Birds and Bats Survey Report (October 2019–April 2020) January–December 2019 April 2020

Environmental and Social Monitoring Report

Project Number: 53255-001 Appendix 10: Birds and Bats Survey Report (October 2019–April 2020) January–December 2019 April 2020

THAILAND: Energy Absolute Green Bond for Wind Power Project

Prepared by Advance Energy Plus Co., Ltd. for Asian Development Bank.

This environmental and social monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Appendix 10 Birds and Bat Survey Report

Monitoring the impact of Hanuman wind farm project on bats and birds Thep Sa Thit, Sub Yai and Bamnej Narong, Chaiyaphum Province (First Progress Report)

Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University Bangkok THAILAND

Monitoring the impact of Hanuman wind farm project on bats and birds Thep Sa Thit, Sub Yai and Bamnej Narong, Chaiyaphum Province (First Progress Report)

Introduction The almost of development to create something that can benefit people for the better is cause to changes in composition and functions of the ecosystem. In general, the developer is human, as a result of changes in these ecological elements, it may cause changes to the existing elements that caused to be changed another. Continuous monitoring of the situation will be an algorithm to identify changes in development. It will confirm that the comments proposed in the process of evaluating the potential impacts which were carried out before development. The results of this audit may be either evaluated or may vary. In the event that an assessment is in place. The problem will not be much of a problem because the measures in preventing the effects would not be different from the ones that had been framed. But in some case that the results of post-development impacts are different what should be done is to change the measures to prevent the effects of the original related issues.

The development of alternative energy sources from wind power is one of the world's most energy-efficient energy production technologies for living activities. However, the use of technology to obtain this energy still causes some ecological effects. Especially animals in the group that live in the air such as birds and bats they may not be able to adapt to the operation of the equipment of the poles and the rotation of the wind turbines. They are an important component of the technology of utilization.

Monitoring and evaluation of endemic, migratory birds, bats and to study the impact of their utilization using technology to get the energy from wind should be done. Therefore, it is 3 necessary to proceed in order to get the facts that occurred based on this fact. And also, it will be used as a framework for future mitigation work in the corrected way to the other project.

Objectives: 1. To study the potential effects of Hanuman wind farm project on birds and bats. 2. To survey birds and bats species in the area of wind farm. 3. To observe flying behavior of resident and migration birds in the area of wind farm. 4. To assessing the impact of wind farm on wildlife resources and looking forward how to solve the impact if it is necessary.

Methodology 1. Selected wind turbine generator sites for surveying and collecting field data. 2. Point count method 200-meter radius surrounding each sampling wind turbine and road side count techniques were used for bird species diversity study. 3. Day and night visit sampling sites 5-day/month were set to observing and looking for bird and bat carcass or remain around/under each wind turbine. 4. Bat-detector were used for insectivorous bat surveying at night nearby each wind turbine and the comparative location far away from wind farms.

Results The field data collection were done as the date from 18 to 22 October, 7 to 11 November, 3 to 7 December 2019, 23 to 26 January 2020 and 26 to 29 February 2020 in Thep Sa Thit, Sub Yai and Bamnej Narong, Chaiyaphum Province. The sampling site were set and the detail of result were shown as follows. (1) Sampling Site Selected 59 wind turbine generator sites for surveying and collecting field data. H1-group: Selected 10 from total 18 turbines: turbine number 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 11 and 14

H5-group: Selected 6 from total 19 turbines: turbine number 11, 12, 13, 17, 16 and 18 H8-group: Selected 9 from total 18 turbine: turbine number 01, 02, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 H9-group: Selected 14 from total 16 turbines: turbine number 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10 11, 12, 13 14 and 16 H10-group: Selected 20 from total 32 turbines: turbine number 01, 02, 03, 04, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12,13, 15, 18, 25, 26, 27 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32

(2) Resident and migration birds The data bird species, abundant and frequency at sampling sites were collected in every month. Species and number of each birds and each area of wind turbine group were observed from three months field survey shown in Table 1-1, 1-2, 1-3,1-4 and 1-5. Total of 69 bird species were found from field survey in Hanuman wind farm areas. The bird species were identified as resident 45 species and migration as 24 bird species. (Figure 1 and 2) 5

Table 1-1 Birds surrounding wind turbine generator group H1 (No.01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 11 and 14).

Family name Common name Scientific name WARPA LR-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency(%)

Ardeidae (Herons, Bitterns, Egrest) Little Egret Egretta garzetta P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Accipitridae (Hawks, Kites, Eagles) Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Eastern Marsh-Harrier Circus spilonotus P LC LC ⁄ 2 20.00 Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer P LC LC ⁄ 2 20.00 Falconidae (Falcons) Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Phasianidae (Pheasants) Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Columbidae (Doves, Pigeons) Rock Pigeon Columba livia NP LC LC ⁄ 58 50.00 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis NP LC LC ⁄ 3 30.00 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica P LC LC ⁄ 6 30.00 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata NP LC LC ⁄ 7 30.00 Cuculidae (Cuckoos) Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Coraciidae (Rollers) Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis P LC LC ⁄ 8 50.00 Megalaimidae (Barbets) Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata) P LC LC ⁄ 2 20.00 Alaudidae (Larks) Indochinese Bushlark Mirafra assamica P LC LC ⁄ 4 30.00 6

Family name Common name Scientific name WARPA LR-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency(%)

Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi P LC LC ⁄ 3 30.00 Dicruridae (Drongos) Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus P LC LC ⁄ 14 70.00 Sylviidae (Old World Warblers) Plain Prinia Prinia inornata P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Turdidae (Thrushes) Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata NP LC LC ⁄ 2 20.00 Artamidae (Wood-Swallows) Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus P LC LC ⁄ 4 30.00 Sturnidae (Starlings, Mynas) White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Nectariniidae (Sunbirds) Olive-backed Sunbird Nectarinia jugularis P LC LC ⁄ 1 10.00 Total = 25 species P=21 NP=4 LC=25 LC=25 17 8 119 470.00 Note : WRPA (Wildlife Reserve and Protection Act 2019) : P= Protection, NP= Non-Protection RL-ONEP (Thailand Red Data- Office of Natural Resouces and Environmental Policy and Planning 2018) : LC= Least Concern IUCN (The International Union of Concervation 2003) : LC= Least Concern

Table 1-2 Birds surrounding wind turbine generator group H5 (No.03,11,12,13,16,17 and 18)

RL- Family name Common name Scientific name WARPA IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%) ONEP Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants) Little Comorant Phalacrocorax niger P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Ardeidae (Herons, Bitterns, Egrest) Little Egret Egretta garzetta P LC LC ⁄ 8 42.86 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus P LC LC ⁄ 4 28.57 Ciconiidae (Storks) Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Accipitridae (Hawks, Kites, Eagles) Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer P LC LC ⁄ 2 28.57 Falconidae (Falcons) Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Charadriidae (Plovers) Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Columbidae (Doves, Pigeons) Rock Pigeon Columba livia NP LC LC ⁄ 52 28.57 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis NP LC LC ⁄ 2 28.57 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica P LC LC ⁄ 6 28.57 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata NP LC LC ⁄ 3 14.29 Apodidae (Swift) House swift Apus nipalensis P LC LC ⁄ 4 14.29 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis P LC LC ⁄ 3 14.29 Aicedinidae (Kingfishers) White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis P LC LC ⁄ 3 14.29 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti P LC LC ⁄ 2 28.57 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Coraciidae (Rollers) Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis P LC LC ⁄ 5 57.14 8

RL- Family name Common name Scientific name WARPA IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%) ONEP Upupidae (Hoopoe) Common Hoopoe Upupa epops P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Hirundinidae (Swallows) Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica P LC LC ⁄ 23 28.57 Alaudidae (Larks) Indochinese Bushlark Mirafra assamica P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Motacillidae (Pipits, Wagtails) Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi NP LC LC ⁄ 3 14.29 Dicruridae (Drongos) Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus P LC LC ⁄ 5 57.14 Sylviidae (Old World Warblers) Plain Prinia Prinia inornata P LC LC ⁄ 2 28.57 Turdidae (Thrushes) Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maura NP LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Laniidae (Shrikes) Burmese Shrike Lanius collurioides P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Artamidae (Wood-Swallows) Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus P LC LC ⁄ 9 57.14 Sturnidae (Starlings, Mynas) Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis P LC LC ⁄ 1 14.29 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis P LC LC ⁄ 5 14.29 White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis P LC LC ⁄ 10 28.57 Passeridae (Spallows) Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus NP LC LC ⁄ 2 14.29 P=26 18 14 742.86 Total = 32 Species NP=6 LC=32 LC=32 165 Note : WRPA (Wildlife Reserve and Protection Act 2019) : P= Protection, NP= Non-Protection RL-ONEP (Thailand Red Data- Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 2018) : LC= Least Concern IUCN (The International Union of conservation 2003) : LC= Least Concern

Table 1-3 Birds surrounding wind turbine generator group H8 (No.01,14,15,16,17,18).

Family name Common name Scientific name WARPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%)

Accipitridae (Hawks, Kites, Eagles) Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer P LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Charadriidae (Plovers) Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus P LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Columbidae (Doves, Pigeons) Rock Pigeon Columba livia NP LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis NP LC LC ⁄ 3 33.33 Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica P LC LC ⁄ 3 16.66 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata NP LC LC ⁄ 4 50 Apodidae (Swift) House swift Apus nipalensis P LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis P LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti P LC LC ⁄ 3 33.33 Coraciidae (Rollers) Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis P LC LC ⁄ 3 50 Upupidae (Hoopoe) Common Hoopoe Upupa epops P LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Megalaimidae (Barbets) Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala P LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Picidae (Woodpeckers) Grey-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus P LC LC ⁄ 2 33.33 Alaudidae (Larks) Indochinese Bushlark Mirafra assamica P LC LC ⁄ 2 33.33 Motacillidae (Pipits, Wagtails) Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi NP LC LC ⁄ 3 50 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus hodgsoni NP LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) Soothy-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster P LC LC ⁄ 1 16.66 Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi P LC LC ⁄ 4 16.66 Dicruridae (Drongos) Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus P LC LC ⁄ 18 50 10

Family name Common name Scientific name WARPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%)

Corvidae (Crows, Jays, Magpies) Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda P LC LC ⁄ 2 33.33 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos P LC LC ⁄ 7 33.33 Turdidae (Thrushes) Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata NP LC LC ⁄ 3 33.33 Muscicapidae (Flycatchers) Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis P LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Laniidae (Shrikes) Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus P LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Artamidae (Wood-Swallows) Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus P LC LC ⁄ 13 83.33 Sturnidae (Starlings, Mynas) Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis P LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis P LC LC ⁄ 10 16.66 White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis P LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Dicaeidae (Flowerpeckers) Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum P LC LC ⁄ 3 33.33 Passeridae (Spallows) Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus NP LC LC ⁄ 2 16.66 Total = 30 species P=23 NP=7 LC=30 LC=30 23 7 104 833.19 Note : WRPA (Wildlife Reserve and Protection Act 2019) : P= Protection, NP= Non-Protection RL-ONEP (Thailand Red Data- Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 2018) : LC= Least Concern IUCN (The International Union of Conservation 2003) : LC= Least Concern

Table 1-4 Birds surrounding sampling sites of 14-wind turbine generator group H9(No.02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,12,13,14,16).

Family name Common name Scientific name WRPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency(%)

Little Egret Egretta garzetta P LC LC ⁄ 2 14.28 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea P LC LC 2 7.14 Ardeidae (Herons, Bitterns, Egret) ⁄ Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis P LC LC ⁄ 9 21.43 Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus P LC LC ⁄ 5 21.43 Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes P LC LC 2 7.14 Accipitridae (Hawks, Kites, Eagles) ⁄ Eastern Marsh-Harrier Circus spilonotus P LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Strigidae(Owls, Owlets) Asean Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides P LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Charadriidae (Plovers) Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus P LC LC ⁄ 8 35.71 Rock Pigeon Columba livia NP LC LC ⁄ 52 42.86 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis NP LC LC 7 42.86 Columbidae (Doves, Pigeons) ⁄ Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica P LC LC ⁄ 23 50 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata NP LC LC ⁄ 16 57.42 Cuculidae (Cuckoos) Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea P LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Aicedinidae (Kingfishers) White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis P LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti P LC LC ⁄ 9 21.43 Coraciidae (Rollers) Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis P LC LC ⁄ 3 21.43 Megalaimidae (Barbets) Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata) P LC LC ⁄ 3 14.28 Hirundinidae (Swallows) Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica P LC LC ⁄ 120 7.14 Alaudidae (Larks) Indochinese Bushlark Mirafra assamica P LC LC ⁄ 4 28.57 12

Family name Common name Scientific name WRPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency(%)

Motacillidae (Pipits, Wagtails) Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi NP LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi P LC LC ⁄ 4 21.43 Dicruridae (Drongos) Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus P LC LC ⁄ 15 71.43 Corvidae (Crows, Jays, Magpies) Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos P LC LC ⁄ 2 14.28 Sylviidae (Old World Warblers) Plain Prinia Prinia inornata P LC LC ⁄ 2 7.14 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis P LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Turdidae (Thrushes) Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maura NP LC LC ⁄ 1 7.14 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata NP LC LC ⁄ 5 21.43 Laniidae (Shrikes) Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus P LC LC ⁄ 3 21.43 Artamidae (Wood-Swallows) Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus P LC LC ⁄ 8 28.57 Black-collared Starling Sturnus nigricollis P LC LC ⁄ 10 7.14 Sturnidae (Starlings, Mynas) Common Myna Acridotheres tristis P LC LC ⁄ 6 21.43 White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis P LC LC ⁄ 72 50 Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus P LC LC 25 7.14 Passeridae (Spallows) ⁄ House sparrow Passer domesticus NP LC LC ⁄ 26 14.28 Estrildidae (Munias) Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata P LC LC ⁄ 3 7.14 Total = 35 species P=28 NP=7 LC=35 LC=35 23 12 452 735.94 Note : WRPA (Wildlife Reserve and Protection Act 2019) : P= Protection, NP= Non-Protection RL-ONEP (Thailand Red Data- Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 2018) : LC= Least Concern IUCN (The International Union of Conservation 2003) : LC= Least Concern 13

Table 1-5 Birds surrounding sampling site of 19-wind turbine generator H10 (No.01, 02, 03, 04, 08, 09, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32)

Family name Common name Scientific name WRPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%)

Podicipedidae Litle Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Little Egret Egretta garzetta P LC LC ⁄ 3 5.26 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia P LC LC 2 5.26 Ardeidae (Herons, Bitterns, Egrest) Great Egret Casmerodius albus P LC LC ⁄ 2 5.26 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis P LC LC ⁄ 5 5.26 Chinese Pond-Heron Ardeola bacchus P LC LC ⁄ 2 5.26 Ciconiidae (Storks) Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans P LC LC ⁄ 3 15.79 Anatidae (Ducks, Geese) Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica) P LC LC ⁄ 2 5.26 Osprey Pandion haliaetus P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus P LC LC 1 5.26 Accipitridae (Hawks, Kites, Eagles) ⁄ Eastern Marsh-Harrier Circus spilonotus P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Rufous-winged Buzzard Butastur liventer P LC LC ⁄ 6 26.32 Phasianidae (Pheasants) Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Charadriidae (Plovers) Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus P LC LC ⁄ 2 10.52 Rock Pigeon Columba livia NP LC LC ⁄ 4 5.26 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis NP LC LC 5 21.05 Columbidae (Doves, Pigeons) ⁄ Red Collared Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica P LC LC ⁄ 23 26.32 Peaceful Dove Geopelia striata NP LC LC ⁄ 16 52.63 14

Family name Common name Scientific name WRPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%)

Rallidae White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Cuculidae (Cuckoos) Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Apodidae (Swift) House swift Apus nipalensis P LC LC ⁄ 18 15.79 Aicedinidae (Kingfishers) White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti P LC LC 5 15.79 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) ⁄ Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis P LC LC ⁄ 9 15.79 Coraciidae (Rollers) Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis P LC LC ⁄ 5 26.32 Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata) P LC LC 1 5.26 Megalaimidae (Barbets) ⁄ Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala P LC LC ⁄ 2 10.52 Australasian Bushlark Mirafra javanica P LC LC 2 10.52 Alaudidae (Larks) ⁄ Indochinese Bushlark Mirafra assamica P LC LC ⁄ 5 26.32 Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi NP LC LC 1 5.26 Motacillidae (Pipits, Wagtails) ⁄ Paddyfield Pipit Anthus hodgsoni NP LC LC ⁄ 2 5.26 Soothy-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster P LC LC 3 10.52 Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) ⁄ Streak-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus blanfordi P LC LC ⁄ 4 15.79 Dicruridae (Drongos) Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus P LC LC ⁄ 13 10.52 Oriolidae (Orioles) Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Corvidae (Crows, Jays, Magpies) Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos P LC LC ⁄ 6 15.79 Sylviidae (Old World Warblers) Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia flaviventris P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 15

Family name Common name Scientific name WRPA RL-ONEP IUCN Resident Migration Number Frequency (%)

Siberian Stonechat Saxicola maura NP LC LC ⁄ 2 10.52 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata NP LC LC ⁄ 9 31.58 Muscicapidae (Flycatchers) Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus P LC LC 2 10.52 Laniidae (Shrikes) ⁄ Burmese Shrike Lanius collurioides P LC LC ⁄ 2 10.52 Ashy Woodswallow Artamus fuscus P LC LC 6 10.52 Artamidae (Wood-Swallows) ⁄ White-vented Myna Acridotheres grandis P LC LC ⁄ 30 31.58 Nectariniidae (Sunbirds) Olive-backed Sunbird Nectarinia jugularis P LC LC ⁄ 4 10.52 Dicaeidae (Flowerpeckers) Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum P LC LC ⁄ 1 5.26 Plain-backed Sparrow Passer flaveolus NP LC LC 2 10.52 Passeridae (Spallows) ⁄ House sparrow Passer domesticus NP LC LC ⁄ 4 5.26 Estrildidae (Munias) Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata P LC LC ⁄ 5 5.26 Total = 50 Species P=41 NP=9 LC=50 LC=50 32 18 242 589.34 Note : WRPA (Wildlife Reserve and Protection Act 2019) : P= Protection, NP= Non-Protection RL-ONEP (Thailand Red Data- Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 2018) : LC= Least Concern IUCN (The International Union of Conservation 2003) : LC= Least Concern

Figure 1 Some migrated bird species occurred in study site

Figure 2 Some resident bird species occurred in study site

(3) Bird mortality cause by collision Mortality of bird can result from collision with wind turbine rotors. The number of the collision case may be relatively low levels. The data of bird collision by inquire security (guards) staff who patrol for investigation. Two cases of big migration birds, Open-billed Stork-fresh water snail eater (Anastomus oscitans), death and lethal injure caused by collision with wind turbine in the area of H5-WTG. Only two bird remains were found in the field survey, white-vented Myna (Acridotheres grandis) and Richard’s Pipit (Anthus richardi).

(4) Bat mortality cause by collision Mortality of bat can be resulted from evident of collision with wind turbine rotors. The number of the collision case showed relatively low to medium levels caused by the carcass but when we check in the morning those were removed by many scavengers such as dog, mongoose and large-billed crow. Bat carcass were be collected at wind turbine at night classified into three species included Tadarida plicata, Taphozous melanopogon, and Scotophilus kuhlii. Tadarida plicata were highest effect from collision with wind turbine rotors more than other species. The details of results were shown in Table 2 and Figure 3.

Table 2 Insectivore bat-carcass from wind turbine between 25th October-26th April 2020.

Bat Species & Number of Bat carcass No. Wind Turbine No. Date Tadarida Taphozous Scotophilus kuhlii plicata melanopogon 1 H9 WTG 12 25/10/2019 1 - - 2 H9 WTG 13 28/10/2019 - 1 - 3 H9 WTG 09 29/10/2019 1 - - 4 H9 WTG 07 31/10/2019 1 - - 5 H9 WTG 10 1/11/2019 1 - - 6 H9 WTG 12 1/11/2019 2 - - 7 H9 WTG 09 2/11/2019 1 - - 8 H5 WTG 13 2/11/2019 15 - - 9 H9 WTG 03 2/11/2019 1 - - 10 H9 WTG 12 2/11/2019 - - 1 11 H9 WTG 09 3/11/2019 1 - - 12 H9 WTG 11 3/11/2019 1 - - 13 H9 WTG 12 3/11/2019 1 - - 14 H9 WTG 07 3/11/2019 1 - - 15 H9 WTG 06 3/11/2019 2 1 - 16 H9 WTG 05 3/11/2019 4 - - 17 H9 WTG 04 3/11/2019 1 - - 18 H9 WTG 03 3/11/2019 3 - - 19 H5 WTG 13 3/11/2019 16 1 1 20 H5 WTG 18 7/11/2019 4 1 - 21 H5 WTG 17 9/11/2019 1 - - 22 H9 WTG 09 11/11/2019 2 - - 23 H9 WTG 03 13/11/2019 1 - - 24 H9 WTG 04 13/11/2019 3 - - 25 H9 WTG 05 13/11/2019 2 - - 26 H9 WTG 07 14/11/2019 1 - - 27 H9 WTG 09 14/11/2019 3 - - 20

Bat Species & Number of Bat carcass No. Wind Turbine No. Date Tadarida Taphozous Scotophilus kuhlii plicata melanopogon 29 HNM8 WTG05 16/11/2019 1 - - 30 HNM9 WTG04 16/11/2019 2 - - 31 HNM9 WTG05 16/11/2019 2 - - 32 HNM9 WTG06 16/11/2019 1 - - 33 HNM9 WTG08 16/11/2019 1 - - 34 HNM9 WTG09 16/11/2019 2 - - 35 HNM9 WTG10 16/11/2019 1 - - 36 HNM10 WTG19 16/11/2019 4 - - 37 HNM10 WTG25 16/11/2019 1 - - 38 HNM5 WTG03 17/11/2019 3 - - 39 HNM10 WTG25 17/11/2019 1 - - 40 HNM9 WTG06 17/11/2019 1 - - 41 HNM9 WTG08 17/11/2019 1 - - 42 HNM9 WTG11 17/11/2019 1 - - 43 HNM10 WTG10 17/11/2019 1 - - 44 HNM10 WTG16 17/11/2019 1 - - 45 HNM10 WTG18 17/11/2019 1 - - 46 HNM10 WTG28 17/11/2019 1 - - 47 HNM5 WTG03 18/11/2019 1 - - 48 HNM5 WTG13 18/11/2019 3 - - 49 HNM9 WTG02 18/11/2019 2 - - 50 HNM9 WTG03 18/11/2019 7 - - 51 HNM10 WTG18 18/11/2019 1 - - 52 HNM8 WTG16 19/11/2019 1 - - 53 HNM8 WTG18 19/11/2019 1 - - 54 HNM9 WTG05 19/11/2019 1 - - 55 HNM9 WTG08 19/11/2019 1 - - 56 HNM9 WTG09 24/11/2019 1 - - 21

Bat Species & Number of Bat carcass No. Wind Turbine No. Date Tadarida Taphozous Scotophilus kuhlii plicata melanopogon 57 HNM10 WTG27 24/11/2019 2 - - 58 HNM10 WTG04 25/11/2019 1 - - 59 HNM9 WTG02 01/12/2019 1 - - 60 HNM10 WTG04 17/12/2019 1 - - 61 HNM10 WTG15 17/12/2019 1 - - 62 HNM10 WTG21 18/12/2019 1 63 HNM10 WTG28 22/12/2019 1 64 HNM10 WTG24 23/12/2019 1 65 HNM10 WTG02 28/02/2020 1 66 HNM10 WTG03 14/04/2020 1 67 HNM10 WTG28 14/04/2020 1 68 HNM10 WTG01 15/04/2020 1 69 HNM10 WTG13 15/04/2020 1 70 HNM09 WTG08 16/04/2020 1 71 HNM10 WTG14 16/04/2020 1 Total 130 5 2

Figure 3 The bird and Bat mortality cause by collision

The Reason of the bat evident of collision with wind turbine rotors In case of the bat, it was shown that the bat had evident of collision with wind turbine rotors were high case in the period from October to December 2019 and it had trend to decline from January 2020 until nowadays. It may cause by the microclimate of the project site, the period from October to December 2019 were the time of season changing from rainy to winter season. The humidity in the site was still high and there was strong wind from North-East monsoon from China. The weather condition of this period may be reason that the bat evident of collision with wind turbine rotors. And in this period, there were a lot of insect it was suitable for bat to find food so, it was shown that the number of bats in that season were higher in the dry season. The period from January until April 2020 was the dry season the low humidity and high temperature condition was commonly. This condition was reason to made the bat had evident of collision with wind turbine rotors to be low. So, this is the data that the investigation team was observed in this year. We 23 need to check the replication observation to make high confident in the next period to monitoring the evident. And the other method to detact the number of bats distribute in the site will be applied in soon to understand the movement of bat in the night time. And we will try to find the living cave of the bats to study the habitat and territory of them.

The minimizing HM wind power impacts on bat and bird. The preliminary mitigating measures base on finding were described. The basic guidelines for preventing the effects of wind turbines on bats and birds are as follows:

(1) Assess the risk of wind turbine hazards to birds and bats should be observed in the area based on species, abundance, behavior, type and number of animals that have been exposed to wind turbines. The actually data will be the advantage to get the correct minimizing plan.

(2) Do the mapping of the distribution of birds and bats that are important for conservation and high risk with this project.

(3) Analyze the factors that cause birds and bats to attract the turbine that are assessed to be at high risk of danger from wind turbines such as vegetation cover type, the position of water resources, seasons, human activities, etc.

(4) Formulate an action plan to reduce factors attracting birds and bats into each area that risk of danger from wind turbines.

(5) In the event that it is necessary to repel birds and bats at certain times when assessed that there is a high risk of wind turbines causing danger to birds and bats. The operation should provide effective equipment for repellent such as bird repellent, bird repellent, kite, firecrackers, laser firecrackers, bird repellent and bat deterrent. 24

(6) In the case of large birds of prey such as hawks and eagles that do not escape and directly repel at high risk of being harmed. The protect plan need to be intercepted in order to relocate to ask the permission from the Department of National Park Wildlife and plant species and coordinating with the experts to carry out trapping and moving on.