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Metaphysics, Dialectic and the Categories Author(S): Stephen Menn Reviewed Work(S): Source: Revue De Métaphysique Et De Morale, 100E Année, No

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Metaphysics, Dialectic and the Categories Author(S): Stephen Menn Reviewed Work(S): Source: Revue De Métaphysique Et De Morale, 100E Année, No Metaphysics, Dialectic and the Categories Author(s): Stephen Menn Reviewed work(s): Source: Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale, 100e Année, No. 3, SIMMEL - LE PROBLÈME DU TEMPS HISTORIQUE (Juillet-Septembre 1995), pp. 311-337 Published by: Presses Universitaires de France Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40903425 . Accessed: 19/09/2012 10:40 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Presses Universitaires de France is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale. http://www.jstor.org Metaphysics,Dialectic and the Categories J'examinele statutet la fonctiondes Catégoriesdans la philosophied'Aris- tote.Le traitén'appartient ni à la philosophiepremière, ni mêmeà la philoso- phie tout court,mais à la dialectique.Il ne s'agit pas d'une « discussion dialectique» de l'être,mais plutôt de dialectiqueen tantque tel: ce traitéforme un ensembleavec les Topiques,qui a pour butd'aider le questionneurdans un débatdialectique à décidersi le termedonné peut tombersous la définitionpro- posée ou sous le genreproposé. Bien qu'il y ait un emploiphilosophique des Catégories,tout comme de la dialectiqueen général,l'opposition prétendue entre la théoriede la substancedes Catégorieset cellede la Métaphysiqueest fondée sur une méconnaissancedes buts différentsdes deux traités. I examinethe status and function of theCategories in Aristotle'sphilosophy. The workdoes not belongto « firstphilosophy, » or indeedto philosophyat all, butto dialectic;not as a « dialecticaldiscussion » of being,but in thestrict sensethat it is intended,together with the Topics, to helpthe dialectical dispu- tantto decidewhether a giventerm can fall undera proposeddefinition or a proposedgenus. Although the Categories, like dialecticin general,has uses in philosophicalargument, the supposed opposition between the accounts of subs- tancein theCategories and in theMetaphysics depends on a misunderstanding of the differentaims of the two works. I It is notoriouslydifficult to explainthe place of theCategories in Aris- totle'sphilosophy1. It is not obviouseither what subjectthe book is 1. I will assumethat the Categoriesis by Aristotle,and thatit is a singletreatise, although perhapsnot fullypreserved in its intendedform. But the title« Categories» has no autho- Revuede Métaphysiqueet de Morale,N° 3/1995 311 StephenMenn supposedto be treatingor whatdiscipline it is supposedto belongto; but it is temptingto say thatit is aboutthe substancesand otherkinds of beingsdiscussed in Chapters4-9, and, if so, it is temptingto say thatthe book is a contributionto « firstphilosophy », thatit is at least a sketch(if not a fullydeveloped treatment) of an answerto the same problemsAristotle will later treat in the centralbooks of theMetaphy- sics. It is mostoften thought that Aristotle gives directly contrary theo- ries of substancein his early and later periods,maintaining in the Categoriesthat the primarysubstances are concreteindividuals like Socrates,and in MetaphysicsZ thatthe primarysubstances are forms likethe soul of Socrates.I willargue that this comparison and contrast betweenthe Categoriesand theMetaphysics rest on a basic misunders- tandingof Aristotle'saims in the Categories(and also of his aims in the Metaphysics).My aim is not to denythat there are contradictions betweenthe Categoriesand MetaphysicsZ, but to bringout the very differentkinds of inquiryto whichthese two worksbelong, and the differentpurposes Aristotle intends them to serve;while these texts may stillcontradict each other,they do so incidentally,on theirway toward answeringentirely different questions. I willstart by noting some reasons whythe Categoriescannot belong to firstphilosophy, and thenI will use thesereasons as a pointof departurefor determining what discipline theCategories does belongto, and whatfunction it servesin Aristotle's philosophy.I will returnin the last sectionto addressthe comparison betweenthe Categoriesand MetaphysicsZ, and to draw some morals for how to read the Metaphysics. The Categoriescannot belong to firstphilosophy for the same reason thatit cannotbelong to philosophyat all: it does not considercauses. First philosophyis the studyof « the firstcauses and principles» {MetaphysicsA 981b28-9,cp. T 1003a26-7).More generally, every branch of theoreticalphilosophy considers some range of beings,and seeksthe causesof thesebeings: first philosophy seeks the causes of beingsuniver- sallyqua beings,while other disciplines seek the cause of someparticular genus(Metaphysics E 1025b3-10,cp. T 1003a21-32).All of thesetheore- ticalphilosophies are epistêmai,sciences, and we haveepistêmê of a thing onlywhen we knowits cause (PosteriorAnalytics 71b9-12). Even prac- tical and productivephilosophy seek to knowthe causes of the things rity(it is onlyone amongmany titles current in antiquity),and correspondsbadly to the contentof thetreatise; I willretain it heremerely for convenience. Although I believe, like mostscholars, that the Categoriesis an earlywork, I willnot restanything heavy on thisassumption. 312 Metaphysics,Dialectic and the Categories theystudy, these causes being our own actions2.But theCategories says nothingat all about causes,either directly or by implication.The word « cause » itselfoccurs only in thechapters on priorityand simultaneity (cc. 12-13),and onlyin a ratherincidental way; theonly explicit example of causalityin the Categoriesis thata man is « somehow» the cause of the truthof the sentence« a man exists» (14bl8-22)3.The Catego- riesneither names nor gives instances of anyof thestandard four Aristo- teliankinds of causes. « Eidos » meansonly « species», and thereis no hinteither of PlatonicForms as causes or of Aristotelianhylomor- phism(« hulê» does not occur); thereis no mentioneither of natural teleologyor of anyother teleology. Nor doesAristotle consider the fourth kindof cause,the source of motion:although he givesan explicitclassi- ficationof motionsin c. 14, and uses bothkinesis and moreparticular motion-words elsewhere in the treatise,he consistentlyanalyzes kinesis as an attributeof a kinoumenon,and makesno mentionanywhere of a kinoun.Since the Categoriesdoes not studythe causes of any range of beings,it is not philosophy:even if it surveysthe differentkinds of beings(and thisis not its only,perhaps not its primary,concern), it is notfirst philosophy, because it does notconsider the causes of beings qua beings4. But if the Categoriesis neitherfirst philosophy, nor any otherkind of philosophy,what other discipline might it belongto? I proposeto 2. In thissense see EudemianEthics I 1216b16-25 (about both practical and productive sciences). 3. Aristotleremarks that A can be priorto B, eventhough neither A nor B can exist withoutthe other,if A is the cause of B's existing{Categories 14b 1 Off) . This mention of causalityis onlyincidental to Aristotle'sdiscussions of priority,coming as an after- thoughtafter he has mentionedfour main kinds of priority;but evenif he had said (as he does not)that causality as suchis one senseof priority,he stillwould not be offering a contributionto thescientific inquiry into the causes of a givenphenomenon: he would not be seekingthe causes of priority,and priorityis the subjectunder investigation. 4. I am unimpressedwith another reason that has beengiven why the Categories cannot be firstphilosophy: because, it is said, thistreatise dates froma periodwhen Aristotle didnot believe in a scienceof being,because he had notdiscovered that being is predicated pros hen.Even if Aristotlehad sucha period,the result would be merelythat first philo- sophywould be a scienceof thecauses of substances,and not also of thecauses of acci- dents:pros henpredication is invoked(as in MetaphysicsF2) onlyto allow accidentsto be treatedalongside substances; it comesinto play only once we assumethat we already havea universalscience of substance.(There is a thirdargument that the Categories cannot be aboutfirst philosophy: first philosophy is onlyabout things separate from matter, and the Categoriessays nothingabout such things.I thinkthis argument is sound,but the majorpremise is too controversialand I willnot relyon it here.This is consistentwith the assertionthat first philosophy is about causes of beingqua being:it is not about all causesof beingqua being,but only about those causes which are separatefrom matter. I will returnto some of theseissues briefly below.) 313 StephenMenn followthe ancient title The before-the-Topics,and to say thatthe Cate- gories,like the Topicsand the SophisticalRefutations, is a manualof theart of dialectic.The before-the-Topicsmay well have beenthe most widespreadtitle for the treatisein antiquity,before it was suppressed by systematizinglate ancient commentators ; and thereis somehope that thistitle will correspond to the actualcontents of the treatise,whereas Categoriesor On thegenera of beingcould coveronly Chapters 4-9 5. But beforeevaluating this description of theCategories, we mustunder- standwhat it implies;we mustnot confuseit witha muchless serious sensein whichthe Categories might be called« dialectical».
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