O R A L Parents are Mostly Verbal Abuse Actors on Children in

Sabina Gero Department of Nursing, Health Polytechnic of E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Background. Child abuse in East Nusa Tenggara Province is in the emergency category and ranks fourth in 34 provinces in . Children's rights according to UU 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection have not been a concern of the people of East Nusa Tenggara. Violence against children is known that consist of two forms they are physical violence and non-physical violence. Verbal violence that is violence carried out through words, example yelling, cursing, insulting, dubbing, shouting, slandering, spreading gossip, accusing, rejecting by harsh words, public humiliation. The impact of violence is that children become individuals who lack confidence, vengeful, aggressive and have defiant behavior such as withdrawing from the environment, abusing drugs and alcohol, even tend to commit suicide. Every child violence must be prevented because it affects the child and the child's mental damage. Method of the research. Violence against children research uses a cross-sectional method samples were taken in three districts namely Kupang Regency, East Sumba District, and Manggarai District. The sample was taken by the proportional Cluster random sampling technique. the number of samples is 282 parents who have children under 18 years old. the study was conducted in 2017. The analysis used bivariate description statistics and multiple Logistic regression. The result. Maltreatment action on children in East Nusa Tenggara more occurs in these two types, physical and verbal Violence, while there is not too much sexual and psychological violence. Bivariate analysis showed that the five Children's Rights significantly affected child abuse. The calculation with multiple Logistic regression found that only 4 Children's Rights (except, developing rights) were related to parents’ caring behavior (p= 0,000). Such developing model shows 41% of the causes of four children's rights. 59% is determined by other factors, such as socio-cultural, socio-economic, environmental and parent’s factors (education, parenting, etc.) Conclusion and Suggestions. East Nusa Tenggara child abuse is dominated by verbal violence. Although verbal Violence is non- physical it has impacts on mental health problems. Parenting needs to be improved. Hugging a child periodically with great love has an effect on nourishing a child’s soul. Keywords: Five (5) children's right, Caring of parents, Children verbal abuse. *Correspondence: [email protected] Present Address: Piet A. Tallo St. Liliba, NTT - Indonesia

©The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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BACKGROUND role in the process of child development. The Province of East Nusa Tenggara One of the roles of parents is as is in the category of Child violence responsive parenting. This role aims to emergency, in fourth place from 34 improve the survival and growth of provinces in Indonesia (Chair of the children and protect children from National Commission on PA in the disease, provide cognitive and workshop on Child Protection in psychosocial effects of children. The commemoration of National Children's response of a nanny to her fosterling will Day (HAN) in Kupang, July 23, 2015). bring about a positive closeness (full of According to the total population of East warmth and trust), can increase social Nusa Tenggara, 2.2 million are children competence and reduce child behavior under 18 years. 80 percentof that amount problems later on. The sitter-in, who are experienced violence in various forms, not good, will increase the adjacency that both physical and non-physical. Other is not good (negative / bad), such as data shows that 68 percent of NTT teens feeling rejected, anxious, disorientation are domestic assistant outside the and other psychological symptoms that province and are victims of human are the forerunner to the emergence of trafficking for commercial sexual child behavior problems in the future. exploitation. Even, 50 percent of the Most child abuse occurs in the child's children do not have birth certificates. In own home, small numbers occur in the addition, data from the East Nusa school, environment or organization Tenggara Provincial Health Office, there where the child interacts. have been thousands of malnourished children Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child (http://www.timorexpress.com/2015072 Protection will achieve the target if there 4110356/-komnas-pa-ntt-darurat- is an active participation of all members kekerasan-anak). Pos Kupang, of the community, starting from the Wednesday, November 8, 2017 stated family, society and the government. Child that East Nusa Tenggara Regional Police protection is an effort to guarantee and data from 2017 to October, there have protect children and their rights. These been 255 acts of sexual abuse in children, rights are the right to live, grow, develop with details of rape 41 cases (16%) and and participate optimally in accordance fornication 214 cases (84%). with human dignity and also the rights of children to be protected from violence Children who are victims and / or and discrimination. These children's perpetrators of crime at this time are rights are part of human rights that must likely to become the same perpetrators in be guaranteed, protected, and fulfilled by the future. Parents have an important parents, family, community, state,

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government (including local should protect children and fulfill government). Children are not adults in children's rights to be free from violence small size, but humans who are in the and discrimination, on the contrary, act process of growth and development. as perpetrators of that violence. This writing aims to find out the caring role of Child abuse is any act against a child parents who avoid violence, especially which have consequences in physical, verbal violence against children in East psychological, sexual and / or neglectful Nusa Tenggara. The study took the misery or suffering, including threats to location of the island of Flores, commit acts, coercion or deprivation of represented by samples taken from liberty and against the law. The four main Manggarai district, Sumba Island categories of acts of violence against represented by samples taken from East children are neglect, physical violence, Sumba district, and Island emotional / psychological abuse, and represented by Kupang regency. Data was child sexual abuse. Physical violence is a taken using a questionnaire, filled by type of visible violence. For example, parents who came to the health center. being slapped, crushed, stepped on him or her, tortured, spit on, thrown with METHODS AND MATERIALS OF things, etc. Non-physical violence is STUDY divided into two, verbal and This study uses a quantitative approach, psychological violence. Verbal violence is with a cross-sectional study method. A done through words. Examples: yelling, qualitative approach is used in this study cursing, insulting, shouting, slandering, to collect data by interview (Dahlan S, spreading gossip, accusing, rejectsusing 2012). Research question "How do family harsh words, embarrassing, etc. caring behaviors protect children's rights Psychological violence is violence that to violence in NTT?" The sampling treated through body language. Example: technique used a simple random looking cynically, high-hat and sampling stratifaid method in 3 districts intimidated gazing, humiliating, (Kupang, East Sumba and Manggarai). silencing, isolating, despising, pouting & Selection was based on the active family glaring. All acts of violence leave which have commited to the government psychological stress and can cause post family planning program (KB) (NTT in traumatic anxiety. This disease is Figures, 2016) in 2015, Manggarai district included in mental health problems. 33,209, Kupang district = 27,332 and East Sumba district = 16,667. Total number of Verbal violence carried out by families which have been registered as family or parents has a double impact on the active subject of family planning children's mental health. Parents who program = 79,208. Calculation of samples

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using the classter random sample series of small island, then the total technique with the Lemeshow formula in becomes 550 islands. It has 22 districts/ Susanto 2010 (293 families). Data that city. The total population of East Nusa fulfilled the requirements for analysis Tenggara is 4,683,827 people with a were 282 families. The research locations population growth rate of 2.07%. were 2 rural health centers and 2 urban Population density in NTT is 96 people / health centers using proportional km², population living in urban areas is calculations.The statistics of univariate 20%, and population in rural areas is and multivariate using computer 80%. The main health problems are clean calculations was applied in order to water, sanitation and lack of health analyse the result. facilities. Other health problems are child malnutrition (32%) and high infant RESULTS mortality (71%) per 1000 population. The province of East Nusa Tenggara is an NTT Province is the third poorest island province with 3 large islands, West province after Papua and West Papua. Timor, Flores and Sumba, along with a a. Description of Data: Table 1. Characteristic Data of Respondents No Charateristics Amount % 1 Gender: • Man 104 37 • Woman 165 58.5 • Abstain 13 4.6 2 Marital Status : • Single Parent 1 0.4 • Widower/Widow 10 3.5 • Complete Family 251 89 • Abstain 20 7.1 3 Number of Children in the family: 99 35.1 • 1-2 people 173 61.4 • 3-6 people 10 3.6 • >6 people 4 The age of the smallest child in the family: • < 3 years old 77 27.2 • 4 - < 6 years old 49 17.4 • 6-12 years old 107 38.0 • 13 – 18 years old 49 17.4

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Most of the respondents were women, parents were complete, the number of children was at most 3 people, the age of the smallest child was 12 years or school- age children.

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73 74.1 25.9

Yes No Bar Chart 1. Acts of child violence committed in the family (n = 282)

In accordance with Law number 35 of 2014 (UU nomor 35 Tahun 2004), there should be no child violence, but in East Nusa Tenggara there are still 25.9% of the rights to be free from violence and discrimination carried out in the family.

Table 2. Distribution of Acts of Violence Committed in the Family No Acts of child violence in the family Amount % 2 Physical Violence • Beaten / hit 27 9.6 • Kick 11 3.9 • Slammed down 2 0.7 • Encouraged 22 7.8 Total 62 85 3 Psychological Violence • Exiled / ostracized 0 0 • Hosted / pouted 2 0.7 • Ignored / ignored 3 1.1 • Threatened / degenerated 19 6.7 Total 24 33 4 Sexual Violence • Feeling of genitals 0 0 • Experiments of rape at home 1 0.4 • Asked to feel the genitals of an adult 2 0.7 • Watch porn videos / movies 4 1.4 Total 7 9,6

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5 Verbal Violence • Reviled 17 6.0 • Snapped 44 15.6 • Accused / slandered 4 1.4 • Humiliation with shouting 17 6.0 Total 82 112,3

The highest verbal violence is done in the family, which is 112.3%. In the family, the child is often reviled, snapped, accused / slandered and yelled at / humiliated. The description of NTT’s child abuse acts, as follows

112.3

85 82 62

33 24 7 9.6

Physical Psychological Sexual Verbal abuse abuse abuse abuse Bar Chart 2. Distribution of child abuse in numbers and presentations

The description ofAbuse type of violences in NTT family on 2017. Verbal violence is the highest than another.

Table 3. Distribution of fulfillment of children's rights in the family Fulfillment of children's rights in No Amount % the family 1 Children's Right of Life: Well 137 48.6 Not good 145 51.4 2 Growing Rights Well 163 57.8 Not good 119 42.2 3 Developing rights Well 167 59.2 Not good 115 40.8 4 Optimal Participation Rights Well 170 60.3 Not good 112 39.7

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5 Free Rights of Violence and discrimination 151 53.5 Well 131 46.5 Not good

From table 3, it can be analysed that the fulfillment of children's rights in the family is still lacking, because everything is above 25%, with the order of 51.4% of children's rights to life, freedom of violence and discrimination 46.5%, right to grow 42.2%, rights developing, 40.8% and optimal participating rights 39.7%.

b. Multivariate Analysis

Table 4. Results of Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis 95% C.I for independent Sig. B S.E. Wald Df Exp(B) Exp(B) variable Lower Upper Step 2 ͣ Right of Life -.864 .297 8.435 1 .004 .422 .235 .755

Growing Rights -1.198 .297 16.266 1 .000 .302 .169 .540

Optimal Participation 2.475 .326 57.774 1 .000 11.876 6.274 22.476 Rights Violent Free Rights and -.908 .294 9.566 1 .002 .403 .227 .717 Discrimination

This Table 4. shows that the risk Free rights of violence and factors that consistently influence the significant discrimination means, p = acts of child violence are the right of life 0.002, affecting the behavior of parents' variable (p = 0.004), the right to grow verbal violence against children. The variable (p = 0,000), the optimal right to main cause of verbal violence is because participate (p = 0,000) and the right to parents give their children the right to freedom from violence and participate optimally with OR = 11,876. discrimination (p = 0.002). Variables that do not enter are the right to develop DISCUSSION children because p> 0.05 (p = 0.456). this Parent acts of child abuse will have independent variable that can enter in an impact on children's mental health. modeling. From the results of the study, it was

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found that verbal violence experienced violence are both parts of non-physical by NTT children was mostly caused by violence. Their previous study supports parents giving their children the real the results of this research that showed right to participate optimally in activities that the number of family members is in their family / home. Parents snapped quite large, about 3-4 people, 61.4% and at their children (15.6%) most likely father involvement 37% and complete because the child made a mistake, parent status (with the full existence of disobeyed or could not catch the father-mother) is 89%. instructions given to him. In addition to Parenting in the family, parents of shouting at kids and children, parents children, which is oriented to the often berate their children or embarrass fulfillment of children's rights is children by shouting (equal 6.0%). The important for the formation of children rarest verbal abuse of parents towards themselves. Parents are expected to be their children is to accuse or slander role models in carrying out children's them. This is probably because most rights as instructed by Law number children in the family studied are school- 35/2014 (UU No.35 Tahun 2014). From the age children. Accusing or defamatory 5 children's rights studied, the right to violence tends to be given by parents to life, the right to grow, the right to teenage children. develop, the right to participate In this study found a father optimally and the right to freedom from participated through giving information violence and discrimination, only the as much as 37%, this means the father of right to develop does not significantly the child care for their child. This has a affect the acts of parent violence against positive effect, because men of East Nusa children. Four other rights have a Tenggara tend to hand over significant effect. This shows that 80% of responsibility for taking care of their children's rights have not been properly children to their mothers. Here it appears implemented by parents in NTT. Caring that gender roles have been practiced in for children who are not "friendly for 37% of families. Not only mothers who children" in NTT needs to be taken take care of children but the role of precautions. According to Sandarwati, fathers is important to educate children. 2014, there is a need to revitalize the role Puspitawati, Djamaludin and Nursanti's of parents in the family to prevent acts of research in 2011, father's education, violence against children, because the father's work, family size, child and family is the main and first place where parent relations, and social support children grow and develop. Providing the influenced the occurrence of family right to participate optimally influences violence, especially psychological verbal violence shows the importance of violence. Psychological and verbal revitalizing the role of parents, because

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the old concept of "child as the main family of children getting used to talking manpower in the family" must be about their needs or other things that changed. Children are humans who are in disturb them. The wishes of children are their growing and developing period. appreciated so that children are treated Dominant verbal violence is carried as equal and dignified human beings. The out in families in NTT (the results of this right to participate was found to study). Verbal violence can be referred to influence the verbal abuse of parents. emotional child abuse which causes hurt This can relate to the culture of the to children and affects the child's self- people of NTT, who have not considered concept in the future. According to children as human beings who deserve Fitriana, Pratiwi and Sutanto, 2015, said respect for their opinions and desires. verbal violence was related to the Children are often said to be "not yet experiences of parents in the past. In his aware of anything". The patriarchal research found there was a relationship community of NTT prioritizes adult men. between attitudes and the environment Children and women become number with verbal abuse of parents. Attitudes two, their opinions are often are formed from knowledge and giving underestimated. The influence of birth to behavior (Notoatmodjo, 2005). patriarchal culture like this needs to be Knowing that he or she experienced renewed. This is in line with the opinion verbal violence during childhood, of Fitriani, 2016, that children's human produces tolerance for verbal violence rights become one with human rights. and then becomes easy for people to Parents should not carry old habits in behave violently. The environment can their time in force during their current be obtained from television soap operas, childhood. The habit of listening to violent films and very vulgar shows of children, associating with children, violent behavior. This is recorded by playing, recreation in accordance with children in a natural state of talent and self-development. Even consciousness, which then comes out though it is difficult, it needs to be tried after adulthood later. So, parents who by parents in NTT. Children are human commit acts of verbal violence will beings, higher than pets or anything else inherit verbal violence to their children of value. and grandchildren, so they do not break Optimal participation is a child's the chain of verbal violence. right which is felt to be new to parents This study also shows that parents born in the 60s and under. This right is who give their children the right to very dependent on educational participate are most likely (11-12 times) background, democratic parenting and to commit verbal abuse on their children. parents' experience. In the western Optimal participation is meant in the world, parents get along with their

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children like friends. Western culture esteem, self-image, body image insides) strongly supports this. Parents in NTT the child, which will appear later in his born in the 60s and above who have been personality. Parents play an important exposed to information, television, role in fulfilling children's rights, which outside films, practice new cultures are part of human rights, namely the adopted from western culture, especially right to life, the right to grow and those that have a positive impact. The develop, the right to participate people of NTT who lack access to optimally and the right to be free from information either newspapers, violence and discrimination. television or internet, often still treat children as "ignorant", even though the SUGGESTION era of life is different. It needs a mental The government needs to socialize Law revolution in how parents are handled. Number 35 of 2014 (UU No. 35 Tahun 2014) concerning Child Protection, throughout the rimland. The role of CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION parents and families is obliged to educate Differences in the age of parents children so that they will become and children cause differences in personal and strong characters, become perspective. Children in the era of independent and responsible human globalization get a lot of new information beings. Verbal abuse must be stopped. and concepts, relationships between Parents should to choose a wisw and children and parents. Children and educative statement if their child makes parents who lack access to information a mistake. The important one is parents are still connected to the perspective needs to hugging their child periodically according to their respective cultures. So, with great love nourishing a child’s soul. even though the Government has issued Law No. 35 of 2014, with children's rights REFERENCES that must be fulfilled by parents (one of Ani Rahmayanti, 2014, Kekerasan Psikis pada them is the right to participate Anakan Usia Sekolah Dasar dan optimally), but because of lack of Implikasinya terhadap Kesehatan Mental; Skripsi; Yogyakarta socialization and access to information, Berkowitz. 2003. Application of Sosial Norms parents still use the old method handed Approach Theory to Others Health and down from their parents, including the Social Justice Issues. Chapter 16 in HW practice of verbal abuse (ancient ways). Perkins (Ed). The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and All acts of violence without College Age Substance Abuse: A exception child verbal violence have a Handbook for Educators, Conselors, negative impact on children's mental Clinicians . San Fransisco, Jossey-Bass health, especially self-concept (self-

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