AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES/PACIFIC AREA

Wulguru, a translation of The Lord’s Prayer. It becomes apparent (after back-translation) that it Anaphoric Expressions in the was not Price himself who assembled the prayer translation, but probably a Wulguru speaker who Peranakan Javanese of Semarang makes a secret cry against the white invasion of the area.

PETER COLE, GABRIELLA HERMON, YASSIR TJUNG, ISBN 978 3 89586 327 1. Languages of the World/Materials 463. 80pp. USD 58.20 / EUR CHANG-YONG SIM, CHONGHYUCK KIM 39.60 / GBP 28.50. 2007.

In this monograph the properties of the anaphoric expressions found in Peranakan (ethnically Chinese) Javanese as spoken in the city of Semarang are examined. This is the Rotuman

first detailed study of Peranakan Javanese and the first monograph-length examination of MARIT VAMARASI anaphora in an . Three types of anaphoric expressions in Peranakan are Northeastern Illinois University discussed, true reflexives "pseudo-reflexives" and pronouns. It is shown that the distribution of true reflexives and pronouns conforms to Conditions A and B of the Binding Theory The Rotuman language is spoken by residents of (Chomsky 1981). The third type of anaphoric expression, the pseudo-reflexive, however, the island of Rotuma, which lies 465 kilometers appears to constitute a problematic case for the Binding Theory. northwest of Viti Levu, Fiji, by Rotumans who live on Fiji's main islands, as well as by Various analyses to account for the peculiar distribution of pseudo-reflexives in Rotumans who reside overseas. There are Peranakan are considered and it is concluded that pseudo-reflexives are anaphoric forms approximately 9,000 speakers in all. that are neither pronouns nor reflexives. The distribution of anaphoric expressions in Rotuman is not closely related to any other passives, ditransitives, and the sing-construction (relative clauses) is then examined, and language. It is classified as a member of the Central-Eastern Oceanic subgroup, along with analyses for various complications in the binding properties exhibited in these constructions Fijian and the Polynesian languages, within the are proposed. Although a semantically-based analysis appears on initial examination to Austronesian language family. Rotuman has some account for the puzzling behavior of anaphoric expressions in the three constructions, it is unique features. The most notable is the fact that shown that such an analysis is less adequate than an analysis based on a combination of c- all lexical words have two forms, called "complete" and "incomplete" or "long" and command and semantics. In addition, the use of anaphoric expressions for non-local "short", which are used in certain syntactico- coreference is examined. The final chapter of the monograph is devoted to comparing semantic contexts. The incomplete is derived anaphoric expressions used in Peranakan and those used in the Javanese variety spoken by from the complete by one of four processes: Pribumi (ethnically Javanese) speakers. A markedly different anaphoric system is found in metathesis, umlauting, vowel deletion, and diphthongization. the language of Pribumi speakers. These processes all serve to shorten a word by one mora, and, in most cases, cause the word to ISBN 978 3 89586 040 9. LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 72. 156 pp. USD 88.80 / EUR 60.40 end in a consonant, a feature which is unusual for / GBP 43.50. 2007. an Oceanic language. These processes also produce several vowels in addition to the usual hitherto uninvestigated in the theoretical literature five of other Oceanic languages. The Structure of the will make this work of interest to a broad Most of the significant work on the Rotuman audience of theoreticians, descriptivists and language was done by Maxwell Churchward in Noun Phrase in typologists. the 1930's. This is the first comprehensive study of the language to be done in 60 years. Rotuman ISBN 3 89586 455 2. LINCOM Studies in Austronesian Linguistics 05. 84pp. USD 78.50 ISBN 3 89586 303 3. Languages of the MARCEL DEN DIKKEN / EUR 53.40 / GBP 38.40. 2003. World/Materials 415. 60pp. USD 58.20 / City University of New York EUR 39.60 / GBP 28.50. 2002.

The structure of the noun phrase in Rotuman (a Wulguru Polynesian SVO isolate) is an excellent window a salvage study of a north-eastern LINCOM Studies in on the syntax of the language asa whole, and on important theoretical issues. An analysis of the Australian language from Australian Languages Rotuman complex noun phrase is presented in Townsville terms of massive leftward pied-piping movement, offering an account of the peculiar definiteness MARK DONOHUE A Study of the Phonetics marking system of the language and identifying Monash University the trigger of 'complete phase' marking as a and Phonology of [+definite] D/6head. Chapters 2/4 develop this Wulguru was a Pama-Nyungan language typical account, alongside a in-depth analyses of the of the sort found on the northeast coast of Yaraldi and Associated number and classifier systems, possessed noun Australia; it ceased to be spoken before it was Dialects phrases and relative clause constructions. properly documented. Wulguru was spoken in the Relatives are discussed further in chapter 5, with area around present day Townsville, and also on MARYALYCE MCDONALD reference to resumption and the clitic status of the islands extending out to Palm Island. The subject pronouns. sketch that is presented here has been assembled Yaraldi is one of a group of languages spoken by The account is subsequently extended to two from the available data, based mainly on a journal the people located at the mouth of the Murray apparently verbal domains featuring 'complete kept by Charles Price, a resident of Townsville in River in South Australia. At the time of this phase' marking: the ingressive tense construction the late 19th century; the current work is as study, information on these languages was very (chapter 6), and the cleft and existential complete a record as we are likely to have. scarce. They were known to be closely related, constructions (chapter 7). The analysis yields Wulguru had a vowel-length distinction; as a and to differ from the languages around them, but insight into the workings of massive pied-piping result of initial consonant loss, vowels could there were no living speakers of the language. movement within DP, supports an analysis of begin words; further, there were monosyllabic Early grammars provided the main possessive noun phrases based on a dative PP and words. Wulguru marked syntactic relations by information for the study – principally the featuring predicate inversion, vindicates an means of case marking; the ergative showed grammar published in 1843 by Rev. H.A.E. analysis of relative clauses as predicative CPs allomorphy based on syllable count as well as Meyer. Basic phonetic data was obtained from with null operator movement, provides new final consonant identity. There were at least three tape recordings and field notes provided primarily insight into the analysis of progressive different verbal conjugations, possibly as many as by Dr. Louise Hercus, who interviewed the last constructions, and underpins an inverse five or six. Verbal agreement was optional, speakers of the language in the 1960’s. predication approach to there-sentences and it- though this might represent second position Spectrographic analysis of these tapes was carried cleft constructions. clitics. The only textual material consists of a few out to establish detailed phonetic information. The mix of theoretical and empirical short phrases, as well as the transcription of some Field work undertaken at the conclusion of the investigations on the basis of a syntactic system songs, and the main text that we have for

88 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 18 • 2008 /PACIFIC AREA study elicited a number of vocabulary items that currently accepted reconstruction. In the first part of Love provides an insightful description of the largely confirm the conclusions of the analysis. this study the author examines the ergative in the four numbers in pronouns, and the system of four Yaraldi has a rich consonantal system, Pama-Nyungan languages (those looked at by noun classes, whose membership is based partly featuring six different places of articulation for Dixon in 1980) and proposes that the basic on phonological and partly on semantic stops and nasals, and four for laterals. There are underlying allomorph of the ergative is -Dhu rather characteristics. He provides detailed paradigms of two rhotics, no fricatives or sibilants, and there is than -lu, while the previously accepted form -lu is a intransitive and transitive verbs as these vary for no voicing contrast. Most Australian languages morphologically conditioned allomorph following tense, mood, voice and polarity. have three vowels, but a five-vowel system is nominals which are not common nouns. In the The Introduction places Worora within its postulated for Yaraldi. Phonological processes second part of the paper KRISTINA SANDS looks at linguistic context, detailing contact with are postulated to account for the occurrence of the non-Pama-Nyungan languages, which have neighbouring languages. There are then chapters initial consonant clusters, a feature unusual in previously been held to not contain ergative on The Pronoun, The Noun, The Adjective, The Australian languages. Finally, a lexicon is suffixes cognate with the Pama-Nyungan forms, Postposition, The Conjunction, The Adverb, The presented, with entries in both phonemic and and finds reflexes of the same form -Dhu. It is thus Interjection, The Intransitive Verb, The Transitive phonetic form, to serve as a basis for further work shown that cognate forms of the ergative are found Verb, The Verb 'do. say or tell', and on the language. in both Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan (*- Miscellaneous Notes. An Appendix has Ed. by RMW Dixon, Research Centre for Dhu), thus helping to establish what type of comparative vocabulary with other languages. Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University. language proto-Australian was, and also providing There is also a specimen of Worora narrative with important evidence that the Pama-Nyungan and detailed analysis. Reflecting the spirit of the age ISBN 3 89586 410 2. LINCOM Studies in non-Pama-Nyungan languages are related. in which he lived, Love concludes the Australian Languages 06. 100pp. USD 87.30 / Introduction with a summary of the manifold EUR 59.40 / GBP 42.80. 2002. ISBN 3 89586 053 0. LINCOM Studies in complexities of the language and then opines: 'So Australian Languages 01. 90pp. USD 78.50 / the present investigator has come to the EUR 53.40 / GBP 38.40. 1996. conclusion that, crude and naked savages as they Dialect and Social are, the mental culture of the Worora is not so contemptible.' Groupings in Northeast A Comparative Survey Ed. by RMW Dixon, Research Centre for Arnheim Land, of Reduplication in Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University.

Australia Australian Languages ISBN 3 89586 605 9. LINCOM Studies in Australian Languages 04. 100 pp. USD 85.80 BERNHARD SCHEBECK ANNE H. FABRICIUS / EUR 58.40 / GBP 42.00. 2000. Copenhagen Business School The Yolngu tribes have a distinctive system of social organisation, which is mirrored by their This study presents a cross-linguistic examination The Lord’s Prayer in languages. Each clan (mala) has its own dialect of reduplicative constructions in a sample of 120 Erromangan: (matha), with the matha being grouped into eight Australian languages. It provides a descriptive closely-related languages. and comparative analysis of these reduplications, Literacy and Translation in a Within each language, there are two groups of using a cross-linguistic comparative methodology Vanuatu Language dialects, one associated with the Dhuwa moiety to clarify the role of reduplication in grammar. and the other with the Yirritja moiety; there are This is especially relevant to Australian TERRY CROWLEY systematic relationships between the two sets of languages since reduplication is largely used to University of Waikato dialects (in terms of the length of words, etc.). express 'grammatical' rather than 'lexical' Over thirty three years ago, Bernhard Schebeck meaning. Chapter one provides an introduction to made the first definitive study of the Yolngu Erromangan, an Oceanic language of southern the aims and methods of the thesis. Vanuatu, has a written literature that until peoples and their languages, here published for Chapter two discusses the phonological the first time. It has provided the foundation for recently was restricted exclusively to materials structure of reduplication in Australian languages relating to recently introduced Christianity. This all later studies of the Yolngu clans, their by examining reduplication together with languages and their social system. There are literature is entirely translated, with the materials phonological parameters as phonological word written by European missionaries in the late profiles of the phonological and morphological boundaries and stress patterns. Chapter three character of the languages, with discussion of nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In many characterises nominal reduplications and shows respects, these translations are structurally deviant borrowings, and of the recently evolved 'contact that reduplication of 'nouns' and 'adjectives' can language', which has significant simplifications to the point where intelligibility is sometimes be distinguished on a semantic basis, although impaired from traditional speech. Schebeck deals in some formal grammatical differences between the two detail with earlier classifications, by Warner and Massive population loss and major language classes may rarely be evident in Australian shift on the island in the second half of the Berndt. He also provides an analysis of many languages. Chapter four examines the meanings types of names, including clan names, dialect nineteenth century should has predisposed this which verbal reduplication may exhibit, and language to massive simplification and names, war names and ceremonial names. The shows a correlation between the types of author has added a preface and notes, updating homogenisation in the direction of English meanings found and the role of reduplication in according to some scenarios, especially were the discussions. verbal syntax semantics. The study concludes literacy and Christianisation are involved. with a summary of the findings, some However, the remaining Erromangan language Ed. by RMW Dixon, Research Centre for conclusions, and suggestions for further areas of Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University. has remained vital, structurally complex and study. largely intact, demonstrating that the linguistic ISBN 3 89586 409 9. LINCOM Studies in disruption posed by missionary-inspired literacy Australian Languages 07. 100pp. USD 85.80 / ISBN 3 89586 531 1. LINCOM Studies in is nothing like as powerful as some have EUR 58.40 / GBP 42.00. 2001. Australian Languages 03. 220pp. USD 94.40 / suggested. EUR 64.20 / GBP 46.20. 1998. ISBN 3 89586 973 2. Languages of the World

The Ergative in Proto- 13. 24pp. USD 28.80 / EUR 19.60 / GBP 14.10. The grammatical structure 2000. Australian of the Worora language

KRISTINA SANDS from north-western Negation in Oceanic Australian National University Australia Languages - Typological Studies - Since Dixon’s 1980 reconstruction of the ergative J.R.B. LOVE case suffix in Australian languages very little large scale comparison of the ergative has been carried This detailed grammar of Worora was written in EVEN HOVDHAUGEN & ULRIKE MOSEL out. However, as the result of a research project on 1932 by Rev J.R.B. Love, a pioneer missionary in (EDS.) Comparative Australian Studies (headed by the rugged Kimberley country of north Western R.M.W. Dixon and affiliated with the Australian Australia and has never before been published. The aim of this book is to present in-depth studies National University) the author has carried out Worora is a polysynthetic language with on negation in 7 Oceanic languages and a survey detailed comparative work on the ergative case overarching concord, reminiscent of that in Bantu of negation in the New Caledonian and Loyality suffix and proposes some alterations to the languages. Islands languages in such a way that linguists

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 18 • 2008 ♦ 89 AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES/PACIFIC AREA interested in typology, linguistic theory and described in any grammatical detail, and this speakers, it is the second largest regional comparative Austronesian linguistics will perhaps sketch presents some of the complexities of language in after Javanese. The more easily find what they are looking for. applicative and noun incorporation structures, as Priangan dialect of the area around the provincial Therefore the authors of the 7 studies describe the well as aspects of its interesting phonology. A capital of Bandung is considered standard and is complete sets of negatives in one language they structuralist approach is taken to the description, taught in elementary school in West as well know from their own empirical research. The allowing the morphosyntax of the language itself as forming the medium, of a lively, if limited, languages of the individual studies are Saliba, determine the categories used in the description, publishing business. The book presents a theory- Teop, Nêlêmwa, Tongan, Futunan, Tokelauan, rather than impose a particular theoretical model neutral description of the essential structure of and Tahitian. on the data. After surveying the main grammatical standard Sundanese, emphasizing its

Contents: Ulrike Mosel : Towards a typology of constructions in Warembori, including notes on typologically most interesting features. negation in Oceanic languages; Anna Margetts: the speakers preferences for alternative Like its neighbor Javanese, Sundanese has Negation in Saliba (Papua , Milne constructions, the description is concluded with distinct speech levels, which require a speaker to Bay Province); Ulrike Mosel & Ruth Saovana notes on the genetic affiliations of Warembori select from a different set of vocabulary items Spriggs: Negation in Teop (Bougainville, North with respect to nearby Papuan and Austronesian depending on the relative status of the Solomon Islands); Claire Moyse-Faurie & languages, a wordlist and a short text to illustrate interlocutors. Sundanese developed these speech Françoise Ozanne-Rivierre: Negation in New the language in spoken context. levels relatively recently as a result of the Caledonian and Loyality Islands languages; Mark Donohue works at the University of Javanese hegemony over West Java during the Isabelle Brill: Negation in Nêlêmwa (New Sydney, Australia, and has previously published a Mataram period, and the system is consequently Caledonia); Jürgen Broschart: Negation in reference grammar of Tukang Besi, an less elaborately developed than in Javanese. Tongan; Claire Moyse-Faurie: Negation in East Austronesian language of Indonesia, and has Sundanese morphology is rather more complex Futunan (Futuna, Wallis and Futuna Islands); worked extensively in eastern Indonesia and that than of Indonesian. Arnfinn Muruvik Vonen: Negation in Tokelauan; Papua New Guinea, publishing both descriptive The chapter on morphology will concentrate Gilbert Lazard & Louise Peltzer: La négation en and theoretical work on languages of the area and on the elaborate system of forming plurals from tahitien; Bibliography. their relation to modern linguistic research. nouns, verbs, and adjectives and on reduplication. The chapter on syntax will deal with such issues ISBN 3 89586 602 4. LINCOM Studies in ISBN 3 89586 646 6. Languages of the as basic word order and phrase structure, Austronesian Languages 02. 180pp. USD World/Materials 341. 64pp. USD 68.20 / diathesis, negation, the use of the topic and focus 106.10 / EUR 72.20 / GBP 52.00. 1999. EUR 46.40 / GBP 33.40. 1999. markers, and coordination and subordination.

ISBN 3 89586 926 0. Languages of the Grammar and Texts of the World/Materials 369. 80pp. USD 59.70 / Yugambeh-Bundjalung EUR 40.60 / GBP 29.20. 2001. Grammars: dialect chain in Eastern Makasae Australia Pileni

JULIETTE HUBER MARGARET SHARPE ÅSHILD NÆSS University of Leiden University of New England University of Oslo

Makasae is a non-Austronesian / Papuan The Yugambeh-Bandjalang chain of dialects The Polynesian Outlier language Pileni is spoken language spoken by a population of some 70,000 (most now either extinct or having only limited by approximately 2, 000 people on a group of in the newly independent state of East Timor. use) stretches from some 16 km south of Brisbane small coral islands in Temotu Province, Solomon Because of its long history of occupation and to north of Yamba on the mouth of the Clarence Islands. Situated in a fairly isolated area of the civil war, the nation’s languages are so far River in New South Wales, and inland almost to Pacific, the islands have a long tradition of trade sparsely documented. The present work is the Tenterfield (NSW) and past Warwick (Qld). It is connections with the nearby Reefs and Santa first Makasae grammar description to be a member of the Pama-Nyungan family of Cruz islands, whose little-described languages do published in English. Australian languages. Dialect names (which not appear to be Austronesian and so are totally Makasae is largely isolating in structure, and include Yugambeh, Bandjalang and Gidhabal) unrelated to Pileni. This prolonged language its grammar has in many respects assimilated to were mostly named for the way some words were contact has resulted in a number of features in that of its Austronesian neighbours. Its defining pronounced, the named being assigned sometimes Pileni which are highly unusual for a Polynesian Papuan features are the vocabulary and the by the group in question and sometimes by their language. characteristic SOV word order. The present neighbours. Reasonably uncommon among The language has little morphological case- monograph gives a phonology sketch and a Australian languages there are fricative marking and relies mainly on a basic SVO word description of some morphological processes, but allophonic variations in the four obstruents order for the differentiation of nominal focuses on the syntax. Of special interest is the (written b, d, j/dh/dj, g/k in practical arguments, although word order is flexible marking of grammatical roles, through which orthographies); word medially /d/ and /j/ collapse according to certain rules. some degree of syntactic flexibility from the together to an interdental fricative, an Pileni is clearly a nominative-accusative otherwise rigid SOV word order is achieved. The alveopalatal stop or a sibilant fricative according language, although certain morphosyntactic linguistic analysis is copiously illustrated with to dialect. processes reflect what may be traces of an earlier examples and is complemented by a story The language is ergative; however pronouns ergative morphology. transcript. and nouns for large animate creatures also have In the basics of its phonology and morphology Juliette Huber graduated in general linguistics accusative inflection. There are or were four Pileni resembles other Polynesian languages, from the university of Zurich, Switzerland, in genders, masculine and feminine applying to although the phonology is considerably more 2005 – the present work is a revised form of her humans, arboreal to trees, and neuter to complex than is common in these languages, with MA thesis. She is currently taking a PhD at the everything else. There are no bound pronouns, phonemic aspiration on stops and a number of university of Leiden, Netherlands, where she is and the language is aspect prominent, with a phonetically conditioned consonant alternations. working on a descriptive grammar of Makalero, number of orders of verbal suffixes including one The language exhibits characteristic Polynesian the closest linguistic relative of Makasae. for antipassivity/reflexivity. Up to about 14 features of morphology such as the distinction common verbs are irregular to a lesser or greater between "o-type" and "a-type" possession and a ISBN 978 2 89586 140 6. Languages of the degree, but all other inflections of verbs and complex system of personal pronouns. World/Materials 195. 60pp. USD 61.70 / EUR nouns followed predictable patterns. Since this is the first systematic description of 42.00 / GBP 30.20. 2008/II. the Pileni language and based on a relatively ISBN 3 89586 784 5. Languages of the limited material, it must be regarded as World/Materials 370. 194pp. USD 94.40 / preliminary and open to correction. It will, EUR 64.20 / GBP 46.20. 2005. however, provide a useful basis for further studies Warembori of the Pileni language.

MARK DONOHUE Sundanese ISBN 3 89586 932 5. Languages of the University of Sydney World/Materials 325. 70pp. USD 56.70 / EUR FRANZ MÜLLER-GOTAMA 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 2000. California State University, Fullerton Warembori is a language spoken by 600-700 people living in river mouths on the north coast of Sundanese (Austronesian, Western Malayo- the island of New Guinea, in the Indonesian Polynesian) is the indigenous language of West province of Irian Jaya. It has not been previously Java, Indonesia. With approximately 25 million

90 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 18 • 2008 AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES/PACIFIC AREA

combinations. Next, there will appear a sequence transitive/intransitive, and active/passive and, in The Grammar of Yogad of examples which fix the possibilities of the process, numerous current theories of occurrence with the 'verbal' affixes of Yogad; and language. A functional explanation this includes some eighteen affixal combinations. ISBN 3 89586 258 4. Languages of the PHILIP W. DAVIS, JOHN W. BAKER, The first four (pairs of) affixes focus on the 'S', and the remaining ones focus on the 'O'. At least World/Materials 209. 60pp. USD 56.70 / EUR WALTER L. SPITZ & MIHYUN BAEK one affix (ma-) may select either the 'S' or the 'O' 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 2001. Rice University for focus. Again, the reader is referred to Davis, Baker, Spitz & Baek (1998) for detailed Yogad, an Austronesian language spoken on the discussion of the meaning of these affixes. Ura island of Luzon, has been only sparingly Following the detailing of affixal mentioned in the literature on Philippine combinations, examples will be provided to TERRY CROWLEY languages. This is the first detailed description of illustrate the possibilities of reduplication. There The University of Waikato its grammar. are several such patterns in Yogad. And finally, Chapter 1 introduces the language, briefly where useful, additional examples of usage will Ura is a moribund language, spoken fluently by describing its phonology and the framework for close out an entry. At any point in an entry, there only about half a dozen elderly people on the the description to follow. Chapter 2 sets out the may occur material between double quotation island of Erromango in southern Vanuatu. One of organization of the simple sentence and the marks. These are verbatim comments by the its closest relatives - Utaha - became extinct in semantics associated with its grammar. Chapter 3 speaker, which may help elucidate the sense of an 1954, though the remaining language of is concerned with several issues centering about expression and also how it differs from closely Erromango - Sye - is still universally spoken by a 'discourse'. First, the devices for managing topic related ones. total of about 1400 people. Like the other are described. Second, the content of the Yogad It is obvious that each lexical entry will have languages of the southern islands of Vanuatu, Ura determiners is delineated; and third, the grammar numerous pieces of information included is a member of a fairly distinct grouping of and semantics of complex sentences are concerning it ... that is, if the plan of the structurally somewhat aberrant languages within discussed. dictionary were completed as just described. In its the much larger Oceanic subgroup of A text, which is the basis of these remarks, is present state, this information is fragmentary, and Austronesian languages. included. Chapters 4 and 5 introduce the verbal its completion will always remain an ideal. This description is a salvage study of the affixes, which are typical of the Philippine The intent is to create a functional description grammar of this otherwise sketchly known languages. Chapter 6 deals with two additional of the Yogad lexicon as it meshes with the language. The area of greatest complexity is the affixes: a 'defective' affix -uhn and the affix pa-. semantics of Yogad grammar, i.e., a 'functional verb morphology, where extensive patterns of Chapter 7 draws some conclusions from the dictionary'. root mutation result in verb roots appearing in foregoing description. The orientation is The dictionary concludes with an English - quite different guises in a range of consistently functional, and the goal is always to Yogad section which directs the reader to the morphosyntactic environments. The language identify the content of the grammar in an Yogad entry in which the English expression will also has a set of inflectional categories of verbs integrated way. Contents such as 'rheme', 'topic', be found. Because of the semantic variation of the that is unusually large, as well as morphological 'role', 'voice', etc. are prominent. Iinthis vein, Yogad roots in combination with their affixes, we marking that is morphotactically unusually Yogad represents a language type which contrasts cite only the Yogad lexical root corresponding to complex for an Oceanic language. However, sharply with more familiar European languages. each English entry. The root by itself may not while this description focuses to a considerable have the associated meaning, which may appear ISBN 3 89586 212 6. LINCOM Studies in extent on moprhology, the major syntactic only when the root is in the appropriate patterns are also presented. Austronesian Linguistics 01. 250pp. USD grammatical context. The reader will then have to 129.00 / EUR 87.80 / GBP 63.20. 1998. search through the entry for that root to find ISBN 3 89586 510 9. Languages of the World/ exactly how Yogad contrives to match the Materials 240. 60pp. USD 58.20 / EUR 39.60 also see: English. / GBP 28.50. 1998.

ISBN 3 89586 585 0. Languages of the A Dictionary World/Dictionaries 17. 420pp. USD 143.70 / Yingkarta EUR 97.80 / GBP 70.40. 2000. of Yogad ALAN DENCH University of Western Australia PHILIP W. DAVIS & ANGEL MESA Hiligaynon / Ilonggo

Rice University Yingkarta is an almost extinct language once WALTER L. SPITZ spoken near the present town of Carnarvon on the In the Yogad - English portion of the dictionary, Rice University north west coast of Western Australia. The each entry of an item will ideally contain several language has not previously been described, and pieces of information with respect to how that Hiligaynon, also known as Ilonggo, is a North- this description is based on recordings made in item interacts with certain contexts. First, Central Visayan language closely related to the 1960's and early 1980's with the few following its gloss(es) and other information, we Cebuano. It is spoken by over two million people, remaining speakers, most of whom have since note how the lexical item behaves with the mostly on Negros Occidental and Panay. died. Unfortunately, no text materials have been determiners of the language, usually yu/nu or tu. Hiligaynon lacks a lexical noun/verb distinction; collected for the language. All indications are that Here, we discover whether the item will be more a given root can acquire either nominal and verbal Yingkarta is relatively conservative with respect 'noun'-like or more 'verb'-like. Generally, Yogad characteristics from its interaction with particular to languages to its immediate north, and for this lexical resources function with indifference to the affixes. The propositional nucleus often presents reason its description is of some importance to syntactic positions in which we expect 'nouns' a VSO configuration, the S marking motile and historical/comparative studies of Australian and 'verbs' to appear. For example, the language the O, inert, participants. A rich assortment of languages. may be described as VSO, but any lexical item voice/aspect affixes typifies the verbal Yingkarta is typical of Australian Pama- can fill the 'V' position and accept the 'verbal' components. Aspect is realis/irrealis, while voice Nyungan languages with a suffixing, affixes. Conversely, any lexical item which can selects either of the two nuclear participants for agglutinative structure and relatively free word appear in the 'V' position can also occur in the 'S' focus. The two nuclear roles acquire greater order. There are six points of articulation with or 'O' position with a determiner and appear to be definition from voice. Voice selects a specific both a laminal and an apical contrast. The a 'noun'. Rather than mark entries as 'n' or 'v', we phase (e.g. incept, middle, limit) of a given event language makes no formal distinction between let the sense of the root in the context of for focus by the nominalizing determiners. The nouns, adjectives and adverbs of manner, which determiners provide the relevant information. determiners mark given items as being relatively are grouped together as the one part of speech, Lexical items can sometimes appear in the 'V' focussed (particularized) or unfocussed. The 'nominal'. Pronouns have singular, dual and plural position without accompanying affixes, and some focussed particulars may be participants or entire forms though, unusually for languages of the must. Those possibilities are noted next in each events (cf. headless relative clauses). Discourse area, Yingkarta does not mark number on entry. Not all lexical items work in this way, and continuity is reflected via word order, with nominals. There is an incomplete set of optional where they do not, we mark that fact with an discontinuous elements occurring preverbally, bound pronominal elements, or agreement asterisk. Knowing the ways in which a lexical and continuous ones, in immediate post-verbal markers, which appear enclitic to the last word of item cannot be used is as important for position, a distinction recognized morph- the first clause constituent. Yingkarta has a understanding the lexical resources of the ologically by the pronouns. The grammatical system of split-ergative case marking: most language as is knowing how they can be used. emphasis on verbal event semantics (e.g. of voice pronouns have separate ergative, nominative and Throughout, we follow the practice of including over role) challenges the vaunted universality of accusative forms while other nominals generally and marking unacceptable or meaningless such oppositions as subject/ object, take ergative case-suffixes in A function and are

The LINCOM webshop: www.lincom-europa.com LINCOM EUROPA• project line 18 • 2008 ♦ 91 AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES/PACIFIC AREA unmarked in S and O function. However, the somewhat more elaborate discussion of the verbal ISBN 3 929075 05 9. Languages of the ergative marking of nominals and accusative morphology and of the system of spatial World/Materials 02. 48pp. USD 56.70 / EUR marking of pronouns appears not to be obligatory, orientation marking, a sample text, and a map of 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1994. though this may be an artefact of data collected the language area. The analysis is based on a few with semi-fluent speakers. Verbs generally fall hours of recorded spontaneous speech. The into one of two major conjugations and in main introductory chapter discusses the present state of Koiari clauses are inflected for tense, aspect and mood. the language and some basic procedures in

In subordinate clauses verbs select from among a documenting a language. There is also an set of inflections which indicate the relationship Indonesian summary, and the examples and the TOM DUTTON between main and subordinate clause. A system text are glossed in both Indonesian and English. Australian National University of switch-reference operates for relative clauses. The Indonesian has been added to make the materials accessible to the members of the Koiari is a Papuan (or non-Austronesian) ISBN 3 89586 152 9. Languages of the Ratahan community, all of whom are literate in language spoken by about 1600 people living in World/Materials 137. 60pp. USD 56.70 / EUR Indonesian. the foothills of the Owen Stanley Range just 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1998. inland of Port Moresby, the capital of Papua New ISBN 3 89586 147 2. Languages of the Guinea. It is a member of the Koiarian family, World/Materials 130. 100pp. USD 71.10 / one of about sixty families of Papuan languages ’ EUR 48.40 / GBP 34.80. 1999. found in Papua New Guinea and the surrounding area. In most respects Koiari is a typical Papuan DAVID HOGAN language. Gunin (Kwini) It is typologically SOV with core relations Urak Lawoi’ is a language of the Austronesian indicated by affixation on the verb and peripheral family woth close linguistic links with Malai. It is WILLIAM MCGREGOR ones by postpositions. The verb is the centre of similar to the village level of the , the clause and is morphologically complex. There without the refinements introduced in modern Gunin is spoken by a small number of people are no articles and no formal noun classes except Bahasa Malaysia. Most of its vocabulary has that body part, kinship and certain other nouns are cognates in Malay, but it has been influenced by presently residing at Kalumburu on the far northern coast of the Kimberley region of inherently possessed. The language has only six the predominant of South pronouns and no inclusive-exclusive distinction is . It is spoken by between 3000 and 4000 Western Australia. It is a non-Pama-Nyungan language, belonging to the Worrorran or Northern made. The Koiari counting system is based on people who are strand-dwellers living on the two. In other respects, however, Koiari is unusual islands from Phuket south to the Malaysian Kimberley family. Phonologically it is unremarkable for an Australian language, except amongst Papuan languages. It is phonologically border. It has little in the way of inflectional relatively simple -- all syllables are open and morpholgy with most morphosyntactic categories that (like its close relative Wunambal) it distinguishes six vowels: a, e, i, o, u and i. there are no unusual vowels or consonants and no expressed at the level of the phrase. Its pronoun complex consonant clusters. Its verb system is system distinguishes singular and plural number Among its interesting grammatical characteristics are the following. The verbal construction is of also unusual in making dual reference to subjects and distinguishes between exclusive and and objects, one set of suffixes reflecting the inclusive first person. the preverb-inflecting verb type: an invariant verbal particle is followed by an inflecting verb number of subjects and objects ergatively, the This sketch of Urak Lawoi’ grammar vovers other agreeing with subjects nominatively. all levels of the language up to the discourse which carries pronominal prefixes cross-referencing the subject and object (in Moreover, all non-verbal words in Koiari, structure, and includes some sample texts except for a small subset of function words, are showing the application of the syntactic structure. transitive clauses); these operate on a nominative-accusative system. Tense and other inherently marked for category by morphemes It includes a detailed analysis of the verb phrase which appear in the surface realisation of and insights into the international patterns. verbal categories are also marked on the inflecting verb. Five noun classes are sentences under certain conditions. Possessive David Hogan was a retired missionary linguist case marking is also unusual in Koiari in the who has worked in this language for over thirty distinguished, marked by agreement prefixes on adjectives and by cross-referencing pronominals manner in which it is marked, notably by years. He gained his M.A. degree from William suffixation, and the range of suffixes and Carey International University, Pasadena, through in the verb. Some inalienably possessed nominals are prefixed by a pronominal cross-referencing constructions used to indicate different possessive the Pacific College of Graduate Studies, relations. Because of its geographical location Melbourne. the possessor, and most kinterms take pronominal suffixes indicating the possessor. Koiari has been in contact with AN languages ISBN 3 929075 94 6. Languages of the World/ Gunin grammar has not previously been spoken in the surrounding area for a long time. Materials 268. 60pp. USD 56.70 / EUR 38.60 / described, and indeed very little information has This contact increased following pax Britannica. GBP 27.80. 1999. been recorded about the language. The At the same time other languages were introduced description is based primarily on three hours the language is in danger of becoming elicitation, and half a dozen narrative texts which obsolescent as younger Koiari use the local lingua the author was able to record during a speaker's franca, Hiri (formerly Police) Motu, in domains Ratahan formerly the sole preserve of Koiari. visit to Derby in 1988.

IKOLAUS IMMELMANN N P. H ISBN 3 929075 09 1. Languages of the ISBN 3 929075 10 5. Languages of the & JOHN U. WOLFF World/Materials 11. 64pp. USD 56.70 / EUR World/Materials 10. 77pp. USD 59.70 / EUR University of Bochum, Cornell University 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1993. 40.60 / GBP 29.20. 1996.

Ratahan is an endangered Austronesian language spoken in the district of Ratahan, province of Kwamera Saliba North , Indonesia. It is estimated that now only 500 good speakers of Ratahan are left, LAMONT LINDSTROM & JOHN LYNCH mostly over 60 years of age, and a few thousand University of Tulsa; Pacific Languages ULRIKE MOSEL semi-speakers. Ratahan is located in the midst of University of Kiel Unit, Vanuatu the Minahasa region but belongs to the Sangiric subgroup, spoken at some distance to the north of Saliba is an Austronesian, Western Oceanic Ratahan, of which to date only one language There are slightly more than one hundred language which is spoken by fewer than one (Sangirese) has been documented in some detail. languages spoken by the 150,000 inhabitants of thousand people on the island of Saliba in Milne Typologically, Ratahan resembles the the Republic of Vanuatu in the southwest Pacific. Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Genetically it languages of the Philippines, and the verbal Kwamera is one of five languages spoken by belongs to the Suaic languages of the Papuan Tip morphology shows many of the same categories almost 3000 people on the island of Tanna in that Cluster. It seems to be closely related to Suau as, for example, the Tagalog verbs. Much of the country. Like its close relatives, however, it is which functions as a mission language of the Ratahan affixational morphology is clearly somewhat aberrant phonologically, area. Whether Saliba and Suau have to be cognate with affixes in Philippine languages. morphologically and lexically in comparison classified as dialects or as different languages is With regard to noun phrase marking, pronominal withmost of the 400 or so other members of the unlcear, as this is the first grammatical clitics, and word order, however, there are strong Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian. description of any Suauic language. differences from the Philippine languages. This monograph describes the structure of Saliba is a verb final head marking language Furthermore, a system of markers for spatial Kwamera, paying particular attention to of the nominative-accusative type which shows deixis exists which is far more elaborate than that phonology and morphophonemics, to the complex some interesting typological features such as commonly found in Austronesian languages. verb morphology, to the range of possessive internal relative clauses, verb serialisation, clause The volume contains an outline of the constructions, and to inter-clausal phenomena of chaining, and a clitic particle which can mark phonology and the basic morphosyntax, a various kinds. noun phrases, verb phrases, clauses and even

92 ♦ LINCOM EUROPA• project line 18 • 2008 AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES/PACIFIC AREA clause chains as topics. modification, verb serialization, and others will (1990), and a number of journal articles on that After a sketchy phonology, the present be detailed and illustrated with data from language; he is also author of Gunin/Kwini, monograph describes various types of verbal and elicitation and connected discourse. volume 11 in this series. non-verbal clauses, the word classes, the noun phrase and so-called possessive constructions, the ISBN 3 89586 278 9. Languages of the ISBN 3 929075 51 2. Languages of the verb phrase, transitivity, nominalisation, World/Materials 184. 60pp. USD 56.70 / EUR World/Materials 89. 64pp. USD 56.70 / EUR subordinate clauses and clause chaining. In order 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1999. 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1994. to provide a good illustration of the Saliba discourse structure, the grammatical sketch concludes with the analysis of three short texts. Nyulnyul Biri

ISBN 3 929075 33 4. Languages of the WILLIAM MCGREGOR ANGELA TERRILL World/Materials 31. 48pp. USD 56.70 / EUR University of Melbourne 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1994. Australian National University

Nyulnyul, the traditional language of Beagle Bay This work presents a salvage grammar of the Biri Tokelauan (towards the northern tip of the Dampier Land language of Eastern Central Queensland, a Pama- peninsular, West Kimberley, Western Australia) Nyungan language belonging to the large Maric

and environs, is a moribund state, with a single subgroup. As the language is no longer used, the ROBIN HOOPER full speaker, and ten or so part speakers. It is a grammatical description is based on old written University of Auckland non-Pama-Nyungan language, one of sources and on recordings made by linguists in approximately a dozen members of the the 1960s and 1970s. Biri is in many ways typical Tokelau comprises three atolls, Atafu, Nukunono Nyulnyulan family. Phonologically it is of the Pama-Nyungan languages of Southern and Fakaofo, situated 750 miles northwest of reasonably typical of an Australian language, Queensland. It has split case marking systems, Samoa. Tokelauan belongs to the Polynesian distinguishing seventeen consonants and three marking nouns according to an sub-group of Austronesian. It is spoken by about vowels, each with contrastive length. Like all ergative/absolutive system and pronouns approximately 5000 people, of whom about 1600 other non-Pama-Nyungan languages of the according to a nominative/accusative system. live in the atolls, about 3000 in New Zealand, and region, Nyulnyul has two types of verbal Unusually for its area, Biri also has bound several hundred elsewhere in the Pacific region. construction: simple and compound. Simple verbs pronouns on its verb, cross-referencing the The phonology and morphology are typical of consist of an inflecting verb root which carries person, number and case of core participants. As Polynesian languages. The main morphological pronominal prefixes cross-referencing the subject far as it is possible, the grammatical discussion is processes are reduplication, compounding and and indicating tense; aspectual suffixes and ‘theory neutral’. derivation. Number, tense and aspect are pronominal enclitics cross-reference the object The first four chapters deal with the indicated by particles, and there is little in the and indirect object. Compound verbs consist of phonology, morphology, and syntax of the way of inflectional morphology. The pronoun an invariant preverb followed by an inflecting language. The last two chapters contain a system is complex, and an inclusive-exclusive simple verb. Around fifty nominals, mainly terms substantial discussion of Biri’s place in the Pama- distinction is made in dual and plural pronouns. for parts of the body, take prefixes indicating the Nyungan family. In chapter 6 the numerous Two types if possession marking encode a inalienable possessor of the part. dialects of the Biri language are discussed. In semantic distinction betweeen (loosely) The sketch is based primarily on material chapter 7 the close linguistic relationship between inalienable and alienable possession. gathered by the author over the past eight years Biri and the surrounding languages is examined.

In most studies of Polynesian languages, the from Mary Carmel Charles, the last remaining smallest convenient unit of analysis is taken to be speaker. ISBN 3 89586 532 X. Languages of the the phrase, and this convention is followed here. ISBN 3 89586 000 X. Languages of the World/ Materials 258. 100 pp. USD 68.20 / Sections on the structure of the noun phrase and EUR 46.40 / GBP 33.40. 1998. the verb phrase are followed by a description of World/Materials 88. 68pp. USD 56.70 / EUR clause structure. All clauses contain a predicate, 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1996. of which there are several different types: verbal, locative, existential, possessive, and nominal. A Short Grammar of Noun phrase relations in the clause are indicated Warrwa by prepositions, and verbal clauses have the Tetun Dili ergative case-marking typical of Western WILLIAM MCGREGOR Polynesian languages. Nominalisation, University of Melbourne CATHARINA VAN KLINKEN, JOHN complementation, and kinds of clause HAJEK & RACHEL NORDLINGER combination are briefly described. Although Warrwa, traditionally spoken in the Derby region University of Melbourne Tokelauan is typologically verb initial, noun of West Kimberley, Western Australia, is an phrase initial clauses are common owing to endangered language, with just two full speakers. Tetun has been selected as the national language pragmatic and discourse factors such as It is a non-Pama-Nyungan language, one of for the emerging nation of East Timor. It has two topicalization and focussing. approximately a dozen members of the main varieties, known within East Timor as Tetun

Nyulnyulan family; it belongs to the western Dili and Tetun Terik. While the latter is a ISBN 3 929075 41 5. Languages of the branch. Phonologically it is typical of an relatively conservative Austronesian language, World/Materials 58. 48pp. USD 56.70 / EUR Australian language, distinguishing seventeen Tetun Dili shows strong Portuguese influence 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1996. consonants and three vowels, each with after centuries of contact. contrastive length. Two types of verbal On the one hand, Tetun Dili has in many construction are distinguished, simple and respects been simplified relative to Tetun Terik, Madurese compound. Simple verbs consist of an inflecting for instance in having less productive derivational verb root which carries pronominal prefixes morphology, no subject marking on verbs, and a WILLIAM DAVIES cross-referencing the subject and indicating tense, loss of Tetun consonant clusters such as /kt/. On University of Iowa and various aspectual suffixes and pronominal the other hand the large influx of vocabulary from enclitics cross-reference the object and indirect Portuguese has resulted in new phonological With more than 10 million speakers principally object. Compound verbs consist of an invariant patterns and new models of word formation, on the islands of Madura and Java, Madurese is preverb followed by an inflecting simple verb. while Portuguese influence has also resulted in the fourth most widely spoken language of Noun classes are not distinguished in Warrwa (or new possibilities for a number of grammatical Indonesia. Like the closely related Indonesian, in any other Nyulnyulan language), and constructions, including complementation. Malay, and other Western Austronesian case-relations are marked by postpositions. In the There is large variation within Tetun Dili, in languages, Madurese includes as one of its most ideolect of one of the remaining speakers a few pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The salient characteristics a verb-marking system that body part nominals take pronominal prefixes present sketch notes such variation, commenting indicates the most prominent argument or “focus“ cross-referencing the possessor of the body part; where possible on the conditions under which of a clause. This grammatical sketch will detail for the other speaker this system has been lost each option is preferred, and illustrating this this system (making possible comparison with entirely. As in other Nyulnyulan languages, free variability in brief texts. The sketch overviews closely related languages) and will examine the pronouns distinguish four persons, 1, 1+2, 2, and Tetun phonology and morphology before principle morphological processes of affixation 3 and two numbers, minimal and augmented. presenting the major grammatical constructions (and the principal affixes used) and reduplication The sketch is based primilarily on elicited and used. Emphasis is on the language as it is spoken (and the variety of meanings it encodes). The textual material gathered by the author during his in East Timor's capital Dili; nevertheless where grammatical properties of anaphora, question 1992 field trip. WILLIAM MCGREGOR is the constructions used in speech are avoided in formation, nominalization, word order, author of A functional Grammar of Gooniyandi writing, this is noted.

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ISBN 3 89586 429 3. Languages of the Tobelo constructions, where the possessor can be either World/Materials 388. 60pp. USD 56.70 / EUR pronominal or postnominal, and each other has peculiar constraints. 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 2002. GARY HOLTON Alaska Native Language Center ISBN 978 3 89586 714 9. Languages of the M~ori World/Materials 467. 188pp. USD 94.40 / Tobelo is a Papuan language spoken by EUR 64.20 / GBP 46.20. 2007.

RAY HARLOW approximately 15,000 persons on the islands of University of Waikato Halmahera and Morotai in the eastern Indonesian A Conceptual Analysis province of Maluku. Tobelo is one of six closely M~ori, a member of the Eastern Polynesian related languages (the others being Galela, of Tongan Spatial Nouns: subgroup of the Austronesian language family, is Loloda, Modole, Pagu, and Tobaru) which From Grammar to Mind the indigenous language of New Zealand. It is together with Ternate/Tidore, Sahu, and Makian spoken by some 30,000 people, though a much Luar comprise the North Halmaheran family. The GIOVANNI BENNARDO greater number of people, perhaps as many as remaining fifty or so languages spoken in Maluku are Austronesian in origin. While Tobelo is still University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 200,000 have some knowledge of the language. Recently, M~ori has been the subject of intense learned as a first language in outlying areas, urban regions are experiencing a shift to standard In Churchward (1953) a set of Tongan nouns are efforts to ensure its survival and development. In labeled ‘local‘, that is “construed as if it were the its phonology, morphology and syntax, it is very Indonesian and/or a local Malay variety. The description presented here builds on the work of proper name of a place“ (p. 88). Some of these representative of its subgroup. It has little in the nouns reappear under another label, that is, way of inflexional morphology, most early twentieth century missionary Anton Hueting and is based on extensive field work by the ‘preposed‘ nouns (p. 214-16) and they are defined morphosyntactic categories such as case, tense, as nouns that can be “placed immediately before even number being expressed at the level of author, a linguist whose previous publications include an annotated bibliography of Maluku another noun instead of being connected with it phrase, not the word. Like other Polynesian by means of a preposition“ (p.214). This languages, its pronoun system distinguishes three languages and several studies of Tobelo grammar and discourse. peculiarity was exploited by Broschart (1993) to numbers, singular, dual and plural, and exclusive argue for a subset of these nouns to be considered vs. inclusive first person. The phonemic inventory of Tobelo consists of five vowels and twenty consonants, including a as classifiers. In this work the author tries to This sketch of grammar of M~ori provides an clarify the border of this fuzzy subset of Tongan account of the basic VSX sentence type and of palatal lateral, glide and nasal. Syllable structure is generally (C)V. Verbal morphology is nouns differently addressed by Churchward and the variants of this which express discourse- Broschard. related emphases. The sample text is drawn from relatively rich, including a system of agent and patient pronominal prefixes and optional The analysis of this newly defined subset of the writings of a 19th-century elder, who has left Tongan nouns, ‘spatial‘ nouns, is conceptual, that voluminous manuscripts in M~ori on a variety of aspectual suffixes. Nouns occur as adjuncts to pronominal arguments and are obligatorily is, based on a set of primitive (and possibly areas of traditional knowledge and thought. universal) spatial concepts suggested by Lehman marked by a proclitic. Word order is SOV, though ISBN 3 89585 120 X. Languages of the not rigidly so. Complex verb constructions are & Bennardo (1992) and Bennardo (1993, 1996). World/Materials 20. 60pp. USD 56.70 / EUR paratactic, consisting of a series of verbs each The conceptual apparatus is the result of 38.60 / GBP 27.80. 1996. cross-referencing one or more arguments and extensive analyses conducted on both English and Tongan spatial prepositions. Further analyses fully inflected for aspect. There is no morphological marker of subordination and no regarded representations of spatial relationships Santali indication of finiteness. in other languages like Burmese, Thai and Italian. Following Lucy’s suggestion, grammatical LUKAS NEUKOM ISBN 3 89586 706 3. Languages of the features of the Tongan language represent the Universität Zürich World/Materials 328. 60pp. USD 63.80 / EUR path along which the conceptual analysis moves. In fact, five structural contexts in which the 43.40 / GBP 31.20. 2003. ‘spatial‘ nouns appear represent the starting point Santali belongs to the North-Munda branch of the Austro-Asiatic language family. It is the largest of the analysis. The analysis will weave through Munda language, spoken by 5.8 million people, A Grammar of Lamaholot, the grammatical and conceptual levels and will who live scattered over the Indian states of Bihar, end up in sorting the nouns into three separate West-Bengal and Orissa. Most of them are Eastern Indonesia groups according to a combination of their bilingual in Santali and in the local dominant The Morphology and Syntax of the conceptual content and grammatical possibilities. Indo-Aryan language. Lewoingu Dialect Finally, the results of this analysis call for an The Santali phonemic system includes a series interesting modification of the conceptual apparatus. of retroflex consonants, voiced and voiceless KUNIO NISHIYAMA & HERMAN KELEN aspirated stops and glottalized stops in word-final Ibaraki University; University of Hawaii ISBN 3 89586 917 1. Languages of the World position, alternating with the voiced series. Some 12. 34pp. USD 31.70 / EUR 21.60 / GBP 15.50. harmony rules underly the vocalism. This book describes a grammar (mainly 2000. Nouns can be marked for number (singular, morphology and syntax) of the Lewoingu dialect dual, plural), class (±animate), case (seven in of Lamaholot, an Austronesian language (Central- Studies in Kimberley Languages number), possessor and focus or topic. The Malayo-Polynesian subgroup) spoken by 150,000 demonstrative system has four dimensions: in Honour of Howard Coate ~ 200,000 people on the eastern tip of and distance (near / far / far away), ±emphatic, the surrounding area in eastern Indonesia. ±animate, and number. Lamaholot has 35 dialects, and although there are WILLIAM MCGREGOR (ED.) Santali has a very elaborate verb morphology. some descriptions and dictionaries for other Besides various types of argument marking dialects, the Lewoingu dialect has never been Part 1: Descriptive Studies in Kimberley (subject, object, concerned object) the verb is described before. The description in this book is Aboriginal Languages. Part 2: Textual inflected for seven TAM categories the markers basically theory-neutral, and analyses are kept to Studies. of which have two shapes, one for active and one a minimum. This work will be of interest to for middle voice. In addition, several derivational For the full text please see www.lincom.eu. descriptive linguists and Austronesian specialists, processes apply to the stem, such as the marking in particular because languages of eastern ISBN 3 89586 054 9. 350pp. USD 137.90 / of reciprocal or intensive. Verbs in series are very Indonesia in general are poorly documented and EUR 93.80 / GBP 67.50. 1996. common. relations of several dialects of Lamaholot are Santali is known to have a weak distinction poorly understood. Typologists and theoretical between nouns and verbs, many stems are used linguists would be interested in unique agreement also see ► p. 85. both in argument and predicate function. The in Lamaholot, where agreement emerges not only analysis is mainly based on data collected by on verbs and adjectives, but also on adverbs, Bodding, especially on his text collection numerals, a preposition, and even on the (published in 1925) and on his huge dictionary conjunction (‘and’). Theoreticians will also be (1929-36). interested in the chapter on resumptive pronouns, Critical portions of the grammar have been which is a rare description of the phenomena in discussed with a native speaker. Austronesian languages and shows that ISBN 3 89586 610 5. Languages of the Lamaholot basically shares general properties of World/Materials 323. 250pp. USD 133.50 / resumptive pronouns found in Irish and Semitic EUR 90.80 / GBP 65.40. 2001. languages. Also of interest are possessive

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