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A Comprehensive Series for Predicting Bone Dynamics: Forecasting Osseous Tissue Formation Using the Molecular Structure of A

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A Comprehensive Series for Predicting Bone Dynamics: Forecasting Osseous Tissue Formation Using the Molecular Structure of A A Comprehensive Series for Predicting Bone Dynamics: Forecasting Osseous Tissue Formation Using the Molecular Structure of a Biomaterial Dissertation Submitted to The School of Engineering of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering By Mary Elizabeth Kundrat, M.S., B.S. UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio December, 2010 A Comprehensive Series for Predicting Bone Dynamics: Forecasting Osseous Tissue Formation Using the Molecular Structure of a Biomaterial APPROVED BY: __________________________________ ______________________________ Khalid Lafdi, PhD Tarun Goswami, D.Sc., PhD Advisory Committee Chairman Committee Member Professor, UDRI Carbon Group Leader Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Biomedical Engineering University of Dayton Wright State University __________________________________ ______________________________ Panagiotis Tsonis, PhD Kevin Hallinan, PhD Committee Member Committee Member Professor, Director of TREND Center Professor and Chairperson Biology Department Mechanical Engineering University of Dayton University of Dayton _________________________________ _____________________________ Malcolm W. Daniels, Ph.D. Tony E. Saliba, Ph.D. Associate Dean Dean School of Engineering School of Engineering ii ABSTRACT A COMPREHENSIVE SERIES FOR PREDICTING BONE DYNAMICS: FORECASTING OSSEOUS TISSUE FORMATION USING THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF A BIOMATERIAL Name: Kundrat, Mary Elizabeth University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. Khalid Lafdi Tissue engineering, or regenerative medicine, is a novel field that uses various means to develop biological substitutes used to repair or even replace living tissues. Past efforts to restore healing tissues are limited, and their methods lack accuracy. The objective of this research is to simulate and predict behaviors of bone tissue and biomaterials both separately, and collectively, as they restore form and function during tissue regeneration and wound healing processes. Not only will more effective and dependable means of analyzing tissue regeneration be developed, the properties of carbon based biomaterials that prove most advantageous in assisting tissue regeneration will be identified. Through in vitro experiments, primary human osteoblasts and their methods of proliferation were extensively studied. RAMAN spectroscopy, X-RAY diffraction and Atomic Force Microscopy were employed to study the molecular structure of various carbon fibers of interest. Both iii osteoblasts and carbon fibers were then studied collectively to understand how various material properties affected osseous tissue formation potential. An intricate cellular automation based computer program was developed that visually and mathematical predicts osseous tissue formation. A model combining the Logistic and Malthusian Laws was developed to predict both the growth rate and overall cell population of osteoblasts with respect to time. Estimations for cellular parameters such as individual cell volume and mass were constructed and used to calculate tissue density as a function of cell population. Multivariate regression models were formulated to describe cellular behavior in terms of the structural properties of a biomaterial. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to provide estimations of developing tissue density with respect to time and material properties. Ultimately a very comprehensive series of theoretical models were successfully developed that can be used separately, or collectively, to provide accurate information pertaining to bone tissue dynamics. Each model’s accuracy, combined with its versatility, provide accurate information pertaining to osseous tissue formation, even when experimental data is unattainable. Through this initiative, the material properties of carbon have proven superior in both structure and performance. Any material’s ability to promote or prevent bone tissue growth can now be promptly examined through the utilization of these mode iv DEDICATIONS For My Parents: Here we are again…in a place of accomplishment I could have never achieved without your unconditional love. Thank you, and I love you, just don’t seem like enough. God gave me the world when he made you my parents. Thank you for never giving up on me and helping me make my dreams come true. I love you both so very much and am honored to dedicate this work to you. For My Husband: You’re my world, my life, my everything. I love you very much and thank you for being there for me with unending faith and love. This accomplishment means so much more with you by my side. I love you and am honored to have you as my husband. For My Grandparents: You have always been there for me…very supportive and full of prayer. Your unrelenting faith and love have pulled me through the times when success seemed so far away. I am so blessed to have you in my life. I love you all very much and am honored to devote this research to you. For Dr. Khalid Lafdi: You are undoubtedly one of the most brilliant people I have ever met. I feel very honored to have been one of your students and have learned so much from you. Thank you for always believing in me and being there for me. For My Dissertation Committee: Your patience and wisdom will always be with me. Thank you for having faith in me and helping me achieve my dream. For the UDRI Carbon Research Lab: Thank you for your help and your friendship. I will cherish it always. For the Professors and Faculty of the University of Dayton: v I am very honored to have worked alongside you and feel so blessed you gave me the opportunity to teach. Thank you for having faith in my ability. I will never forget you or my students. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iii DEDICATIONS .......................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. Research Overview ..................................................................................... 1 1.2. Problem Introduction and Objectives of Research ............................... 2 Chapter 2. Dissertation Statement of Research ............................................ 4 Chapter 3. Literature Reviews .......................................................................... 6 3.1. Bone Tissue Regeneration .......................................................................... 6 3.1.1. Cellular Biology ......................................................................................... 6 3.1.2. Fundamentals of Cellular Dynamics ..................................................... 8 3.1.3. Wound Healing and Regeneration Concepts .................................. 11 3.2. Overview of Biomaterials .......................................................................... 15 3.2.1. Metals ....................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2. Polymers ................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3. Biopolymers ............................................................................................. 24 3.2.4. Animal Inspired Biomaterials ................................................................. 37 3.2.4.1. Self Healing Polymer Composites: Mimicking Nature to Enhance Performance ......................................................................................................... 37 3.2.4.2. Regeneration of ACL Tissue in Large Animal Model ..................... 39 3.2.5. Polymers of the Sea ............................................................................... 41 3.2.5.1. Material Design Principles of Ancient Fish Armour ......................... 42 3.2.5.2. The Transition from Stiff to Compliant Materials in Squid Beaks ... 44 3.2.5.3. Bioinspired Structural Materials ......................................................... 45 3.2.5.4. Mussel Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings . 47 3.2.5.5. Stimuli Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Inspired by the Sea Cucumber Dermis ................................................................................................ 48 3.2.5.6. Inspirations from Biological Optics for Advanced Photonic Systems ……………………………………………………………………………….50 vii 3.2.5.7. Biomimetics for Next Generation Biomaterials ............................... 51 3.2.6. Carbon Based Biomaterials .................................................................. 55 3.3. Techniques of Tissue/Biomaterial Assessment ....................................... 59 3.3.1. Microscopy Analysis ............................................................................... 60 3.3.2. Computed Tomography (CT) Images and X-Rays ........................... 61 3.3.3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) .................................................. 61 3.4. Concepts of Cellular Automata (CA) .................................................... 64 3.4.1. Fundamentals of CA Theory ................................................................. 64 3.4.2. Successful Applications of CA.............................................................
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