Guidelines for Identifying & Monitoring Antisemitism

GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFYING & MONITORING ANTISEMITISM ONLINE & OFFLINE Image credits: CONTENTS No Hate Speech © Ashley Marinaccio. Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/70704369@N06/6584859247/in/photostream/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 * Johanna Dasteel © American Life League I. INTRODUCTION 1 Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/americanlifeleague/7204872810 CC BY-NC 2.0 † An anti-racism rally held outside Sydney Town Hall, December 2005 © M.e Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism#/media/File:Anti-racist-rally-Sydney-2005-Dec-18-small.jpeg II. ROOTS OF THE WORD ANTISEMITISM 2 CC BY-SA 3.0 ‡ Trackman marble wheel © Brad Kennedy Original: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Trackman_marble_wheel.JPG/1280px-Trackman_marble_ II.1. WORKING DEFINITIONS / TERMINOLOGY 3 wheel.JPG CC BY-SA 3.0 ‡ Facebook’s Infection © Katie Sayer Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ksayer/5614813296 III. EXAMPLES OF ANTISEMITISM 7 CC BY-SA 2.0 § Anti-Semitism Klapeida © Beny Shlevich Original: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Anti-Semitism_Klapeida.jpg CC BY-SA 2.0 § IV. DRAWING THE LINE 9 peter eisenman, berlin juli 2006 © seier+seier Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/seier/493933070 CC BY 2.0 ± IV.1. CARTOONS THAT REFLECT CRITICISM OF ISRAEL 10 Neo-Nazism in Russia (2010) © Vitaly Ragulin Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazism#/media/File:Neo-Nazism_in_Russia_(2010).jpg CC BY-SA 3.0 ‡ Hanny on his laptop_MMVIII © D. Sinclair Terrasidius IV.2. CARTOONS THAT SHOW ANTISEMITISM 11 Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/24258698@N04/2616485572 CC BY 2.0 ± “Fight Antisemitism” © Flats! IV.3. DRAWING THE LINE BETWEEN CRITICISM OF ISRAEL Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/70flats/5036791858 CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 * AND ANTISEMITIC STATEMENTS 12 Anti-Semitism © Quinn Dombrowski Original: https://www.flickr.com/photos/quinnanya/4446340700 CC BY-SA 2.0 § Quenelle gesture © Meostil IV.4. DRAWING THE LINE DISTINCTIONS: THE FOUR D’S 13 Original: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenelle_(gesture)#/media/File:Quenelle_gesture.JPG CC BY-SA 3.0 ‡ Anti-semitic graffiti. Image courtesy of LAPD V. ANNEX 16

* https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/legalcode † https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode V.1. CURRENT MANIFESTATIONS OF ANTISEMITISM IN EUROPE ‡ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode (2013-2015) 16 § https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode ± https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode V. 2. ANTISEMITIC INCIDENTS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN 2014 22 To the best of our knowledge, unless otherwise specified, all other cover images are the copyright of Aptalops or in the public domain and therefore do not require attribution.

All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction or referencing is accompanied by an acknowledgment stating “Source: © 2016 CEJI” I. INTRODUCTION II. ROOTS OF THE WORD The phenomenon of ‘semitism’, in ANTISEMITISM itself, does not exist. Antisemitism is In a project aimed at engaging therefore not directed, as the word European youth to counter and combat The term antisemitism was coined in might suggest, against “Semitism.” antisemitism1, it is important to ensure the 1870s by Wilhelm Marr, a German The term was conceived to describe an that we all understand what we mean political agitator and journalist during anti-Jewish movement and anti-Jewish by specific terms. This terminology the time when new pseudo-scientific ideas. list is designed to help bring clarity theories of racial superiority and to terms that are relevant to our inferiority emerged. The term was What distinguishes the hostility discussions and which may, on the created specifically to define the against Jews as opposed to all other surface, be a source of confusion. hatred of Jews as a “race”, as opposed forms of intolerance is its duration, Below are proposed working definitions to a religion (as it used to be with intensity, persistence and elasticity. for reference during our project. Why anti-Judaism). However, the term From Antiquity through to today, the can these be helpful? “antisemitism” has never been used justifications of persecution have to refer to a related people (Arabs) been varied: expressed in the name • To gain a better understanding or languages (Semitic). Arguments of religion (Luther), or philosophy of terms used in connection (Voltaire), in the name of the class with antisemitism and anti- that include non-Jews in the term discrimination “antisemitic” are irrelevant because a struggle (Stalin) and the fight between “races” (Hitler), or even in the name • To be able to deconstruct terms “Semitic race” never existed except in and have a better understanding of the imagination of racists. of freedom of speech (the comedian how they can be used / misused. Dieudonné). Antisemitism is in fact a The term “semitic” literally refers social polymorph that is not minimized to a group of languages that largely by its continuous re-invention in originated in the area known today as hatred.2 the Middle East and includes Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic and the languages of 1 The word ‘antisemitism’ usually appears in Ethiopia and Eritrea, among others. American publications spelled with a hyphen and a capital letter S : ‘anti-Semitism’, whereas in British English, it is spelled as one word with a lowercase s : ‘antisemitism’. The question of 2 Source: 50 Questions on Antisemitism a hyphen is important because its use implies published by the Anne Frank House (ed.), 2005, that the words semitism or semite are actually p. 49. meaningful, when in fact they do not exist, as we Gérard Silvain and Joël Kotek, La carte postale explain in the text. antisémite, de l’affaire Dreyfus à la Shoah, 2005 1 2 II. 1. WORKING DEFINITIONS / 1896 by Austrian Journalist Theodor JUDEOPHOBIA ANTI-ZIONISM TERMINOLOGY Herzl aiming to re-establish a Jewish homeland in the Holy Land. Jewish This term used in the 19th century, The origin of the word comes from JUDAISM immigration from Europe had been reappeared in the 1990s. This new the refusal, in principle, to accept increasing steadily in the early 20th Antisemitism appeared after the the existence of a Jewish State, Known as the first monotheistic century, particularly after the support Holocaust. It can take three forms: independent of the Palestinian question. It included amongst its religion, Judaism finds its laws and expressed by the British government • the denial or relativization of the principles in the Tanach: the three in the Balfour Declaration of 1917 Holocaust supporters, before the founding of Israel, many Jews, although this part religious book comprised of the for the establishment of a “national • an “anti-Zionism” which makes Torah (i.e. the Five Books of Moses), home” for the Jewish people. After the all Jews responsible for the policy changed after the Shoah when the Nevi’im (the Books of the Prophets), genocide of 6 million European Jews of the State of Israel, OR makes need for a safe haven for Jews was the State of Israel responsible for and Ketuvim (the Writings). According in the Shoah, the British Mandate of made clearly apparent. things that are not under its actions to the Jewish tradition, Judaism began Palestine was divided into two parts, • a comparison between the with the covenant made between God one of which became the independent Anti-Zionism refers to criticism of Israel crimes “endured” and crimes that questions Israel’s right to exist as a and Abraham, the first Jew, around state of Israel in 1948. “committed” by the Jews. 2000 BCE – making it one of the Jewish state. This form of antisemitism These Anti-jewish attitudes and world’s oldest continually practiced ANTI-JUDAISM has been fed from the extreme right behaviors build an amalgam between religions. As a result it has influenced and the extreme left. In recent times, “Jews,” “Israelis” and “Zionists.” other newer monotheistic religions This term refers to a movement against therefore, it has come to exist as an such as Christianity, Islam, and the the practice of the Jewish religion uncensored, almost “politically correct” ANTISEMITISM Baha’i Faith. Jewish religious practice purely on religious grounds. Arguments form of antisemitism. has evolved over centuries to reflect against Judaism have been based on A widely accepted working definition life lived in a diaspora but the core competing beliefs, such as a belief has been defined by the European belief in one God and the religious that Jesus was the Messiah. The term Union Monitoring Centre (EUMC): injunction to do good remains refers to sentiments based on religious “Anti-Semitism is a certain perception unchanged. identity or Jewish theological beliefs of Jews, which may be expressed as whereas antisemitism is based on hatred toward Jewish or non-Jewish ZIONISM racial and ethnic distinctions. individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions Zion is the biblical name for and religious facilities”. In addition, Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. such manifestations could also target More specifically, Zion is the hill upon the state of Israel, conceived as a which the Temple of Jerusalem was Jewish collectivity.3 Antisemitism website, accessed on July 10, 2015: built. Zionism is a Jewish national- http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/Working%20 political movement founded in 3 Source: the Coordination Forum for Countering Definition%20of%20Antisemitism 3 4 • War crimes GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST • Crimes against humanity HUMANITY, WAR CRIMES “Grave breaches of the Geneva “Acts when committed as part of Convention of 12 August 1949 such There are many serious accusations a widespread or systematic attack as wilful killing, torture or inhuman that can be invoked in the context of directed against any civilian population, treatment, including biological criticism of Israel, but there is often such as murder, extermination, experiments, destruction of property confusion in the terms used. It is deportation, torture and rape”. and taking of hostages.” important to bear in mind the official definitions4 of genocide, war crimes, Unlike war crimes, crimes against and crimes against humanity so that humanity can be committed during they are used appropriately and with peace or war. They are not isolated or evidence to justify the accusation. sporadic events, but are part either of a government policy or of a wide practice • Genocide of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or authority. Political, “Acts committed with intent to destroy, racial, or religious persecution may in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, reach the threshold of crimes against racial or religious group, as such, humanity if it is part of a widespread or including killing members of the group, systematic practice. In the Nuremberg imposing measures intended to prevent trials, Nazi officials were sentenced births within the group and forcibly according to crimes against humanity transferring children of the group to they had committed. 22 cases in 9 another group”. Between April and June situations have been brought before the 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans International Criminal Court to date.5 of the Tutsi tribe and moderate Hutus were killed systematically in the space of 100 days.

4 Council Decision 2003/335/JHA of 8 May 2003 on the investigation and prosecution of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Source: access to European law website: 5 http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ situations%20and%20cases/Pages/ TXT/?uri=URISERV:l16005 situations%20and%20cases.aspx

5 6 III. EXAMPLES OF • Accusing Jews as a people of being • Applying double standards by Antisemitic acts are criminal when they ANTISEMITISM responsible for real or imagined requiring of it a behavior not are so defined by law (for example, wrongdoing committed by a single expected or demanded of any denial of the Shoah or distribution Antisemitism frequently charges Jews Jewish person or group, or even for other democratic nation, e.g. of antisemitic materials in some with conspiring to harm humanity, acts committed by non-Jews. not defending itself against countries). and it is often used to blame Jews for attack. Using the symbols and “why things go wrong”. It is expressed • Denying the fact, scope, images associated with classic Criminal acts are antisemitic when in speech, writing, visual forms mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) antisemitism (e.g. claims of Jews the targets of attacks, whether they and action, and employs sinister or intentionality of the genocide of killing Jesus or blood libel) to are people or property – such as stereotypes and negative character the Jews during World War II (the characterize Israel or Israelis. buildings, schools, places of worship traits. Shoah). and cemeteries – are selected because • Drawing comparisons of they are, or are perceived to be, Jewish Contemporary examples in public life, • Accusing the Jews as a people, or contemporary Israeli policy to that or linked to Jews. the media, schools, the workplace, and Israel as a state, of inventing or of the Nazis. in the religious sphere could include, exaggerating the Shoah. Antisemitic discrimination is the denial but are not limited to: • Holding Jews collectively to Jews of opportunities or services • Accusing Jewish citizens of being responsible for actions of the state available to others and is illegal in • Calling for, aiding, or justifying the more loyal to Israel, or to the of Israel. many countries. killing or harming of Jews in the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, name of a radical ideology or an than to the interests of their own However, criticism of Israel similar extremist view of religion. nations. to that levelled against any other country cannot be regarded as • Making false, dehumanizing, Examples of the ways in which it antisemitic (e.g. criticism regarding the demonizing, or stereotypical manifests itself with regard to the State settlement policies, the Wall, rights of allegations about Jews or the power of Israel taking into account the overall minorities within Israel, speeches of its of Jews as a collective – such as, context could include: representatives, etc.). especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish • Denying the Jewish people their conspiracy or of Jews controlling the right to self-determination, e.g., media, economy or government. by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.

7 8 IV. DRAWING THE LINE IV. 1. CARTOONS THAT REFLECT CRITICISM OF ISRAEL

In today’s world many antisemitic incidents occur in reaction to events in the Middle East, and there has been a notable rise in antisemitic incidents at times when conflict with Israel escalates – for example during the 2014 war against Hamas in Gaza. When Jewish people are attacked on the street in reaction to this type of event, this is a clear example of antisemitism. But some of the actions of the Israeli government are worthy of criticism (as are actions of all governments at certain times) and the distinction between legitimate criticism ‘Netanyahu with fake peace dove’ (Riber Hansson-Sydvenskan) and when criticism of Israel becomes a veil for antisemitism is not always clear. Understanding terminology and the origins of common stereotypes about Jews is helpful in discerning the difference. Cartoons are useful to demonstrate the difference.

‘Obama and Netanyahu’ (Jimmy Margulies)

9 10 IV. 2. EXAMPLES OF CARTOONS THAT SHOW ANTISEMITIC IV. 3. DRAWING THE LINE BETWEEN CRITICISM OF ISRAEL AND CRITICISM OF ISRAEL ANTISEMITIC STATEMENTS

Criticism of Israel Antisemitic Statement Criticism of discrimination against Palestinians in Israel Questioning the right of Israel to exist “Palestinians should be able to come “Israel has no right to exist because it back to Israel just like Jews can.” has expropriated Palestinian land” Solely criticizing Israel for human Criticizing possible human rights rights abuses and holding Israel to abuses by Israeli soldiers higher standards than other countries; gross exaggerations and holocaust comparisons “Israeli soldiers aren’t punished for “Israel is committing genocide against inhumane actions they take – and they the Palestinians by targeting thousands should be tried in court just like any of civilians, just like Hitler did in the other human rights violator.” Holocaust.” Promoting a Palestinian State through Defending violent attacks on Israeli peaceful means civilians “Israel and the Palestinians need to create a two-state solution so that the “Hamas has every right to kill Israeli Carlos Latuff, 2014. Palestinians can have a country to call civilians because they have the right to their home.” defend themselves.” Stereotyping Jews; including Criticizing Israeli policies conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to rule the world “Israel shouldn’t build a wall that “The Israelis are only able to build their separates Palestinians from being able wall because Zionist Jewish lobbies to earn a livelihood.” have the monopoly in America and control the government.” Questioning the legitimacy of Israeli Questioning the right of the Jewish settlements in the West Bank people to the land of Israel “Jews have no legitimacy to the land “Israel should stop settlements in the of Israel, they arrived to Palestine only West Bank.” in 1948 and colonized the whole land from the Palestinians.” Linking racist biases with claiming the Criticizing Israeli interior policy existence of apartheid “Following the manifestations of Ethiopian Jews in Israel, the Israeli “The nature of Israel is to be a racist government should do more to tackle and apartheid state.” racism in the Israeli society.” Al Hilal newspaper, 2014. Accessed on June 30, 2015.

11 12 IV. 4. DISTINCTIONS: • Stereotyping all Jews as fitting into • Singling out only Israel for SHOAH DENIAL7 a particular political configuration sanctions for policies that are THE FOUR D’S (such as “neoconservatives,” or widespread among other nations. When the West Bank is compared to “Zionists”). • Discriminating against individuals DEMONIZATION the Warsaw ghetto, when Israel’s Prime • Accusing Jews and only Jews of only because they are Jewish Minister is compared to Hitler, when having dual loyalty. Israelis, without regard to their When the Jewish State is being individual views or actions. Palestinian deaths during wars are • Blaming Israel for the problems compared to the Shoah, when Israelis demonized; when Israel’s actions are of the world and exaggerating the • Blaming the Jews or Israel, blown out of all sensible proportion; influence of the Jewish state on rather than the antisemites, for are accused of committing a genocide when comparisons are made between world affairs. antisemitism. against the Palestinians or when Israeli Israelis and Nazis and between • Discriminating against only Israel soldiers are accused of behaving like DELEGITIMIZATION6 Palestinian refugee camps and in its qualification for certain the Nazis did with Jews, when the Star positions or statuses, such as Auschwitz – this is antisemitism, not of David is equalized with the swastika, on the Security Council, the When Israel’s fundamental right to this is Shoah denial and so this too is criticism of Israel. International Court of Justice, and exist is denied – alone among all the International Red Cross. antisemitism. • Employing stereotypes against peoples of the world – this too is • Circulating wild and invented Israel that have traditionally been antisemitism. Also noteworthy is when charges against Israel and the directed against “the Jews”. For Jews, such as that which held them people, politicians or states seek to example, portraying Israel as responsible for the September 11 delegitimize Israel precisely as it moves devouring the blood of children attacks. or characterizing Israeli leaders toward peace. with long hook noses or rapacious looks. DOUBLE STANDARDS • Comparing Israel to the Nazis or its leaders to Hitler, the German army, When criticism of Israel is applied or the Gestapo. selectively in news reports aimed to • Invoking anti-Jewish religious provide comparative perspective on symbols or caricaturing Jewish global issues; for example, when Israel religious symbols. is singled out by the United Nations • Blaming all Jews or “the Jews” for for human rights abuses while the Israel’s policies or imperfections. behavior of known and major abusers, • Physically or verbally attacking such as China, Iran, Cuba, and Syria, is Jewish institutions, such as ignored – this is antisemitism. 7 For more information about Shoah denial synagogues or cemeteries, as a means of protesting against Israel. 6 Based on Dershowitz (http://www. laws, see the following document from the huffingtonpost.com/alan-dershowitz/when- Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism: legit-criticism-cros_b_3524.html) and Sharansky http://www.antisemitism.org.il/eng/ (http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-sharansky-fo4. Legislation%20Against%20Antisemitism%20 htm) and%20Denial%20of%20the%20Holocaust 13 14 CHECKLIST OF FACTORS THAT TEND TO INDICATE CRITICISM OF V. ANNEX July 30, 2014 - Antwerp - A Belgian ISRAEL: doctor refused to treat a Jewish woman, V.1. CURRENT telling her son “send her to Gaza for MANIFESTATIONS OF a few hours, then she’ll get rid of the pain.” PP The criticism is directed at specific policies of Israel, rather than at the very ANTISEMITISM IN EUROPE legitimacy of the state. 8 (2013-2015) : August 11, 2014 - Ghent - A banner PP The degree and level of criticism vary with changes in Israel policies. reading “Send Netanyahu and his PP The criticism is comparative and contextual. Belgium Zionist army back to Dachau for killing PP The criticism is political, military, economic etc. rather than ethnic or over 1,800 Palestinians” was hung religious. May 24, 2014 - Brussels – A gunman from a balcony. PP The criticism is similar to criticism being raised by mainstream Israeli opened fire inside the Jewish Museum, dissidents. killing 4 people. On May 30, Mehdi May, 13, 2015 - Brussels - Viviane Nemmouche, a French national who PP The criticism is levelled by people who have a history of levelling Teitelbaum, a Belgian Jewish MP, comparable criticisms at other nations with comparable or worse records. had previously fought in Syria for received an antisemitic letter reading: ISIS, was arrested at a train station in PP The criticism is designed to bring about positive changes in Israeli policies. “Jewish scum!”, “Gaza = Auschwitz Marseille, France and is suspected of PP The criticism is part of a more general and comparative criticism of all other “Thieves, Murderers Liars, Denerates” having carried out the attack. He was nations. and “’Belgian’ Jews are accomplices extradited in Belgium in July where he PP The criticism is based on objective facts rather than name calling or and collaborators.” polemics. is awaiting trial. PP The critic subjects his or her favourite nation to comparable criticism for May 29, 2015 - Brussels - A Belgian July 23, 2014 - Liege - A cafe posted comparable faults. municipal security officer posted an signs in Turkish and French on their antisemitic rant on Facebook. He window which read: “Dogs are allowed wrote: “The word Jew itself is dirty. If I in this establishment but Jews are not were in Israel, frankly, I would do to the under any circumstances.” The French Jews what they do with the Palestinians text replaces “Jews” with “Zionists.” — slaughter each and every one of The police removed the sign. them.”

Bulgaria 8 Source: website of the Anti- Defamation League, accessed on July 8, 2015. http://www. June 4, 2014 - Sofia - The slogan “death adl.org/anti-semitism/international/c/global- to Jews” and a swastika were painted antisemitism-2015.html#.VZ0kSO2qqkq on the fence of the Sofia Central Synagogue.

15 16 Denmark Merah. Merah is also responsible for February 10, 2015 - Paris - The word May 15, 2015 - Paris - A visibly Jewish the killing of three French soldiers the “Jew” was painted on 26 cars in the boy was brutally assaulted and robbed August 21, 2014 - Copenhagen - A previous week. On March 22, following 16th arrondissement, a neighborhood by four individuals. Jewish school had its windows broken, a 32-hour standoff with French police, with a sizable Jewish population. The as was spray painted with slogans Merah was killed in his apartment police arrested a suspect. Germany reading “no peace in Gaza” and “no complex. peace to you Zionist pigs.” February 12, 2015 - Sarre-Union - Five July 25, 2014 - Berlin -A visibly July 26, 2014 - Toulouse - Following an teenagers overturned 250 graves in identifiable Jew was hit in the face February 14, 2015 - Copenhagen - A anti-Israel demonstration, a protestor a Jewish cemetery while making Nazi while walking on the street. The gunman opened fire at the Great threw two Molotov cocktails at the salutes, spiting on the Jewish symbols attacker fled before police arrived. Synagogue, killing a member of security kiosk of the Jewish Community and shouting slogans including “dirty the Copenhagen Jewish community Center. The cocktails exploded but Jews” and “Heil Hitler.” July 25, 2014 - Frankfurt-am-Main - A who was guarding a celebration at a missed their target, and the attacker rabbi received a phone call from a man Jewish community building near the was quickly arrested. April 17, 2015 – Villeurbanne – Two who threatened to kill 30 Jews in the synagogue, and wounding two police men shouted antisemitic insults in city if his family in Gaza was harmed. officers. Earlier in the day, the same December 1, 2014 - Paris - Three armed front of a synagogue, then punched two gunman shot up a cafe hosting a free individuals robbed a Jewish couple - a security guards while threatening to kill July 29, 2014 - Wuppertal - Molotov speech forum, killing filmmaker Finn 19 year old woman and her 21 year old them. They escaped before soldiers cocktails were thrown at the doors of a Nørgaard and wounding others. The partner- at gunpoint, and raped the guarding the synagogue could catch local synagogue. gunman, later identified as Omar El- woman. The assailants reportedly told them. Hussein, was killed by police. the couple they shouldn’t try to pretend January 1, 2015 - Berlin - An Israeli they didn’t have money because they April 27, 2015 - Paris - A Jewish man citizen who was beaten by a group April 9, 2015 - Copenhagen - Vandals knew they were Jewish. was beaten by three individuals as he of young men after he asked them to smashed the window of a kosher deli left a synagogue. The attackers called stop singing antisemitic songs on the and wrote the word “Jødesvin,” which January 9, 2015 - Paris - Four Jewish him a “dirty Jew” and attempted to stab subway. translates to “Jewish pig,” on the deli’s men were killed by terrorist Amedy him. wall. Coulibaly after Coulibaly stormed a Greece kosher supermarket and took shoppers May 13, 2015 - Sarcelles - A Jewish France hostage. French police eventually killed woman and her child were sitting on December 23, 2014 - Larissa - The Coulibaly, and rescued the remaining a park bench when the three young Jewish cemetery was vandalized with March 19, 2012 – Toulouse – Four hostages. Coulibaly was an accomplice women violently assaulted her and antisemitic graffiti including swastikas Jews were shot and killed at the of brothers Said and Cherif Kouachi shouted “Hitler did not finish his work” and the slogans “Juden” and “six Ozar Hatorah Jewish school by an who carried out the terrorist attack at and “you’re a dirty race.” million more.” armed terrorist on a motorcycle, later the Charlie Hebdo newspaper, killing identified by authorities as Mohammed 12 people.

17 18 May 30, 2014 - Thessaloniki - Unknown August 4, 2014 - Erpatak - The town and urged “not to buy from Jews.” The January 31, 2015 - Warsaw - The fence vandals damaged a Jewish cemetery in mayor hung in effigy the Israeli Prime poster then listed shops in Rome that of the Jewish cemetery in Warsaw the city by smashing some vases and Minister and former President, and told are alleged to be owned by Italian Jews. was defaced with spray paint reading ornaments and knocking over several the Associated Press that the “Jewish “Jews for slaughter” and the date headstones and plaques. terror state” is trying to obliterate the February 21, 2015 – Grassina – The 10/12/14, a reference to the date when Palestinians and says he opposes “the slogan “Jews to the gas” and swastikas Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal ruled Holland efforts of Freemason Jews to rule the were painted on a community center in that the ban on ritual slaughter was world.” Grassina, a small town in Tuscany. unconstitutional. July 17, 2014 - Amersfoot - Stones were thrown through a window of the home March 22, 2015 - Gyongyos - About Norway April 6, 2015 - Olkusz - Several of the country’s Chief Rabbi. 20 graves in a Jewish cemetery were tombstones were desecrated in the vandalized, and human remains were October 25, 2014 - Trondheim - Several local Jewish cemetery, and one was July 29, 2014 - Amsterdam - A firebomb scattered across the area. tombstones in a Jewish cemetery were painted with a pentagram — a five- was thrown at an apartment belonging desecrated with purple paint, and pointed star that is a Christian symbol to a Jewish woman who was flying an Italy the slogan “Der Fuhrer” a reference sometimes associated with Satanism. Israeli flag on her balcony. to Hitler, was painted on a nearby January 25, 2014 - Rome - Boxes building. Romania August 2, 2014 – Gorinchem – A Shoah containing pigs heads were mailed monument was spray painted with the to the city’s synagogue, the Jewish Poland February 8, 2013 - Timisoara - Vandals slogan “Free Gaza.” museum and the Israeli Embassy. spray-painted “death to Jews” and a The synagogue also received an April 28, 2013 - Blonie - Tombstones swastika on the wall of the city’s Jewish April 5, 2015 - Amsterdam - antisemitic anonymous bomb threat. In a separate in the city’s Jewish cemetery were cemetery. slogans including “My father was in the incident, a swastika and antisemitic smashed to pieces by unknown commandos, my mother was in the SS, graffiti were found outside a municipal vandals. Spain together they burned Jews cause Jews building in a Rome neighborhood burn the best” and “Hamas, Hamas, reading “the Holocaust is a lie” and June 19, 2013 - Warsaw - The phrase August 22, 2014 - Azuqueca de Jews to the gas,” were chanted during “Hanna [sic] Frank is a big liar.” “Jews out” was found written on the Henares - A local Imam delivered an a soccer game by fans of the FC Utrecht stairs of a monument commemorating antisemitic sermon where he classified team. August 6, 2014 - Gorizia - A synagogue the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. the Jewish people as being traitors, door was defaced with the words assassins and aggressive, and prayed Hungary “Judey pigs. We will kill you a lot!!” November 4, 2013 - Gdansk - Swastikas for God to “Destroy the looting Jews… and other antisemitic symbols were until none of them are left.” May 8, 2014 - Szikszo - Over 50 Jewish August 9, 2014 - Rome - Posters painted on a local synagogue. graves were smashed and knocked headlined “Boycott Israel!” cited the over in a local cemetery. “massacre of the Palestinian people”

19 20 Sweden United Kingdom V. 2. ANTISEMITIC INCIDENTS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DURING 20149 March 10, 2014 - Stockholm - A high March 21, 2015 - London - A group of school which holds special classes around 20 intoxicated young men and for Jewish students was spray painted women attacked a group of people with antisemitic graffiti including a inside a synagogue following a nearby Number of other swastika, the phrases “Jewish swine” altercation. One of individuals involved Number of violent antisemitic incidents and “disgusting Jews,” and the number shouted comments about killing Jews. Country antisemitic incidents in reported in 2014 (visual, “1488,” a reference to the Nazi greeting 2014 verbal, threats, property “Heil Hitler.” damage etc.) Austria 9 255 March 27, 2014 - Malmo - Two teenagers were arrested after Belgium 30 109 attempting to break into a Jewish Denmark 2 53 community building during a Ex Soviet states (not demonstration that featured antisemitic including the Baltic 5 48 slogans. countries) France 164 851 July 31, 2014 - Malmo - The city’s main synagogue was attacked when Germany 76 1076 unknown vandals hurled bottles at the Hungary 15 37 building breaking three windows. Italy Data not available 23

August 2, 2014 - Malmo - Unidentified Netherlands 6 216 individuals attacked a rabbi, throwing Spain Data not available 24 a glass bottle at his car while shouting “f***ing Jews.” Sweden Data not available 17 Switzerland 1 270 Switzerland Ukraine 4 23

August 12, 2014 - Davos - A visibly United Kingdom 141 1168 identifiable Jew was attacked by an unknown assailant who was shouting 9 Source: the Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism website, accessed on July 10, 2015 “Jews out.” http://antisemitism.org.il/list/5?lang=en

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