Index

Absorption Basket Law, Israel, 1994, 187 baby booms absorption practices, indirect, Israel 192 competition and unemployment 50 abuses of migrant rights, lives lost in Sinai 399 Bamboo Network 110 accountability politics 212 barriers to immigration 87 Adjustment of Status Program, Canada 464 Barroso, José Manuel Advisory Committee on Minorities Research on free movement of EU citizens 225 (ACOM) 15 battered noncitizen women, USA 429 advocacy coalitions 22 Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU) 232 African slaves taken to the Caribbean by Belgian agenda setting 15 Spanish conquistadores 77 benefits age and citizenship acquisition via in Israel 186 naturalization 364 ‘in-kind’ or ‘in-cash’ 182–3 Algerian (Front de Libération Nationale to the poor 336 (FLN) insurgents 202 tourism 232 Algerian migrants in France 74 Berlin Wall construction, 1960s 204 anti-Algerian sentiment from war 70 ‘best practices’, 389 allocation of points in Canada in 1967, 463 bilateral migration 37 ‘Americanization of the European welfare bilateral portfolio investment 113–16 state’ 324 biographical information Americanization of welfare provision 235 Hezbollah in Paris 272 amnesty program, Australia and USA 462–5, Hofstad group in Netherlands 272 467 birth rates, decline in advanced industrial Anglo-American states, liberal welfare regimes countries 49 162–3 black GIs, after World War II in Germany anglophone and francophone Canada 380 70–71 annual net migration 409 Blair and Howard governments anti-foreigner protests 42 new policies allowing greater numbers of anti-immigrant immigrants 172–3 attitudes 242 Blair Labour Government, UK parties in Europe 51 immigration policy 166–9 political activity 402 no transitional controls 231 sentiment 89, 322, 335 ‘Blue Card’ scheme 345 assimilation 45, 275 ‘Bologna Process’ 228 assistance for immigrants in distress 190 bombings in UK (7/7) 443 asylum deterrence policies, UK 168 border closing justifications 218 asylum policy 21 border control 19 asylum seekers in Sweden or Denmark weakening in UK 175 refugees, family members 420 border security increase in EU, 2003, 217 restriction on social protection 163 Bretton Woods system, early 1970s asylum support 19 controls on low-skill immigration 87 attitudes towards immigrants 35 British Social Attitudes Survey 2014 Australia for reduction of immigration 230 immigration reform policy 176 Bush, George W. US President Pacific Solution 217 attempt against North Korean regime use of military force denying entry to asylum 203 seekers 173 business groups in UK Austrian anti-Semitic populism 74 opposition to free movement for Bulgarian Austrian Integration Fund (AIF) 349 and Romanian workers 175

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California agriculture, undocumented protections 54 workforce 96 regimes, tolerance for ethnic minorities 35 California, immigration and public education regulations 30 126 rights 37 Canada, immigration US requirement for social entitlements federal and provincial government 378–9 430–31 merit-based immigration policies 463–5 ‘Citizenship Policy Index’ (CPI) 28 Quebec, local-level migrant integration 380 citizens increase from and capital and immigration 101 Germany 234–5 capital and labor movements 88−9 city branding in Europe 355, 356 capital flows, drying up 94 city comparisons, cross-regional, Europe 381–2 capital-intensive goods 89 city-level integration, Canada 380 Carter, Jimmy, US President 203 civic integration 347 on Chinese human rights record 201 dominant approach to immigration Castro, Fidel, Cuban President integration in Europe 343−58, 345, 356 mass migration on USA 200 language knowledge 349 Catholicism as main religion welfare policy 354 Spanish conquistadores 77 ‘Civic Integration Index’ (CIVIX)’ 30 CCM see cross-cultural migration civic knowledge, requirement in Netherlands CDU see Christian Democratic Union 347 CEM see coercive engineered migration CJEU see Court of Justice of the EU Centre for Development Studies (CDS) 137 classroom sharing, relationship establishing Challengers, in CEM engagement 211 121 creation of refugee or migration crises client policies, liberality 34 212–13 client politics thesis 255 generators, agents provocateurs, opportunists coercion-by-punishment 217, 209 201 coercive engineered migration (CEM) using force majeure 211–12 consequences 218 Charlie Hebdo massacre, Paris 58 success or failure 209 cheap migrant labour 255 successes against advanced liberal Child and Dependent Care Credit, USA 428 democracies 215 childcare and domestic workers target states 199–200 immigrant and minority women 430 co-ethnic communities 111 children and co-ethnic workplaces 372 in Kerala 148 colonialism, impact on naturalization policies in naturalization 364 34 ‘left behind’ 148–9 colonial warfare, Algerian migrants in France China 70 border fence against North Korea 217 colonizer and social control ‘hukou system’ 77 repression, colonial control, military service, internal controls 64 subsequent immigration 52 Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 232 colonizing states, reasons for 51 Social Democratic Party, Germany 235 Committee of Immigration, Absorption and Christian Social Union (CSU) Diaspora Affairs (CIAD), Israel 184–5 campaign proposal, Germany 235 ‘commodity power’ 406 ‘citizenship acquisition’ 420 Conservative Party in UK (OECD term for naturalization) 43 opposition to Blair government on citizenship acquisition benefits to the poor 366 immigration 175 citizenship, acquisition or loss 31 controls signals 161 citizenship cases 29 Convention, 1951, 1967 Protocol 215 citizenship convergence theory, international migration importance 373–4 49 law in Europe 365 Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey liberation 34 (CPIS) 112 policies 28−39, 32 correlation between openness and rights 440

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access Index 471 counter-terrorism agenda, for liberal Determinants of International Migration democracies 23, 265 (DEMIG) 31 country of residence of emigrants, 1998−2011 determinants of migrant rights (Heckman from Kerala 144 selection model) 414 Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) DIAMINT project Grzelczyk (Case C-184/99), 2001, 226 Europe 15 crime and terrorism spread 247 three hypotheses 16 criminal activity 244 diaspora groups in radical activities 267 crises generation 202–4 diasporas and emigrants in transnational Critical Policy Studies 14 politics 6 cross-border investments, migrant networks direct absorption, ideas behind 191–2 111 policy, Israel 185 cross community migrations discrimination prohibition in EU 228 engine of social change 65–7 discrimination towards women 58 cross-country variation in attitudes towards displacement of national workers 244 redistribution 309 diversity in European countries 318 cross cultural migration (CCM) 75, 77, 78 no ethnic strife, instability 317 cross-cultural migration rate (CCMR) diversity of immigration 21 Europe 1500−2000, 67 threat to welfare state 3–4 cross-national and diachronic variation 18, 23 divorce and separation cross-national investment 112 effect on legal immigration status 422 cross-sectoral analysis, lack of 17 Dutch citizenship test 351 CSU see Christian Social Union Dutch integration research 14 cultural approaches 47–8 ‘Dutch norms and values’ for civic integration of receiving country 42 352 cultural assimilation 351 Dutch research on integration cultural backgrounds, shared 368 multiculturalism shaping 15 cultural diversity 443 recognition 284 Earned Income Credit, USA 428 cultural explanations of naturalization 47−53 Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) cultural homogenization 72 anti-poverty scheme, US 426 cultural idiom and convergence approaches 47 East Asian Muslims in 278 cultural migration 65 ecology of immigrant naturalization 370–72 cultural rights attribution 30 economic activity, cross-national 108 cultural threat from immigrants 95 economic and social costs, security risks cultural unity of a nation Western resistance to 211 problem of immigration policies 161 economic efficiency 442 culture and economic exchange 110 economic freedom 363 cultures of knowledge utilization 22 economic immigrants employment-based preferences 161, 423 decision-taking failures 12–13 economic impact of immigration policy 163 democracy 101 economic integration 56, 57, 222 people power 38 economic liberalization 231 demographic and economic factors in Deng Xiaoping, 1970s 64 naturalization 49 economic migration incentive 168 demographic and economic theories 47 economic pull theories demographic changes in ethnic composition in labor shortages and worker need 50 Europe 268 economic push theories 50 demographic concerns 240 economic rights 451–2 Deng Xiaoping, Chinese Vice President 203 economy and migration research 1 meeting with Jimmy Carter, 1979, 201 educational credentials 365 deportation 42, 347, 355 educational selectivity of immigration threats, 275 Organisation for Economic Co-operation from USA 54 and Development (OECD) 466 destination countries for Indian emigrants 140 education and relative skill composition 304

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access 472 Handbook on migration and social policy education and youth policies, Europe 381 European Social Survey (ESS) 293, 298–310, education policy for unskilled workers 384 Australia 172 high-skilled immigration 465 education preferences from immigrants 130, European Union (EU) Commission 222 310 integration 49 elderly Jewish immigrants from FSU 184, Treaty of Paris (1951) 226 187 European University Institute, CITLAW elderly people database 30 health, financial problems, subsistence 153 European Value Study 35 emigration from India 137 European Values Survey (EVS) 321 emigration, negative consequences 6 European welfare state collapse, 315 emigration or immigration European welfare state, Germany 229 and economic development 2 Europe: popular insecurities about immigrants employment, chauvinistic attitudes 249 (2012) 243 employment gap for immigrant women, USA Eurosceptic Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) 429 migration problem for welfare state 233 enfranchisement of immigrants 103 Eurosceptic political parties, growth in support English-speaking countries 222 some exemptions from language knowledge exclusion by democratic regimes 38–9 348 exploitation for political, military and environmental policy 19 economic concessions 201 epistemic communities 22 external conflicts, extensions of 5 ‘epistemic turn’ 11−24 extreme right political parties in policy analysis 11–17 growth in support 222 equilibrium policy 129 Estimated Indian migrant stock, 2010, 138 familialization of benefits 428 Ethiopian immigrants, Israel 190 Family and Medical Leave Act 1993, USA ethnic clubs, negative for bonding 57 job-protected leave 429 ethnic diversity, welfare state support increase family immigration in the USA 422 322 family immigration reduction in Australia ethnic enclave, less naturalization 45 175 ethnic groups as bounded entities 385 family migration 347, 350 ‘ethnic immigration state’ Israel family migration, Australia 169 immigrants as co-ethnics 183 family reunification 31, 32, 350 ethnic minorities in radical activities 267 FDI see foreign direct investment ethnocultural/ethnoracial diversity, Canada federalism, subsidiarity 352 380 feminization of US immigration 430 Eurobarometer Surveys (EB) 35, 321 financial incentives Eurocities association 355 coercive-engineered migration (CEM) 199 EUDO Citizenship Implementation Indicators financial transactions 109–10 33 firms and immigration policy 89, 104 EUDO Citizenship Law Indicators 30 fiscal impact of immigration in EU countries European Bank for Reconstruction and 224 Development 389 Food Stamps, USA 426–8 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) foreign citizen stock in the EU 226 226 foreign direct investment (FDI) 111–12 Europeanization to India 141 of EU immigrant integration policies 17 Former Soviet Union (FSU) Europeanization of research 18 immigrants to Israel, 1990s 183 European Labor Force Survey (ELFS) 293, ‘Fortress Europe’ 345 298–310 France and Netherlands European negative view of immigrants Muslim immigrants, clashes with local Jews threats and source of insecurity 258 273 European People’s Party 229 representatives of ‘national models’ 349–50 European social model, resilience 315 freedom of movement in the EU 222−36

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Freeman’s conundrum and social policy ‘Green Card’ Scheme diversity of immigration 56 for high-skilled migrants for IT sector 345 free markets 293 green party power 47 free movement, embrace or break away, UK gross national product (GNP) 112 231–2 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) free movement, social rights and welfare 225–9 countries 454 French/Algerian War, 1954–62, 202 importance of India-GCC corridor 138 French Revolution’s effect on naturalization restrictions on migrant rights 438 47–8 Gulf countries frustration and perceived economic deprivation importance for Indian workers 140 270 most restrictive on migrant rights 438 fundamentalism 277 Gulf wives (GW) from Kerala 150 funding sources, changes 389–90 head hunting 191 gang violence on drugs 58 health problems for elderly 154, 156 GCC see Gulf Cooperation Council gender heterogeneity in impact of immigration on and immigrant rights in the USA 422–4 social welfare spending 330−38 gender and migration, social policy 419−32 Hezbollah recruitment 266–7 gendered nature of immigrant rights 430 highly-skilled immigrants in USA gender imbalance in USA 424 temporary work permits 459–60 gender, migration and social policy analysis High Skilled Migration Programme, UK 2001 framework 419–21 points system inclusion 465 gender regime, USA 427–31 high-skilled workers (HS1) first degrees from General Assembly Resolution 34/172 universities 436 on rights of migrant workers 407–8 high-skilled workers (HS2) second or third General Assembly of the United Nations 405 degrees from university 436 generators, Idi Amin, Fidel Castro 201 high-skill immigration, backlash against 94 German citizenship 48–9 high-skill versus low-skill immigration 95 German population, foreign nationals in 229 Hispanics German public opinion, fear of public safety drug cartels 58 247 immigrants in USA, violence concern 58l German Socio-Economic Panel 388 lower benefits in US 425 Germany Hitler, Adolf, anti-Semitic populism 74 concern about EU internal migration 232 Ho Chi Min 208 official ‘no-immigration’ country 210 Honecker, Erich 200 Germany and the UK contesting European hostile reception, effects of 46 mobility 229–30 hostile threats Global Commission on International coercive-engineered migration (CEM) 199 Migration (GCIM) 400 host-society language global jihad 266 requirement in Netherlands 347 globalization 87−105 household skill and relative skill composition Gold Standard 101 309 mass migration 87 Howard Liberal/National Coalition Government Action on immigration government Australia statements 334 family visas 169–70 government effectiveness 409 immigration policies 166–8 government intervention, Israel 192 hukou system 79 government involvement, proactive to needy human capital 365 immigrants, Israel 188 religion, nationality and race 79 government networks 22 Human Development Index government reception of immigrants 46 United Nations (UN) 74 gravity model of trade in financial assets 112 human rights and migrant rights theory Great Depression 94, 96 constructivist school 400–401 Great Recession rationalist school 401 adverse impact on unemployment in UK 173 Human Rights Declaration, 1948, 215

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access 474 Handbook on migration and social policy human rights declarations. Holocaust 51 immigrants undocumented human rights observance 413 barring from social entitlements, USA 423–4 human rights regime 51 immigrants, wanted or unwanted 161 Human Rights Watch (HRW) 399 native flight to private schools 133 human smugglers, moral blackmail acts 219 public education deterioration 133 human trafficking, smuggler-organized 218–19 and school choice of natives 124–5 humanitarian migration 31 Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, UK 168 hypocrisy costs 215 immigration and immigrant policies 28 immigration and integration ICRI see Index of Citizenship Rights for constructing and analysing 17 Immigrants immigration and public education, impact of 3 ICRMW see International Convention on the immigration and social spending 330–31 Protection of the Rights of All Migrant immigration and the political economy of Workers education 121−35 ideational change, Israel 185 immigration as political issue 50 identity card program 275 immigration challenges 14 identity checks 277 immigration coalitions according to Tichenor Idi Amin, Uganda, expelling of Asians, 1972, (2002) 462 200 immigration control and social policy 161 32 immigration control dilemmas 176 backlash on state benefits to immigrants 54 on labor markets and welfare states 438 ILO see International Labour Organization immigration controversies 407 left and right political parties 50 Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952, USA immigration effects 424–5 on education of native population 131–2 immigrant children’s position, born in country immigration, engagement with, in Europe 357 43 immigration for security of destination ‘immigrant conflict’ 384–5 countries immigrant demography of Germany skilled implications 5 migrants 233 immigration from Middle East and North immigrant incorporation 265−86, 275 Africa 253 essential for democratic stability 269 immigration, high-skill, trade and form liberal, multiculturalism, no help 36 mobility 93 immigrant integration strategies 269–70 immigration, impact on social spending 3 immigrant labor, undocumented 95 higher-skilled and lower-skilled 173 immigrant naturalization, biography of 369–72 immigration impact immigrant policies on private school enrollment 132–3 status of denizens and citizenship 28 on public education spending 132–3 immigrant radicalization 277 immigration in USA immigrants and rights 320 today more restrictive than Europe 99 immigrant satisfaction in Israel 191 immigration, large-scale immigrants by period of immigration and last effect on education of host country 128 continent of residency 189 immigration legislation in UK, protests on 284 immigrants exemption from universal policy, immigration policies 28−39 Israel effect on immigration rates 36 wealthy and very poor 186 effectiveness, four phases 37–8 immigrants, naturalized, voting 42 expansive, no coexistence with universal immigrants’ political integration and radical social protection of new immigrants political activities 281 166 immigrants, skilled, direct absorption policy Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMP) 31 problems 191 immigration policy 32, 93 immigrants’ subjective integration and radical effect on welfare state spending 330–33 political activities 283 lowering of trade barriers 90 immigrants, unauthorized, scale or where voters are far-sighted 130 characteristics 20 immigration policy analysis 11−24

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access Index 475 immigration policy formulation 96 ‘integration from abroad’ epistemic turn 14 Germany through Goethe Institutes 348 in-depth interviews 165 integration measures 34 institutions’ involvement 163 integration policies 28−39, 353 patterns of research use 17–23 ‘direct immigration policy’182 immigration policy regressed on trade policy by integration process, Israel era 100 excessive government involvement 186–7 immigration reform integration research and state-building 14 social policy dimensions 161−77 inter-ethnic conflict in host societies 19 immigration restriction in Israel 183 intergroup contact immigration restrictions weakening threat perception 323 use of social welfare system 94 international borders, porousness 446 immigration rights, international agreements international capital markets, access to 118 31–2 international civil society 51 immigration securitization, reluctance 255 International Convention on the Protection of immigration ‘securitizing’ in Europe 239−59 the Rights of All Migrant Workers and immigration, skilled and unskilled 4 Members of Their Families (ICRMW) immigration support from left political parties 1990, 408, 447 54–5 International Direct Investment Statistics immigration, trade and capital policy 97 OECD 112 impact of anti-immigrant sentiment in support international governance for spending 335 role of knowledge and research 17 importation of foreign conflicts into Europe international investment 108−19 German Kurds against Turkish symbols, International Labor Legislation Committee 1999, 267 406 import-competing sectors 89 international labor migration 441 inburgering (Dutch for ‘naturalization’) 344 International Labour Organization (ILO) 399, incorporation regime, US, ius soli 424–5 405, 407 increased firm mobility 104 International Metropolis Project 388 increasing crime 240 international migration 49 independence from state 183 prediction of future trends 19 independent variables 275 international migration flows 36 communal characteristics of migrant International Organization for Migration communities 275 (IOM) 137 individual profiles of radical immigrants international refugee regime 51 275 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) state policies and domestic contexts 275 321 Index of Citizenship Rights for Immigrants international trade and investment 108 (ICRI) 30 interpersonal ‘trust’ 321 Index of Legal Obstacles to Immigrants (LOI) inter-temporal capital asset pricing model 30 (ICAPM) 109 Index on Migrant Policy Integration (MIPEX) intra-industry trade models 90–91 280 invader migrations 77 India investors and ‘home bias’109 top human resource exporter 137 institutions, importance of 2 Indian economy, unskilled labor in the Gulf ‘Islam is a religion of intolerance’ 253 157 253 individual profiles of radical immigrants 279 Israel influence on governmental policy direct absorption policy problems 187 of societal groups 216 encouragement for immigration from information asymmetries, problems 110 Western countries 190 institutions 385–6 ‘ethnic immigration’ country integration and multicultural policies, Europe immigration as nation building 180 381 Israel integration policy, immigrant integration course exams in Belgium 352–3 responsibility 180

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Israeli immigration and integration policies Libyan crisis, 2011, Muammar Gaddafi’s 183 threat 210 ‘categorical universalism’ 183 life-course approach to citizenship 373 Italian unease about immigrants 247 linguistic and cultural skills acquisition 36 local integration approaches 353 jus sanguinis 276 local-level migration research 390 countries 47 local-level research, shortfalls in 386–90 Germany 49 local matters 383–4 open and closed countries 43 LOI see Index of Legal Obstacles to jus soli 35, 42, 43, 276 Immigrants bombings, 2005, 267 King Hussein of Jordan London bombings of 7 July 2005, 241 Palestinian refugee crises threat 201 London Underground bombings, July 2005, knowledge deployment patterns 21–2 278 knowledge function 23 Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in knowledge role in policy 11 Australia (LSIA) 171 knowledge transfer low immigration in Australia 166 ‘first order’ and ‘second order’ 14 less than high-school, no vocational skills knowledge utilization 20, 21, 23 436 KNOWMIG project (2004−08) 15 ‘Know-Nothing Party in USA’ 95 Madrid attacks 2004, 241, 257, 267, 278 marriage benefits for divorced women 428 labor immigration policies 255, 444, 448 marriage to native-born 364 in high-income countries 435 married women’s social rights minimizing asylum applications 168 major importance 427 objectives of 441–53 mass immigration settlement labor-intensive goods 89, 94 physical safety threat 240–41 labor market regulation, effects of 371–2 mass killings in Norway 443 labor markets, migrant entrepreneurship mass migration 87, 98 Europe 381 creation and exploitation 202 labor unions, interest in legislation 404 naturalization increase 54 Labour Party mass migration of North Vietnamese policies on migration and free movement Indochina War 208 231 mass migration to Israel, 1990s labour shortages, UK 172 academic outcomes 132 laissez-faire posture in USA, migrants maternal migration, negative connotations settlement 380 149 language competence requirement in Europe means-tested benefits, USA 425 348 means-testing 337 Law of Return (1950) 184 medium-skilled workers (MS) Le Pen, Jean Marie, high-school vocational training 436 last opposition, European immigrants 95 membership regimes 77 legal framework in EU most opposition 95 for promotion of mobility 228 and social policy 64−80 legal labor immigration 32 Mexico and Latin America legal obligations on states 215 migrants to USA less educated 460 liberal constraint migrant crises 210 international commitment to supranational migrant integration in Europe, the USA and bodies 447 Canada liberal democracies 203, 448 local-level approaches 377−90 human rights, refugee protection 215 Migrant Integration Policy index 272 vulnerability of 215–17 migrant integration policy, Israel 180 liberalization of trade 104 migrant networks 110–11 liberal state theory 49 international economic exchange 108 liberal welfare regime, USA 430 political institutions 108−19

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access Index 477 migrant political integration in Europe ISIS forces in Middle East 58 local level 381 terrorism concern 58 migrant, pro- or anti-refugee 210 Muslim immigration, unease about migrant rights 401–2, 435 after 11 September 253–5 compliance 404–5 ‘Muslim origin migrants as financial burden’ determinants in host states 411–15 253 difference from human rights 399−417 migrant self-selection, implications for national identity 35 130 loss of 244 migrant worker recruitment in UK preservation 164 to address labor shortages 174 national identity and social cohesion 443 cultural/criminal/terrorist threat 240 shared beliefs and values 443 human capital, skills 76 national interest internal, temporary, highly-skilled 64 defining and pursuing 444 language, religion world views 76 nationalism, conceptions of 35 ‘loyalty’ prescription 284 nationality policies, stricter military capital, power 76 nationality rates, Canada, Germany, variance social capital networks 76 43 symbolic capital status 76 nationalization liberation in Germany 55–6 migration national security and public order 443–4 outflows from India, five phases 139 national security debates 265 social policy 64−80 national security protection 164 migration and development national sovereignty over migrant rights Indian experience 137−57 399 migration and refugee crises nationhood conception 99 as instruments of persuasion 199 nation state role 445 migration and social policy nation-states key trends and debates 1−6 capacity to control immigration 446 meaning of 1 nativism 88, 95 migration controls 79 left and right parties 103 migration crises 203 naturalization, 362−74 Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) 30, Canada and US 51 35, 383–4 and demographic factors 46 migration policy 266 and economic factors 46 harmonization 18 and immigration 51 migration social policy, Achilles’ heel 199−21 naturalization levels and processes migration studies 17–18 consequences for social policy 42−60 MigrationWatch, UK 175 naturalization, parochial intolerance military force 203 Japan and Germany 52 coercive-engineered migration (CEM) 199 naturalization regimes 51–2 military intervention 204 naturalization requirements 58 Ministry of Immigrant Absorption (MOIA) naturalization rules 37 183,184–5, 188, 192 non-tradable service sectors 89 MIPEX see Index on Migrant Policy Nordic countries 52–3 Integration 280 North African migrants, Frances’s rising tide multicultural integration policies (UK) 5–6 218 multiculturalism 21, 35–36, 270, 275, 345–6 North American Free Trade Act (NAFTA) multiculturalism, Australia 170 90 ‘Multiculturalism Index’ (MCP) 30 multicultural perspectives 45 oil prices 406 multi-ethnic empires old-age pensions 336 Russia, China, Habsburg and Ottoman 71 ‘open access regime’ 77 multi-level governance (MLG) 383 open borders Muslim immigrants in Europe comprehensive welfare states contradiction difficulty of assimilation in Europe 267 56

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access 478 Handbook on migration and social policy open borders in EU populist political parties growth in support effect on welfare systems 223 222 open immigration 90 portfolio diversification 113 trade policy and firm mobility 93 portfolio investment to India 141 open migration 89 positive contribution of immigrants to government finances and welfare state, Palestinian groups 267–8 Australia 170–71 Palmieri, Victor positive inducements US coordinator for Refugee Affairs 200 coercive-engineered migration (CEM) 199 parental benefits 430 Powell, Enoch, ‘rivers of blood’ speech, 1968, parental migration 258 children ‘left behind’148–9 power resources theory children, nutritional habits 149 left and green party power 50 path-dependency effects 34 production regime, prevailing 448 peer effects proportional representation 318 among native and immigrant children 130 psychosomatic conditions determinants of school outcomes 131 and parental migration 149 Pew Research Center (2006) public education quality 131 Global Attitudes Project (2006) 272 public education system survey results 282 effect of immigration flows 133 ‘pillarization’ (Dutch) 345 public or private schools 121 points system in USA choice 128 failure in USA 461, 466−7 public philosophies (core values) skilled workers 460–61 worldviews 181 strong opposition from Republicans 461 points system proposals as law radical immigrants in Canada, Australia, UK 467 individual profiles 279–80 police surveillance 42 radicalism or political violence policies and rights de Jure 437 UK, France, Netherlands, Germany 265 policy openness indicators radicalization 282 types of restrictions 437 radical political immigrants policy regimes 419 UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany policy-specific support and immigration 332 273 Polish asylum seekers in 1994, 200 radical right 283 political asylum/refugees 32 receiving countries, variety of reception 46 political contestation 21 Refugee Act 1980, USA political deliberation processes 353 for federal settlement aid 423 political economy 47 refugee rights 406 naturalization 42 refugees from East to West Germany, 1989, political radicalism and violence 270, 281 218 political radicalization 265−86 regional trade agreements (RTA) 111 political salience and modes of settlement 21 regularization or amnesty programme political security 363 none in UK 465 political theories of clientelism regularization programs USA 467 (capture theory) 47, 50 regulation of labour immigration 455 politicization relative skill composition and immigration influence on knowledge utilization 21 (as % of total population) 303 politicization of immigrant integration 16, 257 religion, Europe 381 politics and institutions 174 religious aspects of integration, Canada 380 politics of immigration in the UK 230–35 religious ideals, transnational networks 268 politics of integration, and immigrant policies religious identity, threat to 240 275 religious pluralism, from labor migration 277 population density, negative effect 49–50 remittances, external financing for India population flows into West 140–41 threatening in size 210–11 remittances to Kerala 144

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access Index 479 residence and work permits, stringent social costs of migration 147–57 conditions 277 ‘social development’, definition 73–4 residence, prolonged commitment to host ‘social dumping’ fear, Germany 234 society 364 ‘social groups’ 73–4 retreat of multiculturalism 344 social instability 240 riots in Stockholm 384 social integration 56 riots with immigrants 275 social networks, alienated 270–71 risk society 12–13 social policy 18 risks to cultural identity 240 as control signal 161–2, 166 risk, uncertainty, complexity 18 in Australia, not UK 174–5 Roma groups for immigration reform 162 from Central European countries to social-process mode, naturalization 48 Germany 233 social-process, naturalization 42, 54−5 rural to urban migrations, China allowable social-process theories 47 after 1970s 64 social psychology of assimilation 44, 47 rural–urban divide as boundary 71 social safety net 36 Russia, propiska system, internal controls 64 social security benefits USA less likely for immigrants 425 Schengen 218 social security systems 377–8 scientific knowledge social welfare unease 249–50 in political decision making 12 socio-economic integration of immigrants securitization–migration nexus 240 362−74 securitization of immigration 239–40, 257, 265 and naturalization 365–6 securitization theory 242 sociological life-course paradigm 366–8 security and immigration 240 SOS Racisme, France 42 security policies, start in mid-1990s 54 Stolper Samuelson model 88–9 segregation and settlement patterns, Europe Supplemental Security Income (SSI) 426, 429 381 supranational government in Europe 224–5 ‘segregationism’ (German) 347 surveillance of immigrants and citizens selective inclusion or exclusion 275 joining of ISIS 54 sending and receiving states conflicting interests 403 target susceptibility to ‘hypocrisy costs’ sending-country culture 45 212–14 separate gender roles regime 421 target vulnerability Single European Act, 1986, 228 from disagreement on how to respond 212 single market 223 tax benefits 428 single mothers, 1996 Welfare Act 429 technology and knowledge problems in policy Six-Day War 201 sectors 19 skilled immigrants immigration, firm support for 92–3 admission of more, optimum policy 129 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families missing in USA 459−68 (TANF), USA 428 skilled labor immigration temporary migration programs (TMPs) 437–8 fewer restrictions 439 Temporary vs Permanent Migration greater openness 438, 449–50 (TEMPER) 31 skilled migrant workers, more rights 450–51 terrorism 5, 240–41 skill level, targeted 436–7 backlash on state benefits to immigrants skill levels of natives of USA 54 higher than immigrants’ skills 94 ‘coercion by punishment’ 209 skills shortages in Australia in Europe 265−86 for free movers, EU 226–8 internationalization, since late 1960s 267–8 immigration policy 172 terrorist attacks in New York (9/11) 443 social capital 365 terrorist bombings in France, 1995, 241 social change 73 terrorist violence, recent spate of social cohesion 443, 450 integration measures 58 social control of colonization 52 third-country nationals (TCN) 223–4

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access 480 Handbook on migration and social policy trade and capital policy effect on immigration Universal Declaration of Human Rights policy 99 404–5 trade and factor movements 89 trade and firm mobility wage skill premium 129 immigration policy 89–92 Welfare Act 1996, US trade barriers 90 federal welfare benefits 423 lowering 87 welfare benefits fraudulent use 225 trade-offs between openness and some rights welfare benefits, United States 426–7 440, 452–3 ‘welfare chauvinism’ 319, 323 trade openness 90 ‘welfare migration’ ‘welfare tourism’ reduction of support for open immigration UK and Germany as targets 230 92 welfare reduction, by unskilled immigration trade policy, restrictive 93 129 transnational citizenship 58 Welfare Reform Act 1990s, USA 378 treaty creation and commitment 402–4 Welfare Reform Act 1996 (PRWORA) Trudeau, Pierre self-sufficiency in immigration policy, US Liberal government in Canada 464 426–7 trust forms, predictability, positive concern welfare regime, immigrant rights 420 57 welfare state 163, 324 trust generating, integration or naturalization welfare state burden of new immigration 166–7 57 access controls for EU migrants 235 trust (solidarity) 56 contributions of new immigrants Turks in Germany and the Netherlands High Skilled Migrant Program UK 170 278 crisis 315 decentralized in USA 378 unemployment benefits, access to 4 dependence preferable to low wage unemployment spending in UK 336 employment 163 United Kingdom (UK) impact on immigration attitudes 293 anti-EU group 230–31 in the European Union 222−36 ‘anti-populist norm’, challenge 225 national construct 320 country of immigration policies 448 immigration reform policy 176 potential threat, waves of immigrants 315 liberal welfare state 229 provisions 58 proximity to Europe, difficult to restrict restructuring 378 inward migration 173 rise of 103 United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) social policies 56 United Nations Convention threat to 240 ratification 408–11 ‘welfare tourism’, Germany 234 High Commissioner on Refugees (UNHCR) white and non-white immigrants 98–9 51 white migration scholars, target states 217 United Nations (UN) General Assembly wide and narrow naturalization rates per 406–8 100,000 aliens 1980−2012, 44 United Nations International Convention ‘widow penalty’ 422 on the Protection of All Migrant women as wives USA, prominence of 427 Workers(ICRMW) 400 women migrants 419−32 United Nations Refugee Convention 200 women, never-married United Nations Treaty negotiations social security benefits lower than wives in migrant rights 405–6 USA 427–8 United Nations Educational Scientific women’s voting 55 and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) work permit position 420 51 Working Holidaymakers Scheme 168 United States immigration workplace equality, migrant rights 404 ‘feminization’ 424 World Development Indicators, dataset 409 isolationist tendencies 51 World War I vulnerability to coercion 217 mass migration 87

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access Index 481

Worldwide Governance Indicators dataset zero portfolio or FDI 113–15 409 Zia ul-Haq, General of Pakistan exploitation of refugee flows X-ray reading in developing world 93 204 Zionist ideology youths, second- or third-generation state of Israel as asylum for Jews alienation and deprivation 268 183

Gary P. Freeman and Nikola Mirilovic - 9781783476299 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/27/2021 03:35:36AM via free access