28 J. E"T()~ l ol. . Soc. Bill '!' COI.U~ ·IIllt\ 79 (19R2), DEc:. 3 1, 1982

The high mortalitv caused by concentrations of that incl udes the parasit oid. Encarsia JOT/nusa. IS of 0.5 % and hi gher (Table 1) show that this com­ pound is an effective pes ticide for all whitefl y stages ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS other than eggs. If used at 0.5 % concentration , IS The authors thank Mr. J. Arrand and the B.C. would effectively control whitefly populations \\'ith Ministry of Agri culturc for providi ng the technical little effect on adult E. junnosa. In d ew of the assistance and encouragement for this work. \Ve mam' benefi cial features of the environmentalh' also thank Mr. Don Elliott for donation of the compatible Insecticidal Soap so lution this con';­ whitefli es and parasit oids, and Safer Agro-Chem pound should be assessed in am' integrated program Ltd. for supplying the Insccticidal Soap.

LITERA TURE C ITED Abbott, W . S. 1925. A method of computing thc effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Ent. 18: 265-267. French, N., F. A. B. Ludlam. a nd L. G. Wardlow . 1973. Observations on the effccts of insecti cides on glasshouse whitefl y [Trialcurodes va porariorulll (Westw. )] P!. Path. 22 : 99- 107. Harbaugh, B. K .. and R. H. Mattson, ]!)76. Insecti cide effects in Encarsia formosa Gahan, parasite of the greenhouse whitefl y. Trialcurodes vaporarinrulll (\Vestwood). J. Am er. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101 : 228-233. Harris, K. M. 1974. Notes frolll W isley: glasshouse whitefh-. J. Royai llort. Soc. 89: 15R - 162. Puritch, G. S. 1978. The biocidal effects of fattv acids on va rious forest pests. Symposium on the phar­ macological effects of li pids. AOCS Monograph No.5: 105- 11 2. Puritch, G. S. , P. C. Nigam. a nd J . H. Carrow. 1980 . Chemical co nt rol of balsarn \\ 'o o ll ~ ' aphid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on seedlings of Abies amabilis. J . Entomo!. Soc. Brit. Columbia. 77: 15- IR.

THE LETTUCE APHID, NASO N OVIA R1BISN IGRI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) DAMAGING LETTUCE CROPS IN BRITISH COLUMIHA

A. R. F O RB ES A:\D J. R. MACKEi\ZIF. Research Stati on, Agri culture Canada 6660 i\.W. Marine D ri\'e, Vancouver. B.C. V6T IX2

ABSTRACT The lettuce aphid, Nasoll {Jlj ia rihislligri (Mosle\'), is recorded for the first time as a serious pest of lettuce in the C loverd ale area of British Columbia. In the summer of 198 1 severallcttucc growers in d istinct prcapi cal annul ar circumcision (Fig. 2C) . the Cloverdale area of British Colum bia su ffered Its cauda is finger shaped usuall y w ith 7 hairs (Fig. severe and uncxpectcd crop losses eaused 1)\· the let­ 20), Both Hille m s Lambcrs (1949) a nd Heie (1979) tuce aphid, Naso ll ovia ribislligri (Mosle\) . Although give detailed morphological descri ptions of thc this aphid had been present on other plants in the various morphs of the aphid . \Ve have also collected lower mainland of Fl.C. for mal1\' years (Forhes . and reared a pi nk form of N. ribislligri. in Fl .C. Frazer and MacCarthy, 1(73), it had not been This is an heteroecious aphi d \\'ith Hih es spp. as recorded pre\'iously as a pest of lettuce. The aphid primarv hosts and secondan' hosts in the Com­ was found in marketed heads in September I H8 1 positae and several other plant families. In Fl .C. we and res ulted in an estimated reta il loss of $80.000. coll ectcd adult fundatriccs and fund atrigeniae Crops which were headed up and in fes ted with (most l ~ ' alatc) on black currant, Hih es lIigmm L. , in aphids had to be ploughcd in he·cause the hcads mid-May. Mi gration to lettuce and other seco ndar\' were considered unmarketable. In 1982 lettuce hosts takes place in late Ma \' and in June. Mi gration aphids were found in commercial lettuce plantings back to Hi bes probablv takes placc in September in late May and by the end nf June the\' were caus­ and October. In England during m ild winters some ing rej ection of somc shi pments for marketing, The of the aphids a re abl e to continue to breed on lettuce infestation becamc progressively worse and during outdoors throughout the w inter. This can probabh' August sevcral plantings had to he pl oughed in. occur in the Frasc r Vall e\' too and \\'ould result in Both crisp heading and butter-hcad let tuce crops sizeable populations of lettuce aphids being present were seriously affccted . on O\'erw in ll'red lettuce and other secondan ' hosts N. ribislligri (Fig. 1) is a med ium-sized (2-3 mm r ea d~ ' to infes t newly planted crops in the spring. long) olive-green aphid with a distinctive dorsal In Canada. this aphid has been previoLi sk sclerotic pattern , Its antennae are long w ith secon­ recorded in B.C. , Quebec and 1\'ew Brunsw ick dary sensoria on the basal 114 - 3/4 of scgment III in (S mith and Parron, 1978) . [n the eastern United apterae (Fig. 2A) and all along segment III in alatae States it has been coll ected in 1\' e\\' York, Vermont, (Fi g. 2B). Its cornicl cs are cylindrical. with a Pennsy lvani a, New Jersey. District of Columbia J. ENTOMO L. Soc. B RIT C()L U ~ fBI A 79 (1982) , D EC. 31, HJ82 29

r' /

Fig.!. Photomicrographs of Nasanavia ribisnigri (Mosley). A. Adult apterous aphid. B. Al ate aphid. 30 J. E:-':Tml o L. Soc:. RHIT . C() I.l .I ~IIlIA 79 (19il2). DI':C 31. 19i12

Fig. 2. Scanning electron m icrographs of NasO/lOvia rib islligri (Mosley). A. Third antennal segment of aptcra. B. Third antennal segment of alata. C. Cornicle. D . Tip of abdomen and cauda.

and poss ihl y North Carnlina (Smith and Parrn n, aphid pest of lettuce both out of doors and under 1978); in the western United States in Montana glass (Minist ry of Agriculture. F isheri es and Food, (Smith and Parron, 1978) and Oregon (Leona rd, 1978). 1974). It has not, however, been prc\'iously Even small numbcrs of N. ribi-S' lligri are of documented as a pest in North Ameri ca. In Britain se rious concern since this a phid tends to colonize in­ it is recognized as probabh- the most im portant side the forming heads rendering them unaccep- J. E\'Tml()l.. Soc. 13 nIT. Cor.l" "ll.\ 70 (l OR2). DI·:c . .31. 10R2 3 1 table fo r markct. Once in the heads the aphids are occm common'" on lettuce in H.C. but th es' Ilsual'" d rtuall \' impossible to contact with foliar spras·s. breed on the u~de rs i d c of the outer Icas·c:s. whe r ~ Large populations \\·ould . of course. calise dircct thes' do not contaminate the saleable crop. d amage bs' their feeding and deposits of hones' dc\\". The lettuce aphid is now the most important in­ T his aphid is also a potential threat as a s'cctor of sect p,,,·t of lettuce in Brit ish Coluillbia. T he present lettuce- infeetin.l!; s' iruscs, es pecial'" cucu lllbcr outbreak demonstrates the ineffectis'eness of cur­ mosa ic and perhaps beet western s·ell o\\·s. S. rent"· recomlllcnded control strategies. Conse­ rib isl1igri is reported to be unahlc to transm it lettuce quentls·. extensis'e monitoring of aphid populations mosaic (Kenncc"·. Das' and F.astop. 1062). and field tests to eS'aluate the efficacs' of seH'ral Other species of aphids. especial'" the green aphicides including some promising sS'stemies are in pcach aphid. Mlj;:' ll.> pcrsical' (Sulzer). and the progress. Special attention is being gis'en to op­ potato aphid, Alacrnsiph II III cllphorviac (Thomas). timlllll timing and placcment of spras·s.

HEFERENCES Forbes. A. H.. 13 . D. Frazer and II. R. ,\ l aeCarth~ ·. HJ73. The aphids (Homoptcra : Aphididae) of British Columbia.!. A basic taxonomic list. J. Entomol. Soc. Bril. Columbia 70:-13-57. Ileie. O. E. 197B. Hes-ision of the aphid genus Nasono"ia ~ l or(ls- i l ko . including Kakimia Il ottes and Frison. ss-ith kc ~'s to clescriptions of the species of the \\'orld (I-lolll nptera : AphidicLw). Entornolo.gieH Scan­ dinavica. Supplement i\o. 9. 10.S pp. Hill e Ris Lambers. D . 19-19. Contributions to a Illonograph of thc' Aphididae of Emope. 1\'. Tel1lminckia 8: 182- .3 2-1. Kennecls·. J. S .. 1-1. F. Day and V. F. Eastop. 1062. A conspectlls of aphids as s'edors of plant s·irw,cs . Lon­ don. Commonwcalth Imtitllte of Entolllology. /1-1 PI'. Leonard. ~f. D. 1974 . A list of the aphids of Oregon (llomoptcra: Aphidiclac). U.S. I)ep. Al!;r .. Agr. Hes. Sen'ice 'd imeo. 116 pp. Ministr\' of Agriclillure. Fisheries and Food. United Kingdom. 107 R. Lettuce aphids . I-IVD 55 7 pp. Smith, C. F. and C. S. Parron . 1978. An annotated list of AI'HIDIDAE (llO\I()PTEHA) of , 'orth Am erica. :\.c. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul. 0<0. 255. -12R pp.

LEAFROLLERS (LEPIDOPTERA) ON BERRY CROPS IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA

DAVID R. GILLESPIE' AND BRYAN P. BEIH:\E I'estolog\, Centre. Dcpt. of Biological Sciences. Simon Fra s(' ,.lJni\'(~ " its · Burnabs·. H.C. \'5A 156

A sun'e\, of'tortri cidleafrollers and other lepidopterous larnle \\'ith leafrolling habits on be~n ' crops in the Lo\\'cr Fraser Valles'. B.C. rcs'calcd 16 species feeding on blucbcrrs·. four on cranbcrr:·. eight on ""pbcrn' and four on strawhern·. The 1l10st abundant species \\'CfC Chor;stoll(,lIra roS'Qcca na . Spi/ollo/a () ('('/lalla . Archip l) rosallw, and C hcililOphi/a sa /icella on blll"lwrry. Opcrol}h/ef(} hm('l'% . C. rosa­ r('alla ancl Adcris ('ol}wr iall(l on rapsl)('rrL Flhopo/;u/a 1!aI'Ullla on cranberry. and A. comarialla on strasd)crrs·. SOllle 01 the species has'e apparent"· not been reported pres'ious'" as feeding on sOllle of the bern' crops. Four species pn's'iousIs­ reported as pests of berry crops in the Lower Fraser Valles' \\'erc not found. Fields tea ted \\'ith insecticides earls- in the ,cason. \\'hether or not for leafrollers, had IO\\'er leafroller populations than IlIltreated fields. Then' is no 0 1> · jectin> eS'idence th at leafroller populations \\'ere sufficient to causc economic injun' to am' of the crops. Su bjectin> obsen'ations confirm the econoill ic illlportanc.:e of If'afroller daillage to cranbcrry and suggest that econoill ic injun' mas' occ.:ur on hlueberry.

INTRODUCTIO;,\ Fraser \ 'alles' of British Columbia. and the abun· The objcctis'es of this \\'ork \\'ere to deterilline dance of the species im'olw'd reJa ti " e to each other the leafroller fauna of ber,,' crops in the Lo\\ e r and to the crops they affcct. Species of leaf rollers (Lepidoptera; Tort ricidae) and other Icpidopterolls larnlc \\'ith similar habits I Pre~t:'nt addn' ... ,: Hes('LIrc!I ilnd Phlll! (.)U