Wai 863

Tararua District: Twentieth Century

Land Alienation Report

Steven Oliver

A report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Wairarapa ki Tararua (Wai 863) district inquiry

February 2004 Tararua District: Twentieth Century Land Alienation Report

Table of Contents

Introduction ______vi Commission ______vii Section 1. Twentieth century land alienation issues______2 1.1 Introduction______2 1.2 Tararua twentieth century land alienation overview ______2 1.3 The Ikaroa District Maori Land Board ______4 1.5 Crown purchasing in the twentieth century in the Tararua district______8 1.6 The pattern of Maori land alienation ______16 1.6.1 Crown purchase ______16 1.6.2 Private purchase ______19 1.6.3 The pattern of land alienation______20 1.7 Reasons for alienation ______23 1.7.1 Debt as a cause of alienation______24 1.7.2 Poverty as a reason for alienation______25 1.7.3 Developmental reasons for alienation______25 1.7.4 Multiple ownership______26 1.7.5 Migration from the district ______27 1.7.6 Poor quality of land ______27 1.8 Public works takings ______28 1.9 Maori land development schemes in the Tararua district ______29 1.9.1 Crown development scheme activity ______30 1.9.2 The Maori Trustee and the Tiratu Station______31 1.9.3 The Porangahau Consolidation Scheme ______34 1.10 The Maori Affairs Act 1953______36 1.10.1 Uneconomic interests ______36 1.10.2 Private purchases. ______37 1.10.3 Consolidated orders ______38 1.11 The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 and Europeanisation ______38 1.12 The use of remaining Maori land ______40 1.12.1 Leasing ______40 1.12.2 Farming by Maori______41 1.13 Summary of Land Alienation Figures ______43 Section 2: Land alienation in the blocks and reserves of the Tararua district ____45 2.1 Introduction______45 2.2 The Ahuaturanga reserve ______45 2.4 The Moroa reserve ______48 2.5 Te Hoe/Karamana’s reserve (Ihuraua block) ______49 2.6 The Kaitoki block ______49 2.7 The Mangapuaka block ______59

ii 2.8 The Mangatainoka block ______63 2.9 The Mangatoro block ______76 2.10 The Ngapaeruru block ______85 2.11 The Oringiwaiaruhe block______92 2.12 The Otanga block ______97 2.13 The Otawhao block______97 2.14 The Piripiri block ______98 2.15 The Puketoi No. 6 block ______100 2.16 The Rakaiatai block ______100 2.17 The Tahoraiti No. 1 block ______101 2.18 The Tahoraiti No. 2 block ______113 2.19 The Tamaki block______140 2.20 The Tautane reserve______146 2.21 Te Ohu block______148 2.22 The Tipapakuku block ______149 2.23 The Tiratu block ______149 2.24 The Tuatua block (Te Whiti-a-Tara reserve) ______153 2.25 The Tutaekara reserve ______153 2.26 The Umutaoroa block______156 2.27 The Waikopiro block ______156 2.28 The Wharawhara block ______166 2.29 The Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa) reserves ______169 2.30 The Mangahao reserves ______170 2.31 The Eketahuna reserve______171 2.32 The Pahiatua reserve ______171 2.33 The Kauhanga (Mangahao 3) blocks ______172 3. Report Summary ______174 The pattern of alienation ______177 4. Bibliography______179 4.1. Primary sources ______179 4.2. Secondary sources______181 5. Appendix : The blocks and reserves of the Tararua district ______183

iii List of Tables Table 1: Tararua twentieth century land alienation...... 2 Table 2 : Crown land acquisitions in the Tararua district from 1900 ...... 14 Table 3 : Land alienation summary from 1900...... 21 Table 4 : The Kaitoki No.2 partition of 30 September 1910...... 50 Table 5 : The later Kaitoki partitions...... 53 Table 6 : The Kaitoki 2J blocks...... 54 Table 7 : The Mangatainoka partitions, 1875-1887...... 63 Table 8 : The Mangatainoka 1A1 blocks...... 64 Table 9 : The Mangatainoka 1BC blocks ...... 66 Table 10 : The Mangatainoka 4E2 blocks ...... 67 Table 11 : The Mangatainoka 2BH2 blocks...... 69 Table 12 : The Mangatainoka J blocks...... 70 Table 13 : The Mangatainoka J4F blocks...... 73 Table 14 : The Mangatainoka K2 blocks...... 75 Table 15 : The Mangatoro block ...... 79 Table 16 : The Mangatoro 1A3C blocks ...... 80 Table 17 : The Maori owned Ngapaeruru blocks in 1897 ...... 86 Table 18 : The Ngapaeruru blocks from 1898...... 87 Table 19 : The Oringiwaiaruhe block to 1911...... 92 Table 20 : The Oringiwaiaruhe blocks from 1911...... 95 Table 21 : The Tahoraiti No. 1 blocks in 1900...... 101 Table 22 : The Tahoraiti 1A blocks...... 104 Table 23 : The Tahoraiti 1G blocks...... 109 Table 24 : The Tahoraiti 1H blocks...... 110 Table 26 : The Tahoraiti 2A2 blocks...... 117 Table 27 : The Tahoraiti 2A1 to 2A10 blocks...... 120 Table 28 : The Tahoraiti blocks 2A11 to 2A22...... 125 Table 29 : The Tahoraiti 2A23 to 2A34 blocks...... 131 Table 30 : The Tahoraiti 2B blocks...... 134 Table 31 : The Tahoraiti 2C blocks...... 138 Table 32 : The Tamaki block...... 141 Table 33 : Later partitions of the Tamaki block ...... 144 Table 34 : The Tautane reserve ...... 148 Table 35 : The Tiratu (Manawatu 4) block...... 152 Table 36 : The Tutaekara reserve lots ...... 154 Table 37 : The Waikopiro B blocks ...... 158 Table 38 : The Waikopiro 1B block...... 159 Table 39 : The Waikopiro 2B block...... 161 Table 40 : The Waikopiro 3B block...... 162 Table 41 : The Wharawhara blocks...... 167 Table 42 : The Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa) reserves ...... 169

List of Maps between Map 1. Tararua district pp. x and 1

Map 2. Mangapuaka block pp. 61 and 62

Map 3: Mangatoro 1A3 block pp. 78 and 79

Map 4. Ngapaeruru 6B 1A, 1B, 1C blocks pp. 89 and 90

iv Preface Steven Oliver is a contract historian. He has a BA in History and an MA, with first class honours, in Political Studies, both from the University of Auckland. Steven has written reports for the Waitangi Tribunal on the Ruatoki block, the Taumatamahoe block, Tararua environmental issues, and co-authored a report on the Tahora block. These reports were written for the Urewera, Whanganui and Wairarapa ki Tararua district inquires. He has also written a report on the public works takings of the Gisborne Harbour Board, for the Crown Forestry Rental Trust.

v Introduction

In 1900, just over 115,000 acres of land in the Tararua district was owned by Maori. During the twentieth century, over 90,000 acres ceased to be Maori land. Of this, over 87,000 acres was alienated by sale. Other land became European or general land which, although it may remain in Maori ownership, is no longer in Maori title. This report has treated both categories as ceasing to be Maori land.

The current definition of Maori land under Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 is complex. It comprises Maori freehold land, Maori customary land, and general land owned by more than five people, where a majority of the owners are Maori.1 Maori land may, however, be owned by non-Maori, and conversely, general land may be owned by Maori. Land alienated to non-Maori has sometimes been repurchased by Maori. Similar complexity of definition is evident through the twentieth Century, as the ability under various statutes to Europeanise Maori land attests. The calculations provided by the report are, therefore, estimates of the amount of alienation which has taken place. Despite this limitation, an indication of the extent of land alienation in the district can be given by a study of the land blocks of the district. Present-day Maori land holdings in the district have been obtained from the Crown list of current Maori land in the Wairarapa ki Tararua inquiry district (Wai 863). The Crown list gives measurements in hectares. These have been converted to acres on a basis of 2.5 acres to a hectare.

The area covered by this report is the Tararua or Tamaki-nui-a-Rua district. The land blocks of this district are also known as the northern sub-area of the Waitangi Tribunal’s Wairarapa ki Tararua inquiry district. This area comprises 39 Maori land blocks and reserves.2 This report seeks to give, as far as possible, the alienation details of the land in this area which remained in Maori ownership in 1900, and which amounted to 115,825a 3r 17p. This figure is the total acreage of the blocks in Maori ownership in 1900 and was obtained from Paula Berghan’s report ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua 1870-2000’, and from Peter McBurney’s reports, ‘The

1 Te Puni Kokiri. Maori Land Information Base (www.tpk.govt.nz) 2 D Ellis, F Small, and C Innes, ‘Maori Land Blocks in the Wairarapa ki Tararua District Inquiry:

vi Seventy Mile Bush Reserves. Block Histories Report’, and ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Report’. The acreage of 115,825a 3r 17p, is similar to the amount in Maori ownership that is found, if the total of Crown purchases in the area before 1900 are subtracted from the original area of the blocks, a calculation which leaves 118,039 acres in Maori ownership in 1900.3 The difference between the two calculations may indicate that some nineteenth century alienations have not been found, or that the acreages of the original Tararua blocks were over-estimated.

Commission The author was commissioned from 30 June 2003 to 2 February 2004 to complete a report on the following: a) How much Maori land in the Tararua area was alienated from 1900 via either private or Crown purchase or through public works takings and why. b) How much land was retained by Tararua Maori and how was it used. Treatment of ‘uneconomic’ interests, and the role of the Maori Trustee under the provisions in the Maori Affairs Act 1953. c) Compulsory conversion from ‘Maori’ to ‘European’ land classification under Part I of the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 (repealed 1973). d) The fate of any development schemes administered by the Native/Maori Trustee (e.g. Tiratu) and/or the Ikaroa Maori Land Board (eg. Tahoraite). e) The fate, in particular, of the Tahoraiti, Tautane, Tamaki and Mangatoro blocks. f) Any other matters of relevance.

In addition, the project brief for this report states that existing reports record the alienation of approximately 60,500 acres in the Tararua district, and indicate that a further 40,500 acres may have been alienated. This report was to trace the history of the approximately 100,000 acres that may have been alienated. The project brief states that the report should also cover the following:

Acreage and alienation data from 1865’, Base table, pp. 32-35. (See Appendix for list of blocks and reserves) 3 Ibid, p. 21

vii a) Detail the location of land remaining as at 1900 and now, including the most accurate survey information b) The restriction of alienation of any of the land. c) Discuss any recommendations and findings of the Stout/Ngata commission into Tararua land in 1908/1909. d) Any attempts at, or interest in, purchase by Crown officials on these lands prior to their actual alienation. e) Debt related reasons for land alienation, and what type of debt (capital development or subsistence). f) Summarise the overall extent of land loss in the 20th century. (The remaining topics of the project brief are also in the above document commissioning research) Background In April 2003, Dr Grant Phillipson, the Chief Historian of the Waitangi Tribunal, reviewed the Wairarapa ki Tararua casebook identifying minor, but possibly significant, gaps in the casebook of evidence for the Wairarapa ki Tararua district inquiry. There is a particular paucity of information about twentieth century land alienation in the Tararua or Tamaki-nui-a-Rua district, in particular the alleged Crown’s role in protecting, failing to protect, or even actively alienating, the claimants’ remaining land base.

Crown counsel also pointed to a research gap for the Tamaki claim area in their memorandum of 3 April 2003. They noted that a very large amount of land, which must have been alienated during the twentieth century, had not been accounted for. The alleged Crown failure to protect a sufficient land base and other resources for Wairarapa ki Tararua Maori is the overriding allegation in the Wai 863 statements of claim.

In a memorandum of 6 June 2003 claimant counsel for both Rangitane o Tamaki-nui- a-Rua and Kahungunu ki Tamaki-nui-a-Rua agreed that there was a gap in the evidence relating to the 20th century land alienation in the Tararua/Tamaki-nui-a-Rua district that required further research. Counsel considered it likely that only minimal amendments would be required to affected statements of claim.

viii This report was subsequently commissioned as a supplementary report. It is envisaged that the information in the report will be used to make concluding assessments on the sufficiency of remaining land in the Tararua/Tamaki-nui-a-Rua area and on the Crown’s role in the land alienation process.

Methodology Research was first conducted to determine the amount of land in Maori ownership in the Tararua district in 1900. The sources used for this were the two reports of Peter McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Overview Report’, and ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves. Block Histories Report’, and Paula Berghan’s report ‘Block Research Narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’. These were the reports to which this report is a supplement.

Twentieth century alienations were researched from Paula Berghan’s report; and from her report’s document bank; from the Napier, Wairarapa, Otaki, and Wanganui Native, and later Maori, Land Court minute books; from block files at the Hastings Maori Land Court; and from certificates of title. The alienation details of the Castle Point reserves derive from Phillip Cleaver’s report, ‘A History of the Purchase and Reserves of the Castle Point Block’, and the alienation details of the Tautane Reserve are from A. S. Carlyle’s report, ‘The recorded title history of Tautane Native Reserve’. The details of public works takings are from Cathy Marr, Phillip Cleaver and Lecia Schuster’s report, ‘The Taking of Maori Land for Public Works in the Wairarapa ki Tararua District: 1880-2000’, and from Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91.

Land currently in Maori ownership is treated as that listed in the reports by Paula Berghan and Peter McBurney as Maori land. To these has been added information from the Crown list of current Maori land in the Wairarapa Inquiry District (Wai 863 2.255). Maori land purchased by individual Maori is counted as an alienation in this report, provided it is not listed as Maori land in the Crown list. Some Maori land has been alienated for which the alienation details have not been found. This land has been counted as privately purchased by this report as Crown purchases are well documented.

ix Structure In its structure the report is divided into two parts. The first part of the report is concerned with alienation issues as set out in the direction commissioning research. It begins with an overview of the amount of land alienated in the district. The report then describes the themes of Crown purchasing, the Stout-Ngata Commission of 1907-1908, the pattern of alienation, reasons for alienation, the effect of the Maori Affairs Act 1953 and the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967, land development schemes, and the use of land remaining in Maori ownership.

The second part of the report consists of alienation histories of the blocks and reserves which comprise the Tararua district. This section seeks to establish the amount of land alienated during the twentieth century, and when it was alienated.

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Historic land blocks Native reserves Waitangi Tribunal, N.Harris, Jan 2004 Map 1 : Tararua District Section 1

Twentieth century land alienation issues

1 Section 1. Twentieth century land alienation issues

1.1 Introduction This section describes the Crown’s role in the alienation of Maori land in the Tararua district, and the use by the Crown of prohibitions on private purchase. The section begins with an overview of land alienation in the district in the twentieth century. The pattern of land alienation is also described, as are the reasons that have been found for the alienation of land by Maori. The Stout/Ngata Commission of inquiry into Maori land in 1907 – 1908, and its report on the Wairarapa district, is outlined. The section then describes the use made of the land remaining to Maori, including the Maori land development schemes in the district. The effect of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, and the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967, on Maori land ownership is also mentioned.

1.2 Tararua twentieth century land alienation overview In 1900, 115,825a 3r 17p of land in the Tararua district was in Maori ownership. This land was in the 26 blocks and reserves listed in Table 1 below. Specific reference to these blocks and reserves can be found in section 2. All land in the Maharahara, Makuri (Puketoi 4 and 5), Ngamoko, Otanga, Otawhao, Umutaoroa, Te Ohu, Tipapakuku, Kaihinu, Mangahao, Ngatapu, Mongorongo and Pukahu blocks had been alienated by 1900.

Table 1: Tararua twentieth century land alienation Block Maori owned in Alienated Europeanised Remaining 1900 after 1900 (1967 Act) Maori land Ahuaturanga (reserve) 1575a 1437a 2r Nil Nil Mataikona 17,931a 17p 34a 1r Nil 17,896a 3r 17p (includes Aohanga Station)4 Akito 99a 3r 16p 2a 2r 06p Nil 97a 1r 10p Aohanga 194a 38p Nil Nil 194a 38p Moroa 5a Nil Nil 5a Te Hoe 25a 25a Nil Nil Kaitoki 4212a 15p 3232a 2r 13p 746a 3r 08p 232a 1r 21p

4 Acreage is from ‘Crown list of current Maori land in the Wairarapa ki Tararua inquiry district’ (Wai 863 2.255). The acreage for 1900 is calculated from this.

2 Block Maori owned in Alienated Europeanised Remaining 1900 after 1900 (1967 Act) Maori land Maungapuaka 906a 906a Nil Nil Mangatainoka 7518a 2r 11p 6718a 2r 26p Nil 464a 1r 39p (9344a)5 Mangatoro 11,537a 2r 31p 11,489a 06p 56a 52a Ngapaeruru 6832a 5949a 04p Nil 841a Oringiwaiaruhe 2300a 1241a 32p 625a 3r 28p 423a 30p Piripiri 913a 2r 36p 913a 2r 36p Nil Nil Puketoi 1-3, and 6 302a 302a Nil Nil Rakaiatai 3000a 3000a Nil Nil Tahoraiti No. 1 3376a 2r 09p 3001a 16p Nil 375a 1r 33p Tahoraiti No. 2 5653a 3974a 3r 07p 800a 3r 39p 797a 1r 33p Tamaki 26,633a 25,616a 26p 891a 1r 19p Nil Tautane 1097a 1r 19p 1097a 1r 19p6 Nil Nil Tiratu 7018a 5899a 28p 1024a 1r 03p 41a 2r 24p Tuatua (Te Whitiatara) 1370a 1370a Nil Nil Tutaekara reserve 295a 2r 18p 226a 14p 10a 1r 21p 72a 1r 26p Tutaekara village sections 26a 20a Nil 6a Waikopiro 9521a (10,269a)7 8583a 3r 16p 614a 36p 346a 06p Wharawhara 2275a 1769a 3r 20p 505a 3r 05p Nil Eketahuna (reserve) 97a 2r 07p 97a 2r 07p Nil Nil Pahiatua (reserve) 1017a 1r 1017a 1r Nil Nil Te Potae and Te Rerenga o 40a Nil Nil 40a Whiro (Kauhanga reserves) Totals 115,825a 3r 17p 87,925a 03p 5276a 1r 39p 21,885a 27p

Sources: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’; P McBurney, ‘Tararua Alienation Report’, & ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves. Block Histories Report’; Te Puni Kokiri.

5 Ellis et al, source table, pp. 115-116, assessment from P McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’ pp. 142-143 and pp. 341-342. The amount purchased before 1900 was assessed as 57,050a. This, deducted from original acreage of 66,395a, left 9344a as the 1900 total. The amount of 7518a 2r 11p was assessed by the author using the acreage of the Mangatainoka blocks remaining in Maori ownership in 1900. The difference of 1825a has not been accounted for but may indicate that more land was alienated in the nineteenth century than has been identified. Also, the 9344a total includes the Tutaekara (Mangatainoka J1) reserve with its acreage as 295a 6 P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua’, pp. 302-303 and 310. The acreage alienated is larger than the original acreage of 1052a given by A S Carlyle, ‘The recorded title history of Tautane Native Reserve’, pp. 3-5. This is probably due to survey variations. The larger total has been used for this report. 7 Ellis et al, base table, p. 34, arrived at this total by deducting nineteenth century alienations from the block’s original acreage, whereas 9520a is the total of the Waikopiro blocks in Maori ownership in 1900

3 Maori Land Information Base; and ‘Crown list of Current Maori Land in the Wairarapa Inquiry District’.

From the 115,825a 3r 17p in Maori ownership in 1900 a total of 87,925a 03p was alienated in the Tararua district after 1900 by Crown and private purchase, and public works takings. An additional 5276a 1r 39p was Europeanised under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967. A total of 21,885a 27p remains Maori land. This gives a total of 115,086a 2r 29p, as either alienated, Europeanised or Maori land. Approximately 739a 28p of the land in Maori ownership in 1900 is therefore unaccounted for. This can probably be attributed to survey variations, and possibly to public works takings in addition to those identified by this report. Most of the land remaining in Maori ownership is the Owahango Station, of 17,482a, in the Mataikona reserve.

1.3 The Ikaroa District Maori Land Board For a period of approximately five years, the Maori Lands Administration Act 1900 brought an end to Crown purchasing of Maori land, although it allowed the completion of purchase negotiations already begun.8 The Act established Maori Councils in which Maori land could be vested for leasing to Europeans. The Councils became Maori Land Boards under the Maori Land Settlement Act 1905. Land in the Tararua district was administered by the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board. Through various legislative changes, including the 1909 Native Land Act, the Board was involved in approving the leasing, and sale, of land in the district, until its abolition in 1952.

The Mangapuaka No. 2 block was vested in the Board in 1908, under clause 4 of the Maori Land Settlement Act Amendment Act 1906. This was a compulsory vesting, but the block could only be leased to Maori. Mangapuaka No. 2 is the only Tararua block listed as vested in the Board in the lists of Maori land vested in the Maori Land Board in 1910 and 1911, the only years for which lists are available.9 In 1909, the Aohanga survey district sections 6 and 7, of 192a, became one of the Castle Point

8 T Walzl, ‘Whanganui land 1900-1970, p. 19 and p. 94 9 ‘Native Land Courts and Maori Land Boards. Report of the Under Secretary, Native Affairs, for the year ending 31 March 1910’, AJHR, 1910, G-10, p. 4, and Ibid, AJHR, 1911, G-9, p. 5 for year ending 31 March 1911)

4 reserves and were vested in the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board. The Board leased the sections from 1912.

The Board was responsible for ensuring that the protective clauses of the Native Land Act 1909, were complied with. These included that the alienation could not be contrary to the interests of the Maori concerned, that no Maori could be left landless by the alienation, and that payment had to be adequate and either paid or otherwise secured.10

From the records of the Maori Land Court it appears that in the Tararua district the Board was prepared to refuse approval for alienations if it considered the price insufficient. For example, the Board refused confirmation for the sale of the Waikopiro 1B2B2 block in 1911, as it was to be sold for £657 and its capital value was £1280. The block was sold in 1912, probably for an increased price. The sale of Mangatainoka 1BC2B2 was refused by the Board in 1915 and it refused to allow a mortgage to be raised on the block in 1916. The block was leased instead. The Board also refused to allow the sale of Mangatainoka 2BC2C2A2 in 1915 as the purchase money would have been held by the Board and the vendor would only have received 4% interest. The lease of the block was expiring and a new lease would produce 5% of the block’s value, per year. The sale was therefore considered prejudicial to the interests of the owner. However, without knowing the precise value of land in the district, and retrospectively examining every transaction vetted by the Board, it is impossible to establish the frequency at which low sale offers came before the Board, or indeed the threshold at which the Board would intervene to prohibit a sale.

Arguably, therefore, such evidence that has been found indicates that the Board to some extent performed its role in ensuring that transactions were ‘for the benefit of the Maori lessor’ (or vendor).11 Yet as Loveridge argues, generally Maori Land Boards made little inquiry into circumstances of Maori vendors and mostly limited their investigations to the question of other lands owned by the vendors. This suggests the

10 D M Loveridge, ‘Maori Land Councils and Maori Land Boards: a historical overview, 1900 to 1952’, p. 83 11 Ibid, p. 64

5 Maori Land Boards, including the Ikaroa Maori Land Board, may not have fully enforced the provisions made in 1909 to prevent Maori becoming landless.12

The Maori Land Boards were abolished by the Maori Land Amendment Act 1952 and transferred the operations of the Boards to the Maori Trustee. The Mangapuaka No. 2 block, the only Tararua district block then in the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board’s administration, was transferred to the Maori Trustee at that time.

1.4 The Stout-Ngata Commission of 1907-1908 The Maori Land Settlement Act 1905 re-introduced Crown purchasing of Maori land. In 1907, following the resumption of Crown purchasing, Sir Robert Stout, then Chief Justice, and Apirana Ngata, Member of Parliament for Eastern Maori, were appointed as a commission of inquiry into Maori land. Among several reports made by the commissioners on Maori land ownership issues generally, and on particular districts, was a report on the Wairarapa district. This district included only the southern part of the Waitangi Tribunal’s Tararua district, with the commissioners reporting on the Mataikona and the Mangatainoka K2B1 blocks. No other report of the Stout-Ngata Commission mentions land blocks in the Tararua district.

The commissioners’ report on the Wairarapa district followed a meeting with Wairarapa Maori at Masterton in July 1908. The commissioners found that most Maori land in the Wairarapa was leased to Europeans. Very little Maori land was farmed by Maori. This left young Maori largely working for European farmers and older Maori living on rents. The commissioners found, however, that many Maori wished to begin farming and suggested that the small remnant of land remaining to them should be reserved for this purpose. The commissioners recommended that, as in other districts, instructors should be appointed to teach practical farming.

The major recommendation of the commissioners was that there should be public competition of the leasing of Maori land. The commission wanted an end to the granting of Maori lease land to ‘favoured Europeans’, and was opposed to the wish of existing European lessees to obtain longer leases at 5% of government valuation. The

12 Ibid, p. 132

6 commission wanted no renewals of leases, and instead, the sale of leases by public auction. The commission recommended open competition for Maori land.13

In the Tararua district, though, the commission recommended the removal of restrictions on the sale of Mangatainoka K2B1, a block of 183a.14 This appears inconsistent with the principles of land retention and open competition for the leasing of Maori land as the proposed purchaser, Hart Udy, was leasing the block. He was, however, offering £12 per acre, which was more than the government valuation of £11 per acre. The removal of restrictions on the block’s alienation had been recommended by the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board, provided the purchase price was not less than the Government valuation, but held over for the commission. The two owners, Erini Korou Nini and Ngawhiro Marakaia, appeared before the commission, stating that they wanted the sale completed. The Commission recommended that the Board’s decision should receive favourable consideration from the Government.15 The block was sold in 1909 to Hart Udy.

Other applications were made to the commission for the removal of restrictions on the alienation of Maori owned land blocks, but all other cases were left by the commission for the Ikaroa Maori Land Board to address. The report does not state if these applications were for any Tararua blocks. Recommendations by the Stout-Ngata commission for the promotion of Maori agriculture, and the reservation of remaining Maori land for this purpose, do not appear to have been acted on by the Government in any substantial way. The Government appears to have ceased to implement the recommendations of the Stout-Ngata commission after the enactment of the Native Land Act 1909.16

The Commission’s recommendation of a consolidation of legislation on Maori land contributed to the enactment of the Native Land Act 1909. The Act removed all existing restrictions on the sale of Maori land and replaced them with a number of

13 ‘Interim Report of the Native Land Commission on Native Lands in the Wairarapa District’, AJHR, 1908, G-1R, p. 1 14 See section 2.8 below 15 ‘Interim Report of the Native Land Commission on Native Lands in the Wairarapa District’, AJHR, 1908, G-1R

7 requirements to be met before the Maori District Land Board could confirm a sale. These included that the Maori selling the land would not be left landless, and that the alienation not be against their interests. As noted above, there is some evidence that the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board carried out the provisions of the Act which protected the interests of Maori but it is impossible to establish if this took place in all cases, or in fact to what extent the Board was proactive in meeting its statutory responsibilities.

Under the Act of 1909, purchasers could deal directly with the owners where there were fewer than 10 owners in a block, although the lease or sale had to be approved by the Maori District Land Board. Where there were more than 10 owners, the Act provided for an assembly of owners to make majority decisions about the land. One such meeting decided against selling the Tahoraiti No. 2 block to the Crown in 1911. There were, however, very few transactions requiring meetings of owners in the Tararua district. Quite simply, this was because most Tararua land blocks were partitioned in the first two decades of the twentieth century into subdivisions with fewer than 10 owners. This high level of partition and subdivision is discussed further below. In addition, under the Native Land Act 1909, the Crown could prohibit the private purchase of land in which it had begun purchase negotiations.17

1.5 Crown purchasing in the twentieth century in the Tararua district Most Crown purchasing in the Tararua district occurred before 1900 and has been covered in other reports. There were, however, a number of large purchases after 1900, and numerous smaller purchases.

At various times the Crown prohibited private alienation in the Ahuaturanga reserve, and the Mangatainoka, Mangatoro, Tahoraiti, Tamaki, Tiratu, Wharawhara and Waikopiro blocks.18 The prohibition, however, was not always followed by Crown purchasing, probably as the Native Land Purchase Office decided against continuing

16 Loveridge, p. 60 17 T Walzl, ‘Wairarapa Land Issues Overview, 1900-2000. The evidence of Tony Walzl’, November 2002, p. 38 18 These alienations are summarised in this section below. For further details of these alienations see the block narratives in section 2

8 its negotiations. In most instances, the reasons for such cessation are unclear from the archival record. It is unclear too whether or not prohibitions were allowed to lapse when owners refused to sell to the Crown.

The effect such prohibitions of private alienation had on the owners, and their ability to engage in a market for land sales, is also uncertain. As discussed further below, it seems reasonable to infer from the sometimes repeated renewal of prohibitions on certain blocks that the Crown believed that such prohibitions were worthwhile. It was common in many instances for prohibitions to be followed by a sale, if only for part of a block. Whether this meant that Maori were already seeking a sale and the Crown shut the market down after an expression of interest, or whether sales were sought by Crown land purchase agents who strengthened their position through the use of prohibitions, is unclear. It seems likely that both scenarios took place at different times. It is also reasonable to infer that when prohibitions were placed to keep out the ‘speculative element’ from the market, this had the effect of keeping prices down (also discussed below).

A significant number of Crown prohibitions on private purchase took place. Private alienation in the Ahuaturanga reserve was prohibited in January 1910, under section 16 of the Native Land Purchases Act 1882. The prohibition was withdrawn four months later. Subsequently, part 6 was purchased privately in 1912, and parts 1 to 5 of the Ahuaturanga reserve, amounting to 1010a, became Crown land in 1913.19

The Crown made three land purchases in the Kaitoki No. 1 block in 1913 and 1914, which amounted to 464a 1r 05p. These purchases were made without the prohibition of private alienation.

In the Mangatainoka block, private alienation was prohibited in K2A and K2B in 1908, and re-issued several times, but then lapsed, with K2A and the partitions of K2B being sold privately. Part of Mangatainoka J4F2A, of 18a 2r 30p, and J4F2B, of 50a, and J4F2C, of 50a, became Crown land in 1911. Mangatainoka J4C, of 1r, also became Crown land. Private alienation was prohibited in Mangatainoka 2BH2A,

9 2BH2B, J4A1, and J4A2 in 1910 and 1911, under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, but lapsed, with the blocks later being sold privately. Private alienation in Mangatainoka J4F3 and J4F4 was prohibited in 1915. This was apparently the result of local demand for their purchase by the Crown to prevent the purchase of the blocks by speculators. The Mangatainoka 1A1 West and East blocks, of 1422a 2r 35p and 449a 1r 04p, became Crown land in 1915. The prohibition of the private alienation of Mangatainoka J4F3 and J4F4 was renewed in 1917. Block J4F4, of 143a 3r 16p, and part of J4F3, of 121a 2r 1.3p, became Crown land in 1917. A total of 2322a 3r 13p was therefore acquired by the Crown in the Mangatainoka blocks after 1900.20

The Mangatoro 1A block was partitioned in 1902, with the Crown receiving block 1A1, of 5141a 2r, as its award, or the part of the block the Crown received from the partition. Block 1A3A block, of 373a, became Crown land in 1918. In the same year, private alienation was prohibited, under the 1909 Act, in the Mangatoro 1A3B, 1A3C, 1A3D and 1A3E blocks. Blocks 1A3B, of 373a, and 1A3E, of 1027a 2r 15p, became Crown land in 1918. The prohibition on 1A3C lapsed, and the block was partitioned further. The prohibition on 1A3D, of 373a, was extended or re-issued up to 1925, and the block became Crown land in 1926. Private alienation was prohibited in the seven partitions of 1A3C in 1927. This resulted in the partition of blocks 1A3C2 and 1A3C3 in 1931, by which 1A3C2A, of 33a 1r 31p, and 1A3C3A, of 17a 1r 25p, became Crown land. A total of 7390a 2r 06p was acquired by the Crown in the Mangatoro blocks after 1900.21

The only Crown acquisition in the Ngapaeruru block after 1900 was the award to the Crown of block 7F2A, of 1169a 1r 17p, by partition in 1905. The prohibition of private alienation was not used in the Ngapaeruru block, and there were no further Crown purchases.

The prohibition of private purchase, under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, was placed on the Tahoraiti blocks 1 and 2 by the Crown in 1910. The owners of

19 See section 2.2, the Ahuaturanga reserve 20 See section 2.8, the Mangatainoka block 21 See section 2.9, the Mangatoro block

10 Tahoraiti No. 2 block declined a Crown purchase offer the following year. The prohibition was re-issued in 1911 for both blocks. After the partition of block 1 in 1912, the prohibition was re-issued for blocks 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E, but lapsed for the rest of the Tahoraiti 1 and 2 blocks. Tahoraiti 1C, of 80a 1r 37p, became Crown land in 1913. Block 1E, of 240a 2r, had been Crown land since 1911. The Crown also purchased, without the prohibition of private purchase, Tahoraiti 1G2, of 82a 1r, in 1913; block 1K4, of 172a 3r, in 1915; block 2A5 , of 82a 3r, in 1913; block 2A19A, of 28a 26p, in 1915; block 2A20, of 584a, in 1913; block 2A21, of 231a, in 1913; block 2A22, of 188a, in 1913; and block 2A24B, of 128a 2r 23p, in 1916. A total of 1819a 1r 27p was acquired by the Crown in the Tahoraiti blocks after 1900.22

The Crown acquired four of the Tamaki blocks by the partition of 1902. They were Tamaki 2, of 4366a, Tamaki 3, of 7366a 2r 27p, Tamaki 4, of 5500a, and Tamaki 5, of 5828a. This amounts to 23,060a 2r 27p. There were no further Crown purchases in the block.

A prohibition of private alienation was placed on the Tiratu block in 1912, under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, and extended or re-issued up to 1915. The block was partitioned the same year, with Tiratu 3, of 5727a 1r 30p, becoming Crown land. This was the total of Crown acquisitions in Tiratu after 1900.

In the Tuatua block, only the Whiti-a-Tara reserve remained in Maori ownership in 1900. The reserve, of 1370a, was sold to the Crown in 1911.

The Crown acquired the Waikopiro B17 block by the partition of 1895 and purchased 17 other partitions of the Waikopiro block, after 1900, mostly in 1920 and 1921. The Crown used the prohibition of private purchase in the acquisition of the 3B2A2B2, 3B2B2, and 3B2C2A blocks. A total of 5267a 3r 10p was acquired by the Crown in the Waikopiro blocks after 1900.23

22 See section 2.17 and 2.18, the Tahoraiti No. 1 and No. 2 blocks 23 See section 2.27, the Waikopiro block

11 Private alienation was prohibited by the Crown in the Wharawhara blocks 1 to 5 in 1916. Wharawhara block 4, of 189a 1r 27p, became Crown land the following year. Crown purchasing led to the partition of block 5 in 1918, by which the Crown acquired block 5B, of 191a 14p. The prohibition on private alienation lapsed, but in 1927 the Crown purchased block 5A, of 378a 1r 38p. A total of 758a 3r 39p was acquired by the Crown in the Wharawhara block after 1900.

The Crown purchased the Pahiatua reserve block No. 2, of 392a 3r 32p, in 1910. Also, the Tutaekara reserve lot 13, of 50a, was acquired by the Crown, it appears after 1900.

The Crown purchased land in the Mangatoro and Tamaki blocks in 1902, and in the Ngapaeruru block in 1905. These acquisitions appear to have been a result of purchases and negotiations, which had begun before the Maori Land Administration Act 1900 suspended the purchase of Maori land by the Crown. The Maori Land Settlement Act 1905 re-enabled the Crown purchase of Maori land.

As noted, the Crown made considerable use of the prohibition of private alienation in the Tararua district. It is not entirely clear if this had the effect of reducing the price the owners received for their land. From the expressions of concern by settlers to the government, it appears that their fear was that large runholders and speculators would obtain large blocks of land from Maori owners. Presumably such speculators would cut out or increase the cost of settlement to smaller settlers, hindering ‘progress’ as smaller settlers saw it. Rather than a free market in land, then, it appears that the alternative to Crown purchase for smaller settlers was a monopoly on purchase by one large private purchaser, or several working together. Settlers and local businessmen thus wanted the Crown to purchase land blocks and subdivide them to enable small, and presumably middling farmers, to purchase them. This also suggests that there were very few private buyers with sufficient capital to purchase large blocks and that only the Crown could compete with the small number of wealthy private buyers who threatened to tie up land in private, speculative monopolies. Presumably, though, if such speculators had been prepared to, and allowed to, bid against the Crown, prices would have increased.

12 The effect of the prohibition of private alienation on the price Maori received for land is uncertain. There is, or has been, a historical consensus that the prohibition of private alienation of land supposedly ‘protected Maori against the evils of free trade in their most valuable commodity’.24 Prohibitions of private alienation had been re-introduced in 1894 ostensibly to protect Maori from unscrupulous profiteers and to ensure Maori received a reasonable price for their land. However, Hone Heke Rankin, the Member of Parliament for Northern Maori, provided evidence of the prohibition depressing the price of a Waikato land block. In regard to the Tararua district, it is generally difficult to access the effect of the prohibition of private alienation as, although prices paid by both the Crown and by private buyers can sometimes be found, there is no record of what other offers might have been available. For example, the Crown purchased the Kaitoki 1B block for £9 per acre, and the Kaitoki 1C block for slightly more than £7 15s per acre, but there is no record of any private offer to compare this with. These blocks were both purchased without prohibition, but the same lack of private offers for comparison exists for blocks where the prohibition of private alienation was used. However, section 372 of the Native Land Act 1909, stated that the Crown may not purchase any interest in Maori land for less that its capital value, and that if no capital value is in force, the Valuer General shall make one.

However, the sale of the Mangatainoka K2B block does indicate that private buyers sometimes offered more than the Crown. Private alienation in the three K2B blocks was prohibited in 1908. The prohibition lapsed in 1909, and K2B1 was purchased privately, for £12 per acre, when its capital value was £11.25 The prohibition was renewed for the remaining two blocks in 1910 and 1911 but again, no Crown purchasing took place. The prohibition lapsed in 1912, and both blocks were purchased privately. It is, therefore, possible that Maori might have generally received more for their land from private purchasers, whether speculators or not, and that the prohibition of alienation depressed the price they received.

24 T Brooking, ‘ “Bursting up” the Greatest Estate of all’, in J. Binney (ed), The Shaping of History. Essays from the New Zealand Journal of History, Bridget Williams Books Ltd, Wellington, 2001, p. 171 25 ‘Interim report of the Native Land Commission on Native Land in the Wairarapa (Stout-Ngata Commission), AJHR 1908, G-1R, p. 2

13 To summarise Crown purchases both with, and without, the use of the prohibition of private alienation a total of 50,804a 0r 06p was acquired by the Crown in the Tararua district after 1900. The purchases are tabulated below.

Table 2 : Crown land acquisitions in the Tararua district from 1900 Decade Year Block or reserve Crown purchase 1900-1909 1902 Mangatoro 1A1 5141a 2r 1902 Tamaki 2, 3, 4, and 5 23,060a 2r 27p 1905 Ngapaeruru 7F2A 1169a 1r 17p 1906 Mangatainoka J4F1 (pt) 65a 3r (Hamua township) Decade total 29,437a 1r 04p 1910-1919 1910 Pahiatua reserve No. 2 392a 3r 32p 1911 Mangatainoka J4F2B 50a 1911 Mangatainoka J4F2C 50a 1911 Tahoraiti 1E 240a 2r 1911 Te Whiti-a-Tara reserve 1370a 1913 Ahuaturanga reserve 1010a 1913 Kaitoki 1A 183a 1r 08p 1913 Kaitoki 1C 183a 1r 13p 1913 Tahoraiti 1C 80a 1r 37p 1913 Tahoraiti 1G2 82a 1r 1913 Tahoraiti 2A5 82a 3r 1913 Tahoraiti 2A20 584a 1913 Tahoraiti 2A21 231a 3r 1913 Tahoraiti 2A22 188a 1914 Kaitoki 1B (pt) 97a 2r 24p 1915 Mangatainoka 1A1 West 1422a 2r 35p 1915 Mangatainoka 1A1 East 449a 1r 04p 1915 Tahoraiti 1K4 172a 3r 21p 1915 Tahoraiti 2A19A 28a 0r 26p 1915 Tiratu 3 5727a 1r 30p 1916 Tahoraiti 2A24B 128a 2r 23p 1916 Waikopiro B15 226a 2r 1917 Mangatainoka J4F3 121a 1r 18p 1917 Mangatainoka J4F4 143a 3r 06p

14 Decade Year Block or reserve Crown purchase 1917 Mangatainoka J4F2A 19a 2r 30p 1917 Wharawhara 4 189a 1r 27p 1918 Mangatoro 1A3A 373a 1918 Mangatoro 1A3B 373a 1918 Wharawhara 5B 191a 0r 14p 1919 Mangatoro 1A3E 1027a 2r 15p Decade total 15421a 2r 03p 1920-1929 1920 Waikopiro 3B2A2A 164a 1r 11p 1920 Waikopiro 3B2A2B1 29a 3r 20p 1920 Waikopiro 3B2C2B1 93a 35p 1920 Waikopiro 3B2C2B2 419a 2r 1921 Waikopiro 3B2A1 7a 1r 35p 1921 Waikopiro 3B2C1 23a 1r 08p 1921 Waikopiro 3B2C2A 512a 2r 30p 1921 Waikopiro 3B2A2B2 134a 1r 31p 1921 Waikopiro 3B2B2 445a 1922 Waikopiro 3B2B1 41a 1926 Mangatoro 1A3D 373a 1927 Wharawhara 5A 378a 1r 38p Decade total 2622a 1r 08p 1930-1939 1931 Mangatoro 1A3C2A 33a 1r 31p 1931 Mangatoro 1A3C3A 17a 1r 25p 1935 Mangatoro 1A3C2B 16a 2r 38p 1937 Mangatoro 1A3C3B 34a 3r 17p Decade total 102a 1r 31p 1940-1949 Nil 1950-1959 1952 Waikopiro B12 226a 2r Undated, but Tutaekara reserve lot 13 50a post-1900 Waikopiro B8 226a 2r Waikopiro B10 453a Waikopiro B11 226a 2r Waikopiro B13 226a 2r Waikopiro B14 226a 2r Waikopiro B16 1585a Total undated 2994a

15 Decade Year Block or reserve Crown purchase Total Crown purchase 20th century 50,804a 0r 06p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, and P McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Report’, and P McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves. Block Histories Report’, Hastings Maori Land Court block records.

1.6 The pattern of Maori land alienation This section describes the pattern of alienation in the Tararua district. It begins with large Crown purchases in four blocks, which are similar to Crown purchases in other blocks of the district in the nineteenth century. Land alienation then moves to the purchase of smaller blocks by the Crown, and from the second decade of the twentieth century there is an increase in private purchasing. Private purchasing gradually replaces the leasing of Maori land through this period.

1.6.1 Crown purchase Major partitions of the Tamaki, Mangatoro, Ngapaeruru and Tiratu blocks took place after 1900, from which the Crown acquired 35,098 acres. These partitions followed the purchase of interests in the block from Maori by officials of the Native Land Purchase Department. The Crown purchased all of the Te Whiti-a-Tara reserve in 1911, and all of the Ahuaturanga reserve became Crown land in 1913.26 The remaining Crown purchases were of comparatively small amounts of land in the Kaitoki, Mangatainoka, Mangatoro, Waikopiro, and Wharawhara blocks.

The primary reason for Crown purchasing was to promote closer European settlement. In the early and mid-twentieth century this was considered to be promoting the prosperity of the district in which the purchases took place, and was a major political issue. It involved the purchase and subdivision, or breaking up, of great estates to provide land for small and medium farms.27 The Crown also purchased Maori land for this purpose.

On several occasions settlers in the Tararua district asked the Government to purchase Maori land blocks, to open the blocks for closer settlement. The land in question was

26 Berghan, p. 72 and p. 401 27 Brooking, pp. 177-179

16 usually being leased from the owners by a run-holder. Smaller settlers in the area typically feared that the run-holder would purchase the land and either sell it at a profit or tie it up indefinitely. In the case of the Tamaki block, there were already settlers on the land, sub-letting from the lessee, and they feared they were likely to lose the value of the improvements they had made, if the land was sold to other private purchasers.28

The issue of promoting settlement and preventing speculation could involve considerable local agitation, with settler delegations to Government ministers and the intervention of the European local Member of Parliament. For instance, James Carroll, the Native Minister, attended a meeting in Dannevirke in 1911 which urged the acquisition by the Government of the Tiratu block for closer settlement.29 While in Dannevirke he also met the owners of the Mangatoro 1A3 block and discussed with them its acquisition for closer settlement. Settlers petitioned the Government the following year for the acquisition of the Tamaki No. 2 block for closer settlement, and believed the progress of the Dannevirke region was threatened by land speculators. The same concern was expressed to Prime Minister William Massey by settlers in 1915 in regard to the Hamua area.30

The Crown also acquired land in the Tararua district for the settlement of returned soldiers after the First World War. The acquisition of land for this purpose, and some settlement of returned soldiers, began during the War. Part of the Mangatainoka J4F3 block, amounting to 121a 1r 18p, and all of the J4F4 block, of 143a 3r 06p, was acquired for soldier settlement. This was the area near Hamua which settlers had previously contacted Massey about. It was excellent dairy country and was near land taken earlier by the Government for a native township. The southern half of the J4F3 block was acquired by the Native Land Purchase Office, ‘after considerable and lengthy discussion’ with its owner, Pirihira Tatere. Mrs Tatere would only agree to sell the southern half of the block as the northern part contained the ancestral home and burial ground of the Nireaha family. Three returned soldiers were established on

28 MA-MLP1 1912/10, F Borlase to Mr Herries, Native Minister, 2 July 1914, Archives New Zealand, Wellington (see section 2.19) 29 MA-MLP1 1911/23, Secretary, Dannevirke Chamber of Commerce, to Native Minister, 11 December 1911, Archives New Zealand, Wellington (see section 2.23) 30 MA-MLP1 1910/34/1, W Massey to R Ritchie, 19 April 1915, Archives New Zealand, Wellington

17 the 121a southern part of the block. Two had road access, one was dependent on an unformed road across land still belonging to Mrs Tatere. A Native Land Purchase Officer, J. Thomson, actively sought to purchase 30a from Mrs Tatere, to provide access for the returned serviceman’s land. She declined, as she wanted the remaining 118a to be a viable farm holding. The land remains in Maori ownership.31

Another example of Crown officials seeking to initiate land acquisition from Maori in the Tararua district is provided by a letter of December 1917 in which the Under Secretary of the Native Land Purchase Department sent a list of land blocks to a Native Land Purchase Officer, which includes the Wharawhara No. 3 block in the Tararua district. The officer was instructed to see if Kairama Pirihira wished to sell the interest in the block of Te Aroha Kiriti.32

In addition, in the Mangatoro 1A3C blocks in the 1930s the Crown purchased land from Maori to add land to the land holdings of a local European farmer.33 The Maori owners were wanting to sell, as the land produced no income for them, but in this case, and possibly others, the Crown purchased land to add to an existing private farm. This was encouraging land development, but it was assisting a local farmer rather than the Maori owners to develop their land.

There are some cases of the Crown receiving an offer to sell land, or an interest in doing so, from Maori or their lawyer or agent. In 1918, an owner of the Mangapuaka 1E block wrote to the Under Secretary of the Native Land Purchase Department offering to sell their interest.34 The matter was then referred to the Native Land Purchase Department, which investigated the title to the land, and decided against purchasing in the block as the land offered was of poor to medium quality and too small to be of use for settlement. The Crown’s reasons for not purchasing the block

(see section 2.8) 31 MA-MLP1 1910/34/1, J Thomson to Under Secretary, Native Department, 22 October 1919, and Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under Secretary, Native Department, 22 November 1918, Archives New Zealand, Wellington (see section 2.8) 32 Ibid, Under Secretary, Native Land Purchase Office to C T H Brown, Native Land Purchase Officer, 1 December 1917, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 33 Linz LS 20/16-SNA, Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 22 November 1935, Land Information, New Zealand (see section 2.9) 34 MA-MLP1 1918/2, Te Tuati Meha to Under Secretary, Native Land Purchase Department, 5

18 gives an indication of why the owner wanted to sell it. The land was too poor and remote to farm and, presumably, the owner was responsible for rates and other expenses upon it. The reasons Maori sold land, such as the cost of keeping land from which no income could be derived, are referred to below. As mentioned, there were also offers by Maori to sell land in the Mangatoro block in the 1930s. The Native Land Purchase Department then requested of the blocks a valuation, and proceeded to purchase them.35

In summary, in seeking to acquire land from Maori in the Tararua district Crown officials were responding to demands by settlers, and local Members of Parliament, that the Crown acquire land for settlement. There also appears to have been a policy of active acquisition to provide land for soldier settlement during and after the First World War.

1.6.2 Private purchase Aside from Crown purchases, the alienation of the blocks remaining in Maori ownership usually took the form of the purchase of the whole block (or partition), rather than the purchase of individual, undivided interests. This reflects the high rate of individualisation of land title in the Tararua district. After 1900, most Mäori-owned partitions had a single owner. Purchasing was therefore of a largely individual nature with little need for the meetings of assembled owners, which were required when there were more than 10 owners.

Wealthy or well-capitalised private purchasers operated in a number of blocks. These include Charles Edkin, in the Mangapuaka and Ngapaeruru blocks, Robert Beatson Ross in the Mangatainoka block, Arthur Russell and Ethne Rose Herricks in the Tautane reserve, and Morgan Morgan in the Waikopiro block. Arthur Bower Knight was a major lessor of Maori land. There were also numerous smaller purchasers, particularly in the Kaitoki, Mangatainoka, Tahoraiti and Tamaki blocks.

January 1918, Archives New Zealand, Wellington (see section 2.7) 35 See section 2.8, the Mangatoro block

19 On the whole, however, purchasers of Maori land in the mid and late twentieth century were mostly local farmers. Often they had leased the land for years prior to purchase. Land purchasing sometimes took place over generations, therefore, with children purchasing land which had been leased by their parents. The Wrenn family, among others, were involved in the gradual accumulation of land and the turning of leasehold land into freehold in the Oringiwaiaruhe, Tahoraiti, and Tiratu blocks. Other examples are Clifton Williams in the Mangapuaka blocks and S. P. Guthrie in the Mangatoro 1A3C blocks. In this regard, private alienation in the Tararua district is similar to that found by Tony Walzl in the Wairarapa district, with ‘local resident European settler families’ becoming leading alienators of Maori land.36

The purchasers of Maori land, however, also include Maori who bought out the shares of relations in blocks, or purchased land from other Maori. A notable example of this was John Hape Kani. In addition to Mangatoro 1A3C7 and Tahoraiti 2A18A, he also owned Tiratu 2B3 and leased Tahoraiti 2A4, 2A19C and 2C3. Alan Peeti owned Tiratu 2B7 (part), all of 2B8, and Tahoraiti 2A13B, and leased Tiratu 2B3 and the Kaitoki blocks 2J1, 2J2B, 2J3, and 2J4. These lists of sections each amount to several hundred acres, but are not a complete list of the properties farmed by either of these men. They indicate that there was some farming by Maori in the Tararua district during the twentieth century.

1.6.3 The pattern of land alienation The pattern of land alienation in the Tararua district in the twentieth century begins with large scale Crown purchasing in some blocks. These are a continuation of Crown purchasing in the nineteenth century. In addition, there was large-scale private purchasing in some blocks, and purchasing by numerous small land buyers, in the early twentieth century.

After 1900, most Maori owned Tararua district land blocks, or partitions, had between one and five Maori owners, with many (perhaps a majority) having only one owner. There is no clear evidence in the sources, particularly Maori Land Court records, of decisions being made on the basis of hapu or iwi imperatives. Aside from the securing

36 Walzl, p. 102

20 of land for marae, there is little indication that Maori communities were able to manage or develop land collectively. Clearly, then, processes of individualisation and de-tribalisation begun in the mid-nineteenth century had been well established by this point. The reasons for land sales are discussed further below. Because of the high level of fragmented and individualised titles there were few blocks whose sale required meetings of assemble owners.

By the 1920s, the scale of purchasing, both by the Crown and private purchasers, had reduced, partly because there was less land left to purchase. By mid-century there was no Crown purchasing but a steady purchasing of small to medium sized blocks by private purchasers, most of whom were local farmers. The extent and nature of private and Crown purchases can be gauged from the table below.

Table 3 : Land alienation summary from 1900 Block and area Crown acquisition Private European- Public works Maori owned 1900 and percentage purchase ised land takings Ahuatuaranga 1010a (64.12%) 427a 2r Nil Nil (reserve) 1575a Mataikona 17,931a Nil Nil Nil 2a (school site) 17p 1r (teachers house) 32a roading Akitio 99a 3r 16pp Nil Nil Nil 2a 2r 06p roading Aohanga 194a 38p Nil Nil Nil Nil Moroa 5a Nil Nil Nil Nil Te Hoe 25a Nil 25a Nil Nil Kaitoki 4212a 15p 464a 1r 05p 2768a 1r 08p 746a 3r 08p Nil (11.47%) Mangapuaka 906a Nil 906a Nil Nil Mangatainoka 7518a 2322a 2r 13p 4384a 1r 35p Nil 3r 04p roading (30.74%) 1923, 8a railway, 2a 3r 14p roading 1943 Mangatoro 11,537a 7390a 2r 06p 4083a 31p 56a 15a 1r 09p 2r 31p (64.05%) Ngapaeruru 6832a 1169a 1r 17p 4779a 2r 37p Nil Nil (17.11%)

21 Block and area Crown acquisition Private European- Public works Maori owned 1900 and percentage purchase ised land takings Oringiwaiaruhe Nil 1240a 3r 18p 625a 3r 28p 1r 14p roading 2300a Piripiri 913a 2r 36p Nil 913a 2r 36p Nil Nil Puketoi 1-3, and 6 Nil 302a Nil Nil 302a Rakaiatai 3000a Nil 3000a Nil Nil Tahoraiti No. 1 576a 0r 18p 2412a 2r 02p Nil 6a 1r 15p roading 3376a 2r 09p (17.10%) 6a 0r 21p of 1F1 taken for Ruahine School Tahoraiti No. 2 1243a 1r 09p 2480a 3r 13p 800a 3r 39p Six public works 5653a (22.57%) takings before the block’s 1912 partition of 139a 12p. After 1912, 7a 2r 10p was taken for a rubbish dump and 3p for a road from 2A14, and 105a 1r 27p was taken from 2A27 for the Dannevirke aerodrome (total 112a 2r 13p) Tamaki 26,633a 23,060a 2r 27p 2551a 2r 37p 891a 1r 19p 3a 2r 29p Tamaki (86.58%) 2A2 for Mangahao power scheme 1923 Tautane 1097a 1r Nil 1096a 3r 06p Nil 2a 13p roading 19p Tiratu 7018a 5727a 1r 30p 171a 2r 38p 1024a 1r 03p Nil (81.60%) Tuatua (Te Whiti-a- 1370a (100%) Nil Nil Nil Tara reserve) 1370a Tutaekara reserve 50a (16.94%) 176a 14p 10a 1r 21p Nil 295a 2r 18p Tutaekara village Nil 20a Nil Nil sections 26a Waikopiro 9521a 5267a 3r 10p 3316a 06p 614a 0r 36p Nil (55.32%) Wharawhara 2275a 758a 3r 20p 1010a 3r 21p 505a 3r 05p Nil

22 Block and area Crown acquisition Private European- Public works Maori owned 1900 and percentage purchase ised land takings (34.77%) Eketahuna reserve Nil 97a 2r 07p Nil Nil 97a 2r 07p Pahiatua reserve 392a 3r 32p 625a 2r 08p Nil Nil 1017a 1r (38.54%) Kauhanga reserve Nil Nil Nil Nil 40a Total 115,825a 3r 50,804a 0r 06p 36,788a 2r 05p 5276a 1r 39p 334a 1r 30p 17p (43.96%) (31.49%) (4.55%) (0.28%)

Sources: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’; P McBurney, ‘Tararua Alienation Report’, and ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves: Block Histories Report’; Te Puni Kokiri Maori Land Information Base; and Crown list of Current Maori Land in the Wairarapa Inquiry District

From this it can be said that the Crown purchased 43.96% of the land owned by Maori in 1900, in the Tararua district. A further 31.49% was purchased privately, and 4.56% was Europeanised. A small amount was taken for public works. A further 21,885a 27p, or 18.89%, remains Maori land, most of which is the Owahanga Station. This leaves a difference of 739a 28p, or less than one percent, between the amount of the land in Maori ownership in 1900 and the total amount of land alienated after 1900, Europeanised or remaining in Maori ownership.

1.7 Reasons for alienation The section attempts to identify the reasons that Maori sold land. These are difficult to ascertain. Until the 1960s the Maori Land Court seldom recorded the reasons for sales. Although some earlier evidence was recorded, in Maori Land Court records and in letters to the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board, the details of many transactions are unclear. However, it is apparent from such evidence that can be found that debt, the need for development finance, migration, and the poor quality of land remaining to Maori, were primary reasons for alienation. However, no single, over-riding cause can be isolated. Rather a multi-faceted environment appears to have been normal - often individuals would cite multiple reasons for selling. Evidence also points to problems with land development, where Maori had been left with little land from which to derive an income and which they did not have the finance to develop. With rates and other expenses accruing from undeveloped land, in many cases Maori may have had

23 no alternative but to sell. The point can be made that what happened after 1900 was the additional erosion of an already depleted resource base.

1.7.1 Debt as a cause of alienation For the early twentieth century, little is recorded of the reasons Maori had for selling land. One reason that emerges from the evidence, however, was debt. This can include process costs associated with the operations of the Native Land Court. There are two clearly recorded examples of this. The Tamaki block had a mortgage in 1901 of £450 for the cost of surveying. It was owed by the block’s owners to the Crown and was part of the Crown’s interest in the block which was identified in 1902. Similarly, in 1909 the Maori owners of the Ahuaturanga reserve sold one seventh of the reserve to pay legal costs associated with it.

By the mid-century, the reasons for alienation were recorded by the Land Court, when its approval was sought for a transaction. Personal debt is then revealed as a reason for alienation, where before it is hidden from view. There are but few documented examples, though. In 1914, two of the owners of the Wharawhara block reported that they wished to sell their shares in the block as they were in debt to trades people in Waipukurau and Hastings. In 1928, the Native Trustee sold Oringiwaiaruhe 1B2B2, of 240a 1r 09p as a mortgage sale.37 This probably indicates a debt which could not be otherwise repaid. Te Meha sold Mangapuaka 1E in 1948 as he wanted to use the purchase money to pay his son’s debt to a bank.38 Te Uira Cooper sold Tahoraiti 1G1B in 1955 as she owed £473 to the Public Trustee, and £654 to the Maori Trustee. Her house was also in need of repair.39 Jury H. Takirangi offered Mangatoro 1A3C7 for sale to the Crown in 1934 as he had incurred debts following his mother’s death, one of which was a debt for Native Land Court succession duties, and he wished to sell the block to avoid borrowing money. The Crown, however, did not proceed with the purchase.

37 See section 2.11, the Oringiwaiaruhe block 38 See section 2.7, the Mangapuaka block 39 See section 2.17, the Tahoraiti No. 1 block

24 1.7.2 Poverty as a reason for alienation Poverty was another reason for land selling. In an application for the remittance of interest on the block’s survey lien, the sellers of Ngapaeruru 1B2C3 were described by their lawyer as being in poor circumstances. One was an invalid and the others were in need. They had paid the survey lien with considerable difficulty. The interest on the survey lien was waived in 1951.

One of the sellers of the Tahoraiti 2A17B block in 1921 subsequently wrote to the Ikaroa Maori Land Board asking for her share of the purchase money to be issued to her as she was in urgent need of money. This suggests her reason for selling her share of the block.

When the Tahoraiti 2A30A block was sold in 1955 as the two vendors and their families were living in temporary accommodation. Hinerangi and Mere Harris sold their shares in Tahoraiti 2A30B, in 1956, as they were in poor health and had large families to support. In an application to the Maori Land Court for approval to sell the Tahoraiti 2A3 block in 1960 the owners’ lawyer described them as practically landless and as wanting to sell the land so that one owner could pay off a mortgage and the others could obtain a housing deposit. The application was declined as the owners would have lost their rental income.

Meri Ngawhiro offered to sell Mangatainoka J4F1 to the Crown in 1913 as her son had died and she no longer wished to farm the land. This may indicate that without her son she was unable to continue farming and had to sell the land for money to live on.

1.7.3 Developmental reasons for alienation Another reason for selling land was to use the purchase money to develop other properties. This could involve the rationalising of assets, such as the sale of some land to purchase additional land elsewhere. An early example of this was the Mangatainoka K2B1 block, whose owners Korou Nini and Ngawhiro Marahaia, applied to the Stout- Ngata Commission in 1908 for the removal of the restrictions on the sale of the block. They were content with the price offered and wanted money to purchase stock and other items for other lands on which they had commenced farming. Another example

25 was the sale of shares in the Tahoraiti 2A17B block in 1921 by Teniti Hapukuku as he wanted money to begin dairy farming on another block on which the lease was terminating.

In 1934, Emere Tirika Nikora sold the Mangatoro 1A3C2B block to the Crown as the block was an expense to her and she wanted to use the purchase money on her other properties. In 1957, the Tahoraiti 2A10B block was sold as the owner had a dairy farm elsewhere and wished to provide for her son. The Maori Land Court approved the sale but directed that the money was to be used for the construction of buildings.

Tanenuiarangi Nikora sold Tahoraiti 2A18B to John Hape Kani in 1964 as he had expenses for his wife’s funeral and owed money to the Hawke’s Bay Farmers Company, but also because he intended using the remaining money to buy his relations shares in the Kaitoki 2K2B block. Similarly, the trustees of Jury Pine Takirirangi sold Mangatoro 1A3C7, also to John Hape Kani, in 1967, as the land was of no use to the owners, and the purchase money was to be used to improve other properties of the estate.

When the trustees of the estate of Jury Pine Takirangi sold Mangatoro 1A3C7 to John Hape Kani in 1965 one of the reasons given for the alienation was so that the purchase money could be used to improve other properties of the estate.

In 1967, Tawhititoroa Hawea sold Mangatainoka 4E2A2 to purchase her brother’s interests in the Poukawa blocks, north of the Tararua district.

1.7.4 Multiple ownership Multiple ownership and the fragmentation of title into uneconomic interests generally encouraged the sale of Maori land, often when combined with other factors set out above. Two documented examples have been found. Mei Paterson sold her shares in the Tahoraiti 2A30B block in 1956 as they would be inherited by numerous relations in minute shares and was therefore not worth keeping. She also needed money to support her husband on a small farm. In 1965, four of the owners of the 7 acre

26 Tahoraiti 2C3 section sold their shares in the block to a fifth owner partly as they derived no income from the block.

1.7.5 Migration from the district Another reason for land selling was that the vendors had left the district. Ngapaeruru A2 (formerly 6B1A and 6B1B) was sold in 1955 as the sellers were living in Waikato and wanted to buy land there. Tahoraiti 1K2B5 was sold in 1962 as the seller had bought a house in Titahi Bay and wanted money for furniture and house repairs. The seller was a seasonal shearer and also needed money to purchase a car for work.

Hoera Hoterini sold his share of the Kaitoki 2J4 block to Arani Peeti in 1967 partly because he lived out of the district. He also needed money for a number of purposes. Some of the owners of the Tahoraiti 1G4 and 1G5C block sold their shares in 1960 as they lived out of the district and did not intend returning. An earlier example of land being sold because the owner was leaving the district, was the sale in 1920 of Mangatainoka J4A1, as the owner, Maata Apirana, was purchasing a property near Bulls.40

1.7.6 Poor quality of land At least some of the land remaining in Maori ownership in the twentieth century was land that was difficult to develop for farming. This was generally hill country which was relatively remote. It usually lacked access and was covered with scrub or bush or, sometimes, noxious weeds. In such cases development was beyond the financial resources of the owners, who could derive no income from land on which they had to pay rates and remove noxious weeds. An example of poor quality land owned by Maori was the Mangapuaka 1I block, which the Crown declined to purchase in 1918 as it was of poor to medium quality, was scrub covered and was too small to be of use.

Emere Tirikia Nikora sold the Mangatoro 1A3C2B block in 1934 for several reasons, one of which was that the block was an expense to her. This means it cost her more to keep the land that she could derive from it in income.

27 An inability to utilise the land was among the reasons given for the sale of Mangatoro 1A3C4 in 1961. The owners sold as the block had no access, was covered with scrub and could only be of value to an adjoining farmer. The block could not be made to produce revenue for the owners. Also in 1961, Mangatoro 1A3C5 was sold as the block was scrub-covered and the owners were deriving no revenue from it. When Mangatoro 1A3C7 was sold in 1965 one of the reasons given by the vendor’s lawyer for the sale was that the land was of no use to the owners. This probably means the block was isolated and was of poor quality for farming.

1.8 Public works takings Over 330a of Maori land in the Tararua district has been identified as having been taken for public works purposes. The land was taken by compulsory purchase with compensation paid in almost all cases. The exception is the taking of 2a 13p for roading in the Tautane reserve, for which no record of compensation had been found.

The Tahoraiti No. 2 block was the Tararua district block most affected by public works takings. After 1900, and before the block’s partition in 1912, 139a 12 was taken for public works purposes. This comprises 23a 2r 28p taken for railway purposes, 10a 1r 14.7 taken for a rifle range, 56a taken for a sewerage treatment area, 3a taken for a gravel pit, and 38a 2r taken for the Makirikiri reserve. After 1912, 7a 2r 10p was taken for a rubbish dump, 03p was taken for a road, and 105a 1r 27p was taken for the Dannevirke aerodrome, from Tahoraiti No. 2 block.

Land amounting to 6a 21p was taken in the Tahoraiti 1F1 block for the Ruahine School site. This land taking was considered by the Maori Land Court to have ruined the remainder of the block, leaving the owners with a worthless property, as most of the access had been taken. The Court awarded compensation to the owners for the value of the whole block.41

Maori land has been found to have been taken for roading was taken in the Mataikona, Akitio, Mangatainoka, Oringiwaiaruhe, Tahoraiti No. 1, and Tautane blocks. There

40 P McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Report’, p. 102 41 Napier Native Land Court minute book 91, 8 December 1954, fol. 310 (see section 2.17, the

28 were probably many more takings of land for roading. One further public works taking for roading is probably the taking of 15a 1r 09p in the Mangatoro block in 1907. Other Maori land was taken for a school and teachers house in the Mataikona block, and 3a 2r 29p was taken in the Tamaki block for the Mangahao hydro-electric power scheme.42

In 1906, the Crown took 105a 2r 36p of the Maori owned Mangatainoka J4F1 and J4F2 blocks for a native township to be called the Hamua Native Township. The land was taken under the Native Townships Act 1895.43 A total of 65a 3r was taken for this purpose in the J4F1 block.44 The balance of the 105a 2r 36p was to be taken from J4F2. When this block was partitioned in 1911 the Native Land Court ordered that land was to be taken from the four resulting partitions for the native township, if required. This does not appear to have been done, although half of J4F2A, one of the partitions, was purchased by the Crown in 1917. No further information has been found about the Hamua Native Township.

1.9 Maori land development schemes in the Tararua district This section describes Maori land development schemes in the Tararua district. There was only one Crown land development scheme in the district, the Tahoraite scheme on the Kaitoki 2K2A block. However, the section also includes an account of the Tiratu Station, which was administered by the Maori Trustee, and several Tararua land blocks which were initially included in the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme. Four Waikopiro blocks, which were placed under the land development provisions of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, are also mentioned. The Owahanga (Aohanga) Station was administered and developed by the Maori Trustee. This was a large block of land in multiple ownership but is not included in this report as it is covered in two other reports.45

Tahoraiti No. 1 block 42 See section 2.19, the Tamaki block 43 New Zealand Gazette, 1906, no. 82, 25 September 1906, p. 2504 44 Napier Native Land Court minute book 62, 4 August 1911, fol. 333 45 P Cleaver, ‘A History of the Purchase and Reserves of the Castle Point block’, pp. 112-151, and T Walzl, ‘Wairarapa Land Issues Overview’, pp. 275-309

29 1.9.1 Crown development scheme activity Maori land development schemes were set up from 1929 to provide Government finance and supervision to Maori agriculture and under-utilised land. Significantly, most Crown purchases had taken place prior to this. The development schemes were initially implemented under section 23 of the Native Land Amendment and Native Land Claims Adjustment Act 1929. This was later replaced by section 4 of the Native Land Act 1936. Under these Acts, land was placed under the control of the Native Affairs Department, with the agreement of the owners. The Department had the power to carry out all development work it considered necessary, and to charge the expenditure to the land, or farm unit, being developed.46

There were numerous Maori land development schemes throughout New Zealand but, it appears, only one in the Tararua district. This was the Tahoraite scheme, which was established as a land development scheme in January 1938, on the Kaitoki 2K2A block. 47 The reason for the lack of development schemes in the district is straightforward. Unlike the East Coast or the Rotorua area, there was little land remaining in Maori ownership in the Tararua district (aside from the Aohanga Station).

The Tahoraite development scheme was a one-settler scheme, of 144 acres. It was located on the Weber Road, three miles from Dannevirke.48 The development unit was a dairy farm, which had 61 cows at the end of its first year. Two years later it appears to have moved towards sheep farming, as it had 25 cows and over 200 ewes. The last mention of the Tahoraite scheme in the reports to Parliament, on the Maori land development schemes, was in 1941, when only financial details were given.49 The scheme received £384 in Maori employment grants in the year to June 1942.50 Kaitoki 2K2A, the land block the scheme was on, was leased in 1960 to Tewa Herbert Chase, by his mother.51 The block was Europeanised under legislation of 1967.52

46A Gould, ‘Maori Land Development 1929-1954. An Introductory Overview with representative case studies’, p. 17 and p. 17 and pp. 27-28 47 New Zealand Gazette, 1938, no. 5, 27 January 1938, p120 48 ‘Native Land Development report’, AJHR, 1938, G-10, p. 73 49 ‘Native Land Development report’, AJHR, 1941, G-10, p. 50 AAMK 869/1438e, Kaitoke-Tahoraite Development Scheme, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 51 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 94, 7 July 1960, fol. 299 52 Berghan, p. 83

30 In 1965, the Waikopiro blocks 3B2D1, 3B2D2, 3B3D3 and 3B2D4 were made subject to the provisions of Part XXIV of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, which is the section of the Act concerned with Maori land development.53 However, it does not appear that this led to the inclusion of these blocks in a development scheme.

1.9.2 The Maori Trustee and the Tiratu Station At least five Maori properties in the Tararua district came under the control of the Maori Trustee, or the earlier Native Trustee. One block, the Oringiwaiaruhe 1B2B2 block, of 240a 1r 09p, was sold by the Native Trustee in 1928, to whom the block was mortgaged. In 1929, 17,482a of the Mataikona block was placed under the administration of the Maori Trustee. This was the Owahanga (Aohanga) Station, which was administered by the Trustee until 1973, when it returned to the control of its owners.54 Another Tararua property, the Mangatainoka 1BC2B3 block, of around 56a, was administered by a Maori Trustee appointed agent from 1956 to clear it of noxious weeds. The block was then leased from 1959. In addition, the Mangapuaka No. 2 block was transferred to the Maori Trustee on the abolition of the Maori Land Boards in 1952.

A number of Maori owned farms through-out the country were vested in the Maori Trustee, under section 25 of the Maori Trustee Act 1930. One of these was the Tiratu Station, which was on the Tiratu No. 1 block. The Tiratu No. 1 block, of 733a 3r 12p, was farmed by Nireaha Paewae. He was also one of the owners of the property. By 1930 the property was mortgaged to the Public Trustee and was ceasing to be financially viable. This may have been due to the fall in commodity prices at the start of the Depression. The mortgage amounted to £6000. To save the Maori owners from being dispossessed of their property, the Native Trustee granted a loan of £7000, and took over the mortgage.55 The property was vested in the Maori Trustee in 1931.56 The

53 New Zealand Gazette, 1965, no. 21, 19 April 1965, p. 602 54 P Cleaver, ‘A history of the purchase and reserves of the Castle Point block’, p. 150 55 Berghan, p. 373 56 New Zealand Gazette, 1931, no. 58, 6 August 1931, p2222

31 owners of the property were Nireaha Paewae and Harata Walker. Harata owned a tiny number of shares in the property.57

At the beginning of the Maori Trustee’s administration of Tiratu, the property was farmed in conjunction with the Aohanga (Owahanga) Station in the Mataikona reserve.58 The losses from Tiratu, incurred by the cost of developing the property, were charged to the Aohanga Station. The arrangement was that when Tiratu became profitable, the Aohanga Station would be repaid with two thirds of Tiratu’s annual profit. The charging of the Tiratu losses to Aohanga was discontinued after several years and the losses transferred back to Tiratu.59

Tiratu was administered by the Maori Trustee in a manner similar to that of a land development scheme. The main difference between Maori land administered by the Maori Trustee, and a land development scheme, was that in the former the development work was financed by money raised from the Maori owners, while the development schemes had public money available to them, although as a charge to be repaid.

By August 1931 a manager had taken over the farming of Tiratu.60 In 1930, the land has been in a poor condition and could not fatten lambs. The Trustee organised the ploughing and top-dressing of the pastures, installed miles of drainage, and employed Maori to remove tree stumps. In 1937, the station sold 1300 fat lambs. Despite the progress made in development work, Tiratu Station, and its owner, was heavily in debt. In 1938, Nireaha Paewae applied to the Adjustment Commission for relief from his debts. Tiratu station then had a mortgage and overdraft of £13,501. The Maori Trustee increased the mortgage to £11,000, with the balance to be secured by stock and chattels. By 1939 Tiratu had over 2000 sheep, and produced 65 bales of wool.61

57 MA1 11/600, Native Trustee to Native Minister, 21 July 1931, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 58 See Walzl ‘Wairarapa Issues Overview Report’, pp. 275-309, and K Schmidt and F Small, ‘The Maori Trustee 1913-1953’, May 1996, pp. 66-67 for discussion of the Owahanga/Aohanga Station 59 MA1 13/7, District Officer to Maori Trustee, 22 September 1950, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 60 MA1 11/600, Native Trustee to Native Minister, 19 August 1931, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 61 ‘Native Land Development report’, AJHR, 1939, G-10, p. 63

32 Over time the property became increasingly profitable, and in 1950 made a profit of £6940.62

During the years the Maori Trustee administered Tiratu Station, weekly payments of £2 5s were made to Mr Paewae. After he and his wife separated, he received £1, and his wife received £1 5s. On an annual basis, due to the long period of rehabilitation work required by the property, this amounted to more than half the station’s profit. This was in accordance with an agreement that he would receive half the profit of the property. The lack of income had, however, caused considerable hardship to Mr Paewae. After Tiratu Station had become profitable, the Maori Trustee was advised by the District Officer of the Department of Maori Affairs, to take urgent action to increase Mr Paewae’s payment, as he was in poor health. The District Officer added that the Maori Trust Office could be subjected to criticism over Mr Paewae’s payment of £1 per week, particularly as it had spent £1200 buying a tractor for the property.63

By 1950, Mr Paewae was the major owner of Tiratu Station. He owned 117,233 shares in the property. The only other owner was his wife, Apikara Walker Paewae. She owned 400 shares in the property.64 In October that year, the payment to him was increased to £7 per week, and he was given a lump sum of £100.65

Nireaha Paewae died on 24 November 1950. He left his house on the Tahoraiti 2B3A block to the children of his first marriage; the house at Tiratu Station, with an acre of land around it, to the children of his second marriage; and the balance of Tiratu Station to all of his six children. He directed in his will that the station was not to be subdivided, but was to be held in trust for all his children.66

62 MA1 13/7, District Officer submission to the Board of Maori Affairs, 24 October 1952, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 63 Ibid, District Officer to Maori Trustee, 22 September 1950, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 64 Ibid, District Officer submission to the Board of Maori Affairs, 24 October 1952, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 65 Ibid, Maori Trustee to the Registrar, Maori Land Court, Wellington, 31 October 1950, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 66 Ibid, Last will and testament of Nireaha Paewae, 22 November 1939

33 In September 1952, the Maori Land Court granted probate and succession to the Trustees appointed by Mr Paewae’s will. The Trustees wished to take over the management of Tiratu Station, and to convert the mortgage held by the Maori Trustee to a table mortgage. The transfer of the property required a recommendation from the Board of Maori Affairs to the Maori Land Court that the property be released from its vesting under section 25 of the Maori Trustee Act 1930. Following the making of the recommendation, the Maori Land Court issued an order under section 25, subsection 14, of the Maori Trustee Act 1930, releasing Tiratu Station from the provisions of the Act, on 2 December 1952.67 The Trustees appointed by Nireaha Paewae’s will then took over the management of the station. They were his brother Lui Paewae, John Hape Kani, and his wife Mavis Barclay. The property was subsequently Europeanised under legislation of 1967.68 Tiratu Station was sold in 1974, by the estate of Nireaha Paewai, to Punga Barclay Paewai and Ringakaha Delwyn Paewai, for $53,000.69

This account of the Tiratu Station shows the difficulties, both personal and economic, involved in maintaining Maori ownership. It may, conversely, assist in explaining why much other land was alienated – because these hardships and problems could not be overcome. It may also indicate, in this case, that the administration provided by the Maori Trustee was effective.

1.9.3 The Porangahau Consolidation Scheme In 1949, the three Ngapaeruru 6B1 blocks, 6B1A, 6B1B, and 6B1C, became involved in preparation for the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme. These were relatively remote blocks bordering European owned land. Some Maori, with interests in land blocks in the scheme, had their interests provisionally placed in the Ngapaeruru 6B1 blocks. They would not accept the allocation unless the blocks had access, which had not been provided in the 1929 partition.70 Access to the 6B1 blocks was possible through block 6B2, all of which was now in private ownership, or from Te Uri Road, across land owned by the Dannevirke County Council.

67 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 2 December 1952, fol. 182 68 Berghan, p. 378 69 Linz LS 20/189-SNA, ‘Notice of change of ownership or occupancy’, 17 April 1974 70 Linz LS 20/84-SNA, Registrar, Maori Land Court, to Chief Surveyor, Napier, 10 October 1949

34 The first instalment of proposed titles in the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme was approved by the Maori Land Court in 1950. The list of land blocks proposed for inclusion in the scheme included Ngapaeruru A1, (formerly 6B1C), of 100a 04p, and Ngapaeruru A2, (formerly 6B1A and 6B1B), of 200a 06p. Ngapaeruru A1 had as its sole owner the Maori Trustee, who was trustee for the estate of Rupuha Te Hianga. Ngapaeruru A2 was owned by Sonny and Frederick Douglas, who were both minors, and Mate, or Marjorie Erueti. James Douglas was trustee for the minors. Both blocks were to have road access to Te Ori Road passing the roadman’s cottage site on the county council land.71

The surveying of the right of way was delayed as the Court order did not specify whether the road was to run through the council land or adjoining land owned by A. G. Waterworth. The survey plan was approved by the Judge of the Ikaroa and South Island Maori Land Court in 1954.72 The road, which was to give access to the Ngapaeruru block A1 and A2 was proclaimed, and the land for it across the property of A. G. Waterworth vested in the Dannevirke County Council. However, the land for the road was subsequently revested in Adrian G. Waterworth and his wife, Oriel Tua Waterworth.73 This indicates that the road was not constructed. The Ngapaeruru A1 and A2 blocks do not appear to have been included in the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme, as block A2 was sold to Adrian G. Waterworth in 1955. When the Maori Land Court approved the sale no mention was made of the earlier inclusion of the block in the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme.74

The Mangapuaka 1C block was also included in the first instalment of the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme, as Mangapuaka A block, in 1950.75 The block’s sole owner was Iriwhata Hanita. The block was, however, sold to a neighbouring farmer in 1955.

71 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 89, 15 September 1950, fols. 135-147 72 Linz LS 20/730-SNZ, Registrar, Maori Land Court, to Chief Surveyor, Napier, 24 March 1954 73 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1, fol. 1026 74 Berghan, p. 151, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 4 May 1955, fol. 392 75 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 89, 14 December 1950, fol. 141

35 The Tahoraiti blocks 2B2A and 2B2B were included in preparation for the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme. The Maori Land Court registrar requested plans of the blocks, but the blocks were not included in the scheme’s first instalment.76

In summary, the evidence indicates that the Tararua blocks included in the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme in 1950 were soon removed from the scheme. No land development took place. Two of the blocks were purchased by neighbouring farmers in 1955 and one remains Maori land.

1.10 The Maori Affairs Act 1953 The Maori Affairs Act 1953 was enacted to consolidate Maori land law but also contained several new provisions. The Maori Trustee was enabled to act as agent for the owners of Maori land in multiple ownership, to implement resolutions of the owners which had been confirmed by the Maori Land Court. The Act also allowed the vesting of multiple owned land in a trustee, and sought to end the fragmentation of interests in land blocks into minute shares by introducing the compulsory acquisition of uneconomic interests by the Maori Trustee.77

1.10.1 Uneconomic interests The compulsory purchase of uneconomic interests in Maori land blocks by the Maori Trustee was allowed under clause 137 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953. These were interests in Maori land which had been fragmented by individualisation and succession and were a result of the operations of the Native (later Maori) Land Court. Shares in the land blocks had been inherited by successors creating increasingly fragmented title, and any rentals after division between the owners became minute.

Uneconomic interests were defined by the Act as interests worth less than £25.78 The Maori Trustee could purchase Maori freehold land, or interests in Maori freehold land, under clause 151 of the Act. No record has been found on the Maori Trustee acquiring land under either clause 137 or clause 151 of the Act in the Tararua district.

76 Linz LS 20/730-SNA, Registrar, Ikaroa and South Island District Maori Land Court to Chief Surveyor, Napier, 14 September 1954 77 Walzl, ‘Wairarapa Issues Overview Report’, pp. 220-221 78 G V Butterworth and H R Young, Maori Affairs, p. 97

36 In 1969, the Deputy Registrar of the Court asked for a notice to be placed in the Hastings and Palmerston North offices of the Court stating that the Maori Trustee did not want to purchase interests in the Kaitoki 2K2B block, among others.79 This appears to have been done under clause 139 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, under which the Maori Trustee could decline to purchase uneconomic interests. The notice may indicate that an offer to sell interests in the block had been made. As one owner had purchased the shares of the only other owner the previous year the Deputy Registrar’s request for the above notice may have been a delayed response to an application made several years before.

There is, however, one record of the sale of interests by the Maori Trustee under clause 152 of the Act, under which the Maori Trustee could, with the agreement of all parties, sell Maori land vested in him. The block sold was in the Tahoraiti 2A34B1 block, which was of 8a 03p. In 1963, the Maori Trustee transferred the interest in the block, held by the Maori Trustee, to Hinekura Pearse, following her application.80

1.10.2 Private purchases. Transfers of land or shares in land blocks under the Maori Affairs Act 1953 were made under clause 213, a clause in Part XIX. This part of the Act gave the Maori Land Court the power to transfer interests in Maori freehold land, to give effect to agreements made by a Maori, a person of Maori descent, or a corporate body of owners. Numerous transfers were made in the Tararua district under clause 213. These were usually the sale of shares in a block, which could be to either another Maori or to a European. There were some gifts of interests made under this clause. Two examples of land blocks transferred in the Tararua district under the Maori Affairs Act 1953 are the Tiratu 2B2B1, of 86a 1r 20p, which was transferred, or sold, in December 1967, for $15,547.50, and the Oringiwaiaruhe B1, of 99a 3r 35p, was transferred in February 1968 for $14,950.81 These were alienations of valuable land. The purchasers were probably European farmers.

79 See section 2.6, the Kaitoki block 80 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 95, 13 March 1963, fol. 190 81 ABWN, 6095, 13/269, part 1, Ikaroa District Maori Land Court transfers under Part XIX, Archives New Zealand, Wellington

37 1.10.3 Consolidated orders By 1970, applications were being made to the Maori Land Court by the Registrar of the Court for consolidation orders under clause 445 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953. This clause allowed the updating of the ownership of blocks by a declaratory consolidated order instead of an order by the Court creating title to Maori land. The clause seems to have been used where succession orders had not been sought and granted. The Court’s record of the ownership of some blocks had become outdated as owners had died and their successors had not applied for succession orders. Consolidated orders were a means of obtaining a current list of owners. Applications for orders under this clause have been found for Waikopiro 3B2D9, Kaitoki 2J3 and numerous other Kaitoki blocks, Tahoraiti 2A14A, 2B6, 1B and other Tahoraiti blocks, Oringiwaiaruhe 1B3 and 4D, ands Tiratu 2B6 and 2B7.82 This part of the 1953 Act appears to have simply been an administrative mechanism.

1.11 The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 and Europeanisation The fragmentation of title to Maori land, with increasing numbers of owners holding increasingly minute shares, continued through-out the twentieth century. Incorporation and the amalgamation of land blocks was attempted as a solution. Some Maori sought to have land they owned declared European land, as this removed it from the operations of the Maori Land Court and made it easier to deal with. In 1943, the Mangatainoka 4E2A1 and 4E2A2 blocks became European land under section 257 of the Native Land Act 1931. This clause enabled Maori land, owned by a single owner, to be declared European land by the Appellate Court. This removed the land from the protection of the Native Land Court, which meant it could be mortgaged, leased or sold without the Court’s approval. It also avoided delays associated with the Court. Keeping land in Maori title, however, had the advantage of avoiding death duties. Koa Wirihana Symonds withdrew an application to have Oringiwaiaruhe 1B1C1 made European land in 1965 for this reason.

82 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 11 November 1970, fol, 218; ibid, minute book 105, 8 September 1971, fol. 167; ibid, minute book 106, 12 October 1972, fol. 161

38 In 1967, the Maori Affairs Amendment Act was passed which gave the Department of Maori Affairs extensive power to restructure Maori land titles and ensure the utilisation of Maori land, strengthened the existing provisions on the conversion of uneconomic interests, and gave the Maori Trustee the power to sell vested leasehold land, with the agreement of sufficient owners.

The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 made provision for all Maori land blocks owned by less than four people to be given the status of European land. Under Part 1, section 6 of the Act, the Registrar of a Maori Land Court could issue a declaration changing the status of land accordingly. The change in status was automatic, where land had four or fewer owners, and was compulsory.

The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 removed land in the Kaitoki, Mangatoro, Oringiwaiaruhe, Tahoraiti, Tamaki, Tiratu, Waikopiro, and Wharawhara, and the Tutaekara reserve, from Maori title. The land then became European land and was no longer under the authority of the Maori Land Court. The blocks Europeanised under the 1967 legislation are listed in the block record sheets at the Hastings Maori Land Court.

A total of 35 subdivisional land blocks were Europeanised under the 1967 Act in the Kaitoki, Mangatoro, Oringiwaiaruhe, Tamaki, Tiratu and Waikopiro blocks.83 In addition, 26 Tahoraiti No. 2 blocks, and Wharawhara 6 block, were Europeanised under the 1967 Act. This gives a total of 67 blocks, with a combined acreage of 5275a 2r 39p, which were Europeanised in the Tararua district. Although Europeanised, the blocks often remained in Maori ownership. The largest block Europeanised in the Tararua district was the Tiratu Station, which remains Maori owned today.

The ‘Europeanisation’ provision of the 1967 Act removed Maori land from the control of the Maori Land Courts. This could accelerate the alienation of Maori owned land, as the confirmation of the Court for alienations was no longer required. Whether this was the case in the Tararua district is unclear.

39 The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, section 68 contained provision for the reclassifying of land as Maori land. The Tahoraiti 2A34B1, 2A34B2, and 2A34C blocks were re-classified as Maori land under the 1974 Act. These blocks were of 8a 03p, 31a 3r 35p and 65a 3r 10p, but are no longer classified as Maori land today.

1.12 The use of remaining Maori land By the early twentieth century, most land remaining in Maori ownership was leased to European farmers. Share-milking arrangements on Maori land also appear significant. The major land remaining in Maori ownership consists of the Owahanga (Aohanga) Station, which is farmed by the Maori owners. The Tiratu Station is also Maori owned but its title has been Europeanised. There are also a number of other Maori owned farms in the district, some leasing of Maori land by Maori farmers, and the use of subdivided Maori land for housing sites.

1.12.1 Leasing Most of the land remaining to Maori in the Tararua district during the twentieth century was leased to European farmers, where it was not farmed by Maori themselves. This is indicated by numerous certificates of title, many of which begin with a lease by an Maori owner to a European. The Stout/Ngata Commission of 1907- 1908 was unable to quantify the amount of Maori land leased in the Wairarapa. However, the commissioners thought most Maori land was leased to Europeans and that leasing was the main source of income for older Maori. Leasing, however, did not guarantee income as, in 1915, Paraneha Manahi (Mrs Paewai) was leasing land in the Mangatoro and Tiratu blocks to a Mr Knight, but he had paid no rent for 10 years.

Two Tararua blocks were vested in the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board and leased by the Board. In 1912, the Aohanga sections 6 and 7, which form one of the reserves of the Castle Point block, was leased, after being vested in the Board in 1909. The Mangapuaka No. 2 block was leased from early in the twentieth century until its sale in 1971. The Mangatainoka 1BC2B2 was leased from 1916 until its sale in 1935, after the Board had refused to allow its sale in 1915, although this block does not appear to have been vested in the Board.

83 Berghan, pp. 83, 122, 164, 290, 378, and 439

40 Leased land was often later sold, sometimes to the lessee. An example of the purchase of leased land by the lessee occurred in 1955 when the Ngapaeruru A2 block, formerly 6B1A and 6B1B, was purchased by the block’s long-standing lessee, who also owned or leased the surrounding land. The Kaitoki 2J blocks were leased, several of them by Arani Peeti. He purchased the 2J4 block, of which he was the lessee, in 1967. There are a number of other examples of lessees purchasing the land they had been leasing. John Wrenn purchased Oringiwaiaruhe B1 in 1968, after leasing it the previous year. Allan Charmley purchased the Tahoraiti 1A1A block in 1974. He had been one of the lessees of the block in 1967. Janet Trotter purchased the Tahoraiti 1A5 block in 1984, which had been leased to James Trotter in 1963. Dawson Buckingham leased the Tahoraiti 1B block in 1965 and by 1973 had purchased nearly half the shares in the block. A partition of the block in 1982 gave him two thirds of the block. John Gimblett leased the Tahoraiti 1G4 and 1G5A block in 1954 and purchased 1 acre of the block the following year. The block was purchased by Nigel and Marion Wrenn in 1990. Gimblett also leased the Tahoraiti 1G4 and 1G5C block. He purchased some interests in the block in 1960 and completed the purchase of the block in 1964. Kenneth Galloway leased the Tahoraiti 1H3A block in 1963, and purchased the block in 1971. Almost all of the Tahoraiti 1K block was leased to J. Wrenn in 1963, and purchased by Nigel Wrenn in 1971. Tahoraiti 1K2B3 was leased to T. J. Wrenn in 1954, and also purchased by Nigel Wrenn in 1971.

1.12.2 Farming by Maori Some of the land remaining in Maori ownership in the Tararua district was, and is farmed by Maori. Other land was leased to farmers, some of whom are Maori. Other blocks were used for share-milking agreements, and, in the early twentieth century, the grazing rights to land was leased. There was some aggregation of interests by Maori owners, who bought out the interests of other Maori in particular blocks. These were sometimes family arrangements, involving the gifting of interests, or the sale of interests at a price below Government valuation. Other aggregations of interests were made by Maori farmers, who owned some land, either solely or jointly, and leased other blocks.

41 There have been some Maori rural entrepreneurs. An example of these was Wape Rapana Hape, who, in 1967, mortgaged the Kaitoki blocks 2K1, 2B1, and 2B4B1, with a combined acreage of 100a, to the Commercial Bank of Australia. He leased other blocks in the area and was raising seasonal finance to employ six shearing gangs. His application to mortgage the blocks was confirmed by the Maori Land Court.84

The blocks held by H. M. Tatere in 1968 constituted another relatively large aggregation of land, although his holdings appear to have accumulated by succession rather that by purchase. He was the sole owner of Mangatainoka J4F3 and 1C2C1, and Tamaki 2A1C and 2A2A. These blocks amount to 427a. The properties were dairy farms of substantial value. He had an adopted daughter. Some of her children were described to the Maori Land Court in March 1968 as improvident, as he had had to assist them in the past. According to Court records, H. M. Tatere did not want the lands to disappear, though, or pass out of Maori ownership, which he thought would happen if his grandchildren gained control of them. He was too old to farm the lands and his nephew Hohepa Tatere, a school teacher, had been granted power of attorney. He and his nephew applied to the Maori Land Court in 1968 to have the lands vested in trustees.85 The vesting of the land in trustees avoided death duties. After two adjournments, during which information on the properties was presented, the Court vested the four blocks in Hohepa Mei Tatere and Alan Fitchett, an accountant, under clause 438 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953.86

Another aggregation of land was held by Lui Paewai. After his death in 1969 the Tahoraiti 2A12A and 1A3 blocks, of 227a 1r 03p and 60a 02p, and the Tiratu 2A, 2B1, and 2B2A blocks, of 160a 1r 05p, 10a 10p, and 4a 1r 08p, and several blocks outside the Tararua district, were vested in his lawyer, Mr Poole.87

84 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 1 December 1967, fol. 313 85 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 20 March 1968, fol. 61 86 Ibid, 9 July 1968, fol. 140 87 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 25 February 1970, fol. 235

42 1.13 Summary of Land Alienation Figures The Crown purchased 43%, or over 50,000 acres, of the land in the Tararua district that remained in Maori ownership in 1900. A further 31%, or 36,788 acres, was purchased privately. Maori land amounting to 5276 acres was Europeanised under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967, and around 334 acres was taken for public works purposes after 1900.

There remains 21,885 acres of land in Maori ownership in the Tararua district today. Most of this land, however, consists of the Mataikona reserve, which was of 17,896 acres and is now mostly included in the Owahanga Station. The second largest Maori owned block of land in the Tararua district is the Tiratu Station, which is of 733a 3r 12p and has been Europeanised. Land in Maori title remains in the Kaitoki, Mangatainoka, Mangatoro, Ngapaeruru, Oringiwaiaruhe, Tahoraiti, Tamaki, Tiratu, and Waikopiro blocks, and some parts of the Tutaekara reserve. Much of this land is in small blocks, and some is relatively isolated. There is, however, over 1000a of Maori land, in 31 partitions, in the two Tahoraiti blocks, near Dannevirke.

The land in the Tararua district still classified as Maori land, and some additional land known to be Maori owned general land, is listed in the Appendix.

43 Section 2

Land alienation in the blocks and reserves

of the Tararua district

44 Section 2: Land alienation in the blocks and reserves of the Tararua district

2.1 Introduction By 1900, the blocks Tararua blocks Maharahara, Makuri, and Ngamoko had been purchased by the Crown. No reserves were made in these blocks. The Maharahara block was proclaimed a waste land of the Crown in 1881.88 Makuri was purchased twice by the Government, the second time as part of the purchase of the Seventy Mile Bush. The purchasing of interests in Ngamoko was finalised in 1877, and the block was proclaimed Crown land the following year.89

This section seeks firstly, to determine the amount of land in Maori ownership in the Tararua district in 1900, and, secondly, to give the alienation details of the land blocks and reserves of the Tararua district which were in Maori ownership in 1900. An attempt has been made to give the details of each partition. This has not always been possible and it has been necessary to rely on the block record sheets held at Hastings Maori Land Court, which give a statement of the status of each partitions. In most instances there are no clearly stated reasons given by Maori for the sale of land. Where reasons are recorded these have been set out in the text.

2.2 The Ahuaturanga reserve The Ahuaturanga block, of 21,000 acres, was one of the Tamaki blocks purchased by the Crown in 1871. Ahuaturanga was proclaimed Crown land in 1877, and the purchase of the block by the Crown was completed in 1882.90 Two reserves, named Ngaawapurua, of 1000a, and Rotoahiri, of 500a, were established in 1871. The two reserves were later combined into one block, known as section 200, block 8, of the Woodville survey district. The reserve was leased to William Nelson, on a 21 year term, from 1890. Compensation was paid in 1897 for the taking of 22 acres of the reserve, for railway purposes.

88 Berghan p. 94 89 Berghan, pp. 124-127 90 Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 36

45 In 1900, the Ahuaturanga reserve remained in Maori ownership. In hearings of the Native Land Court in 1900 and 1904, held to determine if the reserve was held in trust for Maori not named in the title, the reserve’s acreage was given as 1575a.91 This appears to have been the reserve’s acreage after 22a had been taken for railway purposes.

In 1909, the reserve was partitioned by the Native Land Court into seven parts. The owners of the partitions agreed to contribute 3 ½ acres each to the seventh partition, which was to be sold to pay the legal costs associated with the reserve. The seventh partition, of 225a 2r, was purchased shortly after the partition by Angela Elizabeth Simpson. The remaining six partitions, each of 202a, remained in Maori ownership.

Notice of entry by the Crown into negotiations to purchase the Ahuaturanga reserve blocks was gazetted in January 1910. This made the private acquisition of interests in the blocks illegal under section 16 of the Native Land Purchases Act 1892. The restriction on private alienation was withdrawn in May the same year.92 Following this period of Crown purchasing, the Ahuaturanga reserve blocks 1-5, amounting to 1010a, were proclaimed Crown land in 1913.93 Block 6 had been purchased the previous year by Ellen Montieth.94

The Crown and private alienations in this reserve total 1437a 2r. All of the Ahuaturanga reserve was alienated after 1900, and by 1913. A calculation deducting the nineteenth century alienations of the Ahuaturanga block, from which the Ahuaturanga reserve derived, leaves 1597a of the reserve in Maori ownership in 1900.95 As the reserve was stated in the Native Land Court to be of 1575a in 1900 and 1904, the block’s original acreage was probably an over-estimate. For this report the block’s acreage will be taken as 1575a. However, as the alienations of the entire reserve amount to 1437a 2r this may also be an over-estimate. There is no evidence to indicate why the reserve owners wished to sell the land.

91 Berghan, pp. 37-38 92 New Zealand Gazette, 1910, no. 7, 27 January 1910, p287, and no. 46, 12 May 1910, p1429 93 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 4, 23 January 1913, p147 94 Berghan, p. 43, and pp. 72 -73 95 Ellis et al, base table, p. 33

46 2.2 The Castle Point reserves In 1853, the Crown purchased the Castle Point block. The block was later divided into blocks 1 and 2. Block 2 was also known as the Puketoi block. It is, however, distinct from the adjoining Puketoi blocks 1 to 6. The Castle Point deed of sale provided 10 reserves for Maori. Three of the reserves are in the Tararua district. They are the Mataikona reserve, a reserve at Akito, and sections 6 and 7 of the Aohanga survey district.96

The Mataikona reserve was of 17,931a 0r 17p in 1900.97 The reserve was partitioned in 1922 and 1925 into 19 subdivisions. All except 600a of the block was vested in the Maori Trustee in 1929, as a Maori land development scheme. This became the Owahanga Station, or Aohanga Station, which was debt free, and with assets of £250,000, in 1956. The station was returned to the control of the owners in 1973. The proprietors of Owahanga Station also own the rest of the Mataikona block, apart from two acres taken for a school site, an additional one rood taken for a teacher’s residence, 32a taken for roading and 50a purchased in 1855.98 This amounts to the alienation after 1900 of 34a 1r, all of which was alienated by the Crown. The Mataikona reserve, most of which is the Owahanga Station, is Maori land.

The Castle Point deed provided a reserve inland of Akitio at Taurangawaio. This reserve was on the north side of the Akitio River and was sold to the Crown in 1855. However, in 1877 a Crown grant was issued to Hoera Rautu for section 28 of the Akitio block. This land was on the south side of the Akitio River and had earlier been referred to on a plan endorsed by the District Land Commissioner as the southern part of the Akitio reserve. The Akitio section 28 reserve was recorded as being of 105a when partitioned in 1903, and of 103a 2r 38p in 1915.99 Apart from 2a 2r 06p taken for a road in 1930, all of the section remains in Maori ownership.100 The reserve’s

96 Cleaver, pp. 32-33 97 Calculation from the ‘List of current Maori land holdings in the Wairarapa ki Tararua Inquiry district’, MLC (Wai 863 2. 255) to which has been added the alienations since 1900 98 Cleaver, p. 29, and pp. 148-151 99 Ibid, pp. 108-109 100 Ibid, p. 111

47 acreage is now 97a 1r 10p.101 To this can be added the land taken for roading to give an acreage in 1900 of 99a 3r 16p, almost all of which remains Maori land.

The third Castle Point reserve in the Tararua district was at Takapaue or Takapuai. The reserve was by the Mataikona River, but was sold with the other land in the area. In 1909, Maori who should have received a reserve at Takapuai, were given sections 6 and 7 of the Aohanga survey district as compensation. The sections were stated to have an acreage of 192a in 1909, when they were reserved from sale and were vested in the Ikaroa Maori District Land Board.102 In 1910, the Native Land Court issued certificates of title to 105 owners for section 6, and to 34 owners for section 7. The sections were leased from 1912, and became Maori freehold land around 1991.103 The acreage of the reserve is now 194a 38p.104

2.4 The Moroa reserve In May 1873, Huru Te Hiaro applied to the Native Land Court for an investigation into his claim to Moroa, a native reserve and a portion of the Ihuraua block.105 An order for a certificate of title to be issued to Huru Te Hiaro and others for the Moroa reserve was made by the Native Land Court at Waikanae, on 14 May 1873.106 The Moroa reserve was established from land in the Ihuraua block, and was estimated to comprise 250a. It was a native reserve under the Native Land Act 1867.

In 1885, the interests in the Moroa reserve of Kura Te Hiaro and nine others were purchased by W. C. Cuff. The acreage of the reserve was then 205a, of which 200a were sold to Cuff in 1885, and 5a is a burial ground. The 5a burial ground was all of the Moroa reserve that remained in Maori ownership in 1900. The burial ground remains Maori land, and had eight owners in 1998.107 There is at least one other

101 ‘List of current Maori land holdings in Wairarapa ki Tararua Inquiry district’, MLC (Wai 863, 2 .255 102 Cleaver, p. 61-62 103 Ibid, pp. 60-65 104 ‘List of current Maori land holdings in the Wairarapa ki Tararua Inquiry district’ , Wai 863 2. 255 105 Otaki Native Land Court minute book 2, 9 May 1873, fol. 112 106 AWBN, 8910, w5279, box 111, Moroa file, certificate of title, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 107 Moroa block file, box 73, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings

48 Moroa block, which is a subdivision of the Potakakuratawhiti block, and is outside the Tararua district.108

2.5 Te Hoe/Karamana’s reserve (Ihuraua block) Te Hoe reserve was a 25a reserve in the Ihuraua block. The reserve was in Maori ownership in 1900 but is no longer Maori land.109 The alienation details of the reserve are not held at the Hastings Maori Land Court. - 2.6 The Kaitoki block Kaitoki was estimated at the 1867 investigation of its title to be 13,400a. On survey the block was found to be of at least 16,292a. Private sales in 1896 and 1897 led to a partition of the block into three parts in March 1897. Kaitoki No.3, of 12,247a 2r was then alienated. No recorded reason has been found for the sale of the Kaitoki No. 3 block. However, it took place in a context of large-scale Crown purchasing of Maori land. The sale of Kaitoki No. 3 block left the Kaitoki No. 1 and No. 2 blocks in Maori ownership.

The Kaitoki No. 1 block was of 2036a 2r 26p.110 Kaitoki No. 2 block was of 2007a 2r 28p. The amount of land remaining in Kaitoki block partitions owned by in 1900 therefore amounted to 4044a 1r 14p.111

The Kaitoki No.1 block was partitioned in 1909 into blocks 1A, of 183a 1r 08p; 1B, of 1670a 10p; and 1C, of 183a 1r 13p. However, due to sales which had already occurred, the final size for block 1B was 183a. The Kaitoki blocks 1A and 1C, of 183a 1r 08p and 183a 1r 13p, were later purchased by the Crown and proclaimed Crown land in December 1913.112 The purchase price for Kaitoki 1C was £1425.113 A portion of Kaitoki 1B, amounting to 97a 2r 24p was proclaimed Crown land in October

108 Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 3, 5 May 1880, fols. 190-193 109 Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 110 Berghan, pp. 75-76 111 Berghan, p. 75 112 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 86, 4 December 1913, pp. 3578-9 113 MA-MLP1 1913/4, Under Secretary, Native Land Purchase Department, to Under Secretary, Lands and Survey Department, 23 December 1913, Archives New Zealand, Wellington

49 1914.114 The purchase price for the portion of Kaitoki 1B sold to the Crown was £873. The remainder of the Kaitoki 1B block, which amounted to 85a 2r 24p, was in European ownership by May 1914.115

The three purchases by the Crown in the Kaitoki No. 1 block were the total Crown purchases in the Kaitoki block, and amount to 464a 1r 05p. All of the Kaitoki No. 1 block, of 2036a 2r 26p was thus alienated, between c1900 and 1914. Private alienation in the Kaitoki No. 1 block amounts to 1572a 1r 21p. The subsequent history of the areas of Kaitoki remaining in Maori ownership show a high level of title fragmentation and individualisation. Many of the smaller blocks appear to be of an un- economic size, at least for farming

Table 4 : The Kaitoki No.2 partition of 30 September 1910. Block Area Owners Status Kaitoki 2A 130a 1 45a 2r 34p is Maori owned European land, balance of 84a 1r 06p sold Kaitoki 2A (cemetery) 2a 4 Maori land Kaitoki 2B 293a 7 Partitioned further Kaitoki 2C 93a 2r 05p 1 Partitioned further Kaitoki 2D 89a 1r 33p 1 Europeanised, sold privately 1981 Kaitoki 2E 184a 29p 5 Partitioned further Kaitoki 2F 13a 2r 16p 1 Sold privately 1958 Kaitoki 2G 287a 3r 04p 1 Part sold 1911, balance sold 1917 (private sales) Kaitoki 2H 176a 3r 33p 1 Europeanised, sold privately 1968 Kaitoki 2J 287a 1 Partitioned further Kaitoki 2K 575a 3r 2 Partitioned further Total area alienated or Europeanised 697a 3r 06p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p77

114 New Zealand Gazette, 1914, no. 109, 8 October 1914, p. 3706-7 115 MA-MLP1 1913/4, Under Secretary, Native Land Purchase Department to Under Secretary, Lands and Survey Department, 6 May 1914

50 Kaitoki 2A was of 130a. A part of the block, amounting to 45a 2r 34p, remains in Maori ownership.116 The remainder of the block has been alienated.

Kaitoki 2A, cemetery reserve of 2a, is listed as European land in the block record sheet.

Kaitoki 2B had five subdivisions. Kaitoki 2B1 remains in Maori ownership. Kaitoki 2B2 was of 21a 1r 19p. It was divided into two lots. Lot 1, of 11a, had been sold to the Haines Brick, Tile and Pipe Company, by 1926.117 Lot 2, the remainder of the block, became Maori freehold land in 1884, and was sold to Henry and Samuel Brighouse and Sharon Hauraki. The block was owned by Punga and Josephine Paewai in 1991.118

Kaitoki 2B3 was partitioned in 1924 into block 2B3A, of 1r 19p, and 2B3B, of 92a 2r 15p. Block 2B3A remains in Maori ownership. A portion of the block was transferred to the Crown in 1964, subject to the Maori Housing Act 1935. The portion was subsequently vested in Manahi Paewai and two others in 1996 under the Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993.119

In 1979, an area comprising 91a 2r 38p of Kaitoki 2B3B was Europeanised and then sold to Punga and Josephine Paewai.120 The remaining 3r 17p became Maori freehold land in 1984.121

Kaitoki 2B4 was partitioned into the blocks 2B4A, of 1a 2r 12p, and 2B4B1, of 68a 3r 11p in 1924. The 2B4B block was further partitioned into 2B4B1, of 23a 3r 11p, and 2B4B2, of 45a, in 1929.122 Both blocks remain in Maori title. Block 2B4B1 has been leased at least from 1924.123

116 McBurney, ‘ Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 217 117 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 28, fol. 45 118 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. E3, fol. 1298 119 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 101,fol. 46; and vol. J1, fol. 751 120 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 108, fol. 280 121 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 168, fol. 88 122 Berghan, p. 81

51 Kaitoki 2B5 was of 71a 37p.124 In 1966, Mavis Paewai applied to the Maori Land Court for confirmation of her sale of 2r of the block to Punga Paewai. The land was in Dannevirke County, the council of which had previously not allowed subdivisions of less than 5a in the area. The Council had changed its policy and agreed to the subdivision before the Court. Confirmation was granted to the alienation.125 The remainder of block 2B5 is in Maori title.126

Kaitoki 2C was partitioned in 1956, into 2C1, of 2r 7.5p, and 2C2, of 92a 3r 37p. Block 2C1 was Europeanised in 1968. It remains owned by Maori but is no longer in Maori title.127

Kaitoki 2C2 was partitioned in 1961 into 2C2A, of 1a 3r 25p, and 2C2B, of 91a.128 Part of block 2C2B was leased to Harry Frederickson in 1955. An application was made to the Maori Land Court, in 1966, for the confirmation the lease of block 2C2B, by H. H. and T. Rautahi, to Frederickson. The case was adjourned as the Court considered the rent to be inadequate.129 The block was, however, leased to Frederickson in 1970. Both block 2C2A and block 2C2B were Europeanised, but remain Maori owned.130

Kaitoki 2D was leased to Punga Paewai for 21 years from 1964.131 The block was Europeanised in 1971, under the 1967 Act, and purchased by Nireaha Walker in 1981.132

123 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 14, fol. 276; and vol. B1, fol. 1015 124 Berghan, p. 81 125 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 99, 4 February 1966, fol. 256, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. C2, fol. 1071 126 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report, p. 217, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 45, fol. 69; and vol. C2, fol. 1072 127 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 203, fol. 39 128 Berghan, p. 82 129 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 9 September 1966, fol. 197 130 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 97, fol. 187; vol. B4, fol. 1321, and vol. 203, fol. 39 131 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 140 132 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B1, fol. 1399

52 Table 5 : The later Kaitoki partitions Partition Block Acreage Status 25 April 1912 2K1 53a 3r 38p 1 Maori owner, now Maori land 2K2 288a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 2K3 235a 2r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1953 9 December 1913 2B1 22a 32p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 2B2 21a 1r 19p Maori owned, 11a sold, remainder Maori land 2B3 92a 3r 34p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 2B4 70a 1r 23p Maori owned, partitioned further 2B5 71a 37p 1 Maori owner, 2r sold, remainder is Maori land 16 August 1916 2E1 92a 14p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1916 2E2 92a 15p 1 Maori owner, now European land 21 August 1924 2B3A 1r 19p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 2B3B 92a 2r 15p 1 Maori owner, 91a 2r 38p Europeanised, 3r 17p now Maori freehold land 2B4A 1a 2r 12p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 2B4B 68a 3r 11p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 7 February 1929 2B4B1 23a 3r 11p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 2B4B2 45a 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 25 September 1936 2K2A 144a 24p 1 Maori owner, became the Tahoraite Development Scheme, Europeanised 1968 2K2B 144a 24p 4 Maori owners, sold privately 1985 20 April 1956 2C1 2r 07p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 1968 2C2 92a 3r 37p 2 Maori owners, partitioned further 8 December 1961 2C2A 1a 3r 25p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 2C2B 91a 2 Maori owners, Europeanised Total area alienated or 905a 2r 04p Europeanised

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1970-2000’, pp. 77-83

Kaitoki 2E was of 184a 29p. In 1912, 47a 3r, or interests equivalent to this, were purchased. The block was partitioned in 1916 into 2E1, of 92a 14p, and 2E2. Block 2E1 was sold the same year to Thomas Webb, for £1840.133

53 Kaitoki 2E2, of 92a 15p, is now European land.

Kaitoki 2F was sold in 1958 to Harry Frederickson for £384.

Kaitoki 2G was of 287a 3r 04p. In 1911, 33a 3r 16p of the block was purchased by Marion Cowper for £800. The remainder of the block was purchased in 1917 by Marjorie Bates for £1930.134

Kaitoki 2H was leased by Hirai Rangiwhakaewa to Henry Frederickson in 1921 for a ten year term. The block was leased again in 1931, for 21 years, and in 1952, for 15 years.135 Interests in the block were sold to Selwyn Gimblett in 1967 for $14,160, but it is not clear if this represents the purchase of all the interests in the block. The minute book states that all the owners signed (the sale agreement), except Reremoana Matua.136 The sale of the block to Gimblett was completed in 1968.137

Kaitoki 2J had seven subdivisions. The blocks 2J1, 2J2A, 2J2B, 2J4, 2J5A, and 2J6 were Europeanised. Block 2J1 appears to have been sold in 1974, as it was vested then in Rawiri Pene to sell to Robert and Pamela Clark.138

Table 6 : The Kaitoki 2J blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 25 October 1921 Kaitoki 2J1 37a 15p Europeanised, sold privately 1974 Kaitoki 2J2 37a 1r 16p Partitioned further Kaitoki 2J3 59a 2r 02p Maori owned, sold privately 1985 and 1989 Kaitoki 2J4 37a 3r 15p Europeanised, sold privately 1967 Kaitoki 2J5 38a 2r 16p Partitioned further Kaitoki 2J6 37a 2r 02p Europeanised, 29a 3r 10.3p sold privately 1999 Kaitoki 2J7 37a 3r 15p Sold privately 1957 4 November 1942 Kaitoki 2J2A 28a 1r 16p Europeanised Kaitoki 2J2B 9a Europeanised, sold privately 1975

133 Berghan, p. 81 134 Berghan, p. 78 and p. 81 135 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 74 136 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 1 December 1967, fol. 315 137 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B1, fol. 1354 138 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 108, 24 June 1974, fol. 85

54 Partition Block Acreage Status 29 November 1944 Kaitoki 2J5A 1a Europeanised Kaitoki 2J5B 91a Now European land Total area alienated or 339a 0r Europeanised 25p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp. 77-84, and Ibid, document bank, pp667-669

A number of the 2J blocks which have been Europeanised, were earlier leased. Block 2J1 was leased to Rangi Halidane in 1960. Arani Peeti leased Kaitoki 2J1 from M. P. Takirirangi and others in 1964, for £200 a year. The block was Europeanised in 1970, and sold to Allan and Pamela Clark in 1974.139

Kaitoki 2J2A was leased to J. H. Gimblett in 1963, and later sold to Arthur Cammock, a farmer of Kiritaki.140

Kaitoki 2J2B was leased by Arani Peeti from Maata Peeti, for £40 per year, from September 1965. The block was Europeanised in 1970, and sold to Allan and Pamela Clark in 1975.141

Kaitoki 2J3, of 59a 2r 02p, was leased to Alan Peeti in 1962. The lease was renewed in 1971.142 (CT nos. 137/152 and 1337). In 1970, the interest of Hohepa Mei Tatere in the 2J3 block was vested in Rumatiki Eriha, by succession. The block was subsequently vested in Claude Karauria Nicholson, Tony Taonui Martin, and Marcus Poole (solicitor) in 1984, and was in Maori ownership in 1985.143 Part of the block, amounting to 8.7460 ha, or 21a 3r 15p, was sold to Bruce Dustow in July 1985.144 The remainder of the block, amounting to 15.3378 ha, or 38a 1r 9.45p, was sold to Warren and Lois Churchouse in 1989.145

139 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B3, fol. 272 , and vol. 25, fol. 145 140 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 137, fol. 256 (date of transfer illegible) 141 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B3, fol. 272 142 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 137, fol. 152, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 94, 30 November 1960, fol. 388, ibid, minute book 95, 11 December 1962, fol. 157 143 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 137, fol. 152 144 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 137, fol. 152; and vol. K3, fol. 1426 145 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. K3, fol. 1427

55 Part of Kaitoki 2J4 was leased in 1928 to John McDonald by Hiki Kihirini. In 1967, Hoera Hoterini applied to the Maori Land Court to vest his interest in Kaitoki 2J4 in Arani Peeti, who was the lessee of the block. Court minutes record that Hoterini did not live in the district and that he wanted money to repay his mortgage, renovate his house, and pay for the expense of his father’s funeral. The Court agreed to the vesting, under clause 213 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, for £1500.146 The block was Europeanised in 1970.147

Kaitoki 2J5A, was of 1a, and appears to have been subdivided further, as in 1981, lot 2 was transferred to George Watson.148

Kaitoki 2J5B, was of 37a 2r 16p. The purchase of half the interests in the block was confirmed by the Maori Land Court in 1970.149 The block was Europeanised in 1973, and in 1979 was owned by Elizabeth Mary Peina and Miro Joseph Hoera.150

Kaitoki 2J6 was Europeanised in 1969, and was Maori owned in 1982.151 Part of the block, amounting to 11.9412 ha, or 29a 3r 10.3p, was sold to Christopher Southgate in 1999.152

Kaitoki 2J7 was sold to Gilbert King in 1957 for £1891.153

Kaitoki 2K had three subdivisions. Kaitoki 2K1 was of 53a 3r 38p. It is partly in Maori ownership. Te Otiria Te Hori Lawson sold her interest in the block to Wape Rapana Hape in 1952. The block became Maori freehold land in 1984, and was leased for a three year term from 1996, and transferred to Josephina Hinekura Paewai in 2000.154

146 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 13 June 1967, fol. 115 147 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 88 148 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 141 149 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 8 May 1970, fol. 349 150 Linz file LS 20/64-SNA, Chief Surveyor to Registrar, Native Land Court, 9 May 1977, and map on file, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 275 151 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 84 152 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. J4, fol. 1318 153 Berghan, p. 83, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 163, fol. 40 154 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 289, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 19 September 1952, fol. 147

56 Kaitoki 2K2 was subdivided into the blocks 2K2A and 2K2B. Block 2K2A became the Tahoraite Development Scheme, (see Part 1) and was Europeanised in 1968.

Kaitoki 2K2B, of 114a 24p, was farmed by Tanenuirangi Nikora in the 1950s.155 His lease was renewed in 1963. He then owned 1/3rd of the block.156 When he sold

Tahoraiti 2A18B in 1964, he was intending to purchase the other 2/3rds of the interests in the Kaitoki 2K2B block. In 1968, Manahi Nikora applied to the Maori Land Court for the vesting of his interest in block 2K2B in his brother, Wape Rapana Hape, for $2700. This was a sale of interests between two brothers. The Court vested the interests in Hape, under clause 213 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953.157 In 1969, Kaitoki 2K2B was one of a number of blocks in which the Maori Trustee did not wish to purchase any interests.158 The block was Europeanised in 1970, when it had four Maori owners. The block was purchased by Nola Marion Riddell in 1985.159

Kaitoki 2K3 was purchased in 1953 by Betty Vartan for £4239.160

From 1900, a total of 3232a 2r 13p was purchased in the Kaitoki block. The Crown purchased 464a 1r 05p, and 2768a 08p were purchased privately. A total of 746a 3r 08p was Europeanised in the Kaitoki block.161 This gives a total of 3979a 1r 21p which was either alienated or Europeanised in the Kaitoki block. The Maori land remaining in the Kaitoki block amounts to 232a 2r 34p.162 This gives a total of 4212a 5p, for the land in the Kaitoki block either alienated or Europeanised since 1900, or remaining as Maori land. This total is larger than the 4044a 1r 14p in the Kaitoki block partitions which remained in Maori ownership in 1900. However, this difference is after a century and may, in part, be attributed to surveying variations, and

155 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 93, 17 June 1958, fol. 158 156 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, 14 March 1963, fol. 201 157 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 29 March 1968, fol. 58 158 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 23 October 1969, fol. 181 159 Kaitoki block file, box 32, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. A3, fol. 823 160 Berghan, p. 83, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 200 161 Berghan, p. 83 162 Crown list of Current Maori Land in the Wairarapa Inquiry District for Kaitoki and block 2B4B1, for which the list gives no amount

57 4212a 15p can be taken as the acreage in Maori ownership in the Kaitoki block in 1900.

The Maori Land Court record sheet for the block has the following summary: 1A, of 183 1r 08p, is European land (no CT) 1B, of 183 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 71/300) 1C, of 183 1r 08p, is European land (no CT) 2A, of 2a (cemetery), is European land (no CT) 2B1 and 2B4B1 are superseded (CT no. 14/276) 2B2 was partitioned into one block of 11a and one of 10a 1r 18p. Both are European land (CT no. s. 28/45 and 45/70) 2B3A, of 1r 19.5p, is Maori owned 2B3B (part), of 91a 2r 38p was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. 108/280) 2B3B (part), of 3r 17p, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. 168/88) 2B4A, was of 1a 2r 12p (CT no. 160/187) 2B4B1, was of 23a 3r 11p 2B4B2, was of 45a, (CT no. 10/28) 2B5, was of 71a 37p (CT no. 45/69) 2C1, of 2r 07.5p, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act, (CT nos. 97/187 and 203/39) 2C2, of 92a 3r 37.6p, was partitioned (CT no. 97/187) 2C2A, acreage not given (CT no. A2/1891 or A2/1831) 2C2B, acreage not given (CT no. B4/1321) 2D, of 89a 1r 33p, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act, (CT no. 15/140) 2E1, of 92a 14p, is European land (no CT) 2E2, of 92a 15p, is European land (no CT) 2F, of 13a 2r 16p, is European land (no CT) 2G, of 287 3r 04p, is European land (no CT) 2H, of 176a 3r 33p, is European land (CT no. 15/74) 2J1, of 37a 15p, is European land (CT nos. 25/145 and F8/1459) 2J2A, of 28a 1r 16p, is European land (CT no. 137/256) 2J2B, of 9a, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. B3/272) 2J3, of 59a 2r 02p, is European land (CT no. 137/152) 2J4, of 37a 3r 15p, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. 24/88)

58 2J5A, of 1a, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. 123/141) 2J5B was of 37a 2r 16p (CT nos. 103/275 and 143/275) 2J6, of 37a 2r 02p, is European land (CT no. 24/84) 2J7, of 37a 3r 15p, is European land (CT no. 163/40) 2K1, of 53a 3r 38p, is European land (CT no. 123/289) 2K2A, was of 144a 24p (CT no 156/139) 2K2B was of 144a 24p (no CT) 2K3, of 235a 2r, is European land (CT 123/290)163

2.7 The Mangapuaka block The Mangapuaka block was of 906 acres. The ownership title of the block was determined by the Native Land Court on 5 September 1868. The block was claimed by Ihakara Whaitiri, of Ngati Matotara or Matataea. He stated that the land belonged to him, and to Matiu Meke, Hona Te Kaipo, Te Kaninamu, and Te Ropiha, who were part of his claim. There was no objection to his claim. The Court ordered a certificate of title be drawn up in their names.164

On 1 June 1894, Matiu Meke applied to the Court for a partition of the Mangapuaka block between its original owners. He also asked for a definition of relative interests in the block. His representative, Tamati Tautuhi, stated that Matiu Meke, Hona Te Kaipo and Te Kaninamu were admitted to have greater rights in the block than other owners, but to shorten the case were prepared to agree to equal interests between the owners. He said that Ahitana Nopera, one of the trustees for Ihakaia Whaitiri, had agreed to this. However, Paora Ropiha, a successor to Te Ropiha, did not agree to equal interests and asked for an adjournment until another successor, Keita Ruta, arrived at the Court. The hearing was then adjourned.165

The following week, Tautuhi presented a proposed partition to the Court. The proposal led to an agreement between all the owners, except Keita Ruta, which was implemented by the Court. The partition divided the block into the Mangapuaka No. 1

163 P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua’, document bank, pp. 667-669 164 Napier Native Land Court minute book 2, 5 September 1868, fol. 83 165 Napier Native Land Court minute book 32, 1 June 1894, fol. 107

59 and Mangapuaka No. 2 blocks. The Mangapuaka No. 1 block was of 428a, which comprised 214a owned by the successors of Te Ropiha, 71a 1r 14p owned by Ahitana Nopera, and two interests of 71a 1r 13, owned by Eparata and Ahitana Whaitiri. The Mangapuaka No. 2 block was of 478a, of which 214a was owned by Matiu Meke, and 264a was owned by Hona Te Kaipo.166

In 1907, Eparata Whaitiri applied to the Court for the partitioning of Mangapuaka No. 1 block among its owners. The Court partitioned the block into nine parts. Block 1A, of 71a 1r 14, was awarded to Ahitana Nopera. Block 1B, of 142a 2r 26p was awarded to Eparata Whaitiri. The blocks 1C, 1D, 1E,1F, 1G, 1H, and 1I, were each of 30a 2r 11p and were awarded to Paora, Renata, Hori, Ratima, and Iraia Ropiha, and to Keita Ruta and Ameria Nepe(Apatu).167

Mangapuaka 1A had been sold to Frederica Elizabeth Gollan and others by 1932.168

Mangapuaka 1B was leased in 1910 to Carl Frederickson by Eperata Whaitiri. Part of the block, called lot 1, of 40a, had been sold to Clifton Eric Williams by 1948.169 In 1958, the balance of Mangapuaka 1B block was leased to Williams, and may have been prior to this date.170 In 1970, the block was subject to an application to the Maori Land Court for an order to update its ownership, under clause 445 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, in 1970.171 This indicates the balance of the block was then in Maori ownership. Shares in the block had, however, been sold in 1969 to G. C. Williams. The Court ordered the Maori Trustee issue of money from the purchase to the sellers in 1971.172 The block is now European land.173

166 Ibid, 8 June 1894, fol. 189 167 Napier Native Land Court minute book 58, 22 November 1907, fol. 277 168 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 52, fol. 29 169 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 29, fol. 144 170 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 93, 17 June 1958, fol. 157 171 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 4 March 1970, fol. 9 172 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 24 October 1969, fol. 189, and minute book 104, 11 March 1971, fol. 39 173 Mangapuaka block file, record sheet, box 70, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. D3, fol. 895

60 The Mangapuaka 1C block was consolidated, and became the Mangapuaka A block.174 The sole owner of the block was Iriwhata Hanita. The consolidation occurred when the block was included in the first instalment of the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme in 1950.175 The Mangapuaka A was purchased by Clifton Eric Williams, a farmer of Te Uri, in 1955, for £335. No mention was made of the inclusion of Mangapuaka A in the consolidation scheme when the sale of the block was approved by the Maori Land Court.176

The interest of Te Atua Ropiha in the Mangapuaka 1D block was vested in Marjorie Bardell in 1954. She sold her share to Clifton Eric Williams in 1959. He transferred the share to Grahame Clifton Williams and his wife Rosaleen in 1963. They purchased the share in the block of Raukura Morris in 1975. The block was declared European land in 1973.177

In 1918, Te Tuati Meha, the sole owner of Mangapuaka 1E, had offered to sell the block to the Crown. In his letter offering to sell the land, Meha suggested £7 10s per acre for his land, as some years earlier Ameria Nepe and her brothers had sold their shares in the Mangapuaka 1I block to Mr Edkins for £5 5s an acre.178 The offer was declined on the advice of the Chief Surveyor as the land was generally of poor to medium quality, was mostly scrub covered and was too small to be of use. In 1948, Mangapuaka 1E was sold to Clifton Eric Williams for £210. The block was described as isolated. The vendor, Te Tiratu Meha, wanted to use the purchase money to settle his son’s debt to a bank. The vendor had other lands for his support.179

In 1913, Charles Edkins, an accountant of Dannevirke, purchased the four Mangapuaka blocks 1F to 1I. He purchased Mangapuaka 1F from Ratima Ropiha, and

174 Mangapuaka block file, box 70, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 175 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 89, 14 December 1950, fol 141 176 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 2 May 1955, fol. 371, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 153, fol. 114 177 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 176, fol. 54 178 MA-MLP1 1918/2, Te Tuati Meha to Under Secretary, Native Land Purchase Department, 5 January 1918, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 179 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 87, 29 April 1948, fol. 291, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 14

61 N 0 1km 2km

W E 0 440yd 880yd 1320yd 1mile

S

Mangapuaka S tre am

2

MANGAPUAKA BLOCK

Mangahei Road 1I Syme Road 1H 1G 1F 1E NGAPAERURU BLOCK 1D A < Dannevirke M a n g a Pt 1B p u a k a

S t r e a m

Reference: Map A-7 (11100/2) Tararua District Council Archive, Woodville Waitangi Tribunal, N.Harris, Jan 2004 Map 2 : Mangapuaka Block Mangapuaka 1G from Iraia Ropiha.180 Mangapuaka 1H was purchased from David Scannell and John Holden, who were the trustees of Ralph Holden Wellwood and John Wi Te Ota Wellwood, the children of Ruth Holden Wellwood.181 She was the daughter of Ruta Keita, who had married Norman Wellwood. The Mangapuaka 1I block was purchased by Edkins from Ameria Nepe.182

Mangapuaka No. 2 was leased to Mrs G. Wall. Her lease was renewed in 1949, for 21 years.183 In November 1968, the Maori Land Court confirmed the sale by France Rangi Logan of his shares in the block to Terry Fraser Ferguson. His shares were valued at $17,000.184 In October the following year, the Court confirmed the sale to Ferguson of the shares in the block held by Dan Te Roera Tareha, for $250.185

In December 1969, France Rangi Logan applied to the Court for the vesting of Mangapuaka No. 2 in its beneficial owners. This was necessary as after he had transferred his interest in the block to Ferguson, it was found that title to the block was held by the Maori Trustee, not the owners. The block had been vested in the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board in 1908, under clause 4 of the Maori Land Settlement Act Amendment Act 1906.186 The Court ordered the revesting of the block in its beneficial owners in 1949.187 This order, however, was not registered with the District Land Registry in Napier. When the Maori Land Boards were abolished in 1952 their successor was the Maori Trustee, who became the proprietor of Mangapuaka No. 2. The District Land Registrar could not, therefore, register any order affecting the ownership of the block. The Court issued an order under clause 70 of the Maori Vested Lands Administration Act 1954, which revested the land in its beneficial owners.188 The alienation of Mangapuaka No. 2, to Terry Ferguson, was confirmed by the Maori Land Court in 1971.189

180 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 33, fols. 258 and 259 181 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 33, fol. 260 182 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 35, fol. 263 183 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 88, 17 May 1950, fol. 375 184 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 27 November 1968, fol. 261 185 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 21 October 1969, fol. 146 186 New Zealand Gazette, 1908, no. 38, 14 May 1908, pp. 1365-6 187 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 88, 30 August 1949, fol. 172 188 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 15 December 1969, fol. 197 189 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 105, 10 September 1971, fol. 186, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 46, fol. 202

62 All the Mangapuaka blocks are now European land.190 All of the Mangapuaka block, of 906a, was alienated after 1900.

2.8 The Mangatainoka block The Mangatainoka block was estimated to be of 62,000a in 1871, but was subsequently found to be of 66, 395a.191 In 1875, a partition of the block made the divisions 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4. Another partition, in 1885, replaced these divisions respectively with the blocks A and B, C and D, I and J, G and H, K and L, and E and F. The 1885 partition gave the Crown the blocks B, D, I, G,L, and F. The Maori non-sellers kept blocks A, C, J, H, K, and E.

A further partition, in 1887, gave the Crown C1, E1, H1, J1, and K1. The blocks remaining to the non-sellers were therefore A, C2, E2, H2, J2, J3, J4, and K2. From 1887, the blocks remaining to the non-sellers are known as 1A1, 1BC2, J2, J3, J4, 2BH2, K2, and 4E2.192 The subsequent history of these blocks is one of partition, fragmentation, sales, part-sales and leases. Mangatainoka follows a pattern similar to other remaining Maori lands in the Tararua district.

Table 7 : The Mangatainoka partitions, 1875-1887 Date Partitions 1875 1A 1B 2A 2B 3 4 1885 A and B C and D I and J G and H K and L E and F 1887 1A1 1BC1 & 2 J 1,2,3 & 4 2BH1 & 2 K1 & 2 4E1 & 2

Source: P McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 39-40, and P McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a- Rua. Land Alienation Overview Report’, p. 147 and p. 154

The Mangatainoka blocks in Maori ownership in 1890 remained the blocks 1A1, 1BC2, J2A, J3, J4, 2BH2, K2, and 4E2.193 A further 624a, comprising the blocks 4E2B, J2A1, and J2A2, were sold privately during the 1890s.

190 Mangapuaka block file, record sheet, box 70, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 191 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 142 192 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p39 and pp. 59-64 193 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, pp. 155-156

63 In 1900, the Mangatainoka blocks in Maori ownership were the two 1A1 partitions, the five 2BH2 partitions, the three 1BC2 partitions, the blocks 4E2A and 4E2C, J3, and J4, and the three K2 partitions. The acreage of these blocks amounts to 7518a 2r 11p. A calculation from the original acreage of the Mangatainoka block, and deducting from it the nineteenth century alienations, leaves a total of 9344a of the block in Maori ownership in 1900.194 This total includes the Tutaekara reserve. The difference between the two totals may be due to an over-estimate of the block’s original acreage, or there may have been nineteenth century alienations which have not been identified.

In 1890, 1A1 was of 1956a and remained in Maori ownership. In 1898, 1A1 was partitioned into 1A1 West and 1A1 East, of 1422a 2r 35p and 449a 1r 04p respectively, a total of 1871a 3r 39p. This is an example of the partitions of a subdivided block having a different total from the block which was partitioned. The reduced acreage is probably due to a re-surveying of the blocks. Private alienation of land in the two blocks was prohibited under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, in 1910.195 Crown purchases took place and both blocks were proclaimed Crown Land in 1915.196

Table 8 : The Mangatainoka 1A1 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1887 1A1 1956a Partitioned further 1898 1A1 West 1422a 2r 35p 13 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown, declared CL 1915 1A1 East 449a 1r 04p 6 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown, declared CL 1915 Total area alienated 1871a 3r 39p

Source: P McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 69-70

In 1885, the partition of Mangatainoka 1B block gave block D to the Crown, and block C, of 1000a, to the non-sellers. Block C became block 1BC. A partition of 1BC in 1887 gave 1BC1 to the Crown and 1BC2, of 779a 3r, to the non-sellers.197 In 1888,

194 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 13 195 New Zealand Gazette, 1910, no. 79, 25 August 1910, p. 3232 196 New Zealand Gazette, 1912, no. 34, 11 April 1912, pp. 1276-7 197 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 154

64 1BC2 was reduced from 779a 3r to 683a by the taking of 1BC3 and 1BC4 for railway purposes. These blocks were of 84a and 12a 3r.198 Compensation was paid in 1891.

In 1890, 1BC2, of 728a 2r 12p, remained in Maori ownership. In 1898 1BC2 was partitioned into blocks 1BC2A, of 60a 2r 34p, 1BC2B, of 182a 22p, and 1BC2C, of 485a 2r 36p.199 The total of the three blocks was 683a 3r 12p. They were Maori owned. Block 1BC2A was sold in 1913 to Robert Beatson Ross.

In 1914, 1BC2B, of 182a 2r 22p, was partitioned into blocks, 1BC2B1, 1BC2B2, and 1BC2B3, the last of which was of 56a 2r 02p.200 In 1915, 1BC2B1, of 22a 2r 14p, was sold to Robert Beatson Ross. Also in 1915, the sale of 1BC2B2, of 101a 3r 36p, was refused by the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board, and a mortgage of the block was refused 1916. The Board referred to the owner, Pirihira Nireaha, as extravagant and said she wanted the money to pay for stock etc. This may imply the reason for the Board’s refusal of the mortgage application but does not specifically state it.201The block was leased from 1916, and sold in 1935 to Eric William Bryant. Part of 1BC2B3, amounting to3r 04p, was taken by the Pahiatua council for roading purposes in 1923.202 The area of 1BC2B3 was then 56a 1r 35p203 In 1956, 1BC2B3 was placed under a Maori Trustee appointed agent to make it revenue producing to clear noxious weeds. The block was leased 1959, by which time it had an acreage of 55a 2r 38p.204

In 1903, 1BC2C, which was of 485a 2r 36p, was partitioned into 1BC2C1, of 243a 3r 16p; 1BC2C2, of 241a 3r 16p; and 1BC2C3, of one acre.205 1BC2C1 was later reduced by the taking of 8a for railway purposes. A subsequent partition was made of 1BC2C2 by 1913 as in that year 50a of 1BC2C2A was leased to Thomas Rayner. In 1914, a 41a 2r 11p part of 1BC2C2A was sold to Percy Bisset. In 1916, the sale of 1BC2C2A lot 2, of 49a 3r 38p, was refused by the Board, as the purchase money would have been retained by the Board and the vendor, Maihi Hangaina, would only

198 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 65-66 199 Ibid, p. 68 200 Ibid, p. 73 201 Ibid, p. 96 202 Ibid, p. 103 and p. 141, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 308, fol. 182 203 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 103 204 Ibid, p. 109

65 have received 4%. The lease of the block was expiring and it was to the owner’s advantage to negotiate a new lease.. The subdivision is also called 1BC2C2A2 and was leased in 1917, and sold in 1918 to William Dixon Taylor.206

Also in 1914, five parts of 1BC2C2B, amounting to a total of 127a 2r 39p, were sold to three purchasers, John Fox, James McCardle, and William Dixon Taylor. The block 1BC2C2B had been of 128a.207

Table 9 : The Mangatainoka 1BC blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1887 1BC1 142a 3r 18p Crown 1BC2 779a 3r Maori owned, partitioned further 1888 1BC2 683a Maori owned, partitioned further 1BC3 84a Railway land 1BC4 12a 3r Railway land 1898 1BC2A 60a 2r 34p Maori owned, sold privately 1913 1BC2B 182a 22p Partitioned further 1BC2C 485a 2r 36p Partitioned further 19 May 1903 1BC2C1 243a 3r Remains in Maori ownership (208a 2r 02p) 1BC2C2 241a 3r 16p Partitioned further 1BC2C3 (also called 1a Remains in Maori ownership 1BC2C2A and 2C3) 18 July 1905 1BC2C2A 92a 2r 11p 41a 2r 11p sold privately 1914 1BC2C2B 140a 3r 28p Four lots amounting to 126a 2r 39p sold privately 1914 1BC2C2A2 49a 3r 38p Sold privately 1918 1914 1BC2B1 22a 2r 36p Maori owned, sold privately 1915 1BC2B2 101a 3r 36p Maori owned, sold privately 1935 1BC2B3 56a 2r 02p Maori owned, 3r 04p taken for road 1923, balance remains Maori owned Total area alienated 404a 1r 38p

Source: P McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 65-66, p. 68, and p. 73, Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 27, and P McBurney, ‘Tararua-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Overview Report’, p54

205 Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 27, 19 May 1903, fols. 68-69 206 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’ , p169 207 Ibid, p92

66 Of the 1898 partitions of 1BC2, 1BC2A was sold in 1913 to Robert Beatson Ross. 1BC2B was partitioned into three blocks in 1914. Of these partitions, 1BC2B1 was sold in 1915, and 1BC2B2 was sold in 1935 to Eric Bryant.208 Part of 1BC2B3 of 3r 04p was purchased by the Pahiatua Borough Council, for roading purposes in 1923, and the remainder, of 55a 2r 38p, is in Maori ownership.

Block 1BC2C was partitioned into blocks 1BC2C1 and 1BC2C2. The subdivision 1BC2C1, with an acreage of 208a 2r 02p, remains in Maori ownership. Two portions of land, of 2a 1r 14p and 2r, were taken from the 1BC2C1 block for roading in 1948. Compensation of £172, and £10 costs, was paid in 1952.209 Hohepa Mei Tatere II and Alan Fitchett were appointed trustees for the block in 1968.210

Block 1BC2C2 was partitioned in 1905 into blocks 1BC2C2A and 1BC2C2B. Block 1BC2C2B, and part of 1BC2C2A, was sold in 1914.211 Block 1BC2C2A2, the remainder of block 1BC2C2A, was sold in 1918.212 Two small subdivisions, 1BC2C2A (part), and 1BC2C3 are also in Maori ownership. All the subdivisions of 1CB2, the part of 1B block in Maori ownership in 1900, are accounted for.

In 1890, 4E2, of 375a, remained in Maori ownership. The block was partitioned in 1894 into 4E2A, 4E2B, and 4E2C, all of 125a. Blocks 4E2A and 4E2C remained in Maori ownership, while 4E2B was sold that year to John McCarthy and Simon Athy.213 Block 4E2C was later sold to John Gower.214

Table 10 : The Mangatainoka 4E2 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1894 4E2A 125a Maori owned, partitioned further 4E2B 125a Maori owned, sold privately 1894 4E2C 125a Maori owned, sold privately

208 Ibid, p. 105 209 Wairarapa Maori Land Court minute book 37, 19 August 1952, fol. 357 210 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 9 July 1968, fol. 140, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 220, fol. 129 211 McBurney, The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 90-93 212 Ibid, p. 100 213 Napier Native Land Court minute book 34, 30 August 1894, fol. 128 214 McBurney, The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves, p. 43

67 Partition Block Acreage Status 13 September 1938 4E2A1 62a 19p Maori owned, now European land 4E2A2 62a 19p Maori owned, sold privately 1967 Total area alienated since 1900 249a 0r 38p

Napier Native Land Court minute book 34, and Mangatainoka block record sheet, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings

Private alienation in 4E2A was prohibited under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909 in 1910 and 1911, but Crown purchasing of interests in the block does not appear to have taken place. The block, with an acreage of 121a 3r 38p, was leased from 1914.215 The lease was renewed in 1917 and in 1933.

Block 4E2A was partitioned into 4E2A1 and 4E2A2 in 1938. In 1939, the subdivision 4E2A2, of 62a 2r, was leased. Both blocks 4E2A1 and 4E2A2 became European land under Native Land Act 1931 in 1943.216 In 1967, Tawhiritoroa Hawea transferred her interest in the 4E2A2 block to Hector W. Harvey, for $18,000. Records indicate that she intended using the money to purchase the interests of her brother, Ruiterangi Chase, in the several of the Poukawa blocks.217 Block 4E2A1 was sold to Hector Harvey in 1972.218

In 1887, H2 block (also called 2BH) was divided into blocks 1 and 2, with 2BH1 becoming Crown and 2BH2 remaining Maori.219 In 1890 2BH2, of 453a, remained in Maori ownership. In 1898, 2BH2 was partitioned into five blocks. The blocks were 2BH2A, of 9a; 2BH2B, of 9a; 2BH2C, of 173a; 2BH2D, of 87a 1r 14p; and 2BH2E, of 174a 2r 26p.220 The blocks were all Maori owned.

Private alienation in 2BH2A and 2BH2B was prohibited under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, in 1910 and 1911.221 The prohibition appears to have lapsed

215 Ibid, p93 216 Ibid, p110, and Wellington Appellate Court minute book 6, 3 December 1942, fol. 206 217 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 25 July 1967, fol. 180, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 478, fol. 216 218 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 484, fol. 51 219 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 61 220 Wanganui Native Land Court minute book 28, 2 September 1898, fol. 33 221 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 68, 24 August 1911, p. 2601

68 without the completion of Crown purchasing as, in 1912, 2BH2A and 2BH2B were sold to William Herbert Yule. Block 2BH2C was also sold to Yule.222 The removal of restrictions on the sale of block 2BH2D was recommended by the Board in 1906, but its alienation details are not known.

In 1911, 2BH2E was partitioned into blocks 1 and 2, both of 80a 1r 39p. In 1916, a 6a 32.6p part of 2BH2E1 was sold to Milton Alpass. Block 2BH2E2 was mortgaged in 1918, and sold to John Ivor Hay in 1923.223 The balance of 2BH2E1, of 74a 1r 06.4p, remains in Maori ownership. All subdivisions of 2BH2 are accounted for, except 2BH2D, the alienation details of which have not been found.

Table 11 : The Mangatainoka 2BH2 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1898 2BH2A 9a Maori owned, sold privately 1912 2BH2B 9a Maori owned, sold privately 1912 2BH2C 173a Maori owned, sold privately 2BH2D 87a 1r 14p Maori owned, no longer Maori but alienation details not known 2BH2E 174a 2r 26p Maori owned, partitioned further 1911 2BH2E1 80a 1r 39a Maori owned, 6a 32p sold 1916, balance remains Maori owned 2BH2E2 80a 1r 39p Maori owned, sold privately 1923 Total area alienated 365a 0r 05p

Source: P McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 72, and Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 28 The partition of J block in 1887 left blocks J2, J3, and J4 to the non-sellers. J2 was of 1750a in 1887. In 1890, J2 was partitioned giving J2B and J2C to the Crown and leaving 2JA, of 500a, to the non-sellers.224 J2A was partitioned in August 1893 into J2A1 and J2A2, both of 250a.225 In 1894, 249a of J2A2 was sold to Walter Best.226 One acre of J2A2 was sold to Huru Te Hiaro. This remains in Maori ownership and is a cemetery reserve.227 J2A1 was also sold to Walter Best.228

222 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 42 223 Ibid, p. 102 224 Ibid, p. 67 225 Ibid, p. 143 226 Ibid, p. 43 and p. 81 227 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 157 228 Ibid, p. 43

69 J3 was of 100a in 1887 and remained in Maori ownership in 1890. It was later sold in two blocks to R. Smith and Christina Stewart.229

J4 was of 1404a in 1887. In 1890, 1400a remained in Maori ownership. This, and other small discrepancies in area, are probably due to differences from surveys rather than from alienations. In 1903, J4 was partitioned into the blocks J4A, of 239a 34p, J4B, of 239a 34p, J4C, of 1r, J4D, of 2r, J4E, of 173a, and J4F, of 687a 1r 28p.230

Table 12 : The Mangatainoka J blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1887 J1 3757a 3r 35p Crown award J2 1750a 6 Maori owners, partitioned further J3 100a 1 Maori owner, sold privately J4 1400a 7 Maori owners, partitioned further 1890 J2A 500a 2 Maori owners, partitioned further J2B 750a Crown award J2C 500a Crown award 1893 J2A1 250a Maori owned, sold privately J2A2 250a Maori owned, 249a sold 1894, 1a cemetery reserve 1903 J4A 239a 34p Maori owned, partitioned further J4B 239a 34p 1 Maori owner, sold 1912-1913 J4C 1r Was a hall site, became Crown land J4D 2r Church site J4E 173a Maori owned, sold privately 1918 J4F 687a 1r 28p Maori owned, partitioned further Total area alienated since 1900 412a 2r 34p

Source: P McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 62-64, p. 67 and p. 143, and Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 27

229 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 41 230 Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 27, 9 May 1903, fol. 48

70 J4A was partitioned in 1904.231 The two subdivisions, J4A1 and J4A2, were among a number of Mangatainoka blocks for which, in 1908, private alienation was prohibited under section 10 of the Native Land Settlement Act 1907, for six months.232 The blocks were placed under the same prohibition, under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, in 1910 and 1911.233 The Crown failed to complete purchases and the proclamation lapsed, as J4A1, of 120a, was leased in 1912, and sold to William James Smith in 1920.234 J4A2 was also of 120 acres. One acre of J4A2 remains in Maori ownership. The remainder of the block, was purchased by a private buyer.235

J4B, of 239a 34p, and K2C, of 527a, formed a block of land which was owned by Ereni Te Aweawe. In 1908, both blocks were placed under the provisions of section 10 of the Native Land Settlement Act 1907, which prohibited private alienation, for six months.236 In 1911, Te Aweawe’s lawyers suggested to the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board that the block be subdivided and sold. Following this, in September 1911, an Order in Council under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, prohibiting private alienation in Mangatainoka J4B was issued.237 However, the Crown did not purchase the land, and the combined block of J4B and K2C was divided into lots and sold in 1912 and 1913 to private buyers.238

J4C, of 1r, was intended as the site of a hall.239 The block was purchased by the Crown. J4D, a half-acre block, became, in 1907, the site for the Catholic church in the township of Hamua. The block had previously belonged to Nireaha Tamaki.240 J4E, of 178a 1r 17p, was sold in 1918 to Peter Tulloch.241 The block had been subject to a prohibition on private alienation for six months in 1908, which had lapsed.

231 Wellington Native Land Court minute book 15, 6 December 1906, fol. 155 232 New Zealand Gazette, 1908, no. 52, 2 July 1908, pp. 1777-1778 233 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 68, 24 August 1911, p. 2601 234 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 101-102 235 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 157 236 New Zealand Gazette, 1908, no. 52, 2 July 1908, pp. 1777-8 237 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 73, 14 September 1911, p. 2771 238 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 158 239 Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 26, 10 August 1900, fol. 223 240 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p85 241 Ibid, p179

71 In 1905, J4F was partitioned into blocks J4F1, of 239a 3r 14p, J4F2, of 239a 3r 14p, J4F3, of 65a 2r 36p, and J4F4, of 143a 3r 06p, all of which were Maori owned.242 In 1906, the Government set aside 105a 2r 36p for a native township to be known as Hamua. The land was taken under the Native Townships Act 1895, and was described as ‘No.1 and part No.2 Mangatainoka J4F’.243 These two Mangatainoka blocks are the subdivisions J4F1 and J4F2. Private alienation in the four J4F subdivisions was prohibited for six months in 1908, and re-issued in 1910 and 1911.244

The part of the J4F1 block taken for the Hamua native township amounted to 65a 3r.245 The remaining acreage for the township was to be obtained from J4F2 block, although it is not known if this was done, or if a native township was established at Hamua. Private purchase was prohibited in the block in 1908. In 1911, part of block J4F1, amounting to 1a 1r 10p, was sold to the Balance Co-operative Dairy Company. In 1913, Meri Ngawhiro offered to sell her share of J4F1, which amounted to 64a 1r 29p, to the Crown.246 The block was, however, sold to Peter Tulloch.247 These sales, and the township land taking, account for 131a 2r of the J4F1 block. None of the block remains in Maori ownership though. This leaves 108a 1r 14p of the J4F1 block of which the alienation details are not known.

Private purchase was prohibited in the J4F2 block in 1908. In 1911, J4F2, of 239a 3r 14p, was partitioned into J4F2A, of 39a 1r 20p, J4F2B, of 50a, J4F2C, of 50a, and J4F2D, of 100a. As part of the order making the partition the Native Land Court referred to the taking of land for a native township in 1906 and stated that if any part of J2F2A was required for the native township the owners were to have their shares reduced proportionately.248 In 1917, Karaitiana Wirihana sold his share of J4F2A, which amounted to 19a 2r 30p, to Messina Guy Bailey. The other half of J4F2A, also

242 Ibid, p72 243 New Zealand Gazette, 1906, no. 82, 25 September 1906, p2504 244 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 68, 24 August 1911, p2601 245 Napier Native Land Court minute book 62, 4 August 1911, fol. 333 246 MA-MLP1 1913/24, P Sheridan to Under Secretary, Native Department, 16 June 1913, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 247 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 90 248 Napier Native Land Court minute book 62, 4 August 1911, fol. 333

72 of 19a 2r 30p, was sold to the Crown by Hiria Heta and Pani Hirai.249 It was proclaimed Crown land in September 1917.250

The J4F2B and J4F2C blocks were purchased by the Crown and proclaimed Crown land in 1911.251 Block J4F2D, amounting to 100a 1r 08p, was sold in 1917, also to Messina Guy Bailey.252

Table 13 : The Mangatainoka J4F blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1905 J4F1 239a 3r 14p Maori owned, 65a 3r taken for Hamua township 1906, private sales 1911 and 1913, balance of 108a 1r 14p is no longer Maori land J4F2 239a 3r 14p Maori owned, partitioned further J4F3 240a 1r 18p Maori owned, 121 1r 18p CL 1917, remaining 118a 3r 14p Maori owned J4F4 143a 3r 06p Maori owned, purchased by the Crown, CL 1917 1911 J4F2A 39a 1r 20p Maori owned, half sold privately 1917, half CL 1917 J4F2B 50a Maori owned, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed CL 1911 J4F2C 50a Maori owned, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed CL 1911 J4F2D 100a Maori owned, sold privately 1917 Total area alienated 601a 1r 12p

Source: P McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 72, and Napier Minute book 62

In 1915, William Massey, the Prime Minister, requested a report on land near Hamua where settlers had informed him that negotiations were taking place between the Maori owners and buyers considered speculators by the settlers.253 The settlers believed it was in the interest of the whole district for the Government to acquire the land for dairy farming, for which it was eminently suitable. The land was found on inquiry to be blocks J4F3 and J4F4 of the Mangatainoka block. The Member of Parliament for Masterton subsequently urged the acquisition of the land by the Government. In August 1915, an Order under Section 363 of the Native Land Act

249 MA-MLP1 1911/109, C B Jordan to District Land Registrar, 5 September 1918, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 250 New Zealand Gazette, 1917, no. 143, 20 September 1917, p. 3621 251 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 103, 21 December 1911, p. 3747 252 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 100

73 1909, prohibiting the private alienation of the J4F3 and J4F4 blocks, was issued.254 The order was renewed for both blocks in 1917.255 In the same year, part of J4F3, amounting to 121a 2r 1.3p, and all of J4F4, of 143a 3r 16p, were sold to the Crown.256 The land was used for the settlement of three returned servicemen. The unsold part of J4F3, of 118a 3r 16.7p, was vested in Hohepa Mei Tatere II and Alan Fitchett as trustees in 1968.257 It remains Maori land.

In the three J blocks, which remained to the non-sellers in 1887, one part is not accounted for. This is a part of J4F1, amounting to 108a 1r 14p.

In 1887, K2 was of 2760a and this remained in Maori ownership in 1890.258 The block was partitioned in 1896 in to K2A, of 570a 2r, K2B, of 570a 2r, and K2C, of 1525a. The three partitions amount to 2666a. The partitions were all Maori owned, with K2C awarded entirely to Ereni Te Aweawe.259

In 1901, 40a of K2 was sold to J. C. L. Ewington, it seems from K2C as Ereni (or Erina) was one of the sellers.260 In 1904, part of K2 was leased to Hall Udy. There is no record of which part of K2 this was. However, as the total area of the block was 2666a 2r 16p, it appears that K2 was being treated as if it were one block, despite the partition of 1896.261

Mangatainoka K2A was leased in 1907 and placed under a prohibition on private alienation for six months in 1908. The prohibition was re-issued in 1910 and 1911, under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909.262 In 1910 an application was made to the Native Land Court to lease K2A. The lease of the block was to be confirmed,

253 MA-MLP1 1910/34/1, W Massey to R Ritchie, 19 April 1915, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 254 New Zealand Gazette, 1915, no. 96, 12 August 1915, p. 2878 255 New Zealand Gazette, 1917, no. 22, 8 February 1917, p. 467 256 New Zealand Gazette, 1917, no. 29, 15 February 1917, p. 598, and no. 47, 15 March 1917, p. 593 257 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 9 July 1968, fol. 140, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 245, fol. 221 258 McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 155 259 Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 22, 21 February 1896, fols. 326-327 260 Wellington Native Land Court minute book 10, 3 July 1901, fol. 167 261 McBurney, ‘Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 82 262 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 68, 24 August 1911, p. 2601

74 provided the conditions of the lease were satisfactory.263 The K2A block, of 569a, was sold to Robert Dougherty for £5500. The sale was confirmed by the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board in February 1920.264

Mangatainoka K2B was partitioned into three parts in 1906. These were the subdivisions K2B1, of 223a 20p, K2B2, 172a 3r 30p, and K2B3, of 172a 3r 30p.265 Private alienation in K2B1 and K2B2 was prohibited for six months in 1908. The prohibition lapsed, and, in 1909, the K2B1 block was sold to Alfred Udy and Joseph James.266 The sale of the block had been approved by the Ikaroa Maori Land Board, provided the price was not less than Government valuation, and by the Stout-Ngata Commission. The prohibition was re-issued in 1910 and 1911 for the remaining K2B blocks. The prohibition lapsed as in 1912, and the K2B2 and K2B3 blocks of 345a 3r 20p were sold to Charles Udy.267 The sale of parts of the K2B block to private buyers during periods when the prohibition of private alienation had lapsed may indicate the Maori owners preferred to sell privately. This may indicate that they received a better price from the private buyers than the Crown was offering.

In 1906, 527a of K2C was leased to A. K. Simpson, for 15 years.268 K2C became part of a combined block with J4B, which was sold to private buyers in 1912 and 1913.269

Table 14 : The Mangatainoka K2 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1896 K2A 570a 2r Maori owned, sold privately 1919-20 K2B 570a 2r Maori owned, partitioned further K2C 1525a Maori owned, sold privately 1912-13 1906 K2B1 223a 20p Maori owned, sold privately 1909 K2B2 172a 3r 30p Maori owned, sold privately 1912 K2B3 172a 3r 30p Maori owned, sold privately 1912 Total area alienated 2662a 0r 00p

Source: Wairarapa Native Land Court minute book 22, and Otaki Native Land Court minute book 47

263 Wellington Native Land Court minute book 17, 18 May 1910, fol. 154 264 Mangatainoka block file, Box 49, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 265 Otaki Native Land Court minute book 47, 20 January 1906, fol. 122 266 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 181, fol. 275 267 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 89 268 Wellington Native Land Court minute book 15, 5 October 1906, fol. 141 269 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 163

75 The alienations in the Mangatainoka blocks since 1900 amount to 6718a 2r 26p. This comprises Crown purchases of 2322a 2r 13p, and private purchases of 4384a 1r 35p. In addition there were public works takings of 11a 1r 18p. The acreage of the Mangatainoka blocks in Maori ownership in 1900 amounted to 7518a 2r 11p. Of this, 6718a 2r 26p was alienated, and 464a 1r 39p remains Maori land. This amounts to 7182a 25p, either alienated or still Maori owned. This leaves 336a 1r 26p unaccounted for, based on the acreage of the blocks owned by Maori in 1900. This can perhaps be attributed to variations in surveying, as Mangatainoka was a large block.

2.9 The Mangatoro block Mangatoro had an original surveyed area of 30,750a.270 The block was first partitioned in 1892, when it was divided into block 1, of 15,608a; block 2, of 13,044a; block 3, of 573a 3r 25p; and block 4, of 1992a 2r 26p. These partitions have a combined acreage of 31,218a 2r 11p. All the blocks were Maori owned after the partition. The alienation details of the Mangatoro 3 and 4 blocks are not known. However, both blocks were probably sold in the early 1890s, as neither block was partitioned after 1892.

The Mangatoro 1 and 2 block were partitioned in August 1900. Blocks 1A, of 11,140, and 2A, of 397a 2r 31p, remained in Maori ownership. Blocks 1B and 2B were given to the Assets Realisation Board.271 This left a total of 11,537a 2r 31p of the Mangatoro block in Maori ownership in 1900.272 Another calculation, based on deducting the nineteenth century alienations from the block’s original acreage leaves 12, 364a. This calculation does not assume that blocks 3 and 4 were alienated before 1900.273

By 1902, the interest of Matiu Meke in block 1A had been purchased. The block was partitioned in 1902, with blocks 1A1, of 5141a 2r, being awarded to the Crown. Blocks 1A2, of 857a, and 1A3, of 5141a 2r, were awarded to the non-sellers.

270 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 218 271 Ibid pp. 218-227 for the pre-1900 history of Mangatoro 272 Berghan, pp. 105-106 273 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 33

76 In 1906, Mangatoro 1A3 was partitioned into blocks 1A3A, of 373a; 1A3B, or 373a; 1A3C, of 373a; 1A3D, of 373a; 1A3E, of 1027a 2r 15p; 1A3F, of 870a; 1A3G, of 870a; and 1A3H, of 870a. All the subdivisions of block 1A3 were leased to A. Bower Knight in 1910 for a 20 year term.274

In 1907, compensation of £57 was paid for the taking of 15a 1r 09p in the Mangatoro 1A2 and 1A3. The minutes of the Native Land Court do not specify how much was taken in each block, or what the land was taken for, although it was probably taken for roading.275

Despite the partition of 1906, the Mangatoro 1A3 blocks were leased as one block and were known as the Mangatoro Estate. In 1910, local European residents lobbied the Government to purchase the land as they were concerned the leaseholders would obtain the freehold from the Maori owners. It was feared they would then make an unjust profit from settlers wishing to farm the land.276 The Native Minister, James Carroll, met with the owners in March 1911, to discuss the proposal that the land be acquired by the Government for closer settlement. The Mangatoro 1A3 block was then proclaimed against private alienation under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909.277 The prohibition, however, lapsed, and the block was partitioned further. Subsequently the Crown purchased four of the Mangatoro 1A3 partitions.

Some of the subdivisions of the Mangatoro 1A3 block were sold privately from 1912. Block 1A3H was sold in three lots to Barbara Knight, Marjorie Hindmarsh, and Cecily Hindmarsh in August 1912. Block 1A3G was also sold in three lots in September 1912. Its purchasers were Clara Williams, Freda Cowper, and Cecily Hindmarsh. Part of 1A3F, amounting to 55a 1r 21p, was purchased by Christina Rose in October 1912. This left 814a 3r 19p of block 1AF3 in Maori ownership. The

274 Berghan, p. 116 275 Napier Native Land Court minute book 58, 16 October 1907, fol. 145 276 MA-MLP1 1910/137, Prime Minister to Native Minister, 22 August 1910, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 277 Ibid, Under Secretary, Native Land Purchase Department, to the Prime Minister, 31 January 1911, Archives New Zealand, Wellington

77 remainder of 1A3F was probably all purchased in 1913 by Leslie Pettit, although the acreage of the sale is given as 814a 2r 19p.278

Mangatoro 2A, of 397a 2r 31p, was sold to Jessie Hictzel in 1912, for £1143.279

In June 1913, 1A2 block, of 857a, was partitioned into ten blocks, named 1A2A, 1A2B, 1A2C, 1A2D, 1A2E, 1A2F, 1A2G, 1A2H, 1A2J, and 1A2K, all of slightly over 85 acres. The ten 1A2 subdivisions were all sold in the second half of 1913. The purchasers were Christina Rose, Kate Rose, and Agnes McCallan.280

After 1913, the Mangatoro blocks 1A3A to 1A3E, remained in Maori ownership. Private alienation in the blocks 1A3B, 1A3C, 1A3D, and 1A3E, was prohibited for a year in March 1918.281 At the same time, 1A3A, of 373a, was proclaimed Crown land.282 Crown purchasing was successful. The block 1A3B, also of 373a, was proclaimed Crown land the following week.283 In January 1919, 1A3E, of 1027a 2r 15p, was proclaimed Crown land.284

The prohibition on private alienation was extended for blocks 1A3B, 1A3C, and 1A3D in 1919 for six months.285 In September the same year, the prohibition was extended for blocks 1A3C and 1A3D, for 18 months.286 In March 1921, the prohibition was extended for a further six months.287 The prohibition of the private alienation of 1A3C and 1A3D lapsed briefly but was re-issued for six months in March 1922, and again in August that year.288 The prohibition was re-issued in 1924 and was extended in 1925.289 In 1926, 1A3D, of 373a, was proclaimed Crown land.290

278 Berghan, p. 121 279 Berghan, p. 117 280 Ibid, p. 121 281 New Zealand Gazette, 1918, no. 40, 21 March 1918, p. 864 282 New Zealand Gazette, 1918, no. 40, 21 March 1918, p. 854 283 New Zealand Gazette, 1918, no. 46, 28 March 1918, p. 942-3 284 New Zealand Gazette, 1919, no. 9 January 1919, p. 2 285 New Zealand Gazette, 1919, no. 28, 6 March 1919, pp. 643-4 286 New Zealand Gazette, 1919, no. 115, 18 September 1919, p. 2935 287 New Zealand Gazette, 1921, no. 32, 31 March 1921, p. 787 288 New Zealand Gazette, 1922, no. 18, 9 March 1922, p. 637, and no. 62, 17 August 1922, p. 2237-8 289 New Zealand Gazette, 1924, no. 20, 3 April 1924, p. 807, and New Zealand Gazette, 1925, no. 16, 5 March 1925, p. 675, and 1925, no. 62, 3 September 1925, p. 2515 290 New Zealand Gazette, 1926, no. 53, 12 August 1926, p. 2477

78 N r 0 1 2 3 4 5 km e v W E i 0 1 2 3 miles R

u S t a w a n a er M Riv atu aw Man

Kaitoke River Road < Dannevirke Ma ngat oro 1A No.3 S tr e MANGATORO BLOCK a m

K Weber Road

o

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r e 1A No.2 nu i

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KAITOKE No.3

MANGATORO BLOCK 1A No.1

Reference: MA-MLP 1, 1910/137 Archives New Zealand, Wellington Waitangi Tribunal, N.Harris, Jan 2004 Map 3 : Mangatoro 1A3 Block Table 15 : The Mangatoro block Partition Block Acreage Status date 1891 Mangatoro 1 15,608a 1r 9 Maori owners, partitioned further Mangatoro 2 13,044a 12 Maori owners, partitioned further Mangatoro 3 573a 3r 25p 2 Maori owners, now European land Mangatoro 4 1992a 2r 26p 1 Maori owner, now European land 1900 Mangatoro 1A 11,140a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further Mangatoro 1B 4421a 2r 38p Assets Realisation Board (Bank of NZ Assets Co) Mangatoro 2A 397a 2r 36p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1912 Mangatoro 2B 12,639a 3r 22p Assets Realisation Board (Bank of NZ Assets Co) 1902 Mangatoro 1A1 5141a 2r Crown award Mangatoro 1A2 857a 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1913 Mangatoro 1A3 5141a 2r 13 Maori owners, partitioned further 1906 Mangatoro 1A3A 373a 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1918 Mangatoro 1A3B 373a 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1918 Mangatoro 1A3C 373a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further Mangatoro 1A3D 373a 7 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1926 Mangatoro 1A3E 1027a 2r 15p 5 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1919 Mangatoro 1A3F 870a 25p 2 Maori owners, sold privately in 1912 and 1913 Mangatoro 1A3G 870a 25p 7 Maori owners, sold privately 1912 Mangatoro 1A3H 870a 25p 2 Maori owners, sold privately 1912 Total area alienated since 11,153a 1r 06p 1900

Reference : P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1970-2000’ pp. 96-123, and New Zealand Gazettes

In 1921, block 1A3C, of 373a, had been partitioned into blocks 1A3C1, of 51a; 1A3C2, of 50a; 1A3C3, of 52a; 1A3C4, of 56a; 1A3C5, of 56a; 1A3C6, of 52a; and 1A3C7, of 56a.291 The seven subdivisions were placed under the provisions of section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, prohibiting private alienation, in 1927.292 The final

291 Berghan, pp. 121-122 292 New Zealand Gazette, 1927, no. 23, 21 April 1927, p. 1094

79 prohibition of private alienation in the blocks was made in March 1931.293 In the following month, the blocks 1A3C2 and 1A3C3 were partitioned, giving 1A3C2A, of 33a 1r 31p, and 1A3C3A, of 17a 1r 25p, to the Crown.294 The subdivisions 1A3C2B, of 16a 2r 38p, and 1A3C3B, of 34a 3r 17p, remained in Maori ownership.295

The 1A3C2A block was purchased for £280. The interests in the block were acquired between 18 April and 9 May 1928. Expenses associated with the purchase were £7, and interest on the purchase money until the date of the purchase was £41 15s 9d. The total cost to the Crown was £328 15s 9d. The purchase price of 1A3C3A was £146, expenses were £13 3s, and the interest was £15 3s 4d. The total cost to the Crown was £164 16s 4d. The interests in 1A3C3A were acquired between 18 April and 30 June 1928.296

The Crown spent £493 12s 1d acquiring blocks 1A3C2A and 1A3C3A. Having acquired the blocks, the Crown offered them to Samuel Porter Guthrie, who leased the adjoining section 12 of the Tahoraite survey district, for the blocks’ capital value of £505. The 1A3C blocks were across the Manawatu River from the Tiratu Loan Soldiers Settlement, but were not considered of use to the settlers as the river was impassable in winter. The two blocks 1A3C2A and 1A3C3A were added to Mr Guthrie’s lease. The Commissioner of Crown Lands was considering further purchasing in the 1A3C blocks, in February 1934, as it was possible Guthrie ‘could do with the additional area’.297

Table 16 : The Mangatoro 1A3C blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1921 Mangatoro 1A3C1 51a 1 Maori owner, private purchase completed 1964 Mangatoro 1A3C2 50a 3 Maori owners, partitioned further Mangatoro 1A3C3 52a 9 Maori owners, further partition made Mangatoro 1A3C4 56a 1 Maori owner, private purchase 1964

293 New Zealand Gazette, 1931, no. 19, 12 March 1931, p. 560 294 New Zealand Gazette, 1931, no. 89, 19 November 1931, p. 3367 295 Berghan, p. 122 296 Linz file LS 20/16-SNA, Under Secretary, Native Department, to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 17 September 1931, 297 Ibid, Commissioner of Crown Lands to Field Inspector, 13 February 1934

80 Partition Block Acreage Status Mangatoro 1A3C5 56a 1 Maori owner, private purchase completed 1963 Mangatoro 1A3C6 52a 1 Maori owner, now Maori land Mangatoro 1A3C7 56a 1 Maori owner, private purchase 1967 1931 Mangatoro 1A3C2A 33a 1r 31p Crown award Mangatoro 1A3C2B 16a 2r 38p 1 Maori owner, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1935 Mangatoro 1A3C3A 17a 1r 25p Crown award Mangatoro 1A3C3B 34a 3r 17p 6 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1937 Total area alienated 321a 2r 31p

Reference: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp. 96-123, New Zealand Gazettes, and Linz LS 20/16-SNA alienation notices

In March 1934, Jury H. Takirirangi offered to sell the 1A3C7 block to the Crown. He was the son of the previous owner, Kiriwera Takirirangi. Evidence indicates he wanted to sell the block as debts had been incurred during his late mother’s illness, and when she died. He had also received a letter from the Registrar of the Ikaroa Native Land Court charging him succession duties of £45 9s 11d for succession to his mother’s interests in Kaitoki 2J1, Tahoraiti 2B4, and Tiratu 2B8, in addition to this block. In addition, he had a solicitor’s fee to pay. He said he did not like to borrow money (to pay the debts and charges) if he could find some other way.298 The Under Secretary of the Lands and Survey Department ascertained that the capital value of the block was £436, but did not proceed with purchase negotiations. The block remained in Maori ownership until 1967.

In October 1934, Emere Tirika Nikora offered to sell block 1A3C2B to the Crown, as it was apparently of no use to her and would bring her more expense than anything else. She wished to use the money from the sale of the block on her other properties. She was told by the Commissioner of Crown Lands that the purchase of additional land was not being proposed.299 In January 1935, the settler Guthrie informed the Commissioner that he wanted 1A3C2B purchased as he wished to build a new house

298 Ibid, J T Takirirangi to Lands and Survey Department, Napier, 29 April 1935 299 Ibid, Emere Nikora to Commissioner of Crown Lands, 20 October 1934, and reply, 24 October

81 and the block contained a better building site. The block was purchased on 24 June 1934, for £137 3s 3d, from the sole owner, Emere Nikora. This amount represented the capital value of £157, from which was subtracted rates of £1 18s 8d, a survey lien of £7, and a proportion of improvements paid for by the Crown of £10 18s 1d.300 Mangatoro 1A3C2B was declared Crown land in July 1935.301 The block became section 16 of the Tahoraite survey district, and was included in Guthrie’s lease.

The Crown Solicitor advised against the proclamation of Mangatoro 1A3C2B as Crown land, as it had been acquired under the Native Land Amendment Act 1932, not under the Land for Settlement Act 1925. The law was subsequently amended by section 10 of the Land Laws Amendment Act 1935, to remove question of the legitimacy of this, and other, proclamations.302

Mangatoro 1A3C3B had 13 owners, all of whom appear to have been prepared to sell their shares to the Crown. The capital value of the block was £375, which included improvements of clearing, fencing and grassing, valued at £97.303 Guthrie was asked by the Commissioner of Crown Lands in Napier if he wanted 1A3C3B purchased and included in his lease.304 He did, and in July 1936 the Dominion Land Purchase Board recommended the purchase of the block to the Board of Native Affairs. The block was purchased on 31 March for £453 2s 6d, which included a survey lien of £30 19s 1d.305 The Crown had spent £101 5s on improvements to the 1A3C block, in fencing and drainage. The proportion of this owed by the 1A3C3B block was £67 10s 1d.306 This amount would have been recovered from the purchase price. The owners, therefore, received £385 12s 5d, and still owed the survey lien. Mangatoro 1A3C3B

1934 300 Ibid, Assistant Under Secretary, Native Department, to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 23 July 1935 301 New Zealand Gazette, 1937, no. 51, 18 July 1937, p. 1937 302 Linz LS 20/16-SNA, Commissioner of Crown Lands, to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 22 November 1935 303 Ibid, Deputy Valuer General to Commissioner of Crown Lands, 8 November 1935 304 Ibid, Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 22 November 1935 305 Ibid, Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 13 August 1937, and reply, 25 August 1937 306 Ibid, Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under Secretary, Lands Department, 27 July 1936

82 was declared Crown land in July 1937.307 The Minister of Lands approved the inclusion of block 1A3C3B in Guthrie’s lease in October 1937.

Guthrie leased Mangatoro 1A3C1, of 51a, from 1950. In 1958, Guthrie purchased

1/3rd of the shares in the block from Tureiti Hoterini, for £650. In 1960, he purchased

1/9th of the block from Atua Beech, for £250, and a further 1/3rd from Tai Jacob Hoera

Rangiwhakaewa, for £755. Guthrie purchased the remaining 2/9ths in the block from Cecelia and Robert Beech, in 1963 and 1964, both shares for £285.308 They had earlier purchased the interests in the block, by transfer under Part XIX of the Maori Affairs Act 1953. When the Maori Land Court confirmed this alienation it added that the block had ceased to be Maori freehold land.309 The purchases from the Cecelia and Robert Beech completed the purchase of the block by Guthrie. He paid a total of £2225 for the block.

In 1961, D. Henry Wright, purchased 4/7ths of the shares in Mangatoro 1A3C5, of 56a, from Tumanako Raihana and five others, for £1078. When applying to the Maori Land Court for confirmation of the sale, the vendors’ lawyer stated that the block was scrub and that the owners wished to sell to obtain some benefit from land from which they could derive no revenue.310 In May 1962, he purchased a further 1/7th of the shares from Kahu Timu and Rehania Tumu, for £154. Wright purchased the final

2/7ths of the shares in the block in 1963, for £1100.311 This appears to have completed his purchase of the block as the survey lien was then paid and the block released from the caveat resulting from it.312 The block cost Wright a total of £1540.

In 1964, Wright purchased the whole of Mangatoro 1A3C4 from Tai Jacob Hoera and others, for £1000. The block became European land.313 In applying for confirmation of the sale by the Maori Land Court, the vendors’ lawyer said that the owners had

307 New Zealand Gazette, 1937, no. 45, 8 July 1937, p. 1595 308 Linz LS 20/16-SNA, Alienation notices, 30 October 1958, 3 August 1960, 24 July 1964, and 24 July 1964, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 134, fol. 90 309 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, 20 June 1963, fols. 326-7 310 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 94, 21 September 1960, fol. 319 311 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 12 September 1963, fol. 36 312 Linz LS 20/16-SNA , Alienation notices, 18 January 1961, 28 May 1962, and 19 November 1963, and note on solicitor’s letter of 10 December 1963 313 Ibid, Alienation notice, 23 December 1964

83 regretfully decided to sell as the land had no access, was heavily infested with scrub, and was of use only to an adjoining owner. The block had no revenue producing potential for the owners. They were to receive from the sale of the land £1000, clear of all deductions. The Court confirmed the sale.314

Mangatoro 1A3C7, of 56a, was sold by the trustees of the estate of Jury Pine Takirirangi in 1965 for £1700, to John Hape Kani.315 In applying to the Maori Land Court for confirmation of the transfer, the vendors’ lawyer stated that the land was of no use to the owners, probably too small, isolated and of marginal quality for them to develop, and that the purchase money would be used to improve other properties of the estate.316 The block was Europeanised under legislation of 1967. The blocks 1A3C2B, of 16a 2r 38p, and 1A3C3B, 34a 3r 17p, also became European land.

A total of 11,473a 2r 37p was therefore alienated in the Mangatoro block from 1900. This comprises Crown purchases of 7390a 2r 06p, and private purchases of 4083a 0r 31p. A further 56a was Europeanised. With the inclusion of the Mangatoro 1A3C6 block, of 52a, which remains Maori land, this amounts to 11,525a 2r 37p. This accounts for almost all the 11,537a 2r 31p which were in Maori ownership in 1900.

The Maori Land Court’s record sheet for the block has the following details: 1A2A, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 36/53) 1A2B, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 36/54) 1A2C, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 36/55) 1A2D, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 111/72) 1A2E, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 111/72) 1A2F, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 112/167) 1A2G, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 112/167) 1A2H, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 108/155) 1A2J, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT no. 108/155)

314 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 16 September 1964, fol. 62 315 Linz LS 20/16-SNA, Alienation notice, 8 September 1965 316 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 99, 18 September 1965, fol. 57

84 1A2K, of 85a 1r 08p, is European land (CT nos. 108/155 and 108/156) 1A3A, of 373a is European land (no CT) 1A3B, of 373a, is European land (no CT) 1A3C1, of 51a 10p, is European land (CT no. 134/90) 1A3C2A, of 33a 1r 31p, is European land (CT no. 66/177) 1A3C2B, of 16a 2r 38p, is European land (CT no. 64/177) 1A3C3A, of 17a 1r 25p, is European land (CT no. 64/177) 1A3C3B, of 34a 3r 17p, is European land (CT no. 64/177) 1A3C4, of 56a, is European land (CT no. R 3634) 1A3C5, of 56a, is European land (CT no. R 3635) 1A3C6, of 52a, is Maori land (CT no. 117/8) 1A3C7, of 56a, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. 86/224) 1A3D, of 373a, is Crown land (CT nos. 8/77 and 8/166) 1A3E, of 1027a 2r 15p, is Crown land (CT no. R 70) 1A3F, of 870a 25p, is European land (CT nos. 1/294, 86/267, 36/52, 39/124, 3/144) 1A3G, of 870a 25p, is European land (CT nos. 1/294, 36/226, 33/263, 39/124) 1A3H, of 870a 25p, is European land (CT nos. 1/294, 29/116, 24/172, 19/192, 71/273) 2A, of 397a 2r 36p, is European land (CT nos. 12/163, 125/294, 66/203) 2B, of 12,639a 3r 22p, is European land (no CT) 3, of 573a 3r 25p, is European land (no CT) 4, of 1992a 2r 26p is European land (no CT)317

2.10 The Ngapaeruru block The Ngapaeruru block was estimated to be of 56,076a when its title was investigated by the Native Land Court in 1891 and 1892.318 The Court awarded the block to 12 hapu and two named individuals. A rehearing of the title to Ngapaeruru was held in 1893, which investigated the relative interests resulting from the 1892. The rehearing divided the block into ten parts, of varying sizes. Government purchase of interests in the block began in 1895.

317 Berghan report document bank, pp. 1272-21274 318 Berghan, p. 128

85 A partition of the block was made in 1897 by the Native Land Court. This gave the Crown blocks 5, 8, and 9, and partitioned the blocks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7. This gave the Crown blocks 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 6A, and 7A. The Crown award amounted to 33,900a.

The non-sellers held 1B, of 2615a; 2B, of 253a; 3B, of 143a; 4B, of 392a; 6B, of 4766a; 6C, of 3699a; 6D, of 3699a; 7B, of 500a; 7C, of 400a; 7D, of 425a; 7E, of 375a, and 7F, of 3841a.319 Block 10, of 1420a, was also in Maori ownership, and was probably intended as a reserve.320 A total of 21,108a of the Ngapaeruru block therefore remained in Maori ownership after the partition of 1897.

Table 17 : The Maori owned Ngapaeruru blocks in 1897 Partition Block Acreage Status 1897 1B 2615a Maori owned, partitioned further 2B 253a Maori owned, partitioned further 3B 143a Maori owned, sold privately 1912 4B 392a Maori owned, partitioned further 6B 4766a Maori owned, partitioned further 6C 3699a Maori owned, purchased by the Crown 1898 6D 3699a Maori owned, purchased by the Crown 1899 7B 500a Maori owned, now European land 7C 400a Maori owned, sold privately 1899 7D 425a Maori owned, sold privately 1899 7E 375a Maori owned, sold privately 1899 7F 3841a Maori owned, partitioned further 10 1420a Maori owned, part sold 1910, now European land Total area alienated 2063a since 1900

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp143-144, and P McBurney, ‘Tararua-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Overview Report’, p. 312

Crown purchasing of interests in the remaining Maori owned blocks continued and in August 1898 another partition was made. The Court awarded the Crown blocks 1B1, of 1015a; 2B1, of 7a; 4B1, of 14a; 6B2, of 4466a 2r; and 7F1, of 1039a, a total of

319 Ibid, pp. 143-144 320 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 312

86 6541a. . The non-sellers were awarded 1B2, of 1600a; 2B2, of 246a; 4B2, of 378a; 6B1, of 300a; 7F2, of 2445a.

In November 1898, 1B2 block was partitioned, with the Crown receiving 1B2A, of 200a, and the non-sellers were awarded 1B2B, of 706a 1r, and 1B2C, of 694a.

The Ngapaeruru blocks 6C and 6D, each of 3699a, were purchased by the Crown in 1898 and 1899.321 The blocks 7C, 7D and 7E blocks, totalling 1200a, were sold to G. H. M. White, in 1899 for £400.322

In 1900,the Ngapaeruru subdivisions remaining in Maori ownership were 1B2B, of 706a 1r; 1B2C, of 694a; 2B2, of 246a; 3B, of 143a; 4B2, of 378a; 6B1, of 300a; 7B, of 500a; 7F2, of 2445a; and block 10, of 1420a.323 This left 6832a of the Ngapaeruru block in Maori ownership in 1900.

Another calculation gives 5996a of the Ngapaeruru block in Maori ownership in 1900. This amount is derived from deducting nineteenth century alienation from an original block acreage of 55,285a.324 It can also be calculated that as there was 21,108a of the block in Maori ownership after the partition of 1897, and the partitions of August and November 1898 gave the Crown 6541a and 7598a (200a, 3699a and 3699a), and 1200a was sold in 1899, it leaves 5769a in Maori ownership in 1900. However, the acreage of the blocks in Maori ownership in 1900 remains 6832a.

Table 18 : The Ngapaeruru blocks from 1898 Partition Block Acreage Status August 1898 1B1 1015a Crown award 1B2 1600a Maori owned, partitioned further 2B1 7a Crown award 2B2 246a Maori owned, sold privately 1911 4B1 14a Crown award 4B2 378a Maori owned, sold privately 1911

321 New Zealand Gazette, 1899, no. 64, 27 July 1899, p. 1361 322 Berghan, pp. 146-147 323 Ibid, pp. 144, 146-147, and p. 150 324 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 33 and source table, p. 117

87 Partition Block Acreage Status 6B2 4466a 2r Crown award 6B1 300a Maori owned, partitioned further 7F1 1039a Crown award 7F2 2445a Maori owned, 1903 partition annulled in 1905 November 1898 1B2A 200a Crown award 1B2B 706a 1r Maori owned, remains in Maori ownership 1B2C 694a Maori owned, partitioned further 1905 7F2A 1169a 1r 17p Crown award 7F2B 1262a Maori owned, now European land 1909 1B2C1 338a 10p Maori owned, sold privately 1914 1B2C2 25a Maori owned, remains in Maori ownership 1B2C3 293a 2r 01p Maori owned, sold privately, sale completed 1971 1929 6B1A 99a 22p Maori owned, sold privately 1955 6B1B 100a 04p Maori owned, sold privately 1955 6B1C 100a 04p Maori owned, now A1 block, which remains Maori Total area alienated since 1900 3886a 0r 04p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp. 146-151

In 1905, the 1903 partition of 7F2 was annulled by the Court as the Crown had purchased additional shares in the block. A partition was then made which gave 7F2A, of 1169a 1r 17p to the Crown, and gave 7F2B, of 1262a, to the non-sellers.325 The combined total of the two subdivisions was 2431a 1r 17p.

Block 1B2C, which had been of 694a, was partitioned in 1909 into blocks 1B2C1, of 338a 10p; 1B2C2, of 25a; and 1B2C3, of 293a 2r 01p. The three blocks were all Maori owned and amounted to 656a 2r 11p.

In 1910, a part of block 10 amounting to 770a 3r 34p, was purchased by Herbert William. The total acreage of the block was then given as 1413a 1r 30p, which left 642a 1r 36p of block 10 in Maori ownership.

88 In August 1910, the Ngapaeruru 7B block was purchased from Rupuha Te Hianga by Ford Stanley Franklin, a farmer of Mangatuna.326 In September 1911, all of 2B2 and 4B2 were sold to Charles Edkin. Block 1B2C1 was mortgaged the same year to Catherine Guerin. In 1912, all of block 3B was sold to Norah Averill.327 By 1915, a part of the Ngapaeruru 7F2B block amounting to 631a had been sold to Archibald John Skipper.328

There is no clear evidence as to why the Maori owners of Ngapaeruru wished to sell theses lands. The final partition in the Ngapaeruru block was made in 1929, when 6B1 block was divided into blocks 6B1A, of 99a 22p; 6B1B, of 100a 04p; and 6B1C, of 100a 04p.

In July 1950, the owners of block 1B2C3 paid the outstanding survey lien on the block of £68 15s 9d. Their lawyer wrote to the Chief Surveyor saying that the payment had been made with considerable difficulty and that the owners had applied to have the outstanding interest remitted. He hoped this would not be opposed by the Chief Surveyor and stated that most of the owners were in poor circumstances.329 The application to the Native Land Court stated that of the four owners, three were in need, and that one of them, Mr Kani, was an invalid. The owners had all been young when the block was surveyed, and had had no knowledge of the survey lien. The block was leased for £150 per annum. The judge recommended that the interest, above that already paid, be waived. This was carried out by the Minister of Lands in June 1951 and the caveat on the block, from the survey lien, was withdrawn. The first sale of shares in the block occurred in 1968 when Frances Rangi Logan sold 14087.999 shares to Alan Ferguson for $5115 .00. The remaining shares in block 1B2C3 were sold in 1971, by Audrey Harata Mullany, to Alan and Jean Ferguson, for $12,750.330

325 Berghan, p. 148 326 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 75, fol. 273 327 Berghan, p. 150 328 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 63, fol. 20; and vol. A4, fol. 419 329 Linz LS 20/84-SNA, Solicitor’s letter to Chief Surveyor, Napier, 26 July 1950 330 Ibid, Alienation notices, 27 November 1968, and 10 September 1971, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 105, 10 September 1971, fol. 186

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Sec 7

Sec 8

Reference: LINZ file LS 20/84 SNA (Ngapaeruru Block file) Waitangi Tribunal, N.Harris, Jan 2004 Map 4 : Ngapaeruru 1A, 1B, 1C Block In 1953, Ruahuihui Tipene Matua applied to the Maori Land Court for 5a of 1B2B to be vested in her son, Henry Matua Kani, for a house site. He leased the 1B2B block from her. The Court vested 5 acres in him, under section 7 of the Maori Purposes Act 1941. It is known as 1B2B lot 1.331

Block A1, which was formerly 6B1C, was part of the first instalment of the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme. (see Maori land development section in Part 1).The block was vested in the Maori Trustee, as trustee for the estate of Rupuha Te Hianga, in 1972.332

Block A2, which was formerly 6B1A and 6B1B, and had also been included in the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme (see above). The block was sold to Adrian G. Waterworth in 1955, for £1700 8s 6d, or £8 10s per acre. Court records show that the vendors lived in Waikato and wanted to use the purchase money to buy land there. The purchaser had leased the land for many years and the block was surrounded by freehold and leasehold land held by him. The sale was confirmed by the Maori Land Court.333

Block 1B2C1, of 338a 10p, was sold in 1914 by Morehu Paina to Henry Adam Ferguson, a farmer of Mangahei, and become European land.334 Blocks 7F2B, of 1262a; and all of block 10 are also European land.

There remains in Maori ownership in the Ngapaeruru block the subdivisions 1B2B, of 706a 1r; 1B2C2, of 25a; and A1, of 100a 04p, which was formerly block 6B1C. Napaeruru 1B2B, one of the largest blocks of land remaining in Maori ownership in the Tararua district, has been leased, at least since 1955.

Alienations in the Ngapaeruru block since 1900 amount to 5949a 0r 04p. The Crown purchased 1169a 1r 17p, and 4779a 2r 37p were purchased privately. A further 841a

331 Ibid, extract, Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 1 May 1953, fol. 233 332 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 90, fol. 17 333 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 4 May 1955, fol. 392 334 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 36, fol. 148

90 12p in the block remains Maori land. This accounts for 6790a 16p of the 6832a which were in Maori ownership in 1900.

The Maori Land Court’s record sheet for the block has the following details: 1A, 1B1, and 1B2A, were Crown land 1B2B (balance), is of 701a 1r (CT nos. B1/812 and 14/81) 1B2B lot 1, is of 5a (CT no. 14/81 1B2C1, of 3380a 10p, is European land (CT nos. 185/4 and 185/2) 1B2C2, is of 25a (CT no. R 3782) 1B2C3, of 293a 2r, is European land (CT no. R 3783) 2A, and 2B1, were Crown land 2B2, of 246a, is European land (CT no. 35/264) 3A was Crown land 3B, of 141a 2r, is European land (CT no. 36/114) 4A and 4B1 were Crown land 4B2, of 378a is European land (CT nos. 33/257 and 33/265) 5, 6A, 6B2, 6C, 6D, and 7A were Crown land 7B, of 492a, is European land (CT no. 75/273) 7C, of 400a, is European land (CT no. 16/113) 7D, of 425a, is European land (CT no. 18/112) 7E, of 375a, is European land (CT no. 16/114) 7F1 and 7F2A were Crown land 7F2B, of 1262a, is European land (CT nos. 63/20 and A4/ 419) 8 and 9 were Crown land 10, of 1420a, is European land A1, of 100a, is of 100a (CT no. 90/17) A2, of 200a, is European land (CT no. 156/30335

335 Berghan report document bank, pp. 1786-1788

91 2.11 The Oringiwaiaruhe block The Oringiwaiaruhe block, of an estimated 12,008a, was divided from the Otawhao block at its title investigation in 1867.336 In 1888, the owners of the block received compensation for 85a taken for railway purposes. The block was leased by 1895. In the same year interests in the block were purchased by Henry Simmonds and Henry Gaisford, two private purchasers. In 1897, the block was partitioned into block 1, of 3450a, which remained in Maori ownership, and block 2, of 8050a, which became European owned.337

After further interests were purchased by Mr Gaisford, block 1 was partitioned in 1899. Block 1A, of 1150a, was awarded to five owners, but they too had sold their interests to Gaisford, who received the land.338 Block 1B, of 2300a, remained to the non-sellers. This was the total area of Oringiwaiaruhe remaining in Maori ownership in 1900.

Table 19 : The Oringiwaiaruhe block to 1911 Partition Block Acreage Status 1897 1 3450 Maori owned, partitioned further 2 8050 European owned 1899 1A 1150a 5 Maori owners, sold privately 1899 1B 2300a 4 Maori owners, partitioned further 1905 1B1 573a 1r 23p 4 Maori owners, partitioned further 1B2 570a 20p 2 Maori owners, partitioned further 1B3 150a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1B4 995a 3r 34p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1911 1B1A 273a 2r 28p 2 Maori owners, partitioned further 1B1B 56a 1r 28p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 1B1C 243a 1r 07p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further Total area alienated or 56a 1r 28p Europeanised since 1900

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp158-159

336 Ellis et al, Source table, p. 119 has 11,587a for original acreage (this equals the area of the 1897 partitions and the land taken earlier for the railway 337 Berghan, p. 158 338 Ibid, pp. 158-159

92 In 1905, 1B was partitioned into 1B1, of 573a 1r 23p; 1B2, of 573a 20p; 1B3, of 150a; and 1B4, of 995a 3r 34p. Numerous other partitions followed.

The first alienation in the block was in 1913 when block 1B3 and 4A was sold to Elizabeth Young. This was a combined block, consisting of the A blocks of 1B3 and 1B4. There were seven other combined blocks, named 1B3 and 4B to 1B3 and 4H.

The next alienation in the Oringiwaiaruhe block was in 1918, when a part of 1B1A1, amounting to 99a 2r 28p, was sold to Annie McNicol. The remainder of this block, of 1a 36p, is in Maori ownership.

In 1919, the combined block 1B3 and 4H was sold to S. Brighouse. Block 1B2B1 was sold in 1954 to Peter Breakwell. In 1959, block 1B3 and 4E was sold to Bernard and John Cullinane for £2695.339

Block 1B2B2, of 240a 1r 09p, was sold by the Native Trustee, exercising a power of sale under a mortgage, to Leonard Breakwell, a sheep farmer, in 1928.340

Block 1B3 and 4D had 1r 14.8p of land adjoining the railway land taken by proclamation for a road in 1941. In 1960, some of the owners of 1B3 and 4D leased their interests to Ian McGregor. An application for a consolidated order under section 445 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953 was made the same year. In 1961, Oringiwaiaruhe A2 and 1B3 and 4D were sold to Ian McGregor, but as the vendor had signed two contradictory sale documents the application for confirmation of the sale was adjourned.341 Presumably a lease was later completed as Oringiwaiaruhe 1B3 and 4D was in multiple Maori ownership in 1964, and was leased.342 It remains Maori land.

339 Ibid, p. 163 340 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1, fol. 51 341 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, fol. 345 342 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 16, fol. 206

93 Block 1B3 and 4F was partitioned in 1957 into B1, of 99a 3r 35p, and B2, of 53a 1r 25p. Both subdivisions were sold to John Patrick Wren, B2 in 1957 and B1 in 1968. He had leased Oringiwaiaruhe B1 from 1967.343

Block 1B3 and 4G was sold in two parts in 1994. One part was purchased by Denzil Treacy, the other part by Colin Love and others.344

A number of the Oringiwaiaruhe blocks were Europeanised. They are 1B1A2, 1B1B, 1B1C1, 1B2A, 1B2B3A and 1B2B3B.345 Block 1B1A2 was purchased by Percy and Colin Lowe in 1973.346

The block 1B2B3 was partitioned in 1952 when Tuakana Karaitiana gave one acre to Arapata Karaitiana. This became block 1B2B3A. The balance of the block remained 1B2B3.347 It was leased to Joyce Barnett in 1959.348 In 1969, the Deputy Registrar of the Ikaroa Maori Land Court began Europeanising both 1B2B3 and 1B2B3A under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967, but could not proceed as the balance of the block had not been given a new appellation when block 1B2B3 was partitioned in 1952. In December 1969, the Court gave the balance, of 239a 1r 09p, the appellation Oringiwaiaruhe 1B2B3B.349

Block 1B1C1 was leased by Koa Wirihana Symonds to D. Dunsford in 1965. In the following year, Mrs Symonds applied to the Maori Land Court for the block to be Europeanised. She stated that she had a dairy farm on the Mangatainoka 4E2A1 block, was mortgage free, owned a car and had around £100 in the bank. Her farm was valued at £20,000. The Court adjourned the application as, although she was fully able to manage her affairs, her substantial assets meant that her family would avoid

343 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 13 December 1967, fol. 351 344 Oringiwaiaruhe block file, box 117, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B1, fol. 921; vol. L1, fol. 1081; and vol. L1, fol. 1082 345 Berghan, p. 164, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 81, fol. 33; and vol. 24, fol. 220 346 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. E2, fol. 1419 347 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 19 September 1952, fol. 146 348 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 94, 15 June 1959, fol. 18 349 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 22 December 1969, fol. 202

94 death duties if the block remained Maori freehold land. Mrs Symonds subsequently withdrew the application.350 The block was Europeanised in October 1971.

Block 1B1C2, of 143a 1r 07p, was sold to Timothy Wrenn in 1971.351 The block 1B2B2, of 240a 1r 09p is European land.

Table 20 : The Oringiwaiaruhe blocks from 1911 Partition Block Acreage Status June 1913 1B3 and 4A 294a 2r 2 Maori owners, sold privately 1913 1B3 and 4B 186a 20p 1 Maori owner, now A1 block, remains Maori owned 1B3 and 4C 75a 34p 1 Maori owner, now A2 block, remains Maori owned 1B3 and 4D 163a 1 Maori owner, remains Maori owned except 1r 14p taken for a road 1B3 and 4E 74a 3r 06p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1959 1B3 and 4F 153a 1r 28p 1 Maori owner, re-partitioned, sold privately 1957 and 1968 1B3 and 4G 194a 2r 18p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1994 1B3 and 4H 4a 1r 06p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1919 November 1913 1B1A1 100a 3r 24p 1 Maori owner, 99a 2r 28p sold privately 1918, remainder Maori owned 1B1A2 172a 2r 23p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised August 1916 1B2A 56a 1r 28p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 1B2B 516a 2r 18p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further February 1922 1B1C1 100a 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 1B1C2 143a 1r 07p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1971 February 1925 1B2B1 36a 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1954 1B2B2 240a 1r 09p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1928 1B2B3 240a 1r 09p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1952 1B2B3A 1a 1 Maori owner (housing site) Europeanised 1B2B3B 239a 1r 09p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised Total area alienated or 1810a 1r 02p Europeanised since 1900

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 160, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90

350 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 6 September 1966, fol. 162, and 14 September 1966, fol. 227 351 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 151, fol. 26

95 A total of 425a 35p of the Oringiwaiaruhe block remains in Maori ownership. The Maori owned blocks are 1B1A1 (pt), 1B3 and 4D, and two partitions named A1 and A2, which are the blocks earlier known as 1B3 and 4B and 1B3 and 4C.

A total of 1241a 32p was purchased in the Oringiwaiaruhe block after 1900, 1240a 3r 18p by private purchase and 1r 14p for roading. A further 625a 3r 08p has been Europeanised. Alienation and Europeanisation amount to 1866a 3r. When added to the remaining Maori land in the block, which amounts to of 423a 30p352, this accounts for 2290a 30p of the 2300a which were in Maori ownership in 1900.

The Maori Land Court’s record sheet for the block has the following details: 1A, of 1150a is European land (CT nos. 37/77, 27/290, 67/46,67/184, 110/4, 116/232, 116/231, 133/40, 133/16) 1B1A1 (part), of 1a 36p, is Maori land (CT no. 87/279) 1B1A1, of 99a 2r 28p, is European land (CT no. 29/120) 1B1A2, of 172a 2r 23p, is European land (CT no. 81/33) 1B1B was of 56a 1r 28p (CT no. 24/220) 1B1C1 was of 100a (CT no. B1/1358) 1B1C2 is now European owned 1B2A, of 56a 1r 28p, is European land (CT no. 1/282) 1B2B1, of 36a, is European land (CT no. 15/75) 1B2B2, of 240a 1r 09p, is European land (CT no. 1/51) 1B2B3, of 239a 1r 09p, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act 1B2B3A, of 1a, was Europeanised under the 1967 Act (CT no. 126/188) 1B3 and 4D, of 161a 3r 22.5p, is Maori land (CT no. 16/206) 1B3 and 4E, of 74a 3r 06p, is European land (CT no. 7/20) 1B3 and 4G, of 194a 2r 18p, is European land (CT nos. B1/921 and 14/116) 1B3 and 4H, of 4a 1r 06p, is European land (CT no. 27/292) A1, of 99a, is Maori land (CT no. 164/89) A2, of 156a 28p, is Maori land

352 ‘List of current Maori land holdings in Wairarapa ki Tararua inquiry district’, MLC (Wai 863, #2.255

96 B1, of 99a 3r 35p, is European land (CT no. 168/135) B2, of 53a 1r 25p, is European land (CT no. 168/133) 2, of 8050a, is European land.353

2.12 The Otanga block The ownership title of Otanga, of 5033a, was determined by the Native Land Court in September 1870. The block was awarded to Heta Tiki and nine others. In 1887, 44a was taken for railway purposes.354 Interests in the block were purchased by Mr Rathbone. In 1897, the Native Land Court confirmed a number of alienations between the owners and Rathbone. A further confirmation of a transfer to Rathbone was made in 1900. This appears to have completed Rathbone’s purchase of the block.355

2.13 The Otawhao block The Otawhao block is the remaining part of the original Otawhao block, after Oringiwaiaruhe, the part of the block west of the Manawatu River, became a separate block, at the title investigation in 1867. On 10 January 1867, the Otawhao block, of 4588a, was awarded to Hohepa Paewai, Manahi Paewai, Piripi Ngarangikataua, Eraihia Te Moko, Whakarongo, Rititia Hineipaia, Urupane Hikurangi, and Katarina Te Pikihuia on 10 January 1867.356 The Otawhao block was in Woodville County. It was referred to in 1932 as being of 4626a.357

There is, however, another Otawhao block, which is north of the Tararua district and is near Takapau.358 This block was divided first into Otawhao A and Otawhao B, and then into numerous subdivisions. Otawhao A was the subject of a report by the Stout- Ngata Commission, which refers to the block as being near Takapau railway station.359

353 Berghan document bank, pp. 2085-2086 354 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 33 355 Berghan, pp 165-169 356 Berghan document bank, p. 2599, and Napier Native Land Court minute book 1, 14 January 1867, fol. 239 357 Linz file LS 9/19-SNA, Commissioner of Crown Lands to Under Secretary, Department of Lands, 25 March 1938 358 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report, p. 81 359 ‘The Otawaho A and Rakautatahi Native-Land Blocks’, AJHR, 1907, G-IE, p. 2

97 The Otawhao block in the Tararua district was leased by its owners in 1868 to Henry Gaisford. One owner, Urupane Hikurangi, sold his interest in the block to Gaisford in 1884.360 In October 1896, Hapuku Paewai and others, and Te Pikihuia and Roa Rupuka, two successors to the original owners, sold their interests to Gaisford.361 It appears that this completed the purchase of the block by Henry Gaisford.

2.14 The Piripiri block Piripiri was part of a larger block when it was brought to the Native Land Court for the investigation of its ownership in 1870. The larger block was divided into Piripiri and Umutaoroa. The Piripiri block was of 18,014 acres.362 It was awarded to ten owners, or grantees. The number of owners was later increased to 124. In 1887, 45a of the block was taken for railway purposes. The restriction on the alienation of the block placed on the Piripiri block by the Native Land Court was removed in 1893.363 The Crown purchasing of interests in the block was in progress in 1895.364 In 1895, the private alienation of land in the Piripiri block was prohibited under section 16 of the Native Land Purchases Act 1892, allowing the Crown to proceed with its purchase unhindered.365

In 1898, the block was partitioned to identify the Crown’s interest. The Crown received 17,056a 1r 04p, and the non-sellers were awarded 913a 2r 36p.366 The Crown award block was called the 2A block. The non-sellers received the 2B block, of 609a 21p, and the 2C block, of 304a 2r 12p. The six non-sellers were Hori Herehere, Tungane Hori, Paraneha Hori, Hirai Rangiwhakaewa, Morehu Poware, and Tuehu Poware. They each received 152a 1r 16p, in an area bordered by the Woodville to Napier railway line, and the Mangatere and Whakaruatapu streams.367

360 Berghan document bank, p. 2597-8 361 Ibid, p. 2560, and p. 2563, and Napier Native Land Court minute book 40, 24 October 1896, fol. 206 362 Ellis et al, Source data, pp. 121-122 363 New Zealand Gazette, 1893, no. 35, 4 May 1893, p. 586 364 Berghan, p. 175 365 New Zealand Gazette, 1895, no. 35, 16 May 1895, p. 803 366 Wanganui Native Land Court minute book 38, 17 August 1894, fols. 306-308, and New Zealand Gazette, 1899, no. 64, 27 July 1899, p. 1361 367 Wanganui Native Land Court minute book 38, 17 August 1894, fol. 306

98 By 1902, the non-sellers’ 2B block had been divided into the blocks 2B North, and 2B South, which together totalled 609a. The three blocks were Maori owned.368 Block 2B South was partitioned on 21 September 1906 to form 2B1 South, of 152a 1r 03p, and 2B2 South, of 456a 3r 18p.369 The 2B1 block was owned by Hirai Rangiwhakaewa. The 2B2 block had three Maori owners.370

The Maori owned part of the Piripiri block became involved in a dispute over the partitioning of the Kaitoki No. 2 block, as the two blocks were owned by largely the same people. A 1906 partition of Kaitoki No. 2 was appealed against by Hirai Rangiwhakaewa as he was awarded 2D block, but his house was in 2C block. He objected to the plan at the 1906 Court hearing when he realised this, but his objection was not heard, as he had apparently received the best of the Maori owned land in Piripiri. As Hirai had appealed in Kaitoki No. 2, Hori Waitai and others appealed against the 1906 partition of Piripiri.

Both cases were heard by the Wellington Appellate Court in 1907. Evidence to the Appellate Court was entirely concerned with the Kaitoki partition. In its judgement the Appellate Court stated that the appeal in Piripiri had been made ‘more of as a precaution than as really attacking the decision’. The Appellate Court annulled both decisions and sent them back to the Native Land Court.371 A new partition of Kaitoki No. 2 was made by the Native Land Court in 1910 but there is no record of a rehearing of the part of the Piripiri block remaining in Maori ownership. Possibly the case was reheard very briefly, as the owners had reached agreement over Kaitoki No. 2, and the Piripiri partition of 1906 was not really in dispute.

None of the Piripiri blocks remain in Maori ownership today. The alienation details of the block are not known.372 The block file held at Hastings Maori Land Court ends

368 MA-MLP1 1902/33, Land Purchase Officer to Commissioner, Crown Lands, Napier, 8 January 1902, Archives New Zealand, Wellington. 369 Napier Native Land Court minute book 57, 21 September 1906, fol. 277 370 Piripiri block file, box 67, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 371 Wellington Appellate Court minute book 1, 28 May 1907, fol. 67, and 7 June 1907, fol. 98 372 Berghan p. 181. Recent information from claimant Manahi Paewai is that there should be a reserved Maori cemetery on the Piripiri block, just north of the Dannevirke Township, that has been excluded from the land owners title. There was unfortunately not enough time to confirm this information before

99 with the 1907 annulment of the 1906 partition, apart from a note which says the block is general land under section 16 of the Maori Purposes Act 1975. No file is held for the Piripiri block at the Whanganui Maori Land Court. The 913a 2r 36p in Maori ownership in 1898 was alienated in the twentieth century.

2.15 The Puketoi No. 6 block The Puketoi blocks 1-5 were sold to the Crown either as part of the purchase of the Seventy Mile Bush or by the earlier Makuri purchase. The five blocks were declared waste lands of the Crown in 1877.373 Puketoi No. 6 was divided into two subdivisions by the Court in 1890. The restriction on the alienation of the Puketoi 6A and 6B blocks was removed in 1893.374 Puketoi 6A was purchased from its Maori owners in 1896 and 1897. In the Puketoi 6B block, 12 of the 15 shares in Puketoi 6B had been purchased in 1894. The remaining three shares amounted to 302a.375 The last three interests in 6B were probably sold around 1900, but this has not been established by evidence from the Land Court or Archives.376

2.16 The Rakaiatai block The ownership title of the Rakaiatai block was determined by the Native Land Court in September 1870. The block was awarded to Horomoana Papanui and nine others. Rakaiatai was one of the Seventy Mile Bush blocks which an agreement to sell was made between the owners and the Crown in June 1871. The Crown bought most of the interests in the block but was unable to complete the purchase. In 1882, the Crown interest in the Rakaitai block was divided from the interests of the non-sellers by the Native Land Court. The Crown was awarded 4350a, which became the Manawatu No. 7 block.377 The non-sellers were awarded 3000a, which became the Manawatu No. 7A block. The land awarded to the non-sellers was leased from 1884, and mortgaged in 1888. It is no longer in Maori ownership but its alienation details are unknown.378 A block file for Rakaiatai is held at the Hastings Maori Land Court, but it ends with the the report had to be filed and so acreage figures have not been adjusted. The author has assumed that the size of the cemetery would not be large enough to significantly affect the overall alienation data. 373 Ibid, pp. 186-187 374 New Zealand Gazette, 1893, no. 35, 4 May 1893, p. 586 375 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 33 376 Berghan, pp. 192-193 377 New Zealand Gazette, 1883, no. 44, 25 May 1883, p. 679

100 partition of 1882.379 No file is held on Rakaiatai at the Whanganui Maori Land Court. Presumably, the 3000a remaining in Maori ownership in 1882 is a twentieth century alienation.

2.17 The Tahoraiti No. 1 block The Tahoraiti block was estimated to be of 9397a when its title was investigated by the Native Land Court in 1867. The Court divided the block into two parts, Tahoraiti No. 1, of 3473a, and Tahoraiti No. 2, of 5924a.380 Land amounting to 59a was taken for the railway before 1900. This should have left 9338a in the two Tahoraiti blocks in 1900, both of which were in Maori ownership.

However, after the two blocks were partitioned, in August 1900 and in May 1912, the acreages were 3368a 1r 34p, for Tahoraiti No. 1, and 5514a for Tahoraiti No. 2. This comprises 5420a in the 34 partitions of Tahoraiti 2A, 43a in Tahoraiti 2B and 51a in Tahoraiti 2C block.381 In addition, 139a 12p had been taken for public works in the Tahoraiti No. 2 block, before its partition. This gives a total of 5653a 12p for the Tahoraiti No. 2 block in 1900, and a combined acreage for the Tahoraiti No. 1 and No. 2 blocks, in 1900, of 9021a 2r 06p.

The Tahoraiti No. 1 block was partitioned in August 1900 into nine blocks. The blocks were Tahoraiti 1A, of 599a 23p; Tahoraiti 1B, of 162a 07p; Tahoraiti 1C, 80a 1r 37p; Tahoraiti 1D, of 149a 1r 35p; Tahoraiti 1E, of 240a 2r; Tahoraiti 1F, of 120a 1r; Tahoraiti 1G, of 662a 1r 16p; Tahoraiti 1H, of 843a 26p; and Tahoraiti 1K, of 511a 10p.

Table 21 : The Tahoraiti No. 1 blocks in 1900 Partition Block Acreage Status 23 August 1900 1A 599a 23p 6 Maori owners, partitioned further 1B 162a 07p 5 Maori owners, partitioned further, 111a 02p sold privately, remainder Maori land 1C 80a 1r 37p 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1913

378 Berghan, pp. 209-211 379 Rakaiatai block file, box 65, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 380 Berghan, p. 213 381 Berghan, p. 229 and Napier Native Land Court minute book 64, 6 May 1912, fols 78-82

101 Partition Block Acreage Status 1D 149a 1r 39p 4 Maori owners, partitioned further, sold privately in three partitions 1E 240a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed CL 1911 1F 120a 1r 1 Maori owner, partitioned further, 6a 21p taken for Ruahine school, 114a 19p sold privately 1G 662a 1r 16p 8 Maori owners, partitioned further 1H 843a 26p 8 Maori owners, partitioned further 1K 511a 11 Maori owners, partitioned further Total area alienated 592a 2r 38p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 229

A prohibition on private alienation in the Tahoraiti No. 1 blocks was issued by the Crown under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909 for one year in September 1910.382 The prohibition of private alienation was re-issued for the Tahoraiti 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E blocks in March 1912.383 The prohibition over the rest of Tahoraiti was allowed to lapse. Block 1H was partitioned into three parts in April 1912; 1G was partitioned into five parts in June 1912; 1A was partitioned into six parts in March 1913; 1K was partitioned into four parts in December 1913; 1D was partitioned into three parts in 1914; and 1F was partitioned into two parts in 1915.384 There were numerous subsequent partitions.

In 1906, 6a 1r 15p was taken from Tahoraiti 1A block for roading. The Native Land Court awarded compensation to the owners of £11 per acre.385 Tahoraiti 1A was partitioned into six parts in March 1913.386 Block 1A1, of 119a 18p, was partitioned in 1943 into 1A1A, of 59a 2r 09p, and 1A1B, of the same acreage.387 Both blocks were leased to Europeans.

The lease of block 1A1A to R. C. Patterson and Allen Charmsley, from P. M. Eparaima, was extended in 1967, with the rental increased from £312 to £417 per

382 New Zealand Gazette, 1910, no. 85, 22 September 1910, p. 3452 383 New Zealand Gazette, 1912, no. 24, 14 March 1912, p. 1031 384 Berghan, pp. 240-244 385 Napier Native Land Court minute book 58, 16 October 1907, fol. 147-148 386 Ibid, p. 243

102 year.388 In 1968, confirmation of the surrender of a lease on the block was sought from the Maori Land Court. The Court stated that its confirmation was no longer necessary as clause 233 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953 had been replaced by clause 106 of the Maori Affairs Act 1967.389 The block ceased to be Maori land in 1970. It was then owned by Piki Martin Eparaima. In 1974, the block was purchased by Allan Charmley, a farmer of Dannevirke.390

Tahoraiti 1A1B was owned by Hiria Pattison and Robert Campbell Pattison, as successors to Te Po Eriwhata, but was sold to Marcus Poole in 1973.391

Tahoraiti 1A2, of 93a 05p, was sold by Ehetere Rautahi to Edith Hewitt, for £2976 in 1919.392

Tahoraiti 1A3 is in Maori ownership today.393 It was the subject of a share-milking agreement in 1965 between Lui Paewai and others, and D. J. Eastwood. The agreement continued an earlier arrangement with a Mr Baldwin.394 The block was vested in a trustee after the death of Lui Paewai in 1969.395

Tahoraiti 1A4 was of 94a 14p and was partitioned in 1926 into 1A4A, of 4a, and 1A4B, of 90a.396 The subdivision 1A4A remains in Maori ownership. In 1967, Arapata Karaitiana applied to the Maori Land Court for a recommendation to make block 1A4A a Maori Reservation confirmed to the owners of the block, all of whom were descended from Ihaka Rautahi. The Court recommended the land be set apart as a meeting house, cemetery and pa for the use of the owners.397

387 Berghan document bank, p. 4512 388 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 15 November 1967, fol. 281 389 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 19 November 1968, fol. 243 390 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 129, fol. 297 391 Certificate to Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 138, fol. 120 392 Berghan document bank, p. 4454, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 33, fol. 261 393 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 250 394 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 99, 8 September 1965, fol. 58, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 212 395 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, fol. 235 396 Berghan, p. 243 and p248 397 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 28 November 1967, fol. 288

103 Tahoraiti 1A4B was partitioned in 1946 into 1A4B1, of one acre, and 1A4B2, of 89 13p. Block 1A4B1was sold in 1983 to Murray Paul Te Hiko.398

Tahoraiti 1A4B2 was leased in 1964 to James Trotter. This lease had been objected to by Arapata Karaitiana, one of the owners, as Trotter had other farm lands.399 A resolution of a meeting of the owners voted to renew the lease of 1A4B2 in 1972.400 Tahoraiti 1A4B2 remains Maori land.

Tahoraiti 1A5, of 39a 09p, was leased in 1963 to James Trotter, and sold to Janet Emily Trotter in 1984.401 Tahoraiti 1A6, of 26a 3r 37p, was sold by Ihaka Rautahi to Clara Knight, on 15 April 1913, for £378.402

Table 22 : The Tahoraiti 1A blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 19 March 1913 1A1 119a 18p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1A2 93a 05p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1A3 227a 1r 03p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 1A4 94a 14p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1A5 39a 09p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1985 1A6 27a 03p 1 Maori owner, sold privately, 1913 14 January 1926 1A4A 4a 11 Maori owners, remains Maori land 1A4B 90a 03p 11 Maori owners, partitioned further 19 May 1943 1A1A 59a 2r 12p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1974 1A1B 59a 2r 12p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1973 30 May 1946 1A4B1 1a 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1983 1A4B2 89a 14p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land Total area alienated 186a 36p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 243 and pp. 248-249

398 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 143, fol. 121 399 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 24 June 1964, fol. 283, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 149, fol. 36 400 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 106, 5 July 1972, fol. 78 401 Berghan document bank, p. 4529, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 14, fol. 101, and vol. B1, fol. 911 402 Berghan document bank, p. 4413, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 25, fol. 136

104 Tahoraiti 1B, of 162a 07p, had 24 owners in 1964, when Miriama Scott, who owned ¼ of the shares in the block, applied to the Maori Land Court for confirmation of the lease of her interest. The Court ruled that a meeting of owners should be held before a decision was made.403 The block’s lease to D. P. Buckingham was confirmed by the Court in 1965.404 In the following year the Maori Land Court confirmed the transfer of the share of Wiremu Waitai to his brother Heketa. The transfer was a gift to give Heketa, who had six children, an increased income from the rent Buckingham was paying.405 Buckingham purchased the interest in the block of Pakinaero Martin, which was 1620.438 shares out of 25,927, in 1970.406 In 1973, a meeting of assembled owners had agreed to sell the block to Dawson Buckingham, who already owned nearly half the undivided shares in the block.407 The block was in Maori ownership in 1977.408 A partition of 1B was made on 1 July 1982, which gave 51a 05p to the non- sellers. This is block 1B1, which remains in Maori ownership.409 The remaining 111a 02p of 1B block represented the shares that had been sold to Dawson Buckingham.

Tahoraiti 1C, of 83a, was purchased by the Crown and proclaimed Crown land in 1913.410

Tahoraiti 1D, of 149a 1r 39p, was partitioned into three parts in June 1913.411 The subdivisions 1D1, of 88a, and 1D2, of 30a 2r 37p, were sold by Hoani Whaitiri to James McDermott for £1408 and £490 each.412 Tahoraiti 1D3, of 30a 2r 17p, was proclaimed Crown land in 1915.413

403 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 16 September 1964, fol. 65 404 Ibid, 1 March 1965, fol. 271 405 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 9 December 1966, fol. 331 406 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 5 June 1970, fol. 79 407 Berghan document bank, p. 4540 408 Ibid, p. 4551 409 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 250, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 14, fol. 103 410 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 86, 4 December 1913, p. 3579, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 117, fol. 65 411 Napier Native Land Court minute book 64, 5 June 1913, fol. 335 412 Berghan document bank, p4447 and p. 4450 413 New Zealand Gazette, 1915, no. 89, 22 July 1915, p. 2475, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 66, fol. 283; vol. 66, fol. 282; and vol. 78, fol. 14

105 Tahoraiti 1E, of 248a, was declared Crown land in 1911.414

Tahoraiti 1F was partitioned into 1F1, of 15a 30p, and 1F2, of 105a 10p, in September 1915.415 Block 1F2 was sold in July 1916 by Ngoro Tamatea, Koeti Tamatea, Merehira, Hauparoa Tamatea, and Matirita Tamatea, to Patrick Corby, for £1996.416

In 1950, 6a 21p of block 1F1 was taken for the Ruahine School site in 1950, under the Public Works Act 1928.417 The Maori Land Court gave a summary of the case in its decision on compensation in 1954. The Maori owners had not wanted the land taken and had previously only parted with land when it was taken for a rifle range. The land taken for the rifle range was still in Government ownership but had not been used for a rifle range. The owners asked that the rifle range be exchanged for all of the 1F1 block. This was refused by the Army. There was also an Education Reserve of 50a in the area and the owners then suggested that it be used for the school site or exchanged for their land. The Hawke’s Bay Education Board replied that it did not administer the reserve. However, the Board could have sought to acquire the reserve land from the Government. The Court stated there were also European owned properties from which 6a for the school site could have been taken, with less adverse effect than was done to the Maori owners of 1F1.

The Court’s decision stated that ‘the Board without any consultation with the owners took the best of the land’.418 Most of the access to the block was taken for the school site. If half the road access had been left to the owners the remaining 9a would have been saleable. Instead the owners were left reliant on the owners of adjoining land for access to their remaining land, which made the land so reduced in value it was not worth retaining. The Court, which was presided over by Judge Jeune, stated that ‘the Board has ruined the block and it should, in the opinion of the Court, acquire the whole block’.419 Compensation for the 6a was set at the value of the 15a. The Board was then left to ‘do what it expects the owners to do, unload the badly shaped piece as

414 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 51, 23 June 1911, p. 3747 415 Berghan, p. 244 416 Berghan document bank, p. 4462 417 New Zealand Gazette, 1950, no. 35, 25 May 1950, p. 692 418 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 8 December 1954, fol. 310

106 best it can to re-coup itself for its original arbitrary taking’. The owners were awarded £450 for the 6a taken for the school site, and £300 for the remaining 9a.420 In 1957, 9a 08p of block 1F1 was sold by members of the Tamihana family to William Gimblett, for £80 per acre.421

Tahoraiti 1G was partitioned into five parts in June 1912. They were 1G1, of 230a; 1G2, of 82a 1r; 1G3, of 82a 2r 07p; 1G4, of 85a; and 1G5, 183a.422 Tahoraiti 1G1 was partitioned into 1G1A, of 68a 11p, and 1G1B, of 162a 1r 24p, in February 1919.423 Block 1G1A was sold by Wi Duncan to Richard Charmley in 1923, for £1750. The block had previously been sold to Duncan in 1919 by Hohepa Akuira for £1105.424

In 1955, Tahoraiti 1G1B was sold by Te Uira Cooper to William Gimblett, for £8120.425 The reasons she gave the Court for selling were that she owned £473 to the Public Trustee on this property, and owned another £654 to the Maori Trustee on another property. She had an income of about £350 pa from rents and her house was in need of repair. Mrs Cooper did not wish to manage the purchase money. The Court, when confirming the sale of the block, directed that £1650 of the money be used to discharge the mortgages and pay for house repairs, and the remaining £6470 be placed with the Maori Trustee, pending a decision on the investment of the money.426

Tahoraiti 1G2, of 82a 1r, was proclaimed Crown land in 1913.427 The Tahoraiti 1G3 block was partitioned in 1929 into 1G3A, of 16a 2r, and 1G3B, of 66a 07p.428 Block 1G3A was owned by Hami Tamihana. The block ceased to be Maori land in 1970, under the 1967 Act. The block was purchased by Graham Gimblett, a farmer of Kiritaki, in 1982.429

419 Ibid, fol. 310 420 Ibid, fol. 310 421 Berghan document bank, and p. 3919 and p. 4557 422 Berghan, p. 242 423 Berghan, p. 244 424 Berghan document bank, p. 4577 and p. 4580 425 Berghan document bank, p. 4582 426 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 12 August 1955, fol. 425 427 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 86, 4 December 1913, p. 3574 428 Berghan, p. 248 429 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 174, fol. 18

107 In 1957, Hami Tamihana purchased ¼ of the shares in 1G3B, from James and Joyce Tamihana, for £600.430 In 1960, Herewini Tamihana vested her interest in 1G3B in Hami Tamihana, under clause 213 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, for £600.431 By 1961, Hami Tamihana owned of ¾ of the shares in the 1G3B block. In that year he completed the purchase of the shares of the other owners in the block, for £600.432

Tahoraiti 1G5 was partitioned into 1G5A, of 137a 1r, and 1G5B, of 45a 3r, in 1929.433 However, in 1937, a re-partition of block 1G5, and 1G4, was made, as the partition of 1929 had overlooked an exchange order of 1914. To give effect to the intention of the Court, 11a of 1G4 and 123a 2r of 1G5 were combined to form a block named 1G4 and 1G5A. The balance of 1G5 became 1G5B, a block of 43a. The remaining 74a of 1G4, and 16a 2r of 1G5, acquired by Tutu and Pahemata Pikuhuia by the exchange order of 1914, became block 1G4 and 1G5C. This partition included the total acreages of both the original blocks 1G4 and 1G5, which were from the 1912 partition.

Tahoraiti 1G4 and 1G5A was leased in November 1954 to J. H. Gimblett for 21 years. Gimblett purchased 1a of the block for £50.434 The block was partitioned in December 1956, into a one acre block named 1G4A, belonging to Gimblett, and the balance of the block, named 1G4B and 1G5A.435 The block 1G4B and 1G5A ceased to be Maori land in 1970, under the 1967 Act, and was purchased by Nigel and Marion Wrenn in 1990.436

Tahoraiti 1G5B was partitioned in 1940 into 1G5B1, of 17a 32p, and 1G5B2, of 25a 3r 08p.437 Block 1G5B2 then became the property of Timothy Wren, as Hohepa Paewai, Te Uira Paewai, and Katerina Takirau had sold their shares in 1G5B to him, for £306 8s.438 In 1954, shares in block 1G5B1 were sold by Edward Tawhai and

430 Berghan document bank, p. 3912 431 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 95, 20 December 1960, fol. 27 432 Berghan document bank, pp. 4596-7 433 Napier Native Land Court minute book 75, 17 September 1920, fol. 224 434 Berghan document bank, p. 3908 and p. 4012 435 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 92, 5 December 1956, fol. 318 436 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 166, fol. 128 437 Berghan, p. 249 438 Berghan document bank, pp. 4610-11

108 Herewini (Edwin) Tawhai to Timothy Wrenn, for £114 13s 4d. Wrenn already owned

2/3 of the block, and this sale completed his purchase of the block.439

Tahoraiti 1G4 and 1G5C, a block of 91a 1r 21p, was leased by John Gimblett. In 1960, some of the owners asked him to buy the block, as all the owners lived away from the area and did not intend returning. He purchased further interests in the block from 1961 to 1963. In 1964, Gimblett purchased the remaining shares in the block from Tiehi (Jess) Gardiner and five others, for £977 14s.440

Table 23 : The Tahoraiti 1G blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1 June 1912 1G1 230a 2 Maori owners, partitioned further 1G2 82a 1r 2 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1913 1G3 82a 2r 07p 5 Maori owners, partitioned further 1G4 85a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1G5 183a 2 Maori owners, partitioned further 4-5 February 1919 1G1A 68a 11p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1919 1G1B 162a 1r 24p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1955 15 January 1929 1G3A 16a 2r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1982 1G3B 66a 07p 4 Maori owners, sold privately, purchase completed 1961 29 September 1937 1G5B 43a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1G4 and 1G5C 91a 1r 21p 1 Maori owner, sold privately, sale completed 1964 1G4 and 1G5A 134a 2r 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 28 May 1940 1G5B1 17a 32p 2 Maori owners, sold privately, sale completed 1954 1G5B2 25a 3r 3 Maori owners, whose interests had been sold to a European 5 December 1956 1G4A 1a 1 European owner 1G4B and 1G5A 133a 2r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1990 Total area alienated 664a 0r 21p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 242 and pp.248-249

439 Ibid, p. 3904 and p. 4605 440 Ibid, pp. 4620-4, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 16 September 1964,

109 Tahoraiti IH block was partitioned into three parts in April 1912.441 The subdivision 1H1, of 241a 3r, was sold by Pikihira Tatere and Mere Ngawhiro to William Collins, for £4885, in March 1914.442 In 1918, block 1H2, of 240a 3r, was sold by Te Aoturoa Raniera to Leonard Jacobsen, for £4453 17s 6d.443 Tahoraiti 1H3 was partitioned in 1913 into 1H3A, of 63a 1r 25p, and 1H3B, of 297a 22p.444

Tahoraiti 1H3A was leased to K. Galloway in 1963, by Te Hoana Karipa. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.445 In 1971, the block was sold by Te Ru Raniera to Kenneth Galloway, for $7200.446

Tahoraiti 1H3B was sold by Rawiri Pine and Lui Paewai, as trustees for Jury Pine Takirangi, to Ian McGregor, in 1969, for $77,255.447

Table 24 : The Tahoraiti 1H blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 30 April 1912 1H1 241a 3r 2 Maori owners, sold privately 1914 1H2 240a 3r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1918 1H3 360a 2r 07p 3 Maori owners, partitioned further 31 May 1913 1H3A 63a 1r 25p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1971 1H3B 297a 22p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1969 Total area alienated 843a

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p240 and p. 243

Tahoraiti 1K was partitioned into four parts in December 1913.448 In 1922, part of the 65a 1K1 block, amounting to 1r 27p, was sold to the Native Trustee.449 The remainder of the block was leased to J. Wrenn in 1963.450 The block was owned by Purvis

fol. 65 441 Berghan, p240 442 Berghan document bank, p. 4420 443 Ibid, p. 4455 444 Berghan, p. 243 445 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. D4, fol. 408 446 Berghan document bank, p. 4639 447 Ibid, p. 4644 448 Berghan, p. 243 449 Berghan document bank, p. 4656 450 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 4 December 1963, fol. 91

110 Karaitiana in 1970 and leased to Mr Wrenn.451 Block 1K1 ceased to be Maori land by status declaration in 1970, and was sold to Nigel Wrenn in 1971.452

Block 1K2 was partitioned in 1915 into 1K2A, of 67a 1r 05p, and 1K2B, of 193a 3r 06p.453 In 1928, 1K2A was sold by Hohepa Paewai and Rakiwhata to Arnold Dunford.454

In March 1915, Tahoraiti 1K2B was partitioned into 5 parts.455 Tahoraiti 1K2B1 became a combined section with Tahoraiti 2C10, with a combined acreage of 78a 2r 04p. The combined block was subject to a share-milking agreement in 1965. It was vested in trustees by Pare Takana (Mrs Duncan), under section 438 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, in 1969. The trustees were Takana Richard Marsh and Awhitia Hika.456 The combined section became general land by status declaration in 1980. Shares in the block were purchased by Reon and Sandra Stratford. Their purchase of the block was completed in 1993.457

Tahoraiti 1K2B2 was the subject of a share-milking agreement in 1964.458 The agreement was renewed in 1965. The block ceased to be Maori land on 5 February 1980. Some of the shares in the block were sold the same day to Reon Stratford and Hugh Barclay. Stratford and his wife completed their purchase of the block in 1993.459

Tahoraiti 1K2B3 was leased to T. J. Wrenn in 1954.460 The block was declared European land in 1970, and sold to Nigel Wrenn in 1971.461

Tahoraiti 1K2B4 was of 43a 1r 38p and was vested by Pare Takana (Mrs Duncan) in trustees, under clause 438 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953, in 1969. The block was sold

451 Tahoraiti block file, box 197, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 452 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. A3, fol. 1053 453 Berghan, p. 244 454 Berghan document bank, p. 4658 455 Berghan, p. 244 456 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 18 March 1969, fol. 11 457 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 109, fol. 285, and vol. B1, fol. 1320 458 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 10 December 1964, fol. 132 459 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 52, fol. 204; and vol. B1, fol. 1301 460 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 25 November 1954, fol. 164 461 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. A4, fol. 1001

111 to three Europeans in 1980, and became general land by status declaration on 2 March 1982.462

Tahoraiti 1K2B5, of 33a 2r 31p, was sold by Whitia Wirihana to Pare Takana, for £1600, in 1962.463 According to Court records the vendor had bought a house with a mortgage in Titahi Bay, and worked in summer as a shearer. The vendor sold the block so as to buy furniture, make house repairs, and purchase a car for transport to shearing jobs.464 The block remained Maori land after the sale and was subject to a share-milking agreement in 1965.465 The block was vested by Pare Takana (Mrs Duncan) in trustees in 1969, and sold to Allan and Dulcie Mitchell in 1979.466

Private alienation was prohibited in a block described as Tahoraiti 1K3, with an acreage of 173a 13p, in September 1913.467 This probably refers to Tahoraiti 1K4, as it had an acreage of 172a 3r 21p, whereas 1K3 was of 11a 3r 15p.468 Tahoraiti 1K3 was sold to T.J. Wren in 1965, for £600. The sale was made by a resolution of a meeting of the owners held at Waipukurau in October. The sale was confirmed by the Maori Land Court in December 1965.469

Tahoraiti 1K4 was proclaimed Crown land in 1915. The proclamation gave its acreage as 173a 13p.470 Table 25 : The Tahoraiti 1K blocks

Partition Block Acreage Status 9 December 1913 1K1 65a 1 Maori owner, sold privately in two parts in 1922 and 1971 1K2 261a 08p 7 Maori owners, partitioned further 1K3 11a 3r 15p 2 Maori owners, sold privately 1965 1K4 172a 3r 21p 2 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1915

462 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 52, fol. 204 463 Berghan document bank, p. 4704 464 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, 11 December 1962, fol. 146 465 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 98, 19 March 1965, fol. 297 466 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B1, fol. 1318 467 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 69, 11 September 1913, p. 2789 468 Berghan, p. 243 469 Berghan document bank, p. 4723 470 New Zealand Gazette, 1915, no. 44, 25 March 1915, p. 951

112 Partition Block Acreage Status 19 February 1914 1K2A 67a 1r 05p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1928 1K2B 193a 3r 06p 6 Maori owners, partitioned further 26 July 1915 1K2B1 67a 1r 13p 1 Maori owner, now European land 1K2B2 19a 2r 35p 2 Maori owners, sold privately by 1993 1K2B3 29a 2r 12p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1971 1K2B4 43a 2r 04p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1980 1K2B5 33a 2r 26p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1979 Total area alienated 510a 3r 11p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1970-2000’, pp. 243-244, and Napier Native Land Court minute book 66

A total of 3001a 0r 16p was therefore alienated in the Tahoraiti No. 1 block. The Crown purchased 576a 18p, and 2412a 2r 02p was purchased privately. In addition, 12a 1r 36p were taken for public works purposes. The blocks 1A3, 1A4A, and 1A4B2, and the balance of 1B1, amount to 375a 1r 33p, and remain Maori land. This accounts for 3376a 2r 09p of the Tahoraiti block, which exceeds, and for this report replaces, the 3368a 1r 34p given for the Maori owned block in 1900.

When available, evidence suggests that the owners had many reasons for selling parts of this highly partitioned block. Only a few parts of the block appear to have been of a sufficient size for farming, though. Fragmentation was the norm.

2.18 The Tahoraiti No. 2 block In 1900, the Tahoraiti No. 2 block was in Maori ownership and amounted to 5653a 12p. This amount is derived from the total acreage of the block’s partitions in 1912, which were 5420a in the 34 partitions of block 2A, 43a in block 2B, and 51a in block 2C, In addition, there were public works takings of 139a 12p from the block after 1900 and before 1912.

In 1902, compensation of £5 per acre was paid for 23a 2r 38p taken from Tahoraiti No. 2 for railway and recreational purposes. In 1910, private alienation in the

113 Tahoraiti No. 2 block was prohibited under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909.471

In July 1911, the owners of Tahoraiti No. 2 decided not to accept a Crown purchase offer for the block. A meeting was held under Part XVIII of the Native Land Act 1909, which provided for meetings of assembled owners. The owners were considering vesting the block in the Ikaroa Maori Land Board, for sale or leasing.472 In August 1911, the Ikaroa Maori Land Board received a letter from Tungane Hoori, Te Mana Tawhai, Te Waiti Tawhai, and Paraneha Hori saying they did not wish to sell their interests in the Tahoraiti No. 2 block. The Board also received a letter from Te Peeti Hoera Rangiwhakaewa saying he lived on a 72a farm on the Tahoraiti block, which he had fenced and partly removed the tree stumps from, and was running sheep on, and did not want it sold, or otherwise disposed of.473 However, a gazette notice prohibiting private alienation in the block was re-issued by the Crown in September 1911, indicating a desire by the Crown to acquire the land.474

Also in September 1911, the Tahoraiti No. 2 block was placed under the provisions of section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, which prevented private alienation in the block. By February 1912, there had been six takings of land by the Government in the Tahoraiti No. 2 block. These consisted of 48a 1r 07p for railway purposes; 23a 2r 38p for a ballast pit; 10a 1r 14p for a rifle range; 56a for a sewerage treatment area; 3a for a gravel pit; and 38a 2r for a scenic reserve.475 The gazette notice taking the 38a 2r for the scenic reserve referred to the land as being section 13 of block of the Tahoraiti Survey District.476 The scenic reserve, known as the Makirikiri reserve, is distinct from the Tahoraiti 2A13 block.

471 New Zealand Gazette, 1910, no. 85, 22 September 1910, p. 3452 472 Berghan document bank, p. 4372 473 Ibid, pp. 4357-9 474 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 73, 21 September 1911, p. 2816 475 Napier Native Land Court minute book 64, 12 December 1912, fol. 52. Full details of the taking of land for the rifle range, the sewerage reserve, the gravel pit, and the scenic reserve can be found in ‘The taking of Maori land for public works in the Wairarapa ki Tararua district : 1880-2000’, by C Marr, P Cleaver, and L Schuster. 476 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 98, 1December 1911, p. 3570

114 In May 1912, the Tahoraiti No. 2 block, which was then of 5514a, was partitioned into blocks 2A, 2B, and 2C. Most of the block became Tahoraiti 2A, which, at the same time, was partitioned into 34 parts. These were named Tahoraiti 2A1 to 2A34.477 The 34 Tahoraiti No. 2 blocks had a combined acreage of 5420a. Makirikiri pa was cut off the main block, and became Tahoraiti 2B, a block of 43a. Tahoraiti pa was also separated from the main block, and became Tahoraiti 2C, a block of 51a.478 The purchase of shares by the Crown from the Maori owners of the Tahoraiti 2A partitions commenced immediately, and several blocks were purchased privately in 1912 and 1913. The first block to be purchased was block 2A24, in June 1912.

Tahoraiti 2A1, of 184a 2r 36p, was owned by Angela Simeon by 1915, and was European land.479

Tahoraiti 2A2, of 361a 3r, was partitioned on 6 November 1913 into blocks A to H. The partition was confirmed by a Court order on 15 December 1913.480 It had been declared European land on 17 August 1912.481 This followed an application by Kairama Pirihira for the declaration to be made. She was the sole owner of the block, which was partitioned at her request.

Tahoraiti 2A2A, also called lot 1, was sold to Margaret Rathbone on 19 March 1913.482 As this was before the partition of December 1913, this means the shares which became that partition were sold then. The block had an area of 55a 1r 35p and became European land.483

Tahoraiti 2A2F became European land and had been sold to Margaret Rathbone by 1920.484

477 Berghan, pp. 240-241 478 Napier Native Land Court minute book 64, 6 May 1912, fols. 78-82 479 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 105, fol. 244 480 Napier Native Land Court minute book 64, 6 November 1913, fols. 357-359, and 15 December 1913, fol. 75 481 Berghan document bank, p. 4210, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 125, fol. 159 482 Berghan document bank, p. 4405 483 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 121, fol. 168 484 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 7, fol. 12

115 A re-partition of Tahoraiti 2A2 was made in on 25 September 1947, following an agreement among successors to the block. This re-arranged the blocks into blocks K to Q.485

Tahoraiti 2A2 lot K, of 38a, had been European land owned by Maori since 1912. Half the shares in the block were sold by Hori Karaitiana to Kevin Burns in January 1983. The block was fully purchased by William Philip in May 1983.486

Tahoraiti 2A2 lot L was of 50a 22.5p. It became Maori freehold land in 1984.487

Tahoraiti 2A2 lot M was of 50a 22.5p. The block was sold to William Philip in 1998.488

Tahoraiti 2A2 lot N was of 50a 39.1p. The block was sold to James Trotter in 1986.489

Tahoraiti 2A2 lot P was further partitioned into four parts of 6a 37.4p; 4a 3r 27p; and 47a 14.7p. The part of 6a 37.4p was sold to James Trotter in 1986. The part of 4a 3r 27p was sold to Colin Anderson in 1972. Part of the remaining 47a 14.7p lot was sold to Dougall Tamihana in 1953. The balance was sold to Richard and Karen Barnett in 1969.490

Tahoraiti 2A2 lot Q was further partitioned into four parts of 2r; 1r 39.3p; 1r 13.3p; and a balance of 56a 3r 25.8p. After several transfers, the balance of lot Q was sold to John Thompson in 1967. Subdivision 1 of Lot Q, of 2r, is Maori owned European land.491 The subdivision of 1r 39.3p was sold to William Bruce Philip in 1989.492 The remaining partition of 1r 13.3p is Maori owned European land.493

485 Napier Native Land Court minute book 87, 25 September 1947, fol. 135, and Tahoraiti 1 block file, Tahoraiti block record sheet, box 191, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 486 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 241 487 Berghan document bank, p. 3853 (List of Tahoraiti blocks held as Maori land), and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 242 488 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 123, fol. 243 489 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 136, fol. 219 490 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 142, fol. 85; vol. 125, fol. 159; and vol. 125, fol. 160 491 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 132, fol. 31; and vol. 123, fol. 246 492 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 130, fol. 90 493 Tahoraiti block file, Tahoraiti block record sheet, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings

116 Table 26 : The Tahoraiti 2A2 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 6 November 1913 2A2A 55a 1r 35p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1913 2A2B 9a 1r 01p 1 Maori owner, re-partitioned 2A2C 67a 2r 1 Maori owner, most re-partitioned, part unaccounted for 2A2D 10a 1 Maori owner, re-partitioned 2A2E 23a 2r 31p 1 Maori owner, re-partitioned 2A2F 3r 18p 1 Maori owner, sold privately, by 1913 2A2G 89a 0r 22p (was 90a, less 1 Maori owner, re-partitioned portion for 2A2F) 2A2H 112a 2r 1 Maori owner, re-partitioned 25 September 1947 2A2K 38a (formerly part of H) 2 Maori owners, sold privately 1985 2A2L 49a 3r 16p (formerly part 1 Maori owner, Maori land (became of lots G and H) Maori freehold land in 1984) 2A2M 49a 3r 16p (balance of H 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1998 and part of G) 2A2N 58a 0r 39p (formerly part 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1986 of lot G) 2A2P 58a 0r 39p (balance of G, 1 Maori owner, sold privately in four and lots E and D) lots 2A2Q 58a 0r 39p (balance of C, 1 Maori owner, partitioned, sold and lot B) privately or became European land Total area alienated 321a 0r 06p

Source: Napier Native Land Court minute books 64 and 87

Tahoraiti 2A3, was of 84a. It was offered for sale to the Government in 1913, for £20 per acre, by lawyers acting for the owners, but the price was considered excessive and no sale took place.494 In 1960, an agreement was made by Wirihana Kani and others to sell the block to Charles Riddell, the block’s lessee, for £8,400.495 In March the following year, an application was made to the Maori Land Court for confirmation of the sale. The owners were described by their lawyer as practically landless. He said the sale would provide the lesser owners with £700 each for a housing deposit, and the larger owner with £4200. The larger owner would then repay his mortgage and have£4000 to invest with the Maori Trustee. The Court did not consider the sale was

494 MA-MLP1 1913/94, cover sheet note, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 495 Berghan document bank, p. 4737, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 26, fol. 275

117 in the interests of the lesser owners, who would loose their rental income, and adjourned the case.496 The sale of 2A3 was dismissed by the Maori Land Court in September 1961, on the grounds that it was not of benefit to the vendors.497 The block remains Maori land today.498

Tahoraiti 2A4, of 81a, was leased to J. H. Kani in 1960.499 He was related to the block’s owners, and may have held shares in it, as five years later Karangawai Te Kani leased the block to B. T. Rerri for, £340 per year.500 The block became European land under the 1967 Act.501

Tahoraiti 2A5, of 82a 3r was proclaimed Crown land in 1913.502

Tahoraiti 2A6 was of 104a 1r. In 1912, Eparata Whaitiri sold 81a of 2A6 to Frank McKenzie, for £1944.503 The remainder of the block, now amounting to 26a 3r 31p, was purchased by J. S. Tait, and two other members of his family, in August 1959, for £3000.504 The purchase of the block was confirmed by the Maori Land Court in September 1959.505

Tahoraiti 2A7, of 339a 3r, was sold, in November 1913, to Margary Stevens and Agnes Innes by two Europeans, Edward Bibby and William Prentice. The block had been transferred to them by Matiu Meke, in January 1891, which is over 20 years before the Tahoraiti 2A block was partitioned. The sale of the block has been included as a twentieth century alienation, as Bibby and Prentice had no title to the block until the 1912 partition.506

496 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 95, 17 March 1961, fol. 60 497 Ibid, 19 September 1961, fol. 191 498 Tahoraiti block file, ‘Maori Land Court list of current owners’, box 193, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 26, fol. 275; vol. D1, fol. 527; and vol. J3, fol. 1003, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 499 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 95, 8 December 1960, fol. 25 500 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 99, fol. 56 501 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 6, fol. 289 502 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 85, 27 November 1913, p3520 503 Berghan document bank, p. 4776 504 Ibid, p. 4772, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 113; vol. 71, fol. 272; and vol. B1, fol. 1381 505 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 94, 22 September 1959, fol. 90 506 Berghan document bank, p. 4441-4442, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 26, fol. 136;

118 Tahoraiti 2A8 was of 330a 3r 11p.507 In 1962, an easement to 2A8 was granted by the Maori Land Court to the Dannevirke Golf Club.508 A further easement was granted to the club in 1964 for an improved water supply to the course. The block was owned by members of the Paewai family and it was believed by the Court that they would benefit from the improved water supply.509 Lui Paewai applied to the Maori Land Court in 1966 to have the block vested in himself, his lawyer and his accountant, as trustees, as his son did not wish to continue farming it. The application was adjourned.510 Block 2A8 is now Maori owned European land.511

Tahoraiti 2A9, of 89a 2r 08p, was sold by Putu Poroporo, who was also known as Mutu Karaitiana, to Morgan Morgan, an ironmonger of Dannevirke, in 1914.512

Tahoraiti 2A10 was partitioned on 7 February 1913, into 2A10A, of 45a 3r 15p; 2A10B, of 45a 26p; and 2A10C, 23a 2r 05p.513 The subdivision 2A10A, also called 2A10 lot 1, of 46a, was sold by Okeroa Hapakuku to Morgan Morgan, for £655 15s, on 7 March 1913.514

Tahoraiti 2A10B, of 45a 3r 26p, is European land.515 It was sold to Eileen Giesen in 1957 for £2985. The vendor gave as her reason for selling that she had a 62a dairy farm and wished to provide for her son. The Court, in confirming the transaction, directed that the purchase money was to be used to construct buildings, presumably on the dairy farm.516

and vol. 97, fol. 51 507 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 147; and vol. A3, fol. 1318 508 Berghan document bank, p. 4786 509 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 24 June 1964, fol. 270 510 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 17 June 1966, fol. 108 511 Berghan document bank, p. 3853 (List of Tahoraiti blocks held as Maori land), and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 147 512 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 63, fol. 19 513 Berghan, p. 243 514 Berghan document bank, p. 4386, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 63, fol. 21 515 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 204 516 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 92, 11 June 1957, fol. 457

119 Tahoraiti 2A10C, of 23a 2r 05.5p, was sold by Sophie Ngahemo Kuri and Allan McLean for £940, in 1955. The name of the purchaser is illegible.517

Table 27 : The Tahoraiti 2A1 to 2A10 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status May 1912 2A1 184a 2r 36p now European land 2A2 368a 1r 27p 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 2A3 84a 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 2A4 81a 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 2A5 82a 3r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, CL 1913 2A6 104a 1r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1912 and 1959 2A7 339a 3r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1913 2A8 330a 3r 2 Maori owners, remains Maori land 2A9 89a 2r 08p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1914 2A10 45a 3r 26p 3 Maori owners, partitioned again 1913, partitions sold 1913, 1955, 1957 Total area alienated or 927a 3r 30p Europeanised

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2002’, p. 240

Tahoraiti 2A11 had been partitioned in 1924 into 2A11A, of 41a 2r 35p , and 2A11B, of 41a 2r 36p.518

Tahoraiti 2A11A was sold, in 1967, by Huia Karaitiana to Alison Gibson, for $10,000.519 The block had been farmed by Huia and her husband Rau. They had run 200 ewes on the property but were moving to Hastings. The purchaser was the mother of the vendor’s son-in-law, and had a dairy farm 2 miles away.520 It is now European land.521

517 Berghan document bank, p. 4801, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 65 518 Berghan, p. 240 and p. 248 519 Berghan document bank, p. 4806 520 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 101, 6 September 1967, fol. 215 521 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 15, fol. 69

120 Tahoraiti 2A11B, of 41a 2r 36p, is Maori land.522 There was a resolution of a meeting of owners in 1970 to lease the block, which was confirmed by the Maori Land Court.523

Tahoraiti 2A12 was partitioned into three blocks on 19 February 1922.524 Tahoraiti 2A12A was of 60a 02p.525 It was vested in a trustee after the death of Lui Paewai in 1969.

Tahoraiti 2A12B was of 45a 03p. It was leased in 1963.526 Tahoraiti 2A12C was of 60a 02p.527 It was leased to N. Gardiner, one of its six owners, in 1958. The three 2A12 subdivisions are Maori owned.528

Tahoraiti 2A13 was of 39a 1r 15p, and was partitioned into 2A13A, of 27a 12p, and 2A13B, of 12a 23p, in December 1913.529

Tahoraiti 2A13A was partitioned in 1927 into 2A13A1, of 15a 2r 10p; 2A13A2, of 5a 2r 24p; and 2A13A3, of 5a 2r 24p.530

In 1952, Arani Te Peeti gave each of his four children a housing site on the Tahoraiti 2A13A1 block. He had already given lot 1 to his half-brother.531 Three undesignated parts of 2A13A1, each of 1 rood, and the subdivisions, 2A13A1, lot 1, of 39.86p; and 2A13A1, lot 2, of 38.72p, were Europeanised under the Act of 1967. The balance remaining in Tahoraiti 2A13A1 was 14a 1r 09.52p.532 This block, and its subdivisions, are Maori owned.533

522 Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 145, fol.5 523 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 23 October 1970, fol. 180 524 Berghan document bank, p. 4278, p. 4280, and p. 4282 525 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 209 526 Berghan document bank, p. 4530 527 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1, fol. 141 528 Berghan document bank, p. 3853 (List of Tahoraiti blocks held as Maori land), and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 529 Napier Native Land Court minute book 65, 11 December 1913, fol. 68 530 Berghan, p. 248 531 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 2 May 1952, fols. 57-58, and ibid, 16 September 1953, fol. 329 532 Berghan document bank, p. 3847 533 Berghan document bank, p. 3853, McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p 251, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base

121 Tahoraiti 2A13A2 and 2A13A3 were Europeanised under the 1967 Act.534 Block 2A13A2 was leased to R. L. Chick by M. Te Peeti, in 1964.535

The subdivision 2A13A3, of 5a 2r 24p, was sold by Janet Walker and Rangi Karaitiana to Ronald Chick in 1963, for £2000.536

When the Tahoraiti 2A13B was made by the partition of December 1911, it was stated by the Native Land Court that the southern part of the block of 12a 23p had been sold by Peeti Hoera to Mr Hunter.537 William Hunter is recorded as having purchased a block named Tahoraiti No. 2, lot 13, of 12a 23p, in January 1913, for £425.538 The sale was confirmed by the Native Land Court on 24 June 1913. Confirmation of the sale was completed after the widow of Peeti Hoera acknowledged the correctness of an account for the sale submitted to the Maori Land Board.539 However, despite this, the block remained in Maori ownership and was later owned by Arani Te Peeti. In 1981, part of the block, amounting to 2.5460 hectares, was taken for a rubbish dump.540 The trustees of Arani Te Peeti sought confirmation for the sale of the blocks 2A13A1 and 2A13B in 1985.541 Confirmation was refused by the Maori Land Court, and both blocks remain Maori land.542

Tahoraiti 2A14 was of 75a 3r 04p. The block was partitioned in 1963 into 2A14A, of 71a 2r 24p; 2A14B, of 1a; and 2A14C, of 2r.543 The partition followed the sale of a one acre block by the trustees of the estate of Jury Pine to the Ruahine Tribal Committee for £150.544 This purchase became 2A14B. The block 2A14C was vested

534 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 86, fol. 218; and vol. 99, fol. 269 535 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 98, 16 September 1964, fol. 64 536 Berghan document bank, p. 4838 537 Napier Native Land Court minute book, 65, 11 December 1913, fol. 69 538 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 160, fol. 133 539 Berghan document bank, p. 4414 540 C Marr et al, ‘The taking of Maori land for public works in the Wairarapa ki Tararua district: 1880-2000’, p. 276 and pp. 307-308 541 Berghan document bank (Application for confirmation of alienation), p. 4829 542 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 251, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 543 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, 20 March 1963, fol. 230, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 288 544 Berghan document bank, pp. 4841-2

122 jointly in David and Ina Maniapoto. In the following year, the partition 2A14C was annulled by the Maori Land Court, and the 2r became part of 2A14A.545

Tahoraiti 2A14A was partitioned into two parts on 13 March 1964.546 The 2A14A1 block, of 5a, was owned by David and Ina Maniapoto, and ceased to be Maori land in 1970, under the 1967 Act.547

Tahoraiti 2A14A2 was of 66a 2r 29p. In June 1964, 3.1p of Tahoraiti 2A14A2 was taken for a road by the Dannevirke County Council. In July 1975, an application was made by a law firm to sell the Tahoraiti 2A14A2.548 The sale of part of 2A14A2 block to the Dannevirke Borough Council was subsequently confirmed by the Maori Land Court in July 1975.549 This was an area of 3.0416 hectares (7a 2r 10.4p) which, with part of 2A13B, was taken by the Council for a rubbish dump.550 The balance of 2A14A2 has been partitioned into blocks A and B, and is Maori owned land.551

Tahoraiti 2A15, of 55a 2r, was sold, in October 1913, by Whaingakau Kuiti and Te Aroha Kuiti to Laura Giesen, for £1400.552

Tahoraiti blocks 2A16 and part of 2A17 were sold , on 5 March 1913, by Nikora Te Peeti and Hoera Rangiwhakaewa, to the Dannevirke Racing Club, for £2409.553 Block 2A17 was partitioned in May 1913, into 2A17A, of 43a 2r 12p, the part which had been sold to the racing club, and 2A17B, of 19a 10p, which was owned by the non- sellers.554 The sale of 2A16 and 2A17A was opposed by Nikora Te Peeti and Hoera Rangiwhakaewa in a letter to the Ikaroa Maori Land Board. Their letter is not held, but the Board advised them that as they had signed a transfer of the land to the racing club the Board would have to confirm it. They were, however, invited to appear before

545 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 13 March 1964, fol. 174 546 Berghan p. 250 547 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, B2/618 548 Berghan document bank, p. 4845 549 Ibid, p. 4846 550 Marr et al, ‘ The taking of Maori land for public works in the Wairarapa ki Tararua district: 1880- 2000, p. 276 551 Berghan doc bank, p. 3853 552 Berghan document bank, p. 4443, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 66, fols. 256-259 553 Berghan document bank, p. 4415 554 Berghan, p. 243

123 the Board at its next sitting in Wellington, where the Board would hear what they had to say and consider their best interests.555 No further record has been found of this case. It is possible the two men were unable to travel to Wellington.

In 1921, 2A17B, of 19a 10p, was sold to the Dannevirke Racing Club, for £1906.556 This completed the alienation of 2A17 to the racing club. One of the sellers, Waimatao Raihania, subsequently wrote to the Public Trustee asking for her share of the money to be issued to her as she was in urgent need of money. Another former owner, Teneti Hapukuku, wrote to the Maori Land Board asking for the forwarding of the balance of his share of the purchase money as he was farming on a small scale and wanted to stock a section with dairy cows when the lease on the land expired.557

Tahoraiti 2A18 was of 68a 3r 33p. One acre was sold in 1912.558 The remainder was partitioned in 1957 into 2A18A, of 9a, and 2A18B, of 58a 3r 30p.559 Block 2A18A was sold by Manahi Nikora to Ronald Chick in 1958, for £630.560

Tahoraiti 2A18B was sold, in 1964, by Tamanuiarangi Nikora to John Hape Kani, for £6000.561 The block had earlier been mortgaged to Kani. When seeking confirmation of the sale Nikora told the Maori Land Court he had had expenses of £500 for his wife’s funeral, and also owed money to the Hawke’s Bay Farmers’ Company. He would reduce that debt to about £1000 after selling the stock from Tahoraiti 2A18B, and would use the remaining money for the purchase of interests in Kaitoki 2K2B. He already owned 1/3 of the shares in that block. The remaining shares were owned by his relations, who wanted to sell their shares to him. The sale of Tahoraiti 2A18B was confirmed by the Court.562 The block was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.

555 Berghan document bank, p. 4416, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 70, fols 58-59; and vol. 49, fol. 120 556 Berghan document bank, p. 4848 557 Ibid, pp. 4850-1 558 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 71, fol. 271 559 Berghan, p. 250 560 Berghan, document bank p. 4858, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 93, 26 March 1958, fol. 36 561 Berghan document bank, p. 4855 562 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 17 December 1964, fol. 193, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. A3, fol. 650

124 Tahoraiti 2A19 was of 80a 36p. It was partitioned in December 1913 into 2A19A, of 28a 26p; 2A19B, of 28a 26p; and 2A19C, of 23a 2r 24p.563

In June 1915, agents for Waimata Kaninamu wrote to the Native Land Purchase Board saying that £200 had been paid to her as an advance, for the block 2A19A, but that the balance was yet to be paid.564 The Valuer General informed the Under Secretary of the Native Department that block 2A19A was valued at £408. The balance owed for the block was paid in August, minus 10s for the Native Land Court fee for the partition order. Tahoraiti 2A19A, now of 28a 1r, was declared Crown land in September 1915.565

Tahoraiti 2A19B was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.566 Tahoraiti 2A19C was leased in 1961 to John Hape Kani. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.567

In 1913, Tahoraiti 2A20, of 584a; Tahoraiti 2A21, of 231a 3r; and Tahoraiti 2A22, of 188a were declared Crown land.568 Tahoraiti 2A20, was of 584a when declared Crown land, but had been of 619a 19p, when partitioned the previous year.569

Table 28 : The Tahoraiti blocks 2A11 to 2A22 Partition Block Acreage Status May 1912 2A11 83a 1r 31p 2 Maori owners, partitioned again 1924, 2A11A, of 41a 2r 35p sold privately 1967, balance is Maori land 2A12 165a 07p Maori owned, partitioned again 1922, all three partitions are Maori land 2A13 39a 1r 1 Maori owner, partitioned again in 1913 and 1927; 2A13A2 and 3, of 11a 1r 08p and 3 lots of 3r were Europeanised; 2a 1r 18p is Maori land 2A14 75a 3r 04p 1 Maori owner, partitioned again 1964, 2A14A1, of 5a, Europeanised; 7a 2r 13p of 2A14A2 taken for public works, balance of 2A14A2 and 2A14B is Maori land 2A15 55a 2r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1913

563 Berghan, p. 240 and p. 243 564 MA-MLP1 1914/34, Paku and Rapaea, Land, Estate and Financial Agents, Native Interpreters and Insurance Agents, to the Native Land Purchase Board, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 565 New Zealand Gazette, 1915, no. 103, 2 September 1915, p. 3089 566 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 121, fol. 35 567 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 14, fol. 288 568 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 28, 3 April 1913, p. 1005-6 569 Berghan, p. 240

125 Partition Block Acreage Status 2A16 43a 2r 19p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1913 2A17 62a 2r 30p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1913 and 1921 2A18 68a 3r 33p 1 Maori owner, partitioned again 1957, 2A18A sold privately 1958, 2A18B sold privately 1964 2A19 80a 36p 3 Maori owners, partitioned again 1913, 2A19A of 28a 26p purchased by Crown 1915, 2A19B and 2A19C Europeanised 2A20 584a 6 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown 1913 2A21 231 3r 2 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown 1913 2A22 188a 3 Maori owners, purchased by Crown 1913 Total area alienated or 1406a 1r 02p Europeanised

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 240

Tahoraiti 2A23, of 40a 3r 01p, was purchased by Alfred Lavavaseur Fraser, a Native Agent of Hastings, in 1912. He sold the block to Robert Stevens, a farmer of Dannevirke in 1915.570

Tahoraiti 2A24 comprised 242a 2r. A part of the block, amounting to 112a 2r, was sold in 1912, for £2250. The sellers were Hiria Heta, Eparata Whaitiri, and Ahitana Nopera. The purchaser was William Thompson. The date of transfer, or when the owners sold their shares, was 4 June 1912. The block 2A24 was partitioned on 19 June 1912, into 2A24A, of 112a 1r 33p, and 2A24B, of 128a 2r 23p.571 The sale of 2A24A to William Thompson was completed in May 1913.572

Tahoraiti 2A24B was declared Crown land in 1916.573

Tahoraiti 2A25, of 85a 3r 33p, was owned by Angela Elizabeth Karaitiana in 1915. She sold the block to Elizabeth Farquharson in 1926.574

Tahoraiti 2A26 was partitioned in 1947 into 2A26A and 2A26B, both of 6a.575

570 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 154 571 Berghan, p. 242 572 Berghan document bank, p. 4327, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 75, fol. 231 573 New Zealand Gazette, 1916, no. 138, 7 December 1916, p. 3758

126 Block 2A26A was sold in 1958, by Tangaruhe Nikora to Evelyn Chick. Initially the purchase was to cost £420, but this was increased to £500 by the Maori Land Court.576 Block 2A26B was sold in 1959, by Manahi Nikora to Evelyn Chick, for £2300.577

Tahoraiti 2A27, of 168a, was partitioned into lot 1, of 38a 15p; lot 2, of 105a 1r 27p; and lot 3, of 24a 1r 38p.578 Lot 1 was sold, in 1937, by Eriata Nopera to James Kennedy, for £1142 16s 3d.579 Lot 3 became European land by sale in 1912.580 In 1956, 105a 1r 27p of Tahoraiti 2A27, which was Lot 2, was taken for the Dannevirke aerodrome.581 The sale of an unspecified part of Tahoraiti 2A27 was confirmed by the Maori Land Court in 1973 for $23,690.582

Tahoraiti 2A28, of 30a, was sold by Urupane Horima to Clara Knight, for £414, in 1912.583

Tahoraiti 2A29 was of 113a. Part of the block, amounting to 90a, was sold to Morgan Morgan in July 1912.584 The remainder of the block is also European land.

Tahoraiti 2A30 was partitioned in 1917 into 2A30A, of 58a 3r, and 2A30B, of 117a 24p. The block 2A30A was sold to G. L. Hartridge in 1955 for £2200.585 When the sale of 2A30A was confirmed by the Maori Land Court it was stated by the vendors’ lawyer that the two vendors and their families were in urgent need of housing. One vendor, with seven children, was living in shearers’ quarters, and the other, with eight

574 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 60, fol. 53 575 Berghan, p. 250 576 Berghan document bank, p. 4865, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 93, 3 December 1958, fol. 259, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 121, fol. 36 577 Berghan document bank, p. 4867, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 121, fol. 37 578 Berghan document bank, p. 3849 579 Ibid, p. 4869 580 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 101, fols 41 and 132; and vol. 159, fol. 155 581 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 92, 11 October 1956, fol. 247, and Marr et al ‘The taking of Maori land for public works in the Wairarapa ki Tararua district: 1880-2000, chapter 14) 582 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 107, 3 October 1973, fol. 221 583 Berghan document bank, p. 4399, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 28, fol. 78 584 Berghan document bank, p. 4400, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 16, fol. 271; and vol. 251, fol. 137 585 Berghan document bank, p. 4876, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 58, fol. 150

127 or nine children, was living on a temporary basis in a farm house needed for the farm manager.586

In 1956, James Hansell Harris sold a 1/9th share of Tahoraiti 2A30B to G. L. Hartridge for £650.587 Mei Patterson, another owner, sold her interest in the block, also to G. L. Hartridge, in 1956, as she needed money to assist her husband on his small farm. An additional reason for selling her interest was that her brothers and sisters had large families and she wished to use the money now, as it was not worth keeping the land for the children.588 This suggests Mrs Patterson’s interest in the block would have been inherited by her nephews and nieces in minute shares. Hinerangi and Mere Harris sold their shares in the block in September 1956. Their reasons for selling were that they had large families to support and were in poor health. The block is now European land.589

When Tahoraiti 2A30 was partitioned in 1917, the subdivision 2A30B included land which was later designated a roadline. This area, of 2a 1r 17p, was left out of the block when it was sold, which reduced the amount received by the owners. On 28 July 1971 the Maori Land Court ordered the re-inclusion of the area taken for the roadline in the 2A30B block.590 It does not appear that the road was constructed. A subsequent Court hearing annulled the order of 28 July as it was made without jurisdiction. Instead, the Court made the land taken for the road line into Tahoraiti 2A30C block, and vested it in the Maori Trustee, under section 438 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953.591

Tahoraiti 2A30C, became European land.592 It was sold to the New Zealand Insurance Company in 1973 for $518. 38.

Tahoraiti 2A31 was partitioned into 2A31A, of 1r, and 2A31B, of 84a 2r 30p, on 7 September 1956.593 Both were Europeanised under the Act of 1967.594

586 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 21 September 1955, fol. 502 587 Berghan document bank, p. 4878 588 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 92, 23 May 1956, fol. 95 589 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 14, fol. 102 590 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 105, 28 July 1971, fol. 141 591 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 106, 9 March 1973, fol. 343 592 Berghan document bank, p. 3843

128 Tahoraiti 2A32 was of 870a 2r. The block was partitioned on 20 May 1912 into 2A32A, of 158a; 2A32B, of 166a; 2A32C, of 81a; 2A32D, of 90a, and 2A32E, of 375a.

Part of Tahoraiti 2A32A, amounting to 17a 2r, was sold by Waha Takana to Mini Takana, in 1941, for £350.595 All of Tahoraiti 2A32A was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.596

Tahoraiti 2A32B was Europeanised under the 1967Act.597

Tahoraiti 2A32C was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.598 It was sold to Taylor Samuel Mihaere in 1969 for $13,834.599

Tahoraiti 2A32D was partitioned on 14 February 1930, into three parts.600

Tahoraiti 2A32D1 was partitioned on 11 September 1951, into two parts.601 Block 2A32D1A was of 10a, and was leased to H. B. McMaster in 1960. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.602 Block 2A32D1B was of 40a 13p, and was leased by Tuhi Harekura Apatu to Ronald Kingi, a family member, in 1965, for £200 per year.603 The block was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.604

Tahoraiti 2A32D2 was of 39a 36p, and is Maori land.605 The block was leased in 1966 by Ruiha Wirihana to John Ross. This was a new lease, with an increased rental of £212 per year.606

593 Ibid, p. 4206 and p. 4207 594 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 166, fols. 163-164 595 Berghan document bank, p. 4884 596 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1, fol. 267 597 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 14, fol. 104 598 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1, fol. 48 599 Berghan document bank, p. 4166 600 Ibid, p. 4185 and p. 4192 601 Ibid, p. 4188 and p. 4190 602 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 163, fol. 97 603 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 99, 9 September 1965, fol. 61 604 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 53, fol. 136 605 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 134, fol. 102, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information

129 Tahoraiti 2A32D3 is of 3r 38p, is a Maori owned cemetery or urupa.

Tahoraiti 2A32E was partitioned in 1934, into two blocks.607 Block 2A32E1 was of 74a 2r, and was leased to H. B. McMaster in 1960. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.608 Block 2A32E2 was of 120a 1r 33p, and is Maori owned general land.609 It was vested in trustees by Pare Takana (Mrs Duncan) in 1969.

Tahoraiti 2A33, of 93a, was the subject of controversy in 1964 when R. W. Karaitiana leased the block to Taylor Samuel Mihaere, and subsequently sold the land to S. Alexander. The Maori Land Court found that Karaitiana had gone to S. Alexander’s office in Dannevirke on 21 August, expecting to sell the block to Alexander. When Alexander did not arrive Karaitiana travelled to Palmerston North and leased the land to Mihaere. Alexander’s lawyer claimed the lease was not in good faith as Alexander was already negotiating to buy the block. Karaitiana subsequently sold the block to Alexander on 25 August. The Court found that the sale of the land was not in the interests of the owner (Karaitiana), as he had a son, and confirmed the lease to T. S. Mihaere.610 The block was sold to Mihaere in 1978, by Ngaruma Mako Karaitiana, for $48,000.611 The block is now Maori owned general land.612

Tahoraiti 2A34, of 122a, was partitioned on 8 February 1929 into 2A34A, of 16a 3r 15p; 2A34B, of 40a 01p; and 2A34C, of 65a 3r 10p.

Tahoraiti 2A34A remains Maori owned land.613

Base 606 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 17 June 1966, fol. 107 607 Berghan document bank, p.4155 and p. 4180 608 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 109, fol. 3 609 Berghan document bank, p. 3853 (List of Tahoraiti blocks held as Maori land), and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 109, fol. 4 610 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 7 January 1965, fol. 209 611 Berghan document bank, p. 4917 612 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 130, fol. 214, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 613 Berghan document bank, p. 3853, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 236

130 Tahoraiti 2A34B was partitioned in 1958, into 2A34B1, of 8a 03p, and 2A34B2, of 31a 3r 38p.614 The partition was made to implement to will of Hami Taurau. Raniera Taurau, who was one of the beneficiaries, and the executor of the will, sold his interest in 2A34B2 to Hinekura Pearse.615 In 1963, following an application from Hinekura Pearse, the Maori Land Court transferred the interest in the block 2A34B1 held by the Maori Trustee (Conversion Fund) to her, under section 152 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953.616 Pearse applied to the Court in 1966 for the vesting in her of the interests in the block of Hinekura Matenga, Hineraumoa Taurau, Keremere Taurau, and Lydia Ene Matenga. The Court confirmed the vestings, and the payment of £37 to the first and fourth named owners, and of £150 to the second and third. The vestings were made under section 213 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953.617

Tahoraiti 2A34B1 and 2A34B2, and Tahoraiti 2A34C, were general land but were declared to be Maori land under section 68 of the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1974, in 1975.618 However, none of the blocks are now Maori land.619

Table 29 : The Tahoraiti 2A23 to 2A34 blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 7 May 1912 2A23 40a 3r 01p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1912 2A24 242a 2r 22 Maori owners, partitioned again June 1912, 2A24A sold privately 1913; 2A24B declared Crown Land 1916 2A25 85a 3r 33p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1926 2A26 12a Maori owned, partitioned again 1947, partitions sold privately 1958 and 1959 2A27 168a 1 Maori owner, divided into 3 lots, sold privately 1912, 1937, 1956 2A28 30a 3 Maori owners, sold privately 1912 2A29 113a 2 Maori owners, 90a sold privately 1912, remainder is European land 2A30 180a 4 Maori owners, partitioned again 1917, partitions sold privately 1955, 1956, 1973 2A31 83a 2r 1 Maori owner, partitioned, both partitions Europeanised

614 Berghan document bank, p. 4171 and p. 4224 615 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 93, 17 September 1958, fols. 179-180 616 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 95, 13 March 1963, fol. 190 617 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 1 September 1966, fol. 197 618 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 36, fol. 230; vol. 197, fol. 81; and vol. D2, fol. 1159 619 Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base

131 Partition Block Acreage Status 2A32 807a 2r 10 Maori owners, partitioned further 2A33 93a 1 Maori owner, now Maori owned general land 2A34 122a 5 Maori owners, partitioned again 1929, 2A34A, of 16a 3r is Maori land; balance of 105a 1r (in three blocks) is European land 20 May 1912 2A32A 158a 3 Maori owners, 17a 2r sold privately 1941, all of block Europeanised 2A32B 166a 2 Maori owners, Europeanised 2A32C 81a 1 Maori owner, Europeanised, sold privately 1969 2A32D 90a 2 Maori owners, partitioned again 1930, 2A32D1 was Europeanised; 2A32D2, of 39a 36p, and 2A23D3, a cemetery of 3r 34p, are Maori land 2A32E 375a 1 Maori owner, partitioned again 1934, 2A32E1, of 74a 2r was Europeanised; 2A32E2, of 120a 1r 33p, is Maori owned general land Total area alienated or 1800a 1r Europeanised 36p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p. 240

Tahoraiti 2B block, which was Makirikiri pa, and a residential area, was partitioned into nine subdivisions in November 1913.620 They were: 2B1, of 2a 3r 10p (later 3a 06p); 2B2, 3a 2r 22p; 2B3, of 7a 15p; 2B4, of 5a, 2B5, of 3a 1r 25p, 2B6, of 3a 08p, 2B7, of 3a, 2B8, of 3a, and 2B9, of 12a 1r 24p.

Tahoraiti 2B1 was of 3a 06p. The block was partitioned in 1948 into lots A and B.621 The partition was cancelled in 1960, and the block was vested in Hori Tawhai and Hine Viola Tawhai.622 The block was Europeanised under the 1967 Act, and is Maori owned general land.623

Tahoraiti 2B2 was partitioned in 1953 into two blocks.624 Block 2B2A was of 1r 07.4p, and is European land.625 This subdivision was sold to Desmond Blamsley (?) in

620 Napier Native Land Court minute book 64, 6 November 1913, fol. 349 621 Berghan document bank, p. 4229-30 and McBurney, ‘TNAR report’, p. 250 622 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 94, 21 September 1960, fol. 232 623 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 116, fol. 218, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 624 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 25 November 1954, fol. 30 625 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 145, fol. 138

132 1954 by the trustees of the estate of Jury Pine Takirirangi.626 Block 2B2B was of 3a 1r 18.6p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.627

Tahoraiti 2B3 was partitioned in 1931 into two blocks.628 Block 2B3A was of 3a 2r, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.629 Nireaha Paewae had a house on this block, which he left to the children of his first marriage.630

Tahoraiti 2B3B was originally of 3a 2r 10p. Part of the block of 24.3p was vested in the Waiapu Board of Diocesan Trustees in 1933, and is European land. The balance of the block is 3a 1r 25.7p, and is Maori owned European land.631

Tahoraiti 2B4 was partitioned in 1936 into three blocks.632 Block 2B4A was of 24p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.633 It was sold in 1954 by the trustees of the estate of Jury Pine Takirirangi to Rawiri and Aina Maniapoto.634 In 1955, they sold the subdivision to Te Mananui Tawhai, for £20.635

Tahoraiti 2B4B was of 2a 1r 23p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.636

Tahoraiti 2B4C was of 2a 1r 23p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.637 The subdivision had been sold in 1954 by the trustees of the estate of Jury Pine Takirirangi to Mavis and Rita Beale.638

Tahoraiti 2B5 was of 3a 1r 25p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.639

626 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 25 November 1954, fol. 299 627 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 145, fol. 170 628 Berghan document bank, p. 4242 and p. 4243 629 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 50, fol. 46 630 MA1, 13/7, ‘Nireaha Paewae will and testament’, 22 November 1939, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 631 Berghan document bank, p. 4214, and Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 90, fol. 32; and vol. 116, fol. 285 632 Berghan p. 249 633 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 443, fol. 156 634 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 14 September 1955, fol. 481 635 Berghan document bank, p. 4484 636 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 119, fol. 127 637 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 100, fol. 200 638 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 90, 25 November 1954, fol. 299 639 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 119, fol. 229

133 Tahoraiti 2B6 was of 3a 08p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.640 The interest in the block of Hohepa Mei Tatere was succeeded to Rumatiki Eriha in

1970.641 The 1/7 interest of Karauria Nicholson in the block was transferred to the Hargreaves Lime and Fertilizer Ltd in 1973 for $350.642

Tahoraiti 2B7 was of 2a 3r 38p, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.643

Tahoraiti 2B8 was of 2a 3r 38p. The block was purchased by Hargreaves Lime and Fertiliser Ltd in 1957 for £103 10s.644 It is European land.645

Tahoraiti 2B9 was of 12a 2r. It is European land.646

Table 30 : The Tahoraiti 2B blocks Partition Block Acreage Status November 1913 2B1 3a 06p Maori owned general land 2B2 3a 2r Partitioned again in 1953, 2B2A of 1r sold 1954, 2B2B Europeanised 2B3 7a 15p Partitioned again in 1931, 2B3A Europeanised; 2B3B part of 24p vested, balance of 3a 1r 20p is Maori land 2B4 5a Partitioned again in 1936, all three partitions were Europeanised 2B5 3a 1r 25p Europeanised 2B6 3a 08p Europeanised 2B7 2a 3r 38p Europeanised 2B8 2a 3r 38p Sold privately 1957 2B9 12a 2r Now European land Total area alienated or 40a 0r 19p Europeanised

Source: Napier Native Land Court minute book 64

640 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 87, fol. 126 641 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 23 October 1970, fol. 179 642 Berghan doc bank, p. 4219, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 108, 28 February 1978, fol. 8 643 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 108, fol. 116 644 Berghan document bank, p. 4222 645 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 159, fol. 52

134 A total of 37a of the Tahoraiti 2B block was therefore either alienated or became European land. There remains in Maori ownership a total of 6a 2r 16p. This accounts for the block’s acreage, which was 43a in 1913.

Tahoraiti 2C block, which was Tahoraiti pa, and also a residential area, was partitioned into 16 subdivisions in 1913.647 The subdivisions were: 2C1, of 1a; 2C2, of 2a; 2C3, of 7a; 2C4, of 2a; 2C5, of 2r; 2C6, of 2a; 2C7, of 2a; 2C8, of 6a 1r; 2C9, of 1a; 2C10, of 11a 1r; 2C11, of 1r; 2C12, of 1a; 2C13, of 3a; 2C14, of 5a; 2C15, of 2r; and 2C16, of 1a. After the partition a balance of the block remained of 4a 2r, which was intended for roads and right of ways. Some of the balance may have become the block 2C17, of 1a, which remains in Maori ownership.

Block 2C1 was Europeanised in March 1973, and sold to John Gimblett, a farmer of Dannevirke, in June 1973.648

Block 2C2 was leased to H. B. McMaster in 1960. In March 1965, Pare Kingi Marsh applied to the Maori Land Court to vest parts of 2C2 in her son, George Marsh and her daughter, B. K. Roberts. The proposed subdivision was contrary to the district scheme of the Dannevirke County Council, as the land was zoned rural. The Court partitioned the block into three parts. Under section 440 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953 the Court vested lot 2, or 2C2A, of 1r 04.4p, in George Marsh, and lot 3, or 2C2B, of 1r 04.2p, in Barbara Kangaeke Roberts. The balance of the block became 2C2C, of 1a 1r 31.4p The vestings were made by the Court but were subject to the consent of the Town and Country Planning Appeal Board being obtained within 12 months.649 Block 2C2C was vested in Takana Richard Marsh, on the application of Pare Kingi Marsh, in June 1965.

In September 1965, Rangi Wananga Karaitiana, William Purvis Karaitiana, Emere Karaitiana, and Te Hapai Rautahi applied to the Maori Land Court for the vesting of their interests in block 2C3 in George Whitu Karaitiana, under clause 213 of the

646 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 63, fol. 278 647 Napier Native Land Court minute book 65, 9 December 1913, fols. 52-57 648 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. E3, fol. 284 649 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 97, 16 March 1965, fol. 263

135 Maori Affairs Act 1953. Emere also wished to vest her interest in 2C13 in George Karaitiana. In supporting the application their lawyer said they received no income from the land, and although they were selling their interests below the Government valuation they were doing so to assist George.650 The Court carried out the vestings but the following week they were appealed against by Arapata Karaitiana. He said that his son, Rau, and his son’s wife, Huia, lived in a house on block 2C13, which was an old house that they had improved. They had lived there since 1953 and had done so by his permission, as he was one of the owners of the block. Rau was also using block 2C3, and was paying the rates on the section. A rehearing of the vesting was ordered.651 The rehearing heard that Emere was to sell her share in both blocks for £100, Hapai and Rangi were selling their shares in 2C3 for £85 and £175 respectively, and William was gifting his share. The Court found that Rau and his wife were living on the two blocks as a result of an earlier lease to J. H. Kani. It ruled that they could not continue to occupy the blocks without rent and to the exclusion of the other owners. The Court upheld the decision of 8 September 1965.652 The block was Europeanised under the 1967 Act.653

Block 2C4 was vested in Adelaide Waiora Walker and nine others in 1997. It remains Maori land.654

Block 2C5 was divided into two parts, each of 1r, by Hami Tamihana in 1954, to give his two children house sites. Block 2C5A is Maori land, while block 2C5B is Maori owned European land.655

Block 2C6 was partitioned in 1950 by the vesting of 2r in Ngete Mihaere. The new block was named 2C6A but the Court omitted to rename the balance of the block. The

650 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 99, 8 September 1965, fol. 53 651 Ibid, 14 September 1965, fol. 84 652 Ibid, 15 December 1965, fol. 250 653 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 24, fol. 225 654 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 109, fol. 28, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 655 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 91, 23 November 1954, fol. 248, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base

136 balance, of 1a 2r, was given the appellation 2C6B by the Court in 1973. Both blocks are Maori land.656

Block 2C7 was partitioned in July 1934. The three partitions were Europeanised in 1971.657

In September 1971, the Tahoraiti blocks 2C6, 2C7A, B, and C, and two 2C5 lots were vested in Sophie Ngahere Kaukau for alienation. All the owners had agreed to sell but it is not clear if this sale was completed.658

Blocks 2C8A and 2C8B remain Maori land.659

In 1965, on the application of the Ruahine Tribal Committee, block 2C9 was vested under clause 438 of the Maori Affairs Act 1953 in Tanenuiarangi Nikora, Mavis Barclay Paewai and Lui Paewai, in trust for all Maori living in the committee’s area. The trustees were given the power to remove a meeting house from the block and re- erect it on the Tahoraiti 2A14B block.660 Block 2C9 is Maori land and is a reserve.661

Tahoraiti 2C10 and 1K2B1, of 78a 2r 4.3p became general land by status declaration in 1980. Block 2C10 was vested in Pare Takana (Mrs Duncan) in 1974, and transferred to Takana Richard Marsh, and Europeanised, in 1980.662

On 4 August 1916, Tahoraiti 2C12 was sold by Hohepa Akuira to Te Uira Akuira, for £20. The government valuation of the section was £106.663 In 1935, Te Uira Akuira, (aka Te Uira Cooper), was the sole owner of both 2C11 and 2C12. She had the blocks reserved by the Native Land Court for the purpose of a meeting house. This involved vesting the blocks in the Ikaroa Maori Land Board. The land became the site of the

656 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 107, 16 July 1973, fol. 126, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 657 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 105, 26 July 1971, fol. 142, and Tahoraiti block record sheet 658 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 105, 16 September 1971, fol. 186 659 Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 660 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 98, 16 March 1965, fol. 265 661 Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 662 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B1, fol. 1320; and vol. 109, fol. 285

137 Aotea meeting house, which was later demolished and its carvings moved to a new meeting house. In 1970, the Maori Land Court recommended that the reservation of the land be cancelled. The blocks were re-vested in Te Uira Cooper.664 The following month she had the blocks vested in Takana Richard Marsh, for $200.

The blocks 2C13, 2C16, and part 2C17 and 2C17B are Maori land.665

Table 31 : The Tahoraiti 2C blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 9 December 1913 2C1 1a Europeanised 2C2 2a Partitioned further, partitions Europeanised 2C3 7a Europeanised 2C4 2a Maori owned general land 2C5 2r Partitioned - 2C5A, of 1r, is Maori land and 2C5B, or 1r, is Maori owned general land 2C6 2a Partitioned further, partitions are Maori land 2C7 1a 3r 20p Partitioned further, Europeanised 2C8 6a 1r Partitioned further, partitions are Maori land 2C9 1a Maori land 2C10 11a 1r Now general land 2C11 1r Now general land 2C12 1a Now general land 2C13 3a Maori land 2C14 5a Partitioned and Europeanised 2C15 2r Now general land 2C16 1a Maori land, Europeanised but declared Maori land in 1977 2C17 1a Maori land Total area alienated or 33a 3r Europeanised

Source: Napier Native Land Court minute book 65

663 Berghan document bank, p. 4464 664 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 103, 25 February 1970, fol. 234 and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 24 September 1970, fol. 147 665 Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base

138 The total of land alienated or Europeanised in the Tahoraiti 2C block amounts to 33a 3r 00p. A further 16a 3r 03p remains Maori land. This accounts for 50a 2r 03p of the Tahoraiti 2C block, which was of 51a in 1912.

A total of 3974a 3r 07p was purchased in the Tahoraiti No. 2 block. This comprises the purchase by the Crown of 1243a 1r 09p, and the private purchase of 2480a 3r 13p. In addition, there were public works takings of 251a 2r 25p. The amount of 800a 3r 39p was Europeanised. A further 797a 1r 33p remains Maori land. This accounts for 5574a 39p of the block, which was of 5653a 12p in 1912.

The Maori Land Court’s record sheet for the block has the following: Tahoraiti 2C1 was of 1a, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. (CT E3/284) Tahoraiti 2C2 was of 2a and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. (CT no. 125/31) Tahoraiti 2C3 was of 7a, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. (CT no. 24/225) Tahoraiti 2C4 was of 2a and is Maori owned. (CT no. 109/28) Tahoraiti 2C5A was of 1r, and is Maori owned. (CT no. 24/243) Tahoraiti 2C5B was of 1r, and is Maori owned. (CT no. 24/242) Tahoraiti 2C6A was of 2r, and is Maori owned. Tahoraiti 2C6B is Maori owned. Tahoraiti 2C7A is of 2r and some perches, and is Maori owned. Tahoraiti 2C7B was of 2r 39.2p, and is Maori owned. Tahoraiti 2C11 was of 1a (CT no. 24/238) Tahoraiti 2C12 was of 1a (CT no. 24/187) Tahoraiti 2C13 was of 3a (CT no. 24/227) Tahoraiti 2C14 (part) was of 3a, and was European land. (CT no. 19/208) Tahoraiti 2C14 (balance) was of 2a and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. (CT no. 28/294) Tahoraiti 2C15 was of 2r, and is European land. (CT no. 72/125) Tahoraiti 2C16 was of 1a. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act but was declared Maori land on 2 May 1977. (CT nos. D3/1474 and D3/1475) Tahoraiti 2C17A was of 1r 10.3.

139 Tahoraiti 2C17 (part) is of 1a 07p.666

2.19 The Tamaki block The Tamaki block was estimated to be of 27,000a when its title was investigated by the Native Land Court in 1870. The block’s area was increased by survey to 34,100a.

In 1896, the Native Appellate Court divided the block into five parts. Nos. 1 -3 contained slightly over 7366a each. Parts 4 and 5 contained 6000a each. The five blocks amount to 33,999a. The Crown purchase of interests in the block began in 1897.667 All of Tamaki No. 1, which was awarded to Arapata Karaitiana in 1896, was purchased by the Crown.668

In 1900, the Tamaki subdivisions Nos. 2 to 5, amounting to 26,633a, remained in Maori ownership, pending the partition of the Crown’s interest. However, it has also been calculated that 26, 732a in the Tamaki block remained in Maori ownership in 1900. This is the amount found if the Crown’s 1898 purchase of Tamaki No. 1, of 7366a, is deducted from the original block’s increased acreage of 34,098a.669

In 1902, the Tamaki block was partitioned to identify the Crown’s interest. Part of the Crown’s interest in the Tamaki block was a £450 mortgage placed on the whole block in 1901, for the cost of surveying.670

The Crown was awarded block 2, of 4366a; block 3, of 7366a 2r 27p; block 4, of 5500a; and block 5, of 5828a. This left blocks 2A, of 3000a; 4A, of 500a; and 5A, of 172a, to the non-sellers.671

Table 32 : The Tamaki block Partition Block Acreage Status 1896 Tamaki 1 7366a 2r 27p Purchased by Crown, 1897-98 Tamaki 2 7366a 2r 27p Maori owned, partitioned further

666 Berghan document bank, pp3841-3853 667 Berghan, pp. 267-268 668 Ibid, p. 270 669 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 34 670 Berghan document bank, p. 5184 671 Berghan, p. 270

140 Partition Block Acreage Status Tamaki 3 7366a 2r 27p Maori owned Tamaki 4 6000a Maori owned, partitioned further Tamaki 5 6000a Maori owned, partitioned further 1902 Tamaki 2 4366a Crown award Tamaki 2A 3000a 3 Maori owners, partitioned further Tamaki 3 7366a 2r 27p Crown award Tamaki 4 5500a Crown award Tamaki 4A 500a Partitioned further Tamaki 5 5828a Crown award Tamaki 5A 172a Sold privately 1911 Total area alienated from 1900 23,232a 2r 27p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000, p. 279, and P McBurney, ‘Tamaki- nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Overview Report’, p. 267

The private alienation of land in the Tamaki block was prohibited under section 16 of the Native Land Purchase Act 1892 in May 1905.672 The prohibition was not followed by Crown purchasing of interests in the remaining Maori owned subdivisions.

In 1906, the Tamaki 2A block was partitioned into 2A1, of 991a 2r 37p, and the 2A2 and 2A3 blocks, each of 991a 37p. In 1910, block 4A was partitioned into 4A1, of 123a 2r 24p, and 4A2, of 371a 2r 34p. In the same year block 2A1 was partitioned into blocks 2A1A, 2A1B, and 2A1C, each of 330a 2r 12p.

The first part of the Tamaki block to be sold were the blocks 4A1 and 4A2, which had a combined acreage of 495a 1r 18p, and were sold in 1910 to L. Giesen. The record of the sale refers to the 4A block, but that block was partitioned three months before the sale.673 In 1911, 2A1 block was partitioned and 2A1A block was sold to Alice Hartgill.674 In the same year 5A was sold to Anders Christensen.675 In 1912, 2A1B was sold to George Hartwell.676

672 New Zealand Gazette, 1905, no. 35, 16 May 1895, p. 803 673 Berghan, p. 282 674 Berghan document bank, p. 5569, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 29, fol. 24 675 Berghan document bank, p. 5566

141 In February 1912, European settlers in the Dannevirke area petitioned the Government asking that the Government purchase Tamaki No. 2 block.677 The petition was referred to the Native Land Purchase Board. In May, Rakiwhata Peeti requested that a prohibition on private alienation be placed on the block as certain Pakeha were trying to purchase it from Paraneha Manahi, who was elderly.

A summary of the partitions and sales in the Tamaki 2A block was drawn up in May 1914. Blocks 2A1A and 2A1B were owned by Mr Stevens and Mr Hartgill. Blocks 2A1C, 2A2, and 2A3 were owned by Paraneha Manahi and her daughter, Mariana Paewai. Mariana was married to Rakiwhata Peeti, who wanted to farm the land when the leases expired.678 The summary was drawn up as a letter had been received by W. H. Herries, the Native Minister, from Dannevirke lawyers, claiming that the development of the Dannevirke district was being hampered by the large amount of land in the hands of a small number of capitalists, and asking that the Government acquire the lands in Tamaki 2A1C, 2A2, and 2A3 for closer settlement.679 A further letter was received the following month, from J. Escott, a Member of Parliament, saying that the Government had tried to purchase the Tamaki lands the previous year, but that the owners, Mrs Paewai and her daughter, had refused to sell. The letter added that if the Native Minister could prevent Mr Geisen from leasing the land it would prevent a great injustice and hardship to the settlers, who were already on the land.680

Issues surrounding the land were complex. There were eight settlers already on the land owned by the Mrs Paewai and her daughter. They were subletting the land from Mr R. Stevens. His lease was to end in January 1915, and Mr Geisen had persuaded Mrs Paiwai to sell him 800a of land. Her son-in-law, Rakiwhata wanted the Government to oppose the lease to Giesen, as he considered him a speculator, and wanted the land leased to the farmers.681 Peeti had earlier wanted to farm the land himself, but preferred local farmers to Giesen, if the land was to be leased. The lease

676 Berghan, p. 282 and p. 283 677 MA-MLP1 1912/10, Petition to Sir James Carroll, 1 February 1912, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 678 Berghan document bank, p. 5525 679 Ibid, p. 5526 680 Ibid, p. 5522 681 Ibid, p. 5585

142 Giesen had arranged was due to go to the Native Land Court in July 1908. The settlers wanted the transaction stopped, as they would get no compensation for their improvements.682 The settlers also wanted the Government to acquire the land in the interests of closer settlement. The Member of Parliament for the district, George Hunter requested that a proclamation prohibiting private alienation be place on the land owned by Mrs Paewai and her daughter, as the lease was expiring on over two thousand acres of land, supposedly opening the way to the tying up of the land by speculators.683 Although Mrs Paewai was the owner of a large amount of land, her only income was £40, received from the lease of her Tahoraiti land. Her other land in Mangatoro and Tiratu were leased to a European named Knight, who had paid no rent for ten years.684

Despite the agitation, the Government took no action and no proclamation was made. Tamaki 2A1C was subsequently leased by L. M. Giesen, from January 1915. This lease was confirmed by the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board in July 1914, as was the lease of Tamaki 2A2 to Florence Corrigan.685 The 2A3 block, originally of 991a 37p, was reduced by sales to Europeans to 366a 1r 24p, and became Maori owned European land in 1918.686

Compensation of £104 was paid in 1923 for the taking of 3a 2r 29.6p in the Tamaki 2A2 block, for the Mangahao hydro-electric power scheme. Of this amount, £87 was paid to Paraneha Manahi, the owner of the block, and £17 to the lessee of the block.687

The partitioning of the block continued, with 2A2 being partitioned into 2A2A, of 100a, and 2A2B, of 469a 2r in 1928.688 This accounts for 569a 2r of the 991a in 2A2. The partition of 1928 was concerned with carrying out the will of Mariana Manahi, the daughter of Paraneha Manahi (Paewai). The residue of 2A2, of 421a 2r, appears to have been known as lots 1, 2, 3, and 4. In 1961, Mavis Paewai sold her share of

682 Ibid, p. 5521 683 Ibid, p. 5529 684 Ibid, p. 5604 685 MA-MLP1 1912/10, Ikaroa District Maori Land Board meeting, 20 July 1914, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 686 Berghan document bank, p. 5242-3 687 Napier Native Land Court minute book 71, 9 August 1923, fol. 188

143 Tamaki 2A2B and 2A2 lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, which amounted to 98a 1r 26.3p, to her eight brothers and sisters, for £8,613 18s.689

The total acreage of 2A2B and the four 2A2 lots amounted to 885a 2r 37.4p. This combined block was partitioned by the Maori Land Court in July 1962 into 2A2B1 and 2A2B2, and two other blocks, known as subdivisions A and B. It was subsequently decided to re-name the two subdivisions 2A2C and 2A2D.690 The combined Tamaki 2A2 (part) and 2A2B block accordingly became 2A2B1 and 2A2B2, each of 234a 1r 37p; and 2A2C, of 211a 3r 25p; and 2A2D, of 210 2r.691 These partitions amount to 889a, which is similar to the 885a 2r 37.4p in the original 2B2B block and the four 2A2 residue lots.

Table 33 : Later partitions of the Tamaki block Partition Block Acreage Status 1906 2A1 991a 2r 37p Partitioned further 2A2 991a 37p Partitioned further 2A3 991a 37p Part sold to Europeans, part Maori owned European land from 1918 1910 2A1A 330a 2r 12p Sold privately 1911 2A1B 330a 2r 12p Sold privately 1912 2A1C 330a 2r 12p Part sold in 1947, 100a remains in Maori ownership 4A1 123a 2r 24p Sold privately 1910 4A2 371a 2r 34p Sold privately 1910 1928 2A2A 100a Part sold in 1951, 98a 2r 14p remains in Maori ownership 2A2B 469a 2r Partitioned further 1962 2A2B1 234a 1r 37p Europeanised 2A2B2 234a 1r 37p Europeanised 2A2C 211a 3r 25p Europeanised 2A2D 210a 2r Europeanised Total area alienated or 3270a 3r 36p Europeanised

688 Berghan, p. 289 689 Linz LS 20/754-SNA, Alienation notice, 6 November 1961, and Napier Maori Land Court minute book 95, 19 September 1961, fol. 190 690 Linz LS 20/754-SNA, Solicitor to Chief Surveyor, 21 June 1963 691 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, 20 June 1963, fols. 327-8

144 Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp. 280-290, and Linz LS 20/754-SNA

Tamaki 2A2B1 was used for share-milking. One share-milking agreement for the block was made in 1966, between Raiha and Manawarere Paewai and L. F. Sharpe.692 The block was vested in Raiha Paewai and Manawarere Paewai as tenants in common in 1969.693

Tamaki 2A2B2 was the subject of a share-milking agreement in 1963. Part of the block was sold as the balance was vested in Te Puea Paewai and Rangiorea Paewai in 1969.

Part of the Tamaki 2A1C block, amounting to 230a 2r 12p,was sold to Jack Charmley in 1947.694 The balance of 100a remains in Maori ownership today. A small part of 2A2A, amounting to 1a 1r 26p, was sold in 1951 to Jack Charmley.695 The remainder of the block, slightly over 98a, is also in Maori ownership today, and was vested in Hohepa Mei Tatere and Te Aroha Matawai, under Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 in 1999.696

The Maori owned parts of blocks 2A2A and 2A1C were combined in a share-milking agreement in 1962, between H. M. Tatare and R. R. Bedford 697 The two blocks were placed in trust by Mr Tatere in 1968.698 The 2A2A block was vested in trustees under section 239 of Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 in 1999.699

The subdivisions 2A2B1, 2A2B2, 2A2C, and 2A2D were Europeanised.

After 1900, a total of 26,506a 1r 32p of the Tamaki block was either alienated or Europeanised. This comprises the purchase of 23,060a 2r 27p by the Crown, the private purchase of 2551a 2r 37p, and the Europeanising of 891a 1r 19p. In addition,

692 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 100, 24 June 1966, fol. 142 693 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 26, fol. 35 694 Berghan document bank, p. 5210 695 Ibid, p. 5209 696 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 129, fol. 173 697 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 96, 20 June 1962, fol. 17 698 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 9 July 1968, fol. 140

145 3a 2r 29p were taken for public works purposes. None of the block remains Maori land, although blocks 2A2A and 2A1C are Maori owned general land. The total of 26,506a 1r 32p, which was alienated or Europeanised, is 126a 2r 06p less that the 26,633a of the Tamaki block, which was the acreage of the Maori owner Tamaki block partitions in 1900.

2.20 The Tautane reserve The Tautane block was sold to the Crown in 1854. A reserve of 1000a and another of 50a was set aside at the time of the sale for the former Maori owners. The title of the 1050a reserve was investigated by the Native Land Court in 1866 and 1867. The Court granted the reserve to Henare Matua and Hoera Rautu. The reserve was leased through out the remainder of the nineteenth century and was in Maori ownership in 1900, with an acreage of 1052a.700

The Tautane reserve was partitioned in 1899 into six subdivisions of varying acreages. The subdivisions were block 1, of 43a 2r; block 2, of 48a 1r; block 3, of 50a 30p; block 4, of 517a; block 5, of 220a; and block 6, of 218a.701

In 1905, 2a 13p was taken for a road through the Tautane reserve block No. 2.702 This part of the Tautane reserve was a one hundred acre block near Herbertville. The land was taken to provide access, through the reserve, to farmland owned by a European, John Speedy. The existing access route to Speedy’s land apparently interfered with his paddocks. He wanted to close the existing road and got the Patanga County Council to open a new road through the reserve. However, the reserve land was farmed by six Maori families. They had refused to lease the land to Speedy and, although they would probably not have objected to a public road, were against a road being built through their land entirely for the benefit of one landowner. This was especially the case as he already had access to his property. Their spokesman, Rautu, got a sympathetic European to write to James Carroll, the Native Minister, asking for protection.703

699 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 135, fol. 69 700 A S Carlyle, ‘The recorded title history of Tautane Native Reserve’, pp. 3-5 701 Ibid, p. 302-3 702 New Zealand Gazette, 1905, no. 27, 23 March 1905, p. 756 703 Berghan document bank, p. 5694k-l

146 Research has found no record of compensation being paid to the Maori owners for the taking of the 2a 13p.704 It is possible that the new road was not built and remained a paper road as the only roads shown on a cadastral map of the area are Herbertville Road and Tautane Road.705 These are main, or access, roads to the two settlements of the area and are probably not the farm road for which land was taken in 1905.

In February 1911, the Tautane reserve block No. 4 was divided into 4A, of 172a 1r 13p, and 4B, of 344a 2r 16p.706

Block 1 of the Tautane reserve was sold in June 1910 to Arthur Trevelyan Russell.707 Block 2 was sold in October 1911, to Silvester Martin. He had also purchased block 3 the previous month.708 In April 1911, block 4B was sold to Thomas Dalrymple Smith.709 Block 4A was acquired by A.T. Russell in November 1912.710 Block 5 was sold to Ethne Rose Herrick in February 1911.711 The date of the sale of block 6 has not been found, but by 1934 it was in Herrick’s name.712

Table 34 : The Tautane reserve Partition Block Acreage Status 1899 Tautane 1 43a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased privately, 1910 Tautane 2 48a 1r 4 Maori owners, purchased privately, 1911 Tautane 3 50a 30p 2 Maori owners, purchased privately, 1911 Tautane 4 517a 4 Maori owners, partitioned further Tautane 5 220a 1 Maori owners, purchased privately, 1911 Tautane 6 218a 1 Maori owner, purchased privately by 1934 1911 Tautane 4A 172a 1r 1 Maori owner, purchased privately, 1912 Tautane 4B 344a 2r 16p 3 Maori owners, purchased privately, 1911 Total area alienated 1096a 3r 06p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000, p. 302-303 and 310, and A S Carlyle, ‘The recorded title history of Tautane Native Reserve’.

704 Berghan, p. 310 705 New Zealand Cadastral Map, NZMS 261, V24, Porangahau, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington, 1985 706 Berghan, p. 310 707 A S Carlyle, ‘The recorded title history of Tautane Native Reserve’, p. 7 708 Ibid, p. 9 709 Ibid, p. 11 710 Ibid, p. 12 711 Ibid, p. 14 712 Ibid, p. 15

147 The total area alienated by purchase in the Tautane reserve amounts to 1096a 3r 06p. The land was all alienated after 1900. In addition 2a 13p were taken for roading. Total alienations amount to 1097a 1r 19p.

2.21 Te Ohu block The ownership title of the Te Ohu block was determined by the Native Land Court in September 1870. The Court awarded the block to Karaitiana Takamoana and eight others. Te Ohu was one of the Seventy Mile Bush blocks for which a sale agreement was made between the owners and the Crown in June 1870.

After the purchase of some interests the Crown’s interest in the block was defined by the Native Land Court in 1882. The Crown was awarded 2036a. The non-sellers were awarded 18,564a. In 1893, a number of interests in the Te Ohu block were purchased by private purchasers. By 1896, 12,136a 2r 10p of the block had been purchased by James Matthews. In 1902, the Under Secretary of the Native Department stated that the whole of the Te Ohu block had been sold to a European.713 The block has not been included as a twentieth century alienation.

2.22 The Tipapakuku block The ownership of Tipapakuku was determined by the Native Land Court in 1870. The block was partitioned in 1894 into three subdivisions. After land was taken for roads Tipapakuku No. 1 was of 971a 2r 17p; Tipapakuku No. 2 was of 482a 3r 25p; and Tipapakuku No. 3 was of 978a 1r 13p.714 Tipapakuku No. 1 was awarded to two Europeans, the other two blocks were Maori owned.

Tipapakuku No. 2 is no longer in Maori ownership but its alienation details are unknown.715

713 Berghan, p. 329 714 McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p297 715 Berghan, p. 344

148 Tipapakuku No. 3 was partitioned in 1895. Block 3A, of 500a, remained in Maori ownership, and block 3B, of 483a 2r 25p became European owned. In 1896, two parts of block 3A, of 186a and 302a, were sold to the European owners of block No. 1. This may leave 12a of block 3A unaccounted for, and in Maori ownership in 1900, but the block may have been over-estimated in size when partitioned in 1895. No record of alienations in the block after 1900 has been found. Tipapakuku has not been included as a twentieth century alienation.

2.23 The Tiratu block The ownership title to the Tiratu block of 7945a was determined by the Native Land Court in 1870. Both the Crown and a private buyer, Henry Carlson, had purchased undivided shares in the block by the early 1890s. Tiratu was proclaimed under section 16 of the Native Land Purchases Act 1892, which prohibited private alienation, in March 1895.716

Tiratu was partitioned in 1897 to identify the Crown’s interest. Tiratu was also known as Manawatu No. 4 block, and the neighbouring blocks, Tipapakuku and Otanga, were known as Manawatu blocks 4A and 4B. Accordingly, the Crown award in Tiratu is known as 4C, a block of 918a, which the Crown received in 1897. Carlson received the right to mill the timber on the Crown award land. The remainder of the Tiratu block became block 4D, of 7027a, and was in Maori ownership in 1897. On survey, the acreage of 4D was reduced to 7018a.717

In 1900, Tiratu 4D, of 7018a, remained in Maori ownership. In 1911, the Native Minister, Sir James Carroll, attended a meeting in Dannevirke, and agreed that the Tiratu block was suitable for closer settlement.718 In September 1912, private alienation in the Tiratu block, now of 7015a 1r 21p, was prohibited for a year, under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909.719 The prohibition was extended for six

716 New Zealand Gazette, 1895, no. 35, 16 May 1895, p. 803 717 Berghan, p. 358 and p. 364 718 MA-MLP1 1911/23, Secretary, Dannevirke Chamber of Commerce, to Native Minister, 11 December 1911, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 719 New Zealand Gazette, 1912, no. 73, 19 September 1912, p. 2741

149 months in September 1913.720 In March 1914, the prohibition on private alienation in the Tiratu block was re-issued for another year.721 It was extended for another six months in August 1914.722 This was seen as by the president of the Ikaroa Maori Land Board as being necessary to prevent native owned land near population centres from being obtained by land speculators.723

During these years the Crown had purchased interests in the Tiratu, or Tiratu 4D, block. The Crown’s interests were defined by the partition of the block in November 1915. This divided Tiratu 4D into block 1, of 735a 33p; block 2, of 511a 1r 18p; and block 3, of 5727a 1r 30p. The first two blocks were Maori owned, Tiratu No. 3, the largest block, was awarded to the Crown.724 The purpose of the Crown’s land acquisition in the Tiratu block was to encourage closer European settlement.725

In 1916, Tiratu No. 2 block was partitioned to form 2A, of 160a 1r 05p, and 2B, of 348a 1r 18p. In 1921, block 2B was partitioned into eight subdivisions. These were 2B1, of 10a 10p; 2B2, of 174a 08p; 2B3, of 22a 1r; 2B4, of 26a 2r; 2B5, of 22a 1r; 2B6, of 22a 1r; 2B7, of 22a 1r; and 2B8, of 48a 3r.726 Block 2B2 was partitioned in 1923 into 2B2A, of 4a 1r 08p, and 2B2B, of 169a 3r. In 1935, 2B2B was partitioned into 2B2B1, of 86a 1r 20p, and 2B2B2, of 78a 1r 20p. All the subdivisions were Maori owned.727

The first sale of land in Tiratu, since the partition of 1915, was made in 1922 when Alice Gunderson purchased 5a of block 2B2. The next sale was the purchase in February 1930 of 2a 2r 39p of the 735a 33p Tiratu No. 1 block, by Apikara Paewai. The remainder of No. 1 block was leased by Niki Paewai. He was in financial difficulties and in 1931 the block was vested in the Native Trustee. The block became

720 New Zealand Gazette, 1913, no. 70, 18 September 1913, p. 2833 721 New Zealand Gazette, 1914, no. 28, 26 March 1914, pp. 1158-9 722 New Zealand Gazette, 1915, no. 36, 11 March 1915, p. 833 and no. 101, 26 August 1915, p. 3020 723 Berghan document bank, p. 5530 724 Berghan, p. 372, and New Zealand Gazette, 1916, no. 15, 10 February 1916, p. 429 725 MA-MLP1 1911/23, Dannevirke News, ‘Tiratu Block. Purchase by the Govt. Twenty five years ago’, 17 March 1939, (extract), Archives New Zealand, Wellington 726 Napier Native Land Court minute book 70, 1 August 1921, fol. 47 727 Berghan, p. 372

150 the Tiratu Station (see Part 1 above) and was returned to its owners in 1952.728 The property was part of the estate of Nireaha Paewai. In 1968, the Maori Land Court confirmed a Deed of Family Arrangement, by which some members of the Paewai family purchased the interests in the block of other members.729

Block 2A remained in Maori ownership and was Europeanised under the Act of 1967. It was vested in a trustee on the death of Lui Paewai in 1969.

Of the 2B subdivisions, 2B1 and 2B2A were sold in 1972 to M.F. and M. Wrenn for $2645.730 Block 2B2B1 was leased to the Wrenns from 1963 and sold to them in 1967.

Blocks 1, 2A, 2B2B2, 2B4, 2B5, and part of 2B7 were Europeanised.

Block 2B3, of 22a 1r, was leased in 1953 to Alan Peeti. It is no longer Maori land. Block 2B6 was sold to John Kani in 1952, but remains Maori land.731

In 1958, a 3a 06p part of 2B7 was purchased by Arani Peeti in 1958. This part of the block was Europeanised in 1969. The remainder of 2B7 is in Maori ownership.

Block 2B8 was owned by Kiriwera Takarangi and four others in 1937. Arani Peeti purchased 4360 shares in block 2B8 from other Maori owners, in 1974, for $13,897. 50. He then owned all the 7800 shares in the block.732 He sold the block to Deborah Lamason in 1976 for $29,250. The block became general land.733

Table 35 : The Tiratu (Manawatu 4) block Partition Block Acreage Status 1897 Manawatu 4C 918a Crown award Manawatu 4D 7018a Maori non-sellers

728 Ibid, p. 377 729 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 102, 31 May 1968, fol. 96 730 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 104, 3 March 1972, fol. 317 731 Berghan, p. 378 (block 2B3 is listed as 2B8) 732 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 108, 20 February 1925, fol. 334 733 Linz LS 20/189-SNA, Notices of changes of ownership or occupancy, 11 December 1974, and 12 November 1976

151 Partition Block Acreage Status 1915 Tiratu 1 735a 33p 4 Maori owners, became Tiratu Station with an acreage of 733a 3r 12p, Europeanised in 1983 Tiratu 2 511a 1r 18p 11 Maori owners, partitioned further Tiratu 3 5727a 1r 30p Crown award 1916 Tiratu 2A 160a 1r 05p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised Tiratu 2B 348a 1r 18p 11 Maori owners, partitioned further 1921 Tiratu 2B1 10a 10p 4 Maori owners, sold privately 1972 Tiratu 2B2 174a 08p 2 Maori owners, partitioned further Tiratu 2B3 22a 1r 1 Maori owner, no longer Maori land Tiratu 2B4 26a 2r 1 Maori owner, Europeanised Tiratu 2B5 22a 1r 1 Maori owner, Europeanised Tiratu 2B6 22a 1r 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1952, but remains Maori land Tiratu 2B7 22a 1r 1 Maori owner, 3a 06p sold privately 1958 and later Europeanised, the remainder of block is Maori owned Tiratu 2B8 48a 3r 1 Maori owner/trustee, sold privately, sale completed 1974 1923 Tiratu 2B2A 4a 1r 08p 7 Maori owners, sold privately 1972 Tiratu 2B2B 169a 3r 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 1935 Tiratu 2B2B1 86a 1r 20p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1963 Tiratu 2B2B2 78a 1r 20p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised Total area alienated or 6924a 3r 37p Europeanised

Source: P. Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1970-2000’, pp. 358, 372 and 37, and Linz LS 20/189-SNA

A total area of 6924a 3r 37p has been either alienated or Europeanised in the Tiratu block since 1900. The alienations in the block comprise a Crown purchase of 5727a 1r 30p, private purchase of 171a 2r 38p, and the Europeanising of 1024a 1r 03p. This includes the Tiratu Station, which was Europeanised but is Maori owned. A further 41a 2r 34p of the block is Maori owned. This accounts for 6965a 0r 25p of the 7018a in the five Maori owned partitions of the Tiratu block in 1900.

152 2.24 The Tuatua block (Te Whiti-a-Tara reserve) The ownership title of the Tuatua block, of 9600 acres, was determined by the Native Land Court in September 1870. The Court awarded the block to Hori Niania and Hinepa Ketia and eight others. The block was included in the agreement which began the sale of the Seventy Mile Bush blocks in June 1870. The purchasing of interests was completed in 1877 and in 1878 the Tuatua block was proclaimed Crown land.734

The June 1871 agreement included the creation of the Te Whitiatara reserve, of 1370a, in the Tuatua block, which remained in Maori ownership. This reserve was sold to the Crown in 1911.735 The reserve land of 1370a is the total amount of land alienated in this block since 1900. The reasons for the sale of the block are not known.

2.25 The Tutaekara reserve The Crown’s interests in Mangatainoka 2A were partitioned out in 1885, with Mangatainoka I going to Crown and J to the non-sellers. Mangatainoka J was further partitioned in 1887 with J1, of 3752a, going to the Crown. The non-sellers’ blocks were J2, of 1750a, J3, of 3100a, and J4, 1404a 3r 08p.

The Tutaekara reserve, near Pahiatua, was created from J1 block, by a grant dated 19 January 1891, and made under the Government Native Land Purchase Act and Amendment Act 1878.736 The reserve comprised sections 115 and 116. The sections were divided into 13 lots, most of which were of 50a. The 13 lots had a combined acreage of 598a 1r 22p.737 The whole of section 116, and lots 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11 and 12 of section 115, were purchased by the Crown in 1890 and 1891.738 This amounted to a total of 351a 04p purchased by the Crown before 1900. A total of 295a 2r 18p of the reserve remained in Maori ownership in 1900.

734 Berghan, p. 382 735 Ibid, pp. 400-401 736 Tutaekara block file, box 147, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 737 Ibid, block record sheet, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 738 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 115

153 Table 36 : The Tutaekara reserve lots Partition Lot Acreage Status 1887 1 50a European land, purchased by the Crown 1890-91 2 50a 32p European land 3 50a Became Crown land 1890-91 4 50a 1r 20p Became Crown land 1890-91 5 50a 1r 08p Sold privately 1984 6 50a 2r 32p Partitioned further 7 44a 2r 10p Part 5a 3r 30p sold 1907, balance partitioned further 1937 8 50a Became Crown land 1890-91 9 51a 2r 24p Became Crown land 1890-91 10 50a 2r 16p Maori land 11 50a Became Crown land 1890-91 12 50a Became Crown land 1890-91 13 50a Became Crown land 24 October 1902 6A 17a 26p European land, sold privately 1902 6B 33a 2r 08p Partitioned further 20 December 1913 6B1 16a 3r 05p Partitioned further 6B2 16a 3r 03p European land 10 June 1920 6B1A 6a 1r 21p European land 6B1B 10a 1r 21p Europeanised 26 May 1937 7A 2r 08p Maori land 7B 14a 2r 28p Maori land 7C 29a 1r 14p European land Total alienated or Europeanised 236a 1r 35p since 1900

Source: Tutaekara block record sheet, Tutaekara block file, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings, and P McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, pp. 115-121

Part of lot 7, amounting 5a 3r 30p, was sold in 1907 to John Rutherford Blair. Another part, a site with a house on it, of 2r 08p, was gifted in 1931, to the children of Tai Mitchell, by the owners, Merehira Mahanga, Ngoro Tamatea, and Kuru Tangiakau.

154 The remainder of the originally 50 2r lot was partitioned in 1937. In 1993, lot 7A had nine Maori owners, and lot 7B had 4 Maori owners. Lot 7C is now European land.739

Tutaekara lot 2 was sold in 1912. Lot 5 was leased in 1925, 1939, 1950, and 1960, and sold in 1984, to Nigel Mabey, for $90,000.740

Restrictions on the sale of Tutaekara 6A, to enable the sale of the lot to W. J. R. Blair, were removed by the Native Land Court in 1902, on the application of Takana Rangimauriora. Lot 6 was then partitioned, and it appears lot 6A was sold to Blair. Tutaekara 6B1A was sold to William Rennie Ross in 1923, for £560. Tutaekara 6B2 was sold in 1961 to Charles Mabey, for £1530. Tutaekara lot 10 was leased, with commission being paid to the Maori Trustee. It had 46 Maori owners in 1993.741

There were 13 lots in section 115 part of the Tutaekara reserve, of which 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, part of 6 and 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13 were sold.

There were also 13 Tutaekara Village Sections, which were established by an order of the Native Land Court on 22 October 1892. The sections were numbered 15, 16, 48 to 51, and 53 to 59, and were each of two acres. The village sections had a combined acreage of 26a. The sections are now all European land, except sections 51, 53, and 55.742 A total of 20a of the Tutaekara Village Sections has been alienated has been alienated from Maori ownership.

A total of 236a 1r 35p of the Tutaekara reserve has been alienated or Europeanised since 1900. This comprises 50a purchased by the Crown, 176a 0r 14p purchased privately, and 10a 1r 21p Europeanised. A further 72a 1r 26p of the reserve remains Maori land. This amounts to 308a 3r 21p, which exceeds the 295a 2r 18p in Maori ownership in 1900.

In addition, 20a of the Tutaekara Village Sections has been alienated.

739 Tutaekara block file and block record sheet, box 147, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings. 740 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 119 741 Tutaekara block file, box 147, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 742 Tutaekara block file and record sheet, box 147, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings

155 2.26 The Umutaoroa block The Umutaoroa block was created by the division of block of 31,000a which was brought to the Native Land Court for the determination of its ownership title in September 1870. The block was divided into the Umutaoroa and Piripiri blocks. The Umutaoroa block was of 27,803 acres.743 It was awarded to 10 owners.

The Umutaoroa block was one of the Seventy Mile Bush blocks. The owners of these blocks agreed to sell them to the Crown in June 1871. The Crown’s interest in the block was defined by the Native Land Court in 1883. The Crown received all of the Umutaoroa block except 4973a, which remained to the non-sellers.744

In 1891, a claim to include more owners in the part of Umutaoroa remaining in Maori ownership was dismissed by the Native Land Court. By then, two of the original owners had died, and succession orders had added seven names to the ownership list of the 4973a of the Umutaoroa remaining in Maori ownership. In 1892 and 1893, W. C. Smith purchased the interests of 13 of the 15 owners of the land. The share in the block of Te Kaninamu Te Hauerangi, one of the ten original owners, and the share of one of the successors, are unaccounted for. Presumably subsequent sales took place. All the Umutaoroa block is now European land.745 The 4973a which remained in Maori ownership in 1883 appears to have been alienated during the 1890s. The Umutaoroa block has not been included as a twentieth century alienation.

2.27 The Waikopiro block The ownership title of the Waikopiro block was determined by the Native Land Court in 1889. The block’s acreage was then estimated to be 26,590a. The Court divided the block into nine parts and awarded each part to hapu or individuals. A rehearing of the ownership of the block was held in 1891. The rehearing reduced the ownership of Waikopiro to the members of four hapu who could show occupation.746

743 New Zealand Gazette, 1883, no. 44, 25 May 1883, pp. 670-680 744 Berghan, pp. 412-413 745 Umutaoroa block file, box 67, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings 746 Berghan, p. 420

156 The Crown purchase of interests in Waikopiro had begun by 1893. In 1894, the Crown applied to have its interests in the block identified. Following the 1891 rehearing the block had been divided among the four hapu of owners into four subdivisions, known as Waikopiro, Waikopiro No. 1, Waikopiro No. 2, and Waikopiro No. 4. The four partitions were each divided by the identification of the Crown’s interest in 1894. The Crown received Waikopiro A, of 11,381a; Waikopiro 1A, of 1545a; Waikopiro 2A, of 700a; and Waikopiro 3A, of 500a. The non-sellers received Waikopiro B, of 5919a; Waikopiro 1B, of 2245a; Waikopiro 2B, of 1300a; and Waikopiro 3B, of 3000a, from the 1894 partition.747

In 1900, the Waikopiro blocks in Maori ownership were Waikopiro B2 to B5, and B7 to B16, with an acreage of 4982a 2r; Waikopiro 1B2A and 1B2B2, with an acreage of 492a 1r 18p; Waikopiro 2B2, of 1191a; and Waikopiro 3B2, of 2856a.748 The total acreage of the Waikopiro block partitions in Maori ownership in 1900 amounted to 9521a 3r 18p. This is 748a less than 10,269a, which is the amount found by deducting the Crown purchases before 1900 from the block’s total acreage in 1889.749 The difference may be due to an over estimate of the block’s original area.

In 1895, the Waikopiro B block was partitioned into 17 subdivisions. The 17 blocks had a total acreage of 5888a 26p. Block B17, of 226a 26p was awarded to the Crown. The Waikopiro B1 block was in European ownership by 1897, and block B6 was European owned by 1899.750 A total of three Waikopiro B1 blocks had been alienated by 1900. They were B1, B6, and B17, and had a combined acreage of 905a 2r 26p. This left 14 partitions of Waikopiro B in Maori ownership in 1900, with a total acreage of 4982a 2r. All of this land was alienated during the twentieth century.

In 1916, Tekukanga Ote Ranga offered to sell the Crown his interest in Waikopiro B15.751 The block was purchased by the Crown for £1375, and proclaimed Crown land in May 1916.752

747 McBurney, Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p308 748 Berghan, pp. 422-424 749 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 34 750 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 6, fol. 290-291; vol. 52, fol. 231; vol. 52, fols. 270-272 751 MA-MLP1 1916/24, ‘Ki te Poari Hoko Whenua Maori, Tari Maori Poneke’ (official form signed

157 Waikopiro B7 and B9 are now European land, but were owned by Ruta Keita. She married Norman Wellwood in 1906. In 1907, her interest in both blocks was vested by succession in John Holden and Ruth Wellwood. The interest of Ruth Wellwood was vested in Ralph Wellwood and John Wi Te Ota Wellwood in 1909. The block was then Maori owned European land.753

Waikopiro B12 was purchased by the Crown in 1952. Waikopiro B13 was also purchased by the Crown, although part of the block had been European owned since before 1906.754

Table 37 : The Waikopiro B blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1895 B1 453a 1 Maori owner, European owned 1897 B2 226 2r 1 Maori owner, now European land B3 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, now European land B4 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, now European land B5 226s 2r 1 Maori owner, now European land B6 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, European owned 1899 B7 453a 1 Maori owner, now European land B8 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown B9 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, now European land B10 453a 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown B11 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown B12 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown 1952 B13 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown B14 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown B15 226a 2r 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed CL 1916 B16 1585a 2r 5 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown B17 266a Crown award 1895 Total area alienated after 1900 4982a 2r

by Tekukanga Ote Ranga), 24 May 1916 752 New Zealand Gazette, 1916, no. 62, 25 May 1916, p. 1769 753 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 6, fols. 293 and 295 754 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 66, fol. 86

158 Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp.422-423; and Ibid, document bank, pp. 6591-6595

The Waikopiro 1B block was partitioned in 1897. The Crown was awarded 1B1, of 1696a, and the non-sellers received 1B2, of 542a 1r 18p. The Maori owned 1B2 was partitioned in March 1898 into 1B2A, of 294a 3r 18p, and 1B2B, of 247a 2r. Both blocks remained in Maori ownership. The Crown purchased further interests in the 1B2B block. The Crown interest was identified August 1898. This gave the Crown 1B2B1, of 50a. The non-sellers were awarded 1B2B2, of 197a 2r.

In 1900, the Waikopiro 1B blocks in Maori ownership were blocks 1B2A and 1B2B2, which had a combined acreage of 492a 1r 18p.

Table 38 : The Waikopiro 1B block Partition Block Acreage Status 1897 1B1 1696a Crown award 1B2 542a 1r 18p 10 Maori owners, partitioned further March 1898 1B2A 294a 3r 18p 5 Maori owners, sold privately 1910 1B2B 247a 2r 5 Maori owners, partitioned further August 1898 1B2B1 50a Crown award 1B2B2 197a 2r 4 Maori owners, sold privately 1912 Total area alienated since 492a 1r 18p 1900

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp. 423-424

The first private sale of land in Waikopiro took place in 1910 when block 1B2A was purchased by the Waikopiro Timber Company, for £1500. This was followed in 1911 by the attempted purchase of 1B2B2, by Morgan Morgan.755 The Ikaroa District Maori Land Board decided against confirming the transaction as the purchase price offered was £657, and the capital value of the block was £1280. The lawyers for Morgan were informed that the Maori owners had offered the block to the Crown for £1137, and that the Board had received another offer of £1280.756 However, the block 1B2B2 was transferred to Morgan Morgan by its four Maori owners in February 1912.757

755 Berghan, p. 424 756 MA-MLP1 1911/110, Under Secretary, Lands and Survey Department, to Blakeston and Blakeston, 6 November 1911, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 757 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 75, fol. 239

159 The partition of 1898 gave the Crown the 2B1 block, of 100a, and the non-sellers the 2B2 block of 1191a.758 The Waikopiro 2B2 was partitioned in 1912, into blocks 2B2A, 2B2B, and 2B2C. Block 2B2A was partitioned into six blocks in 1913, and into two further blocks in 1915. Block 2B2C was partitioned into three blocks in 1916. Waikopiro 2B2B, of 197a, was sold by Morehu Raina to James Castles in 1914.759

In 1915, Donald McLeod, a licensed victualler of Waipukurau, purchased Waikopiro 2B2A2 from Pura Rukiruki, Waikopiro 2B2A3 from Tipu Rukiki, and Waikopiro 2B2A4 from Te Aonui Te Rokena (Rukiruki).760

In 1924, Alexander Paterson, a farmer of Whetukura, purchased Waikopiro 2B2A5 from Mere Anata Te Rokena and Waikopiro 2B2A6 from Tame Te Rokena.761

Waikopiro 2B2C1 was sold by Eriata Nopera and Merehira Tipene to Malcolm Castles in 1916.762 Waikopiro 2B2C2 was sold by Hoani Matua to Bernard McCormick in 1934.763

An undivided one half share in Waikopiro 2B2A1A was sold in 1967 to James Paterson. The other half share was purchased by Alexander Paterson.764

Table 39 : The Waikopiro 2B block Partition Block Acreage Status 17 August 1898 2B1 100a Crown award 2B2 1191a 4 Maori owners, partitioned further 8 May 1912 2B2A 406a 2r 6 Maori owners, partitioned further 2B2B 197a 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1914 2B2C 592a 2r 8 Maori owners, partitioned further

758 Berghan, p. 424 759 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1, fol. 148 760 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 29, fols. 176, 177 and 178 761 Certificates of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 29, fols. 179 and 180 762 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 1 fol. 147 763 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 6, fol. 163 764 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 48, fol. 70

160 Partition Block Acreage Status 9 June 1913 2B2A1 217a 1 Maori owner, partitioned further 2B2A2 21a 2r 33p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1915 2B2A3 61a 3r 25p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1915 2B2A4 61a 3r 25p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1915 2B2A5 21a 2r 32p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1924 2B2A6 21a 2r 33p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1924 15 April 1915 2B2A1A 108a 2r 05p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1967 2B2A1B 108a 2r 05p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 25 February 1916 2B2C1 118a 3r 20p 2 Maori owners, sold privately 1917 2B2C2 118a 3r 20p 1 Maori owner, sold privately 1934 2B2C3 357a 3r 1 Maori owner, sold privately Total area alienated from 1900 1198a 1r 38p

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp424-428, and Certificates of Title (Hawke’s Bay)

All of the Waikopiro 2B2 block was alienated by private purchase. The area alienated amounts to 1198a 1r 38p, which exceeds the 1191a of the original partition.

The Crown purchased further interests in the 3B block and its interests was identified in 1898. This gave the Crown the 3B1 block, of 123a. The non-sellers were awarded 3B2 block, of 2856a. This block was in Maori ownership in 1900.

The Waikopiro 3B2 was partitioned in 1902 into 3B2A, of 336a 17p; 3B2B, of 486a 3r; 3B2C, of 1048a 2r 38p; and 3B2D, of 1008a 1r 25p. There was considerable further partitioning (see table below).

Table 40 : The Waikopiro 3B block Partition Block Acreage Status 17 August 1898 3B1 123a Crown award 3B2 2856a 34 Maori owners, partitioned further 22 July 1902 3B2A 336a 17p 12 Maori owners, partitioned further 3B2B 486a 3r 16 Maori owners, partitioned further 3B2C 1048a 2r 38p Maori owned, partitioned further 3B2D 1008a 1r 25p 16 Maori owners, partitioned further 3 March 1913 3B2A1 7a 1r 35p 1 Maori owner, purchased by Crown,

161 Partition Block Acreage Status proclaimed CL 1921 3B2A2 328a 2r 22p 16 Maori owners, partitioned further 3B2C1 23a 1r 08p 1 Maori owner, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1921 3B2C2 1025a 1r 20p 16 Maori owners, partitioned further 20 March 1914 3B2A2A 164a 1r 11p 5 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1920 3B2A2B 164a 1r 11p 11 Maori owners, partitioned further 3B2C2A 512a 2r 30p 5 Maori owners, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed CL 1921 3B2C2B 512a 2r 30p 11 Maori owners, partitioned further 22 October 1918 3B2A2B1 29a 3r 20p 2 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1920 3B2A2B2 134a 1r 31p 6 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1921 3B2C2B1 93a 35p 2 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1920 3B2C2B2 419a 2r 6 Maori owners, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1920 19 April 1921 3B2D1 154a 2r 2 Maori owners, part sold privately, the remaining 114a 3r 10p Europeanised 3B2D2 19a 2r 10p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 3B2D3 122a 0r 14p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 3B2D4 138a 1r 22p 1 Maori owner, Europeanised 3B2D5 145a 16p 5 Maori owners, remains Maori land 3B2D6 72a 1r 30p 5 Maori owners, remains Maori land 3B2D7 44a 1r 30p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 3B2D8 84a 10p 1 Maori owner, remains Maori land 3B2D9 159a 1r 20p 4 Maori owners, Europeanised 6 December 1921 3B2B1 41a 1 Maori owner, purchased by Crown, proclaimed CL 1922 3B2B2 445a Crown award Total area alienated or 2464a 1r Europeanised

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, pp. 424-428, and Napier Native Land Court minute book 68, 22 October 1918, fols. 120-122

162 On 17 August 1920, the Waikopiro subdivisions 3B2A2A, 3B2A2B1, and 3B2C2B1, were proclaimed Crown land, and 3B2C2B2 was proclaimed Crown land the following month.765

Private alienation was prohibited in the Waikopiro subdivisions 3B2A1, 3B2A2B2, 3B2B, 3B2C1, 3B2C2A, and 3B2C2B2 in August 1920.766 The blocks 3B2A1 and 3B2C1 were proclaimed Crown land in January 1921.767 Block 3B2A2B2 was proclaimed Crown land in February 1921.768 The prohibition was re-issued for the Waikopiro blocks 3B2B and 3B2C2A July 1921, for six months.769 After a period of purchase activity the block 3B2C2A was proclaimed Crown land in August 1921.770 The last block under prohibition of private alienation, 3B2B, was partitioned in 1921, into 3B2B1, of 41a and 3B2B2, of 445a 2r 30p. The block 3B2B2 was proclaimed Crown land in 1922.771 The block 3B2B1, of 41a, also became Crown land in 1922.772

A part of the 3B2D1, amounting to 9a 2r 10p, was in European ownership by 1931.773 The balance of the block, of 144a 3r 30p, remained in Maori ownership, and was vested in Peter Ropiha in 1967.774 The Maori owned part of 3B2D1 was Europeanised, as were the blocks 3B2D2, 3B2D4, and 3B2D9.

Block 3B2D3 was purchased in 1958 from its sole owner by Peter T. Ropiha, for £1200, and was Europeanised under the 1967 Act .775 There remains in Maori ownership the subdivisions 3B2D5, 3B2D6, 3B2D7, and 3B2D8.776 There was, however, a sale in 1973 of some shares in the 3B2D5 block, although the block

765 New Zealand Gazette, 1920, no. 77, 26 August 1920, p. 2535, and no. 83, 30 September 1920, p. 2737 766 New Zealand Gazette, 1920, no. 77, 26 August 1920, p. 2543 767 New Zealand Gazette, 1921, no. 3, 13 January 1921, p. 14 768 New Zealand Gazette, 1921, no. 12, 10 February 1921, p. 419 769 New Zealand Gazette, 1921, no. 70, 28 July 1921, p. 1971 770 New Zealand Gazette, 1921, no. 77, 18 August 1921, p. 2140 771 New Zealand Gazette, 1922, no. 29, 13 April 1922, p. 1028 772 New Zealand Gazette, 1922, no. 33, 27 April 1922, p. 1198 773 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 44, fol. 294 774 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 88, fol. 19 775 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 93, 13 June 1958, fol. 134 776 Berghan, pp. 424-440, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base

163 remains Maori land.777 Block 3B2D9, was in Maori ownership in 1971, but was Europeanised and is no longer Maori land.778

A total of 2810a of the Waikopiro 3B2 block was either alienated or Europeanised. The blocks 3B2D5, 3B2D6, 3B2D7, and 3B2D8, with a combined acreage of 346a, remain Maori land. This accounts for 2810a 1r 06p of the Waikopiro 3B2 block, which in 1900 was Maori owned and of 2856a.

Nearly all of the subdivisions of the Waikopiro block were sold, either to the Crown or to private purchasers. The Crown purchased the Waikopiro blocks B8, B10, B11, B12, B13, B14, B15, B16, 1B2B1, 3B2A1, 3B2A2A, 3B2A2B1, 3B2A2B1, 3B2A2B2, 3B2B1, 3B2B2, 3B2C1, 3B2C2A, 3B2C2B1, and 3B2C2B2.779 Private purchasers bought 2B2A1A, 2B2A1B, 2B2A2, 2B2A3, 2B2A4, 2B2A5, 2B2A6, 2B2B, 2B2C1, 2B2C3 and 3B2D1.

In summary, the land alienated or Europeanised in the Waikopiro block since 1900 amounts to 9198a 0r 12p. This comprises 5267a purchased by the Crown, 3316a 0r 06p purchased privately, and 614a 0r 36p Europeanised. A further 346a 0r 06pof the block is Maori land. This accounts for 9544a 0r 18p of the 9520a of the Waikopiro block which were in Maori ownership in 1900.

The Maori Land Court’s record sheet for the block has the following details: B1, of 453a, is European land, CT no. 6/290 B2, of 226a 2r, is European land, CT no. 52/231 B3, of 226a 2r, is European land, CT no. 52/270 B4, of 226a 2r, is European land, CT no. 52/271 B5, of 226a 2r, is European land, CT no. 52/272 B6, of 226a 2r, is European land, CT nos. 6/291 and 6/292 B7, of 453a, is European land, CT no. 6/293

777 Napier Maori Land Court minute book 107, 11 October 1973, fol. 313, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 778 Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 80, fol. 61, and Te Puni Kokiri, Maori Land Information Base 779 Berghan, p. 439

164 B8, of 226a 2r, was Crown land. B9, of 226a 2r, is European land, CT no. 6/295 B10, of 453a, was Crown land. B11, of 226a 2r, is Crown. B12, of 226a, was Crown land, CT no. 66/130 B13, of 226a 2r, was Crown land, CT nos. 66/86 and 66/87 B14, of 226a 2r, was Crown land, CT no. 12/130 B15, of 226a, was Crown land. B16, of 1585a 2r, is European land, CT nos. 3/19 and 29/77 B17, of 226a 2r, was Crown land. 1B1, of 1696a, was Crown land. 1B2A, of 294a 3r 18p, is European land, CT nos. 3/19 and 75/243 1B2B1, of 50a, was Crown land. 1B2B2, of 197a 2r, is European land, CT no. 75/239 2B1, of 100a, was Crown land. 2B2A1A, of 108a 2r 05p, is European land, CT no. 48/70 2B2A1B, of 108a 2r 05p, is European land, CT no. 75/101 2B2A2, of 21a 2r 33p, is European land, CT no. 29/178 2B2A3, of 61a 3r 25p, is European land, CT no. 29/177 2B2A4, of 61a 3r 25p, is European land, CT no. 29/176 2B2A5, of 21a 2r 33p, is European land, CT no. 29/180 2B2A6, of 21a 2r 33p, is European land, CT no. 29/179 2B2B, of 197a, is European land, CT no. 1/148 2B2C1, of 118a 3r 20p, is European land, CT no. 1/147 2B2C2, of 118a 3r 20p, is European land, CT no. 6/163 2B2C3, of 357a 3r, is European land, CT nos. 1/149 and 29/31 3B1, of 123a, was Crown land. 3B2A1, of 7a 1r 35p, was Crown land. 3B2A2A, of 164a 1r 11p, was Crown land. 3B2A2B1, of 29a 3r 20p, was Crown land. 3B2A2B2, of 134a 1r 31p, was Crown land 3B2B1, of 41a, was Crown land. 3B2B2, of 445a 3r, was Crown land.

165 3B2C1, of 23a 1r 08p, was Crown land. 3B2C2A, of 512a 2r 30p, was Crown land. 3B2C2B1, of 93a 35p, was Crown land. 3B2C2B2, of 419a 2r, was Crown land. 3B2D is a road line of 11a 3r 11p. 3B2D1 (part), of 9a 2r 10p, is European land, CT no. 44/294 3B2D1 (balance), of 144a 3r 30, is European land, CT no. 88/19. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. 3B2D2, 79a 2r 10p, is European land, CT no. 80/244. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. 3B2D3, of 122a 14p, is European land, CT no. 80/29. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. 3B2D4, of 138a 1r 22p, is European land, CT no. 80/31. It was Europeanised under the 1967 Act. 3B2D5, of 145a 16p, is Maori land, CT no. 80/133 3B2D6, of 72a 1r 30p, is Maori land, CT no. 80/62 3B2D7, of 44a 1r 30p, is Maori land, CT no. 85/197 3B2D8, of 84a 10p, is Maori land, CT no. 48/75 3B2D9, of 159a 1r 20p, was Europeanised.780

2.28 The Wharawhara block The ownership title to the Wharawhara block, of 2180a, was determined by the Native Land Court in 1870.781 In 1900, all of the block was in Maori ownership. However, the Mackersey brothers had purchased the interests of some of the owners of the block. In 1904, the brothers applied to the Court for a definition of the interests they had acquired in the block. Wharawhara was consequently partitioned into five subdivisions.

The Wharawhara subdivisions, or partitions amounted to 2275a, which was the block’s acreage, and amount in Maori ownership, in 1900.782 Following the 1904

780 Berghan document bank, pp. 6591-6595 781 Berghan, p. 441 782 Ellis et al, Base table, p. 35

166 partition, block 1, of 758a 1r 14p was then transferred, or sold, to European owners, probably the Mackerseys.783

Table 41 : The Wharawhara blocks Partition Block Acreage Status 1904 Wharawhara 1 758a 1r 14p 1 Maori owner, sold to a European 1904 Wharawhara 2 252a 2r 07p 1 Maori owner, sold privately Wharawhara 3 505a 3r 05p 1 Maori owner, became block 6 after land exchanges, Europeanised Wharawhara 4 189a 1r 27p 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1917 Wharawhara 5 568a 3r 27p 2 Maori owners, partitioned further 1918 Wharawhara 5A 378a 1r 38p 1 Maori owner, purchased by the Crown, proclaimed Crown Land 1927 Wharawhara 5B 191a 14p Crown award Total area alienated or 2275a 2r 25p Europeanised

Source: P Berghan, ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000’, p443 and pp. 449-450

In 1914, agents for Keita Ropiha, or Keita Te Oriwa, and Rangikapurotu, informed the Native Land Purchase Board that their clients wished to sell their shares in the Wharawhara block as they were in debt to trades people in Waipukurau and Hastings.784 The Under Secretary of the Native Department then wrote to the Registrar of the Ikaroa District Native Land Court requesting the title details of the block. This began the process of Crown acquisition in the Wharawhara block.

Private alienation in the Wharawhara 1-5 blocks was prohibited under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909, in August 1916.785 The inclusion of Wharawhara block 1 in the prohibition indicates there were doubts over its earlier sale to the Mackerseys. It appears, however, that prior to 1916, block 1 had been sold to a European.786 The

783 Berghan, p. 443 784 MA-MLP1 1914/53, Paku and Rapaea, Agents, to Native Land Purchase Board, 10 March 1914, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 785 New Zealand Gazette, 1916, no. 93, 31 August 1916, p. 2888 786 Berghan, p. 444

167 block was offered for sale to the Crown, on behalf of the owners, by Native Agents in 1914.787

By March 1915, the Native Land Purchase Board had acquired interests equal to 189a in the 568a 3r 27p Wharawhara No. 5 block. Interests had also been purchased in the other Wharawhara blocks, and in March 1917, Wharawhara No. 4 was declared Crown land.788

Wharawhara No. 5 block was partitioned in 1918 into 5A, of 378a 1r 38p, which was Maori owned, and 5B, of 191a 03p, which was awarded to the Crown.789 After further Crown purchasing, Wharawhara 5A was proclaimed Crown land in 1927.790

Wharawhara No. 2 ceased to be Maori land in 1972. It was then owned by Karangawai Scott.791

In 1965, the owner of Wharawhara No. 3 block exchanged 31a of the block for 31a of a neighbouring block. The resulting new block, of 501a, became Wharawhara No. 6 block. This block ceased to be Maori land in 1971, when it was owned by Mati Tawhi Maaka.792

A total of 2275a 2r 25p of the Wharawhara block was either alienated or Europeanised. This comprises the purchase of 758a 3r 20p by the Crown, the private purchase of 1010a 3r 21p, and the Europeanising of 505a 3r 05p. The amount alienated or Europeanised in the Wharawhara block exceeds the area of 2180a that the block had in 1870. The alienations all occurred after 1900.

787 MA-MLP1 1914/53, Paku and Rapaea to the Native Land Purchase Board, 10 March 1914, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 788 New Zealand Gazette, 1917, no. 81, 10 May 1917, p. 1975 789 New Zealand Gazette, 1919, no. 31, 13 March 1919, p. 707 790 New Zealand Gazette, 1927, no. 54, 28 July 1927, p. 2519 791 Wharawhara block file, box 274, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 25, fol. 16 792 Wharawhara block file, box 274, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. B4, fol. 554

168 2.29 The Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa) reserves The Seventy Mile Bush was an area of forest between the Tararua mountains and the Puketoi ranges, which extended from near Masterton in the Wairarapa to the Ruatahuna plains in Hawke’s Bay. The northern, or Hawke’s Bay, part of the Bush is called the Tamaki district. The southern, or Wairarapa part, was called the Forty Mile Bush.793 The Wairarapa part of the Bush is also called the Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa). An agreement to sell the Seventy Mile Bush, Wairarapa district was signed on 10 October 1871. The agreement involved 125,000a, which was divided into the Kaihinu, Mangahao, Eketahuna, Mongorongo, Puhahu, Pahiatua, and Ngatapu blocks. The Kaihinu blocks (1 and 2), and the Mongorongo and Pukahu blocks were sold to the Crown in October 1871, as part of the purchase of the Wairarapa part of the Seventy Mile Bush. No reserves were established in these blocks.794

Eight reserves, with an area of 4369a, remained in Maori ownership after 1871. The reserves were in the Eketahuna, Pahiatua, Mangahao, and Ngatapu blocks. The two reserves in the Ngatapu 1 and 2 blocks were sold before 1900, one in June 1879.795 The reserves in the Mangahao block were also sold before 1900.

In 1900, 97a 2r 07p of the Eketahuna reserve, and 1017a 1r of the Pahiatua reserve, remained in Maori ownership. Both reserves were alienated during the twentieth century.

Table 42 : The Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa) reserves Block Acreage of reserve Status Eketahuna 1000a 97a 2r 07p remained in Maori ownership in 1900. It was alienated after 1909 Pahiatua 1000a (later 1017 1r) All in Maori ownership in 1900, all subsequently alienated Mangahao No. 1 1019a Sold to the Crown in four parts in 1873 and 1883 Mangahao No. 2 350a Sold to the Crown in 1881 Ngatapu No. 1 500a Sold to the Crown in 1879 Ngatapu No. 2 500a Sold to the Crown in 1879

793 P Goldsmith, ‘Wairarapa report’, p. 83 794 Goldsmith, p. 89-90 795 Goldsmith, p. 90

169 Block Acreage of reserve Status Total alienated since 1900 1114a 3r 07p

Source: S Robertson, ‘The Alienation of the Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa) Block (Draft), p.88, and P Goldsmith, ‘Wairarapa’, pp. 90-91

2.30 The Mangahao reserves The Mangahao blocks (1 and 2) were purchased by the Crown in October 1871, as part its purchase of the Wairarapa part of the Seventy Mile Bush. Three reserves were made in the Mangahao 1 block. They were Peeti Te Aweawe’s reserve, of 530a; Mikaera Te Rangiputara’s reserve of 289a; and Ihaka Te Rangimauriora’s reserve of 200a.796

In 1873, the Puapuatapotu reserve in Mangahao 1 block was sold to the Crown by Peeti Te Aweawe and Ereni Te Aweawe, for £170.797 This reserve was of 530a and its sale accounts for the first reserve. Three parts of the remaining reserves in Mangahao 1, known as Rarikohua, Tutaitapara (Tutaetaparu), and Tararu, and amounting to 479a, were sold to the Crown in 1883.798

As there was a total of 1019a reserved in Mangahao 1, this leaves 10a unaccounted for, which is probably not significant due to variations in estimated acreage.

A reserve of 350a was made in Mangahao No. 2 block, which was known as Huru’s reserve.799 This reserve was sold in 1881.800

All of the Mangahao reserves were alienated before 1900.

2.31 The Eketahuna reserve The Eketahuna block, then known as the Manawatu-Wairarapa No. 1 block, had its ownership title determined by the Native Land Court in September 1871. A reserve of 1000a was set aside for the block’s owners. In 1888, 16a 2r 30p of the reserve was

796 S Robertson, ‘The Alienation of the Seventy Mile Bush (Wairarapa) Block’, p. 88 797 ABWN, 8102, w5279, box 90, deed 56, Archives New Zealand, Wellington 798 Goldsmith, pp. 90-91 799 Robertson, p. 88 800 ABWN, 8102, w5279, box 103, deed 432, Archives New Zealand, Wellington

170 taken in 1888 for railway purposes. Compensation of £78 was paid in 1892. A further 7a 3r 25p was taken for a road in 1894.

The Eketahuna reserve was partitioned in 1895, into block 1, of 97a 2r 07p, and block 2, of 898a 1r 05p. Eketahuna No. 2 block was partitioned into 2A, of 320a, and 2B, of 578a 1r 05p. Both blocks were sold to F. C. Turnor. The restrictions against the alienation of the two blocks was removed in 1897. The alienation date is not known, but was probably before 1900.801

Eketahuna No. 1 block was also alienated. The date of the alienation is not known, but the restriction on alienation was removed in 1909.802 The Eketahuna No. 1 block, of 97a 2r 07p, was alienated after 1900.

2.32 The Pahiatua reserve The Pahiatua reserve was established as a 1000a part of the Pahiatua block. The block was purchased by the Crown in 1871, the year its ownership title was determined. The reserve was found by a later survey to contain 1017a 1r. All the reserve was in Maori ownership in 1900.

A partition of the reserve in 1903 was appealed against and a new partition was made in 1904. This partition divided the reserve into seven parts: part 1 of 10a; part 2 of 392a 3r 32p; part 3 of 201a 3r 38p; and parts 4, 5, 6, and 7, all of 101a 2r 36p. In 1908 and 1909 the subdivisions 3 to 7 of the Pahiatua reserve were exempted from the provisions of section 117 of the Native Land Court Act 1894. This allowed these subdivisions, amounting to 608a 3r 22p to be sold. These subdivisions are no longer Maori land but their alienation details are not known.803

In April 1910, Nireaha Tamaki offered to sell Pahiatua No. 2, of 392a 3r 32p, and Tahoraiti No. 1, and a block outside the Tararua district, to the Crown. He offered the land to the Crown before looking to other possible purchasers.804 The land was owned

801 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 24 802 Ibid, p. 25 803 McBurney, ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves’, p. 32 804 MA-MLP1 1910/4, N Tamaki to Native Minister, 5 April 1910, Archives New

171 by Tamaki and two others, and was leased to the Warren brothers. The Crown purchased Pahiatua No. 2 block for £4850 in 1910.805 The block was proclaimed Crown land in December 1911.806

The Pahiatua No. 1 block, of 10a, was awarded to Nireaha Tamaki in 1904. It is no longer Maori land but its alienation details are not known.

There are also the Pahiatua Town Sections, which were Maori owned. The lots were numbered 28, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, and 114. The lots varied in size from a quarter acre to over two acres, and amounted to 5a 0r 20p. The sections are now all European land, except lot 28, a quarter acre section. This lot was purchased by the Crown under the Native Housing Act, and transferred to Katerina Hokanga. The lot was deemed to be Maori freehold land in 1962.807 Aside from section 28, the alienation details of these sections are not known, and the sections have not been included as twentieth century alienations.

In 1900, all the Pahiatua reserve, of 1017a 1r, was in Maori ownership. The Crown purchased Pahiatua No. 2 block, of 392a 3r 32p. The alienation details of the remainder of the reserve is not known but it is no longer Maori land.

2.33 The Kauhanga (Mangahao 3) blocks The Crown purchased the Kauhanga blocks 1 and 2, of an estimated 7000a, in 1873. Two 20a reserves were made for some of the vendors.808 They are Te Potae reserve, which was made for Hoani Meihana and Manahi Paewai, and Te Rerenga-o- Whiro reserve, which was made for Pene Hakopa and others. Both reserves were in or near the Manawatu Gorge.809 Both reserves are Maori owned but are no longer Maori land. Te Rerenga-o-Whiro had 45 owners in 1993, and Te Potae had 13 owners in 1994.810

Zealand, Wellington 805 Ibid, Under Secretary, Lands Department, to Native Minister, 10 August 1910 806 New Zealand Gazette, 1911, no. 103, 21 December 1911, p. 3746, and Certificate of Title, Hawke’s Bay, vol. 197, fol. 300 807 Pahiatua Town Sections file, box 103, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings. 808 Goldsmith, p 91, and McBurney, ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua report’, p. 340 809 ‘Turton’s land deeds of the North Island’, microfiche edition, Alexander Turnbull Library, deed 190 810 Te Rerenga-o-whiro and Te Potae reserves file, box 28, Hastings Maori Land Court, Hastings

172 3. Report Summary

The total acreage of the land blocks in Maori ownership in the Tararua district in 1900 amounted to 115,825a 3r 17p. After 1900, a total of 87,925a 03p was alienated through purchase or public works takings. The Crown purchased 50,804a 0r 06p, and 36,788a 2r 05p was purchased privately, and 334a 1r 30pp is known to have been taken for public works purposes. In addition, about 5276a 2r 39p of Maori land was Europeanised under the Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967. A total of approximately 21,885a 27p remains Maori land. Land in the Tararua district alienated after 1900, Europeanised, or remaining in Maori ownership amounts to 115,086a 2r 29. This leaves 739a 28p of the land owned by Maori in the district in 1900 unaccounted for. The difference is probably due to survey variations, although there may have been public works takings not found by this report.

Alienations The Crown purchased around 50,804a 0r 06p of land in the Tararua district after 1900. Most of this total, amounting to 35,098a, came from four large purchases. These were the Tamaki and Mangatoro purchases of 1902, the Ngapaeruru purchase of 1905, and the Tiratu purchase of 1915. The Tiratu purchase followed the prohibition of private purchasing in the block under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909. The prohibition of private purchase was also used in the Crown purchase of the Ahuaturanga reserve, and in the purchase of some parts of the Mangatainoka, Mangatoro, Tahoraiti, Waikopiro, and Wharawhara blocks. The Crown also purchased land in the Kaitoki and Ngapaeruru blocks, and purchased all of the Te Whiti-a-Tara reserve, without using this prohibition. In addition, the Crown purchased parts of the Eketahuna, Pahiatua and Tutaekara reserves, which were reserves remaining from land blocks in the Seventy Mile Bush.

The Crown was petitioned by residents in the Dannevirke area to purchase land for closer settlement in the Mangatoro, Tamaki and Tiratu blocks. The residents believed the district’s progress would be hindered if private speculators were able to purchase the land. The Crown used its ability to prohibit of private alienation under section 363 of the Native Land Act 1909 to keep out speculators and enhance its own purchasing

173 position. The Crown’s reason for purchasing Maori land was to promote closer European settlement. After 1915, Native Land Purchase officers also sought to find land for soldier settlement. Two of the Mangatainoka blocks were used for soldier settlement.

In the first decades of the twentieth century Crown purchasing was accompanied by private purchasing of relatively large blocks of land. This was followed by purchasing by both the Crown and private interests of smaller blocks of land in the 1920s and 1930s. The final Crown acquisition found was in the Mangatoro block in 1935.

The private purchase of land, or of interests in land blocks, continued through-out the twentieth century. The purchasers were usually local farmers. Some Maori also purchased Maori land, which in some cases kept the land in Maori title. As stated, a total of 21,842a 3r 35p of land in the Tararua district remains in Maori ownership. Most of this land comprises the Owahanga Station.

Public works takings of about 334a 1r 30p in the Tararua district since 1900 have been found. Most of these were from the Tahoraiti No. 2 block, which provided most of the amenities for the town of Dannevirke. Land was taken from this block for the railway, roading, a ballast pit, the sewerage treatment area, a gravel pit, the Makirikiri reserve, a rubbish dump, and over 105a was taken for the aerodrome. In the Tahoraiti No. 1 block land was taken for roading and for Ruahine School, a taking which the Maori Land Court decided had treated the owners unfairly. Land was also taken for a school site, and for a teacher’s residence, in the Mataikona block. A small amount of land has been found to have been taken for roading in a number of Tararua blocks, and 3a 2r 29p was taken from the Tamaki block for the Mangahao hydro-electric power scheme in 1923.

Land was also appears to have been taken for a native township at Hamua. A total of 105a 2r 36p in the Mangatainoka J4F1 and J4F2 blocks was gazetted for this purpose in 1906. When J4F2 was partitioned in 1911 it was stated by the Court that 65a 3r of J4F1 had been taken for the township and that the balance of 39a was to be taken from the J4F2 partitions on a proportional basis, if it was required.

174 No evidence has been found of the compulsory purchase of land in the Tararua district by the Maori Trustee under the provisions of the Maori Affairs Act 1953.

The Maori Affairs Amendment Act 1967 Europeanised a total of 62 blocks in the Tararua district. Some Maori land in the Tararua district had become European land under earlier legislation. Tahoraiti 2A2 became European land in 1912, on the application of its owner, and two Mangatainoka blocks were Europeanised in 1943 under the Native Land Act 1931. The term European land was replaced by general land by the Maori Affairs Act 1953.

Reasons for the alienation of land Over 87,590a of Maori land was purchased in the Tararua district during the twentieth century. There is a scarcity of documentation for why this land was sold but some indication can be gained from the records of the Maori Land Court and from correspondence with the Ikaroa District Maori Land Board. The reasons land was sold include debt, including both personal debt and debt resulting from process costs resulting from the Maori Land Court. Poverty, or at least lack of money, was related to land selling, and may have been a cause of it. Land was also sold to raise finance to develop other properties. A relatively frequent reason given for selling land was that it was generating no income and cost money to keep. This is related to the poor quality of land remaining in Maori ownership, which was often remote, in hill country, and scrub covered, and too expensive to develop for the return it would give. Migration from the district was also a reason some owners sold their shares in land blocks. Another cause was probably the fragmented nature of Maori land ownership in the Tararua district, which had resulted in land blocks being partitioned into many small blocks. These were frequently blocks with one owner, which facilitated the sale of the land.

No single issue explains land alienation and the issues mentions above are often inter- related. Most of the land alienated was sold in the first two decades when the Crown purchase of Maori land for closer settlement of the land by European settlement was still in progress. In the 1930s the Crown purchased land in the Mangatoro 1A3C

175 blocks to the benefit of a European farmer. This is a specific case but a general contrast can be drawn, in the Tararua district, between the Crown’s encouragement of European farming and its neglect of Maori land development. The causes of land alienation by Maori, which include debt, poverty, the need for development finance and the cost of owning land from which no income could be derived, all point to a lack of land development.

The use of remaining Maori land Most of the 21,885a 27p which remains as Maori land is the Owahanga Station, of 17,482a. The remaining 3404a seems to be mostly farmed by Maori, with some land used for housing sites. Some probably continues to be leased, which was the major use of Maori land in the early part of the twentieth century, before much of the leased land was sold. However the remaining 21, 885a 27p does not include land which has been Europeanised, some of which remains Maori owned. The Tiratu Station is the largest example of this. There is also some general land in the district which has been purchased by Maori.

There was one Maori land development scheme in the Tararua district. This was the Tahoraite scheme, a one settler development farm, on the Kaitoki 2K2A block. The Owahanga Station, and the Tiratu Station, were under the administration of the Maori Trustee from 1929 and 1931, respectively, to the 1950s. The Ngapaeruru 6B1A, 6B1B and 6B1C blocks, and Mangapuaka 1C were included in the first instalment of the Porangahau Consolidation Scheme in 1950, as blocks Ngapaeruru A1 and A2, and Mangapuaka A. However, it appears these blocks were withdrawn from the consolidation scheme as the Ngapaeruru A2 and Mangapuaka A blocks were later sold privately, and Ngapaeruru A1 remains Maori land.

The pattern of alienation A pattern of Maori land alienation in the Tararua district can be identified which is similar to the Wairarapa district.811 Large scale Crown purchases took place in the nineteenth century and extended into the twentieth century. Private purchasing took place in some blocks, usually where the Crown was not active. A significant aspect of

176 the alienation of Maori land in the Tararua district is that by about 1910 a majority of land block partitions had only one owner. This indicates that iwi or hapu objectives had ceased to dominate land ownership. The individualisation of ownership made alienation easier as meetings of owners were not required. The Crown purchasing of Maori land in the Tararua district ended in the 1930s. Private purchasing continued through-out the twentieth century, with several purchases of Maori land being made by Europeans in 1998 and 1999.

811 Walzl, pp. 94-104

177 4. Bibliography

4.1. Primary sources Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives (AJHR) New Zealand Gazettes (NZG) Te Puni Kokiri. Maori Land Information Base (www.tpk.govt.nz) Turton’s Land Deeds of the North Island (micro-fiche edition), Alexander Turnbull Library

Archives New Zealand (Wellington) AAMK 869/1438e, Kaitoke-Tahoraite Development Scheme ABWN 6095 13/269, w5021/387, Maori Affairs Bill 1952, and Maori Affairs Act 1953, Surveys of Maori land, Leases and Purchases of Maori land, Maori Land Court exchange orders ABWN 8102 w5279, box 90, Puapuatapoto reserve ABWN 8102 w5279, box 103, Huru’s reserve ABWN 8910 w5279, box 111, Moroa reserve MA1 11/6, Tiratu Station MA1 13/7, w2459, Tiratu Station MA-MLP1 1902/33, Piripiri or Manawatu No. 2 MA-MLP1 1903/98, Tamaki No. 3 block MA-MLP1 1910/4, Pahiatua No. 2 block MA-MLP1 1910/34/1, Mangatainoka J4F Nos. 3 and 4 MA-MLP1 1910/126, Tahoraiti No. 2 block MA-MLP1 1910/137, Mangatoro Estate MA-MLP1 1911/23, Manawatu 4D (Tiratu) MA-MLP1 1911/109, Mangatainoka J4F No. 2 MA-MLP1 1911/110, Waikopiro 1B section 2B No. 2 MA-MLP1 1912/10, Tamaki No. 2 block MA-MLP1 1913/4, Kaitoki block MA-MLP1 1913/24, Mangatainoka J No. 4F No. 1 MA-MLP1 1913/84 Tahoraiti 2A section 2 MA-MLP1 1913/93, Tahoraiti 2A section 3

178 MA-MLP1 1914/34, Tahoraiti 2A19 MA-MLP1 1914/53, Manawatu No. 8 (Wharawhara) MA-MLP1 1915/58, Mangatoro 1A block MA-MLP1 1916/24 Waikopiro B No. 12 MA-MLP1 1918/2, Mangapuaka MA-MLP1 1919/38, Waikopiro 3B No. 2

Native, and Maori, Land Court minute books

Napier minute books 1, 2, 32, 40, 52, 57, 58, 62, 64, 65, 70, 71, 75, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109 Otaki minute books 47, 53 Wanganui minute books 26, 28, 38 Wairarapa minute books 3, 22, 27, 37, Wellington minute books 10, 15, 17 Wellington Appellate Court minute books 1, 6

Land Information New Zealand LS 9/19-SNA, Otawhao Maori land block LS 20/16-SNA, Mangatoro Maori land block LS 20/64-SNA, Kaitoki Maori land block LS 20/84-SNA, Ngapaeruru Maori land block LS 20/189-SNA, Tiratu Maori land block LS 20/730-SNA, Porangahau Consolidation Scheme LS 20/754-SNA, Tamaki Maori land block

Hastings Maori Land Court Moroa block file, box 73 Kaitoki block file, box 32 Mangapuaka block file, box 70 Mangatainoka block file, box 49 Oringiwaiaruhe block file, box 117 Piripiri block file, box 67

179 Rakaitaia block file, box 65 Tahoraiti block file, boxes 193 and 197 Tutaekara block file, box 147 Umutaoroa block file, box 67 Waikopiro block file, box 234 Wharawhara block file, box 274 Pahiatua reserve block file, box 103 Te Rerenga-a-Whiro reserve and Te Potae reserve block file, box 28

4.2. Secondary sources Books and Reports Berghan, P. ‘Block research narratives of the Tararua, 1870-2000. A resource document of Wairarapa District Treaty Issues’, February 2002

Brooking, T. ‘ “Bursting up” the Greatest Estate of All. Liberal Maori Land Policy, 1891-1911’, in J. Binney (ed), The Shaping of History. Essays from the New Zealand Journal of History, Bridget Williams Books Ltd, Wellington, 2001

Butterworth, G. V. and H. R. Young, Maori Affairs, Iwi Transition Authority, and Government Print Books, Wellington, 1990

Carlyle, A. S. ‘The recorded title history of Tautane Native Reserve’. Report for the Waitangi Tribunal, April 2003

Cleaver, P. ‘A history of the purchase and reserves of the Castle Point Block’. A report commissioned by the Crown Forestry Rental Trust. August 2000

Ellis, D, and F. Small, and C Innes, ‘Maori land blocks in the Wairarapa ki Tararua District Inquiry: acreage and alienation data from 1865’. Waitangi Tribunal, September 2003

Goldsmith, P. ‘Wairarapa’. Waitangi Tribunal Rangahaua Whanui Series. July 1996

180 Gould, A, ‘Maori Land Development 1929 - 1954. An Introductory Overview with Representative Case Studies’, Report for the Crown Forestry Rental Trust, 1996

Loveridge, D. M. ‘Maori Land Councils and Maori Land Boards: A Historical Overview, 1900 to 1952’, Waitangi Tribunal Rangahaua Whanui Series, December 1996

McBurney, P. ‘Tamaki-nui-a-Rua. Land Alienation Report’. A report for the Crown Forestry Rental Trust. December 2002

McBurney, P. ‘The Seventy Mile Bush Reserves. Block histories report’. A report for the Crown Forestry Rental Trust. March 2001

Marr, C. and P. Cleaver, and L. Schuster, ‘The taking of Maori land for public works in the Wairarapa ki Tararua district: 1880-2000’. A report commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal. December 2002

Schmidt, K. and F. Small, ‘The Maori Trustee 1913-1953’, May 1996

Walzl, T. ‘Wairarapa land issues overview, 1900-2000. The evidence of Tony Walzl’. November 2002

Walzl, T. ‘Whanganui Land 1900 - 1970’, draft only, June 2002

Miscellaneous New Zealand Cadastral Map, NZMS 261, Sheet V24, Porangahau, Department of Lands and Survey, Government Printer, Wellington, 1985

181 5. Appendix : The blocks and reserves of the Tararua district812

Ahuaturanga Piripiri Castlepoint (part later renamed Rakaiatai Puketoi) Tahoraiti Mataikona Tamaki Akitio Tautane reserve Aohanga Te Ohu Moroa Tipapakuku Te Hoe Tiratu Kaitoki Tutaekara reserve Maharahara Tuatua/Te Whiti-a-Tara Makuri Umutaoroa Mangapuaka Waikopiro Mangatainoka Wharawhara Mangatoro Kaihinu Ngamoko Mangahao Ngapaeruru Eketahuna Oringiwaiaruhe Mongorongo Otanga Pukahu Otawhao Ngatapu

812 Ellis et al, Base table, pp. 32-35

182