide range of components including tails, fins, landing gear, cabins, tyres and propellers. They relied heavily on civilian firms such as GMH for the overhaul of engines.

The testing facility comprised six stands and were immediately operating at full capacity. The testing facility was extended in 1943 with the construction of two brick-enclosed stands. The enclosed stands were possibly built due

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 3 Figure 2. Plan of Eagle Farm airfield, 1945 Key to buildings at Allison Testing Stands 77 - existing farm house 78 - testing stands 79 - latrines 79A - boiler house 80 - warehouse

(Plan M159/7 NAA (vic) 3468 Q/7/318)

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 4 to complaints regarding the noise generated by testing the engines. The original estimated cost of these stands was £3788 for the structures and £6966 for the sound-proofing.6 Latrines were also constructed nearby. Two additional open-air stands were built in 1943. Two large warehouses were also built near the testing stands, most likely in 1943.

By mid 1943 the testing stands were operating at full capacity. The Courier Mail reported on the operations of testing stands in August 1943.

Aero Engine Testing is Noisiest War Job

Yesterday I discovered Queensland’s noisiest war job as I watched the bench tests of powerful aero engines, reconditioned after service in warplanes in the South- West Pacific area.

The din was terrific as a row of motors, mounted in open-air frames roared into life. The slip-stream from the huge three-bladed propellers whipped up a gale of hurricane force which sent a piece of heavy hardwood tumbling along the ground like a straw.

That was the start of a several-hour test designed to discover any imperfections or weaknesses before the reconditioned engines are returned to active service. In those hours each engine, connected to a remarkable collection of ‘tell-tale’ instruments in an adjoining control room, is subjected to its most exacting examination.

Flashing pilot lights and vibrating needles in a dozen or more gauges give the control room operative a complete picture of the reaction of various vital parts as the revolutions per minute are gradually stepped up to the full-throttle test.

For the operative the test demands complete concentration. For several hours, in addition to controlling engine speed, adjusting mixture, and watching oil pressures, he must note and record the story revealed by the ‘tell tale’ gauges—plug temperatures, magneto reactions, working of filters, radiator temperatures, fuel pressure, and a mass of other detail—on the engine log sheet.

On his report, checked by inspectors, depends whether the engine goes back into service or back to the repair plant to be once again completely broken down for minute examination.

To these operatives, and the crews who coax the motors in and out of the test frames with extraordinary skill and efficiency, “Serve in Silence” is not just a security slogan. They have no other choice on Queensland’s noisiest war job.7

Keith O’Neill worked for General Motors Holden during the war and spent time at the Eagle Farm testing facility. In an interview with Val Dennis he noted that because of the noise, the men had to use sign language. The facility operated 24 hours per day, seven days per week and was staffed by five or six Australians and approximately the same number of Americans. He recalled the procedure for testing took hours to complete:

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 5 Figure 2. Aerial view, Eagle Farm airfield, c. 1943 (Department of Interior, 528/2)

Figure 3. Aerial view, Eagle Farm airfield c. 1944. The second warehouse and northern extension to external stands are evident in this photograph.(Department of Interior 528/3)

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 6 Figure 4. Allison Testing Stands and staff, c. 1943 ()

The propeller provided the necessary load. The engines were run in at 6,000 rpm (red line) five minutes. The drum arrangement at the back of the engine may have been a silencer. On one rare occasion they had six engines going at once. The six open stands faced west. The cabins were for the instruments such as oil temperature and oil pressure. The cabin was supposed to be sound-proofed.8

The Allison testing stands were used until the latter part of 1944. In April 1944 the 81st Air Depot Group relocated to New Guinea and the program of overhauling Allison engines in Brisbane was phased out.9 The RAAF continued to occupy the warehouses on the site until at least 1946.

When the Eagle Farm airfield was returned to civilian use after the war, the Allison testing stands were simply left standing. The warehouses were later demolished. Part of the northen enclosed testing stand was partially infilled with two concrete block walls for a storage area. This work possibly was undertaken in the 1960s.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 7 2 The site today

The Allison Testing Beds site can be divided into four distinct areas. These are the southern open testing beds, the enclosed testing areas, the northern open testing beds and the remnants of auxiliary buildings.

THE SOUTHERN OPEN TESTING BEDS

These testing beds comprise a raised concrete platform with 5 blades enclosing 4 testing areas, and 1 additional testing area at ground level at the southernmost end. There is evidence of a monorail that ran along the western side of the blades. On the concrete platform are remnant metal I- beams and other metal forms cut off flush with the platform. Troughs and kerbs provide additional definition of the working areas. Asphalt between the blades is possibly evidence of working motors.

ENCLOSED TESTING AREAS

The enclosed testing areas are the most prominent structures on the site and comprise two large mirror-reversed brick and concrete buildings, connected with a small brick motor room. Metalwork embedded in the floor indicate the placement of the testing gear. In both buildings the small pedestrian doors have been partially infilled with concrete (with evidence that the original doors were used as formwork). Externally the buildings feature large concrete ribs on the roof which are not consistent in spacing.

In the southern building the large opening on the northern wall still has the original transom and some of the framing.

The northern building has been somewhat modified with the infilling of the western opening and the addition of an internal wall. Both are of modern concrete blocks with small louvred windows and the western opening is accessed through a modern roller door. Recently the remnant sound- proofing in this enclosed space (consisting of perforated metal sheeting and asbestos fibres) was removed for health and safety reasons; however the fixings remain in both buildings. The large opening on the southern wall has also been infilled with concrete.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 8 NORTHERN OPEN TESTING BEDS

Two additional testing beds were provided on the northern side of the enclosed buildings. They are in a different configuration to the southern beds with the machinery sitting on individual pads on either side of a concrete motor room. A single blade remains, the other is lying a little distance from where it originally stood. A trough of four basins sits to the east of the testing area.

AUXILIARY BUILDINGS

The footings and concrete slabs for two auxiliary buildings are located to the north of the site. They sit at a sightly different axis than the testing beds. The structural metal I-beams for the larger northern building have been cut off at ground level.

Over the site some of the original concrete roads and path-ways remain, often with kerbs and gutters, and help to define the original circulations pattern on the site.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 9 Figure 5. Site plan - Allison testing stands

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 10 ALLISON TESTING STANDS— SITE

Figure 6. Allison Testing Stands, view from north- west

Figure 7. Site of former warehouses

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 11 1942 STANDS

Figure 8. 1942 testing stands Six concrete blades remain of the original stands.

Figure 9. Detail of one blade Figure 10. Remnant concrete block It is uncertain as to the origins and function of this block.

Figure 11. Timber framing on blade Figure 12. Detail of I beam

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 12 1943 ENCLOSED STANDS

Figure 13. Enclosed stands viewed from east

Figure 14. Northern stand, view from west Figure 15. Southern stand, viewed from west

Figure 16. Control room, view from west Figure 17. Control from, view from east

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 13 Figure 19. Interior of northern stand, Figure 18. Interior of southern stand eastern end

Figure 20. Interior of northern Figure 21. Interior of northern stand with timber stand, western end framing for sound-proofing

Figure 22. Northern stand, detail of Figure 23. Interior of control room located gantry between the two stands

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 14 1943 EXTERNAL STANDS

Figure 24. 1943 external stands Figure 25. Concrete block to south of control room

Figure 26. Entrance to control room Figure 27. Foundations of latrines

Figure 28. Interior of control room Figure 29. Concrete block, north of control room. The concrete block in the background is part of a blade that was demolished.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 15 SITE OF WAREHOUSES

Figure 30. Site of warehouses, view to north-east

Figure 31. Detail of metal grate over drain, north-west corner of former warehouse

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 16 3 Cultural heritage significance of former Allison Testing Stands

he Allison Testing Stands are recognised as a site building of cultural heritage significance. The site is entered on the Queensland Heritage TRegister and demonstrates an aspect of aircraft maintenance in Brisbane during World War II.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE - QUEENSLAND HERITAGE REGISTER

The entry in the Queensland Heritage Register contains the following statement of significance:

The Allison Testing Stands site is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland’s history, in particular the period of rapid mobilization of available resources in Queensland in 1942–43 for the Pacific theatre of war during the Second World War.

The site demonstrates rare aspects of Queensland’s history. Until the mass overhaul of engines during the Second World War necessitated fixed testing sites, the task of engine testing was a mobile activity. Of the two fixed testing facilities constructed in Brisbane during the war, only this site, which incorporates three different designs of testing stand, has survived.

Because of its position in the aero engine overhaul process, the Allison Testing Stands site has a special association with the group of Queensland civilians whose labour for the Aircraft Production Commission contributed to the war effort. Most had no previous experience with the engineering aspects of aircraft engine overhaul.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 17 SCHEDULE OF SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS

All aspects of the site are highly significant with the exception of some intrusive elements .

Intrusive elements

Vegetation between enclosed testing stands

Concrete block walls in northern enclosed testing stand

Large unfixed concrete pipes

Later infill doors in enclosed stands

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 18 4 Conserving the former Allison Testing stands

HE FORMER ALLISON TESTING STANDS are an important part of the cultural heritage of Queensland. They demonstrate the important role Tgiven to aircraft maintenance during World War II This chapter presents policies for conserving the site while providing for its adaptation. Terms of the Burra Charter THE BURRA CHARTER Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place The Burra Charter is the short name for a document entitled Charter for the so as to retain its cultural conservation of places of cultural significance. This document was prepared by significance. It includes Australia ICOMOS (the Australia National Committee of the International maintenance and may according to circumstance include, Council on Monuments and Sites) to guide how places of cultural significance preservation, restoration, should be cared for. The charter spells out the processes and principles of reconstruction and adaptation. conservation, rather than rigid rules. It emphasises the importance of a logical Fabric means all the physical and disciplined approached to conservation. material of a place.

Restoration means returning the The basic principles in the Charter are: existing fabric of place to a known earlier state by removing • the place itself is important accretions or by reassembling components without the • understand the significance of the place introduction of new material. • understand the fabric • significance should guide decisions Preservation means maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing • do as much as necessary, as little as possible state and retarding deterioration. • keep records • do everything in a logical order. Reconstruction means returning a place as nearly as possible to a known earlier state and is This conservation plan is part of the process and the above principles should distinguished by the introduction form the basis for the ongoing management of the site. of materials (new or old) into the fabric.

Policy 1: Burra Charter Adaptation means modifying a That the conservation and management of the former Allison Testing stands place to suit proposed compatible should be undertaken in accordance with the principles of the Australia uses. ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Significance.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 19 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SITE

As discussed in the previous chapter, the site is significant for various reasons. It is important not simply to recognise or acknowledge that the place is significant but that action should be taken to maintain its significance.

Policy 2: Maintaining the significance of the building The significance of the former Allison Testing Stands should be maintained and enhanced in any adaptation or change of use by ensuring: • that the significant elements are conserved in accordance with the Burra Charter; • that any development on and adjacent does not diminish the significance of the place.

QUALIFIED PERSONNEL

The repair of significant fabric frequently demands specialist skills and experience. Work to fabric that is not appropriate could result in damage, and create greater problems in the long term. Equally important, the design of new elements requires special skills to ensure compatibility and that they are distinct from the earlier fabric.

Policy 3: Qualified personnel Any documentation and repairs of historic fabric should be undertaken by persons with relevant experience and skills.

The design and documentation of any work to significant buildings should be undertaken by a suitably qualified heritage architect skilled in providing adaptive re–use solutions for sites of cultural heritage significance.

Any new work on buildings adjacent to significant buildings should be reviewed by a suitably qualified heritage architect.

MATERIALS AND METHOD OF REPAIR

In the repair of the building, the use of correct materials is important not merely to retain the significance of the place, but is usually the most cost effective in the long term. The use of inappropriate materials and incorrect methods of repair can result in irreversible damage to fabric and additional expense.

Policy 4: Specification of materials and methods of repair When materials are required for repair to significant fabric, they should be the same or similar to that used in the construction of the various structures and elements. Original specifications should be used where possible and expert advice should be sought as to the methods of repair.

INTERPRETATION

An important part of the conservation process is interpreting the site to users and visitors. The form of interpretation could be achieved by the booklet/pamphlet or interpretive panels examining the history of the building and its significance.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 20 Policy 5: Interpretation The history and significance of the site should be made readily accessible in appropriate forms to the public. The preferred approach would be interpretative panels located at appropriate locations throughout the site.f

INTRUSIVE ELEMENTS

The site contains various intrusive elements that detract from its significance and also

Policy 6: Intrusive elements Intrusive elements on the site as identified in the schedule on p. 18 should be removed as they detract from the significance of the place. Vegetation removal should be given an immediate priority.

NEW STRUCTURES—SITE OF FORMER BUILDINGS

Policy 7: New structures—site of former buildings New buildings may be erected on the footprint of the former buildings provided that: • the form is similar to the former buildings; • the height does not exede that of the existing enclosed stands which are 7 m high; • they do not mimic or attempt to be a facsimile of the former buildings.

NEW STRUCTURES —ENCLOSED STANDS

Policy 8: New structures— enclosed stands New structures may be erected within the enclosed testing stands provided that: • the new work is clearly distinguished from the original; • it is free-standing within the enclosure; • the tube-like simplicity of the structure remains manifest; • the existing timber framing (for sound-proofing) should be re-clad with perforated metal to match original sound attenuation and used to accommodate any service requirements. .

ADAPTATION—1942 OPEN-AIR STANDS

Policy 9: Adaptation—1942 open air stands The 1942 open air stands could be adapted as supporting structures for light- weight frames, provided the platform and blades remain clearly expressed.

VIEW CORRIDOR

With re-development of the site, the connection to Hanger 7 could be obscured or diminished. Although the testing stands and Hanger 7 were not directly related in terms of use, both structures relate to the period of development of the airfield during World War II. Proposals developed by Cox Rayner highlight the value of this view corridor and as well views through the axis of the enclosed testing stands.

Policy 10: View corridors A view corridor to Hanger 7 should be retained. The potential of maintaining the

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 21 views through the enclosed stands should be considered in any in-fill development of the site.

OPTIONS FOR RE-USE

With the redevelopment of the Eagle Farm airport, a critical issue is what options can be considered in terms of conserving the Allison testing stands. The surrounding land is to be developed as an industrial estate with parkland in the immediate vicinity. Three main options can be considered.

• leave as is—a ruin and provide some interpretation (Minimalist approach) • use the structures and site to accommodate a military/aviation museum (Museum) • adapt the site with infill structures (Adaptation).

Minimalist option

This option would involve leaving the site as is and only making it secure and safe. Interpretation would be desirable at suitable locations around the site to inform visitors of the former use.

Museum

The site could be adapted to accommodate a military/aviation museum. Initially this would appear to be a suitable use for the site given the association with the aviation industry and World War II. This approach, however, is not preferred as it would confuse an understanding as to the purpose of the testing stands.

Adaptation with infill buildings

A third option is to develop the site with infill buildings. The footprint of the former warehouses could be used for new buildings of a similar scale and form. Additional infill buildings could be erected with the enclosed stands. Any structures would need to be free-standing and clearly contemporary in design. A suggested approach is outlined on the following page.

Interpretation of the former use would also be part of this approach.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 22 Figure 32. Potential for adaptation of Allison testing stands

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 23 ENDNOTES

Abbreviations

1. SJ Butlin, CB Schedvin, War economy, 1942-1945, Australian War Memorial, Canberra. 1977, p. 415.

2. Val Dennis has examined in detail the rationale for the establishment of Eagle Farm, in ‘Inventing the Australian Airport System: Eagle Farm Aerodrome 1922-30, in University of Queensland Historical Proceedings, No 14, 2003, pps, 57-74.

3. Allom Lovell Architects, The Former , Eagle Farm, a conservation plan for the Department of Finance and Administration, 2000,

4. The history and references to the Allison testing stands are based on substantial notes and references complied by Val Dennis for the Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Allison Testing stands (file no 602329).

5. V Condie, There will never be another 81st ,WR Smith and Paterson, Brisbane.

6. Dennis notes, 2 June 1943.

7. Courier Mail, 13 August 1943.

8. Keith O’Neill, interview with Val Dennis, 27 March 2003. Noted in ‘Allison Testing Stands EPA file 602329.

9. Dennis notes, 28 December 1944.

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 24 Appendix

DRAWINGS 2006

Allison Testing Stands Conservation Management Plan 25