322 Genus Euryphura Staudinger

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 27 December 2020

Genus Euryphura Staudinger, 1891 Commanders

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 4: 105 (61-157). Type-species: Euriphene porphyrion Ward, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1943. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 12: 28 (23-30).).

The genus Euryphura belongs to the Family Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815; Subfamily Limenitidinae Behr, 1864; Tribe Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845; Subtribe Bebearina Hemming, 1960. The other genera in the Subtribe Bebearina in the Afrotropical Region are Evena, Aterica, Pseudargynnis, Cynandra, Euryphaedra, Euryphurana, Euphaedra, Euriphene, Bebearia, Euptera and Pseudathyma.

Euryphura (Commanders) is an Afrotropical genus containing 16 species. Given subgeneric rank by Ackery et al., 1995: 397 but raised to generic level by Hancock, 1990 (Arnoldia. Zimbabwe 9: 463-467.). Revised by Hancock, 2002 (Metamorphosis 13 (1): 28-34) and Hecq, 2002. Two subgenera are recognized, Euryphura Staudinger, 1891 and Crenidomimas Karsch, 1894.

Relevant literature: Libert & Amiet, 2006 [Male genitalia]. Hancock, 2002 [Notes].

Subgenus Euryphura Staudinger, 1891

An Afrotropical subgenus containing 16 species.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) accentuata Hecq, 2010 Falcate Commander

Euryphura (Euryphura) accentuata Hecq, 2010. Lambillionea 110 (3): 300 (297-300).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – (TL). Habitat: Habits:

1 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) achlys (Hopffer, 1855)# Mottled-green Commander

Harma achlys Hopffer, 1855. Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 (639-643). Euryphura achlys Hopffer. Swanepoel, 1953a. Euryphura achlys (Hopffer, 1855). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Euriphene (Euryphura) achlys (Hopffer, 1855). Ackery et al., 1995: 397. Euriphene (Euryphura) achlys (Hopffer, 1855). Pringle et al., 1994: 104. Euryphura (Euryphura) achlys (Hopffer, 1855). Hancock, 2002.

Euryphura achlys. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Honde Valley, Zimbabwe. 30 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Euryphura achlys. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Burma Valley, Zimbabwe. 7 April 1994. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Alternative common name: Mottled-green Nymph, Mottled Green. Type locality: Mozambique: “Mossambique”. Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Malawi, Zambia (north-east), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border), South Africa (Limpopo Province, KwaZulu-Natal). Specific localities: Kenya – Coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). 2 Tanzania – Coastal forests (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Rift (Kielland, 1990d); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d); Kitesa Forest west of Songea (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Dondo; Amatongas; Maronga Forest; Xiluvo; Savane, near Beira (Pringle et al., 1994); Mt. Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Vumba (Pringle et al., 1994); Mount Selinda (Pringle, et al., 1994); Burma Valley (Paré). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Tish Grant, LepiMap 576972; August, 2015). KwaZulu-Natal – Ngoye Forest (Cookson and Pennington; male illustrated above); Emanguzi Forest (Quickelberge); along the Pongola River (Pringle et al., 1994); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Habitat: Forest, often in the neighbourhood of streams (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from near sea-level to 1 100 m, occasionally to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies close to the ground, dodging through the undergrowth. They are often seen flying along forest paths in the company of Euphaedra neophron (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens settle on the ground but more often on the leaves of low-growing vegetation. Specimens have been observed feeding from fermenting guavas and both sexes come to traps baited with fermented bananas (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Most months of the year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Van Someren, 1939.

Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 33 [Malawi]. Paré, vide Pringle et al., 1994: 104, states that this description does not apply to Euryphura achlys. This is correct since the species does not occur in Malawi (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007)].

Paré, in Pringle et al., 1994: 104 [as Euriphene (Euryphura) achlys; Burma Valley, Zimbabwe; September, 1988]. “Eggs: The eggs are usually laid right at the tip of the leaf, and are golden green with hexagonal indentations and have short bristles at each junction. First instar: The first instar larva is a pale, watery straw colour with two wart-like dorsolateral bumps on each segment, and pink irregular marks on the headshield. It lives on the undersurface of a leaf and eats out characteristic L-shaped holes from the edge inwards, growing from 3.5 to 6.0 mm. Second instar: The second instar larva also lives under the leaves but has flattened, branched spines corresponding with the bumps of the first instar. Third to fifth instars: The next three instars are a bluish green in colour and live on the upperside of the leaf, lying along the midrib, with well-developed lateral spines which are spread along the leaf to make the larva difficult to see. Each segment has a dorsal diamond-shaped white mark with a rose-pink centre, and some of the tips of the branched spines are pink also. The larva grows to about 35 mm and then selects a leaf from which to pupate. After eating out irregular areas either side of the midrib near the tip, it suspends from the tip and pupates, appearing like an extension of the leaf. Pupa: The pupa ‘faces’ inwards, being a bright green dorsally, with dark lateral ‘keel’ and a paler green ventral surface, corresponding to the paler green underside of the leaf. The dark ‘keel’ widens on the wing case to enclose a bright gold patch. The pupa measures 24 mm and the adult emerges after 10-12 days.”

Collins et al, 2006: 421.

Larval food: Chrysophyllum species (Sapotaceae) [Pinhey, 1965: 91]. Chrysophyllum viridifolium J.M.Wood &Franks (Sapotaceae) [Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 33; probably incorrect – see remarks under early stages, above]. Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dunn (Fabaceae) [Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 33; probably incorrect – see remarks under early stages, above]. Deinbollia species (Sapindaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 117]. Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. (Erythroxylaceae) [Paré & Bampton, 1989: 5]. Trichoscypha ulugurensis Mildbr. (Anacardiaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 67].

*Euryphura (Euryphura) athymoides Berger, 1981 Pied Commander

Euryphura plautilla female ab. athymoides Schultze, 1920. Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 703 (639-829). Euryphura isuka athymoides Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire. Weissenbruch, Brussels. p. 137. Euryphura (Euryphura) athymoides Berger, 1981 stat. n. Hancock, 2002. Metamorphosis 13 (1): 29.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun: N’ginda; Yukaduma; Man”. Distribution: Cameroon (south), Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (Hancock, 2002: 29). Specific localities: Cameroon – N’ginda (TL); Yukaduma (Schultze, 1920); Man (Schultze, 1920). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

athymoides Schultze, 1920 (as female ab. of Euryphura plautilla). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 703 (639-829). Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun: N’ginda; Yukaduma; Man”.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) aurantiaca Aurivillius, 1898 Orange Commander

Euryphura (Euryphura) aurantiaca Aurivillius, 1898. Entomologisk Tidskrift 19: 179 (177-186). Euryphura (Euryphura) aurantiaca Aurivillius, 1898. Hecq, 2010.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congogebiet: Umangi”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Umangi (TL). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) Troop Commander

Common Commander (Euryphura chalcis). Female upperside. Ipassa, Gabon. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Harma chalcis Felder & Felder, 1860. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 4: 234 (225-251). Euriphene (Euryphura) chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860). Ackery et al., 1995: 397. Euryphura (Euryphura) chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860). Hancock, 2002.

Euryphura chalcis chalcis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo National Park, Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Euryphura chalcis chalcis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Euryphura chalcis chalcis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Bele, Liberia. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: “Guinea”. Type lost; neotype, from Ivory Coast, designated by Hecq (1992). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest, including severely degraded forest habitat (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania subspecies kiellandi occurs at altitudes from 800 to 1 400 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is generally low down and rapid, often along river beds. Specimens sun themselves while perched on rocks or low vegetation. Courtship occurs in open sunny clearings or along roads (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit (Kielland, 1990d). In Kakum (Ghana), specimens were seen feeding from the flowers of Cleistopholis patens (Annonaceae) in the company of Cymothoe and Pseudacraea species; presumably the nectar in these flowers had fermented (Larsen, 2005a). Also flies along forest paths, often settling on the ground but also flies up to 25 m high in the forest canopy (Congdon & Collins, 1998; Fermon, vide Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Cassia species (Fabaceae) [Hecq, 1992]. Celtis species (Ulmaceae) [Hecq, 1992]. Chrysophyllum species (Sapotaceae) [Ackery et al., 1995]. Dalbergia species (Fabaceae) [Hecq, 1992]. Hippocratea species (Celastraceae) [Hecq, 1992]. Hugonia platysepala Welw. ex Oliv. (Linaceae) [Vuattoux & Blandin, 1979; Ivory Coast]. Pterocarpus species (Fabaceae) [Hecq, 1992]. Ventilago species (Rhamnaceae) [Hecq, 1992].

Note: Larsen (2005a) states that chalcis is a species complex containing perhaps six or more species .

Euryphura (Euryphura) chalcis chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) Troop Commander

Euryphura chalcis chalcis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo National Park, Gabon. 20 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Euryphura chalcis chalcis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Isombu, Ikelenge, Zambia. 7:V:75. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Euryphura chalcis chalcis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 55mm. Isombu, Ikelenge, Zambia. 28/VIII/76. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: “Guinea”. Type lost; neotype, from Ivory Coast, designated by Hecq (1992). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), 7 Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola (Mendes et al., 2018), Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Old Calabar (Hewitson, 1865). Cameroon – Barombi Station (Staudinger, 1896); Cross River loop (Schultze, 1916); Molundu (Schultze, 1920); Sangmelima (Schultze, 1920); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Bartel, 1905); Itoa Forest, Ituri River (Joicey & Talbot, 1921); Mbandaka (Hecq, 1990); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Budongo Forest (van Someren, 1939); Rutenga Forest (Jackson, 1956); Kigezi District (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania – Kasye Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Isombo, Ikelenge (male and female illustrated above).

doralice Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6 (as sp. of Euryphene). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 46, pl. 23 (124 pp.). London. Nigeria: “Old Calabar”.

claudianus Druce, 1874 (as sp. of Harma). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874: 157 (155-160). Cameroon: “Cameroons”.

albofasciata Staudinger, 1896 (as female var. [ab.] of Euriphura [sic] plautilla). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 213 (193-240). Cameroon: “Barombi Station”.

oliva Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Euryphura). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 112 (108-123). Togo.

albula Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Euryphura oliva). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 113 (108- 123). Togo.

ochracea Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Euryphura). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 146 (129-152). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo-Gebiet (Mukenge)”.

fulminea Bartel, 1905 (as sp. of Euryphura). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 147 (129-152). “West-Afrika”.

euthalioides Schultze, 1916 (as sp. of Euryphura). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 81 (A.7.): 160 (159-167). Cameroon: “bei Feintschang im Gebiet des oberen Crossflusses (N.-W.-Kamerun)”. Given as a synonym of Euryphura chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) in Ackery et al., 1995: 397. Regarded as a good species by Hecq, 1992 (Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 20 (1-26).). Treated as a synonym of Euryphura chalcis chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) by Hancock (2002: 30). Treated as a good species by Vande weghe (2010: 288) without formal taxonomic change.

versicolora Schultze, 1920 (as female ab. of Euryphura plautilla). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 703 (639-829). Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun: Molundu”.

aereofasciata Schultze, 1920 (as male ab. of Euryphura plautilla). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika-Expedition 1 (14): 706 (639-829). Cameroon: “Süd-Kamerun: Sangmelima”. Syn. nov. Hancock, 2002: 30.

albimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 63 (40-166). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Itoa River, Ituri Forest”.

neooliva van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla albimargo). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 62 (15-100). Uganda: “Budongo”.

bicolor van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla albimargo). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 64 (15-100). Uganda: “Budongo”.

vansomereni Jackson, 1956 (as sp. of Euryphura). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 23: 68 (63-102). Uganda: “Kigezi, Rutenga Forest”. Given by Ackery et al. (1995: 398) and Hancock (2002: 30) as a synonym of Euriphene (Euryphura) chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860). Treated as a good species by Congdon & Collins, 1998 (Supplement to Kielland’s butterflies of Tanzania : 49 (143 pp.). ABRI and Lambillionea.

jolyana Hecq, 1990 (as sp. of Euryphura). Lambillionea 90 (2): 38 (35-38). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mbandaka”. Synonymized with Euryphura chalcis chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) by Hancock (2002: 30).

acupincta Hecq, 1992 (as form of Euryphura chalcis). Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 15 (1-26). ?

grisea Hecq, 1992 (as form of Euryphura chalcis). Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 14 (1-26). ?

transversa Hecq, 1992 (as form of Euryphura chalcis). Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 14 (1-26). ?

velutina Hecq, 1992 (as form of Euryphura chalcis). Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 14 (1-26). ?

xeros Hecq, 1992 (as form of Euryphura chalcis). Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 16 (1-26). ?

hecqui Ackery, 1995 (as sp. of Euriphene (Euryphura)). In: Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mbandaka”. Synonymized with Euryphura chalcis chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) by Hancock (2002: 30).

Euryphura (Euryphura) chalcis kiellandi Hecq, 1990 Mpanda Troop Commander

Euryphura kiellandi Hecq, 1990. Lambillionea 90 (2): 38 (35-38). Euriphene (Euryphura) kiellandi (Hecq, 1990). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Euryphura (Euryphura) chalcis kiellandi Hecq, 1990. Hancock, 2002: 31 stat. rev.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mpanda”. Distribution: Tanzania (west) Specific localities: Tanzania – Mpanda (TL); Ntakatta Forest in Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kasoge at Mount Mahale (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu (Kielland, 1990d).

*Euryphura (Euryphura) isuka Stoneham, 1935 Black-and-white Commander

Euryphura isuka Stoneham, 1935. Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (25): [1] ([2 pp.]). Synonym of Euryphura chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860). Ackery et al., 1995: 397. Euryphura isuka Stoneham, 1935. Hecq, 1992: 19. Euryphura (Euryphura) chalcis isuka Stoneham, 1935. Hancock, 2002: 31. Euryphura (Euryphura) isuka Stoneham, 1935. Larsen, 2005a: 383.

Euryphura isuka. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 9 October 1997. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Kenya: “Malawa Forest, Kenya Colony”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Mamu Forest on the Niger (Jackson collection, vide Larsen, 2005a); Acharu Forest near Lokoja (J. & N. Baker, vide Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (St Leger, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Uganda – Jinja (van Someren, 1939); Kampala (van Someren, 1939). Kenya – Malawa Forest (TL); Kakamega Forest (Stoneham, 1935); Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); Nandi (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Dense forest. Habits: A relatively common butterfly that flies low down in dense forest and often visits fallen fruit (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Crysophyllum species (Sapotaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 307].

ithako Stoneham, 1935 (as ssp. of Euryphura isuka). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (25): [2] ([2 pp.]). Kenya: “Kakamega, Kenya Colony”.

albimargo van Someren, 1939 (as ssp. of Euryphura plautilla). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: pl. 20, fig. 4 . Misidentification (Hancock, 2002: 31).

conformis van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla albimargo). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 62 (15-100). Uganda: “Jinja”.

ithako van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla albimargo). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 63 (15-100).

neoathymoides van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla albimargo). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 64 (15-100). Uganda: “Kampala”.

albimargo Larsen, 1991c (as sp. of Euryphura). The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history . Oxford University Press, Oxford. p. 306. Misidentification (Hancock, 2002: 31).

occidentalis Hecq, 1992 (as form of Euryphura isuka). Revue d'Entomologique Generale 6: 19 (1-26). ?

*Euryphura (Euryphura) ducarmei Hecq, 1990 Squad Commander

Euryphura ducarmei Hecq, 1990. Lambillionea 90 (Tome II): 35 (35-38). Euriphene (Euryphura) ducarmei (Hecq, 1990). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Synonym of Euryphura euthalioides Schultze, 1916. Hecq, 1992. Revue d’Entomologique Generale 6: 20 (1-26). Euryphura (Euryphura) ducarmei Hecq, 1990. Hancock, 2002: 32.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kisangani”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Known only from the Kisangani area (Hancock, 2002). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kisangani (TL); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) mediata Hecq, 2010 Brown Commander

Euryphura (Euryphura) mediata Hecq, 2010. Lambillionea 110 (3): 297 (297-300).

Type locality: Nigeria: “”. Distribution: Nigeria. Specific localities: Nigeria – (TL). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) plautilla (Hewitson, [1865]) Platoon Commander

Euryphene plautilla Hewitson, [1865] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 47 (124 pp.). London. Euriphene (Euryphura) plautilla (Hewitson, 1865). Ackery et al., 1995: 397. Euryphura (Euryphura) plautilla (Hewitson, 1865). Hancock, 2002. Euryphura (Euryphura) plautilla (Hewitson, 1865). Hecq, 2010.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west) (Hancock, 2002: 32). Records from west of the Dahomey Gap are in error (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Barombi Station (Suffert, 1904); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (Vande weghe, 2010); Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Mpivie River (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (Vande weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Budongo (van Someren, 1939); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Habitat: Forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon species (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. 11 Larval food: Nothing published.

doralice Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6 (as sp. of Euryphene). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 46 (124 pp.). London. Nigeria: “Old Calabar”.

lisidora Aurivillius, 1891 (as sp. of Cymothoe). Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 214 (193-228). Cameroon: “Camerun”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/p). Removed from synonymy with Euryphura chalcis (Felder & Felder, 1860) and placed as a synonym of Euryphura plautilla (Hewitson, 1865) by Hancock (2002: 32).

aurimarginata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Euryphura plautilla). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 114 (108-123). Cameroon: “Camerun, Barombi Station”. Syn. rev. Hancock, 2002: 32.

albimargo van Someren, 1939 (as ssp. Euryphura plautilla). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: pl. 20, fig. 3. Misidentification (Hancock, 2002: 32).

neoalbofasciata van Someren, 1939 (as female f. of Euryphura plautilla albimargo ). Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 14: 62 (15-100). Uganda: “Budongo”. Syn. rev. Hancock, 2002: 32.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion (Ward, 1871) Western Red Commander

Euryphene porphyrion Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 118 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Euriphene (Euryphura) porphyrion porphyrion (Ward, 1871). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion porphyrion (Ward, 1871). Hancock, 2002.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons”. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest. Habits: A scarce butterfly throughout its range (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion porphyrion (Ward, 1871) Western Red Commander

Type locality: Cameroon: “Camaroons’. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); near Ikom (Larsen, 2005a).

Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion fontainei Hecq, 1990 Eastern Red Commander

Euryphura fontainei Hecq, 1990. Lambillionea 90 (2): 36 (35-38). Euriphene (Euryphura) fontainei (Hecq, 1990). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion fontainei Hecq, 1990. Hancock, 2002. 12

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Sankuru, Katako-Kombe”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (central basin). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Katako-Kombe (TL); Central Forest Block (Ducarme, 2018).

*Euryphura (Euryphura) grassei Bernardi, 1965 Gabonese Red Commander

Euryphura porphyrion grassei Bernardi, 1965. Biologia Gabonica 1: 309 (305-312). Euriphene (Euryphura) porphyrion grassei (Bernardi, 1965). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion grassei Bernardi, 1965. Hancock, 2002. Euryphura grassei Bernardi, 1965. D’Abrera, 2004: 348 stat. nov.

Type locality: Gabon: “1 km avant l’extremité nord de la grande crête sud de Bélinga, 900 m”. Distribution: Gabon, Congo. Specific localities: Gabon – Belinga (TL); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Ndjole (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Franceville (Vande weghe, 2010).

Note: Possibly only a transitional form rather than a subspecies (Hecq, 1992).

*Euryphura (Euryphura) congoensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921 Congolese Red Commander

Euryphura porphyrion congoensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 63 (40-166). Euriphene (Euryphura) porphyrion congoensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1921). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Euryphura (Euryphura) porphyrion congoensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Hancock, 2002. Euryphura congoensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921. D’Abrera, 2004: 348 stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Upper Kasai District; Ituri forest, N.W. Beni, 900 m”. Hancock (2002: 33 avers that the type locality of “Upper Kasai District” is in error. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Tshopo, Equateur, Sankuru). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018).

*Euryphura (Euryphura) similaris Hecq, 2010 Disguised Commander

Euryphura (Euryphura) similaris Hecq, 2010. Lambillionea 110 (3): 300 (297-300).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “”. Distribution: Ivory Coast. Specific localities: Ivory Coast – (TL). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) togoensis Suffert, 1904 Togolese Red Commander

Euryphura porphyrion togoensis Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 114 (108-123). Euriphene (Euryphura) pophyrion togoensis (Suffert, 1904). Ackery et al., 1995: 398. Euryphura togoensis Suffert, 1904. D’Abrera, 2004: 348 stat. nov. Euryphura (Euryphura) togoensis Suffert, 1904. Larsen, 2005a: 382.

Type locality: Togo. Probably patria falsa; likely to be western Cameroon (Larsen, 2005a). The types are in the Natural History Museum, London (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo?, Nigeria, Cameroon. Specific localities: Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Kumba (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly scarce species, usually encountered when it comes to feed on fallen fruit (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Euryphura (Euryphura) viridissima Hecq, 2010 Green Commander

Euryphura (Euryphura) viridissima Hecq, 2010. Lambillionea 110 (3): 300 (297-300).

Type locality: Nigeria: “”. Distribution: Nigeria. Specific localities: Nigeria – (TL). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Subgenus Crenidomimas Karsch, 1894

Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 258 (257-259). Type-species: Harma concordia Hopffer, by monotypy.

= Metacrenis Butler, 1895. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895: 259 (250-270). Type-species: Harma concordia Hopffer, by monotypy.

An Afrotropical subgenus containing a single species. Downgraded to a subgenus of Euryphura by Collins et al., 2006.

*Euryphura (Crenidomimas) concordia (Hopffer, 1855)

14 Speckled Lilac Commander

Harma concordia Hopffer, 1855. Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 641 (639-643). Crenidomimas concordia (Hopffer, 1855). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Crenidomimas concordia (Hopffer, 1855). Pringle et al., 1994: 104. Euryphura (Crenidomimas) concordia (Hopffer, 1955). Collins et al., 2006: 430.

Euryphura concordia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Euryphura concordia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chingola, Zambia. 26 April 1998. Images M.C. Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Alternative common name: Speckled Lilac Nymph. Type locality: Mozambique: “Mossambique”. Distribution: Angola (east), Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Kinhasa, Kasai, Sankuru, Shaba, Lomami, Lualaba), Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (north), Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Specific localities: Tanzania – Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d); Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Nyika N.P. (J. Timberlake, pers. comm., 2019). Zambia – Lake Mweru (Butler, 1894); Kasangezhi (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); northern Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); northern Lusaka districts (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Xiluvo (Pringle et al., 1994); Inchope’ Amatongas (Pringle et al., 1994); Maronga (Pringle

15 et al., 1994); Buzi River (Pennington); Dondo (male illustrated above); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Witchwood Valley, below the Vumba (Barnes); Odzi River, near Hot Springs (de Kock). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Kielland, 1990d) . In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 200 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Usually flies rapidly along the edges of forest, frequently settling on the branches or trunks of trees. Specimens are attracted to fermenting fruit (Pringle et al., 1994). Often found flying around bushes and isolated trees (Heath et al., 2002). Flight period: Has been recorded from August to October, February, April and May in southern Africa (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Bampton, in Pringle et al., 1994: 104 (locality not noted).

Collins et al., 2006: 421.

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. (Fabaceae) [Bampton, in Pringle et al., 1994: 104; locality not noted]. Phyllocosmus lemaireanus (De Wild. & T. Durand) T. Durand & H. Durand (Ixonanthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Igawa, Tanzania].

crawshayi Butler, 1894 (as sp. of Crenis). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 654 (643- 684). Zambia: “Lake Mweru”.