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El Caso De La COMUNIDAD VIRTUAL PERUANA De TEAM FORTRESS 2

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PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE LA COMUNICACIÓN El videojuego online multijugador como medio de comunicación y socialización: El caso de la COMUNIDAD VIRTUAL PERUANA de TEAM FORTRESS 2 TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE LICENCIADO EN COMUNICACIÓN AUDIOVISUAL AUTOR ALEJANDRO MARTINEZ RUIZ ASESOR GABRIEL RAUL CALDERON CHUQUITAYPE Lima, Noviembre, 2018 Resumen Gracias al cada vez más difundido acceso a la internet, los videojuegos han pasado a ser uno de los medios de entretenimiento que más ha aprovechado de ella para conectar a millones de personas geográficamente dispersas a través de espacios lúdicos digitalmente mediados. En ese contexto, este estudio se enfoca en conocer cómo la práctica lúdica del videojuego online multijugador Team Fortress 2 influye en las interacciones sociales de los jugadores provenientes de Lima y otras provincias del Perú. De esa manera, busca aumentar la consideración sobre la importancia del aspecto social de los videojuegos, más allá de su valor de entretenimiento, y contribuir a la poca cantidad de investigaciones comunicacionales en el país acerca del entendimiento de formas de comunicación e interacción entre usuarios de videojuegos. Esta investigación se realizó bajo un enfoque mayoritariamente cualitativo. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo de los aspectos del videojuego en cuestión y los espacios de comunicación formados alrededor de este, en paralelo a la aplicación de cuestionarios online y subsecuentes entrevistas a profundidad, para observar y ahondar más acerca de las características que presentan los jugadores de la comunidad peruana, tales como el uso de canales de comunicación dentro y fuera del juego, las motivaciones de sus prácticas lúdicas, y el involucramiento y participación dentro de la comunidad. Se tuvieron en cuenta conceptos que explican el lado social de los videojuegos online multjugador, las características de las comunidades virtuales de jugadores, la comunicación mediada por computadora, la aplicación de la teoría de usos y gratificaciones para analizar motivaciones de juego, entre otros. Se concluyó que la práctica lúdica de Team Fortress 2 puede influir en las interacciones sociales de los jugadores miembros de su comunidad virtual al funcionar como un espacio digital de comunicación y socialización. Índice Agradecimientos Introducción ....................................................................................................... 9 Capítulo 1: Introducción a los videojuegos online multijugador .................. 20 1.1. ¿Qué son los juegos y que son los videojuegos? .................................... 20 1.2. El comportamiento lúdico ....................................................................... 21 1.3. Los videojuegos y su evolución .............................................................. 22 1.4. ¿Qué son los géneros de videojuegos? .................................................... 24 1.5. El género del first-person shooter o FPS ................................................ 25 1.6. El videojuego online multijugador Team Fortress 2 .............................. 26 Capítulo 2: El aspecto social de los videojuegos online multijugador: impactos en la socialización de los jugadores.................................................................... 29 2.1. La particularidad de la comunicación mediada por computadora en los videojuegos online multijugador .................................................................... 30 2.2. La formación de las comunidades virtuales de jugadores y el sentido de pertenencia ..................................................................................................... 31 2.3. Los lazos interpersonales entre los jugadores y sus comunidades .......... 33 2.3.1. La formación de lazos de amistad y el desarrollo del capital social entre jugadores y sus comunidades .................................................... 33 2.3.2. Construcción del capital social en los videojuegos: el gaming social capital ...................................................................................... 36 2.3.2.1. Dimensiones del capital social: bridging y bonding . 37 2.3.2.2. Contactos offline y online en el gaming social capital ................................................................................................ 38 2.4. Impactos sociales de los videojuegos online en sus jugadores ............... 39 2.4.1. Cooperación y altruismo entre jugadores ................................. 39 2.4.2. Competitividad entre jugadores ............................................... 40 2.4.3. Estigmas sociales negativos sobre los videojuegos online en sus jugadores ............................................................................................ 41 2.4.3.1. Violencia ................................................................... 41 2.4.3.2. Adicción y aislamiento social .................................... 43 2.5. Motivaciones de los jugadores de videojuegos online: la teoría de usos y gratificaciones aplicada a los videojuegos ..................................................... 45 Capítulo 3: Análisis y descripción del videojuego online multijugador Team Fortress 2 ................................................................................................................... 48 3.1. Análisis especializados del juego: un vistazo general ............................ 48 3.2. Valve, la compañía desarrolladora del juego .......................................... 48 3.3. El ambiente virtual lúdico de Team Fortress 2: un enfoque audiovisual distinto al arquetipo de FPS convencional ..................................................... 51 3.3.1. Ambientación espaciotemporal ................................................ 51 3.3.2. Diseño y aspecto de las armas .................................................. 54 3.3.3. Banda sonora del videojuego ................................................... 56 3.3.3.1. El estilo musical del videojuego ................................ 56 3.3.3.2. Los sonidos del videojuego ....................................... 57 3.4. El contexto: la historia ficticia del juego ................................................ 58 3.5. Las dinámicas del juego .......................................................................... 60 3.5.1. Las nueve clases de Team Fortress .......................................... 63 3.5.2. El arsenal del juego, una capa adicional de variedad ............... 67 3.5.3. Los modos de juego ................................................................. 68 3.5.3.1. Los modos de juego principales ................................ 68 3.5.3.2. Los modos de juego alternativos ............................... 70 3.5.3.3. Otros modos de juego oficiales ................................. 72 3.5.4. Source Engine: el motor del juego ........................................... 72 3.5.5. El trabajo en equipo: un aspecto reforzado por las dinámicas del juego ................................................................................................... 73 3.6. Métodos de comunicación entre jugadores dentro del juego .................. 74 3.6.1. El chat escrito ........................................................................... 74 3.6.2. El chat de voz ........................................................................... 75 3.6.3. Líneas de voz de los personajes del juego ............................... 75 3.7. La tienda virtual y el modelo de negocio free to play (F2P) ................... 78 Capítulo 4: La comunidad de Team Fortress 2: un vistazo a los medios y espacios de comunicación generados alrededor de este videojuego ................................... 80 4.1. Hubs de noticias de la comunidad de Team Fortress 2 .......................... 80 4.1.1. Community Hub de Steam ....................................................... 80 4.1.2. Grupos de Steam ...................................................................... 80 4.1.3. Teamwork.tf: un sitio web creado por la comunidad para la comunidad .......................................................................................... 81 4.2. Creadores de contenido audiovisual en torno a Team Fortress 2 ........... 82 4.2.1. Youtubers .................................................................................. 82 4.2.2. Streamers .................................................................................. 84 4.2.3. Animadores .............................................................................. 85 4.3. La economía virtual de Team Fortress 2 ................................................ 86 4.3.1. La importancia de los ítems cosméticos en Team Fortress 2 .. 87 4.3.2. Calidades de los ítems de Team Fortress 2 .............................. 88 4.3.3. Las monedas de la economía virtual del juego usadas por la comunidad .......................................................................................... 90 4.3.4. Lugares de intercambio por parte de la comunidad ................. 91 4.4. La escena competitiva de Team Fortress 2 ............................................. 94 4.4.1. Los formatos competitivos ....................................................... 95 4.4.2. Las ligas competitivas .............................................................. 97 4.4.3. Sitios web de la escena competitiva ......................................... 98 4.4.4. Dinámicas de formación de equipos entre jugadores ............... 105 4.5. Los foros: un espacio virtual de discusión .............................................
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