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Factors Associated with Self-Esteem and Achievement Motivation Among Local Beauty Pageant Candidates in the Philippines

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Factors Associated with Self-Esteem and Achievement Motivation Among Local Beauty Pageant Candidates in the Philippines International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics 193 Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2021 https://www.ijramt.com | ISSN (Online): 2582-7839 Beyond Crowns, Sashes, and Heels: Factors Associated with Self-esteem and Achievement Motivation among Local Beauty Pageant Candidates in the Philippines Hanna Therese Cruz* Student, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines Abstract: This paper explores the factors in a beauty pageant pageant stereotypes propagated, the candidates’ self-esteem journey that are associated with the self-esteem and achievement may be affected especially if they do not meet those standards. motivation of local beauty pageant candidates. This can lead them to rhinoplasty, breast augmentation, Keywords: Beauty pageants, self-esteem, achievement liposuction, excessive diet and exercise, and other unhealthy motivation activities just to fit in the standards. Moreover, according to the study of Thomson and Hammond (2013), 26% of pageant 1. Introduction candidates developed eating disorders, 48.5% of them desired Filipinos treat pageants like a primary sport — beauty queens to be thinner, and 57% of them were in the process of trying to training for years, rising numbers of beauty queen trainers and lose weight. These numbers show the body dissatisfaction of camps, and growing fan base supporting every Filipino pageant most contestants that can be rooted in the high physical-related representative. Of course, this enthusiasm may have an effect commentaries in the pageant industry. Body perception is one psychologically on the people in the pageant industry. The of the biggest factors of self-esteem. To add to that, the study Philippines is gaining more and more international beauty of Griego-Turner (2015) also noted that pageant participants queens — having four Miss Universes, six Miss Internationals, who do not place in a beauty contest suffer from low self- four Miss Earths, and one Miss world. These international esteem. This can make them feel incompetent and that they do recognitions are motivating more people to enter the pageant not fit the perception of beauty that these kinds of contests industry whether as a candidate, organizer, or simply as a fan. propagate. With these in mind, it can be said that beauty Through this study, there can be a large scope of people who pageants' experiences may possibly positively or negatively can assess the psychological effects of pageants before joining influence one’s self-esteem. To add to that, there have been such competitions and pageant enthusiasts that can learn about studies like the research of Hinojosa & Carle (2016) which the industry they are supporting. Meanwhile, there are research show that some successful pageant winners became motivated that propose different takes on how the beauty pageant industry to step into power especially in politics. Pageant candidates can affect one’s self-esteem. The study of Everhart (2011) who gained confidence also became inspired to reach other suggests that beauty pageant participation may have a direct glamorous ambitions like being a supermodel, actress, online influence on the candidates’ self-esteem. Since the beauty influencer, and goodwill ambassador. This may suggest how pageant candidates engage in different activities that can hone pageants may also affect the desire of the participants to reach them like talent portion, interview, and swimsuit training, they greater ambitions and how their experiences may possibly are more likely to have higher self-esteem than those who have influence their achievement motivation. That is why it is vital not joined any pageant. According to the study of Everhart to know what factors exactly can influence the candidate’s self- (2011), the mean of the self-esteem scores of 20 non-pageant esteem and achievement motivation. This study can give a participants is 28.1 while the mean of 20 pageant participants is comprehensive framework on the common profiles of beauty 12.9. Higher scores correlated to lower self-esteem. Since those queens in the Philippines and what specific parts of their who competed had lower scores, this suggests higher self- pageant journeys can affect how they view themselves and their esteem. However, according to Vircutio (2016), there are motivation to achieve greater things. Furthermore, even if the factors of the beauty pageants that focus solely on physical pandemic has hardly hit the entertainment scene, pageant attributes making the candidates feel like they need to do organizations continued to stage the biggest pageants. This changes to make them look perfect. Since there are certain study can also capture the relevance of pageants during the global health crisis. This study is important since this will be *Corresponding author: [email protected] H. T. Cruz et al. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, VOL. 2, NO. 6, JUNE 2021 194 able to add knowledge on the pageant scene here in the compete at the national and local pageants for the past three Philippines and how the industry can affect the candidates years. These numbers indicate the official candidates of the psychologically. most prominent local and national pageants that compete The following are the objectives of the study: independently or may come from different camps. 1) General Objective To determine the factors associated with self-esteem and Table 1 achievement motivation among local beauty pageant National Pageants no. of candidates Pageant No. of Candidates candidates. Miss Universe Philippines 51 2) Specific Objectives Binibining Pilipinas 40 1. To describe the socio-demographic profile of the study Miss World Philippines 40 respondents. Miss Earth PH 40 2. To determine the facilitating factors associated with Mutya ng Pilipinas 40 self-esteem and achievement motivation among local Table 2 beauty pageant candidates. Local Pageants no. of candidates 3. To determine the hindering factors associated with Pageant No. of Candidates self-esteem and achievement motivation among local Miss Quezon City 25 beauty pageant candidates. Miss Manila 32 Miss Caloocan 21 Miss Las Pinas Water Lily 20 2. Methodology Binibining Paranaque 13 1) Research Design This study is mixed-method research that combines Based on the foregoing, the study used the following formula qualitative and quantitative forms. This allowed the researcher for the sample size n in this thesis: to get comprehensive answers to the research questions. This n = N*X / (X + N – 1), 2 2 study made use of a descriptive-correlational study design. Where, X = Zα/2 *p*(1-p) / MOE and Zα/2 is the critical Descriptive statistics were utilized in showing the socio- value of the normal distribution at α/2 (e.g. for a confidence demographic profile of the respondents. This study will also try level of 95%, α is 0.05 and the critical value is 1.96), MOE is to describe the relationship between the independent and the margin of error, p is the sample proportion, and N is the dependent variables. The research is considered a cross- population size. For the population in this study (Daniel, 1999), sectional survey study as well since the participants were only literature was calculated based on literature at a minimum of chosen based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and it will 300. After calculations, a total of 74 was reached to participate compare population groups only at a single point in time. in the survey. The 74 respondents were reached through email 2) Study Population and Sampling Technique and will be requested to accomplish an online survey using For the selection of participants, the researcher employed the google form. The total p is inclusive of 10% spill-offs. respondent-driven sampling (RDS) technique with purposive Moreover, according to Al-Barashdi (2020), the recommended methods of non-probability sampling. Moreover, purposive number of participants in a focus group discussion is between sampling was used because a criteria was followed in the five and eight. For the focus group discussion in this study, selection of the participants in accordance with the needs of the there was only one session with seven participants (which is study. The research has the following inclusion and exclusion within the range of the ideal number of participants). To add to criteria: that, there were two key informant respondents, one veteran in the pageant industry and one pageant candidate that is new in B. Inclusion Criteria the industry. 1. Biologically female 2) Data Collection and Analysis 2. Age between 18 years old to 27 years old For the quantitative data, a survey questionnaire with original 3. No. of Training years with a minimum of 6 months scales were utilized. Descriptive statistics was used using 4. Have at least participated in one pageant competition. percentage analysis and inferential statistics using linear C. Exclusion criteria regression were utilized to analyze the quantitative data. Meanwhile for the qualitative data, Focus Group Discussion 1. Those who have been living outside the Philippines and Key Informant Interviews were done. To analyze it, since March 2020 due to COVID19 lockdown. thematic design analysis was employed. 2. Those who have not been active in the pageant scene. 3) Ethics Review 3. Those who are physically and psychologically This study has been approved by the UPMREB Ethics incapacitated. Review Panel and may be contacted through the following D. Withdrawal Criterion regarding the rights of study of participants including 1) Participants who request to withdraw grievances and complaints: Sample population computation: The study setting is within Dr. Jacinto Mantaring III, UPM REB Panel Chair the pageant industry in the Philippines. The tables below Address: Room 126, Ground Floor represent the number of pageant candidates accepted to National Institutes of Health, UP Manila H. T. Cruz et al. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics, VOL. 2, NO. 6, JUNE 2021 195 623 Pedro Gil St. Table 6 Ermita 1000 Manila Achievement motivation scores Email: [email protected] Tel: +63 2 8526-4346 3.
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