DOCSLIB.ORG

Lecture Notes III (Continued – Part 2)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lecture Notes III (Continued – Part 2) UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music Lecture Notes III (Continued – Part 2) Reflection of Sound Waves: Sound waves bounce (i.e. reflect) off of walls – just like light waves (i.e. EM waves) bouncing off of/reflecting from a mirror: Plane incident waves: wave reflected I R wave Sound source far away from wall Surface The Law of Reflection: I R Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection. The law of reflection for sound waves is same as that for light waves, e.g. light reflecting off of a mirror and/or a refracting interface. The law of reflection (in either case) physically arises from (microscopic) conservation of energy and momentum at the interface/reflecting mirror! Sound Waves Can Be Focused Just Like Light!!! In one dimension, define the sound source location, Ssource. Define the receiver/observer location, Sobserver. The focal length of a (concave) spherical mirror, f = +R/2, where R = radius of curvature of spherical mirror.{For a convex spherical mirror, f = –R/2}. All distances are measured with respect to the apex of the mirror. 1112 Then: “Acoustic Mirror Equation” SSsource observer fR Thus, if the sound source is located at the focal point of spherical mirror, Ssource = f = R/2, then the sound emerges from the acoustic mirror as parallel rays (i.e. as plane waves) – just as in the optics case (see figure below)! The observer’s location is at Sobserver = . Parallel Spherical (Plane) mirror Waves Sound source located at focal point of mirror, f = +R/2. - 1 - Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 2002-2017. All rights reserved. UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music Time-Reversed Situation: If the sound source is located infinitely far from the focal point of spherical mirror, i.e. Ssource = , the sound from the source impinges on the spherical mirror as plane waves, and the sound converges to the focal point of the acoustic mirror – just as in the optics case! The observer location is at the focal point of the mirror, Sobserver = f = R/2. Incident Spherical Plane mirror waves R I I = R for each ray-point Microphone “ear” on the mirror! Thus, a spherical acoustic mirror can be used as a supersensitive “ear” – focusing (i.e. converging) the incoming sound plane waves to a single point - at the focus of the mirror! Using two such acoustic mirrors facing each other and e.g. separated by a large distance d = 100 ft, two people, each standing at the focus of one mirror (and facing it) whispering to each other can very clearly hear each other – this two-mirror configuration is known as a whispering gallery… n.b. The sign conventions needed/used in acoustic mirror equation (above) are the same as that as used in optics with the optical mirror equation for optical image formation with an optical mirror. Sound waves behave very similarly/analogously to that of light waves/EM waves (photons)! - 2 - Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 2002-2017. All rights reserved. UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music Refraction (i.e. Bending) of Sound Waves (“Dispersion”) Refraction of sound waves arises from temperature/pressure/density gradient(s) in air. Listen to the phase shift/flanging effect of jet airplane engine’s when jet is in the air. This sound effect arises from interference effect from mixing (i.e. superposition) of sound amplitudes from same sound source, but due to (slightly) different paths taken by sound from the sound source (jet) to observer/listener, resulting in (slightly) different path lengths of the sound in air, thus having (slightly) different propagation times from sound source to observer! Refraction (bending) of sound “rays” in air arises due to density dependence of the speed of sound. From the Ideal Gas Law PV = NRT, the speed of sound propagation in air also depends on the temperature/pressure of air. Interference of Sound (& Light) Waves: Many individual sound (& light) waves propagating in a medium can exist simultaneously at the same point, x and at the same time, t in that medium. Linear Superposition (i.e. Addition) of Sound Waves: When two (or more) sound waves spatially/temporally overlap each other, in general they will interfere with each other. We must then add e.g. individual over-pressure (or displacement) amplitudes together to obtain the total over-pressure (or displacement) amplitude: e.g. 2 waves: ptot (,)zt p12 (,) zt p (,) zt N e.g. N waves: ptot(,)zt p12 (,) zt p (,) zt .... p N (,) zt p i (,) zt i1 constructively Sound (& light) waves can interfere {} destructively or somewhere in-between these two! 2-wave constructive interference: ptot (,)zt 2 p1 (,) zt . 2-wave destructive interference: pzttot (,) 0 pzt21 (,) pzt (,) The mathematical addition of individual amplitudes must be done carefully, in order to preserve (relative) phase information. We discuss in detail how this is accomplished, below. - 3 - Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 2002-2017. All rights reserved. UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music Interference of Sound Waves: Two sound sources – at same frequency – there will be points in space where the overall sound level is high (ptot(z,t) is large – constructive interference) and other places where over all sound level is ~ zero (ptot(z,t) ~ 0 – destructive interference). Consider two point sources of sound waves that emit precisely/exactly the same sound – i.e. having the same frequency, same amplitude and phase (e.g. a pair of stereo loud-speakers), as shown in the figure below: Observer Location Sound Source # 1 Source L Separation Distance, d L Sound Source # 2 - 4 - Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 2002-2017. All rights reserved. UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music If the distance of the observer/listener from both of the two sound sources is large compared to the sound source separation distance, i.e. L >> d, {the so-called “far-field” limit} then tan sin and hence L d sin. The relative phase difference between the two amplitudes at the observer/listener location is: = k L = 2L/ 2d sin/ (in radians). At the observer/listener location, suppose the individual over-pressure amplitudes at a given instant in time are given by: pLt,cos p tkL 1 o1 pLtp,cos()cos tkL L p tkL 2 oo22 pLtpLtpLtp,,,coscos tkLp tkL tot12 o12 o The phase-sensitive interference relation between the two individual over-pressure amplitudes and the resultant/total over-pressure amplitude heard by the observer/listener can be represented graphically using a so-called phasor diagram, as shown in the figure below. The phasor diagram adds the two vector amplitudes together to form the resultant/overall/net vector amplitude. The phasor diagram, by convention, orients the over-pressure amplitude associated with the first sound source p1(z,t) on the horizontal axis. The base of the over-pressure amplitude associated with the second sound source, p2(z,t) is placed at the tip of the first, and angled away from the x-axis by the relative phase difference angle, . The resultant/total/net displacement amplitude, ytot(t) is the vector drawn from the base of the first displacement amplitude to the tip of the second displacement amplitude, as shown in the figure below: ptot po2 po1 Note that the phasor triangle obeys the trigonometrical law of cosines relation: c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos( – ) = a2 + b2 + 2ab cos {the latter relation on the RHS of this equation was obtained using the trigonometric identity: cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB). The magnitude (i.e. length) of the resultant/total/net over-pressure amplitude, ptot is given by: 222 22 ppp2cos pp or: ppppp2cos tot o12 o o 12 o tot o12 o o 12 o - 5 - Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 2002-2017. All rights reserved. UIUC Physics 406 Acoustical Physics of Music Maxima (i.e. total constructive interference, p222ppoccur when cos = +1, tot o12 o i.e. when: = 0, 2, 4, 6, … = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … corresponding to L/ = d sin / = 0, 1, 2, 3, … = 2n/2 = n, i.e. L = d sin = 0, 1, 2, 3, … = 2n/2 = n. Minima (i.e. total destructive interference, p222ppoccur when cos = –1, tot o12 o i.e. when = , 3, 5, 7, … = (2n+1), n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … corresponding to L/ = d sin/ = 1/2 , 3/2, 5/2, … = (2n+1)/2, i.e. L = d sin = /2, 3/2, 5/2, … = (2n+1)./2. As drawn in the above figure, this phasor diagram represents a “snapshot” in time – i.e. at some particular time t. As time t progresses, the entire phasor triangle precesses (i.e. rotates with angular frequency about its origin (the base point of over-pressure amplitude # 1)) in a counter-clockwise direction. Note that the acoustical interference of two sound sources with each other – e.g. two loudspeakers – is the analog of Young’s two-slit interference experiment in optics! Note also that the sound intensity, I (Watts/m2) is proportional to the (modulus) square of the over-pressure amplitude – i.e. I(z,t) ~ p2(z,t). Thus, we can rewrite the above formula in terms of sound intensities: IIItot 122cos II 12 . The sound intensity distribution Itot(x) vs. x (= ) = transverse distance (at z = L) is shown in below for equal intensities from two sound sources, I1 = I2 = Io = 1, when Itot(x) = 2Io[1+cos(x)]. - 6 - Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 2002-2017.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Standing Acoustic Wave Principle Within the Frequency Analysis Of
    inee Eng ring al & ic d M e e d Misun, J Biomed Eng Med Devic 2016, 1:3 m i o c i a B l D f o e v DOI: 10.4172/2475-7586.1000116 l i a c n e r s u o Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices J ISSN: 2475-7586 Review Article Open Access The Standing Acoustic Wave Principle within the Frequency Analysis of Acoustic Signals in the Cochlea Vojtech Misun* Department of Solid Mechanics, Mechatronics and Biomechanics, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic Abstract The organ of hearing is responsible for the correct frequency analysis of auditory perceptions coming from the outer environment. The article deals with the principles of the analysis of auditory perceptions in the cochlea only, i.e., from the overall signal leaving the oval window to its decomposition realized by the basilar membrane. The paper presents two different methods with the function of the cochlea considered as a frequency analyzer of perceived acoustic signals. First, there is an analysis of the principle that cochlear function involves acoustic waves travelling along the basilar membrane; this concept is one that prevails in the contemporary specialist literature. Then, a new principle with the working name “the principle of standing acoustic waves in the common cavity of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani” is presented and defined in depth. According to this principle, individual structural modes of the basilar membrane are excited by continuous standing waves of acoustic pressure in the scale tympani. Keywords: Cochlea function; Acoustic signals; Frequency analysis; The following is a description of the theories in question: Travelling wave principle; Standing wave principle 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Acoustic Resonance Investigations of the Longitudinal and Transverse Electron-Lattice Interaction in Transition Metals and Alloys V
    NUCLEAR ACOUSTIC RESONANCE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE ELECTRON-LATTICE INTERACTION IN TRANSITION METALS AND ALLOYS V. Müller, G. Schanz, E.-J. Unterhorst, D. Maurer To cite this version: V. Müller, G. Schanz, E.-J. Unterhorst, D. Maurer. NUCLEAR ACOUSTIC RESONANCE INVES- TIGATIONS OF THE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE ELECTRON-LATTICE INTERAC- TION IN TRANSITION METALS AND ALLOYS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1981, 42 (C6), pp.C6-389-C6-391. 10.1051/jphyscol:19816113. jpa-00221175 HAL Id: jpa-00221175 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00221175 Submitted on 1 Jan 1981 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE CoZZoque C6, suppZe'ment au no 22, Tome 42, de'cembre 1981 page C6-389 NUCLEAR ACOUSTIC RESONANCE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE ELECTRON-LATTICE INTERACTION IN TRANSITION METALS AND ALLOYS V. Miiller, G. Schanz, E.-J. Unterhorst and D. Maurer &eie Universit8G Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Kiinigin-Luise-Str.28-30, 0-1000 Berlin 33, Gemany Abstract.- In metals the conduction electrons contribute significantly to the acoustic-wave-induced electric-field-gradient-tensor (DEFG) at the nuclear positions. Since nuclear electric quadrupole coupling to the DEFG is sensi- tive to acoustic shear modes only, nuclear acoustic resonance (NAR) is a par- ticularly useful tool in studying the coup1 ing of electrons to shear modes without being affected by volume dilatations.
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustic Wave Propagation in Rivers: an Experimental Study Thomas Geay1, Ludovic Michel1,2, Sébastien Zanker2 and James Robert Rigby3 1Univ
    Acoustic wave propagation in rivers: an experimental study Thomas Geay1, Ludovic Michel1,2, Sébastien Zanker2 and James Robert Rigby3 1Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, 38000 Grenoble, France 2EDF, Division Technique Générale, 38000 Grenoble, France 5 3USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi, USA Correspondence to: Thomas Geay ([email protected]) Abstract. This research has been conducted to develop the use of Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) in rivers, a surrogate method for bedload monitoring. PAM consists in measuring the underwater noise naturally generated by bedload particles when impacting the river bed. Monitored bedload acoustic signals depend on bedload characteristics (e.g. grain size 10 distribution, fluxes) but are also affected by the environment in which the acoustic waves are propagated. This study focuses on the determination of propagation effects in rivers. An experimental approach has been conducted in several streams to estimate acoustic propagation laws in field conditions. It is found that acoustic waves are differently propagated according to their frequency. As reported in other studies, acoustic waves are affected by the existence of a cutoff frequency in the kHz region. This cutoff frequency is inversely proportional to the water depth: larger water depth enables a better propagation of 15 the acoustic waves at low frequency. Above the cutoff frequency, attenuation coefficients are found to increase linearly with frequency. The power of bedload sounds is more attenuated at higher frequencies than at low frequencies which means that, above the cutoff frequency, sounds of big particles are better propagated than sounds of small particles. Finally, it is observed that attenuation coefficients are variable within 2 orders of magnitude from one river to another.
    [Show full text]
  • Springer Handbook of Acoustics
    Springer Handbook of Acoustics Springer Handbooks provide a concise compilation of approved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physi- cal sciences and engineering. The world’s leading experts in the fields of physics and engineering will be assigned by one or several renowned editors to write the chapters com- prising each volume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources (books, journals, online content) and other systematic and approved recent publications of physical and technical information. The volumes are designed to be useful as readable desk reference books to give a fast and comprehen- sive overview and easy retrieval of essential reliable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibli- ographies. References to extensive sources are provided. HandbookSpringer of Acoustics Thomas D. Rossing (Ed.) With CD-ROM, 962 Figures and 91 Tables 123 Editor: Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics Stanford, CA 94305, USA Editorial Board: Manfred R. Schroeder, University of Göttingen, Germany William M. Hartmann, Michigan State University, USA Neville H. Fletcher, Australian National University, Australia Floyd Dunn, University of Illinois, USA D. Murray Campbell, The University of Edinburgh, UK Library of Congress Control Number: 2006927050 ISBN: 978-0-387-30446-5 e-ISBN: 0-387-30425-0 Printed on acid free paper c 2007, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC New York All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC New York, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • About Possibility of Using the Reverberation Phenomenon in the Defectoscopy Field and the Stress-Strain State Evaluation of Solids
    International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 23 (2017) pp. 13122-13126 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com About Possibility of using the Reverberation Phenomenon in the Defectoscopy Field and the Stress-Strain State Evaluation of Solids Petr N. Khorsov1, Anna A. Demikhova1* and Alexander A. Rogachev2 1 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenina Avenue, 634050, Tomsk, Russia. 2 Francisk Skorina Gomel State University, 104, Sovetskaya str., 246019, Gomel, Republic of Belarus. Abstract multiple reflections from natural and artificial interference [6- 8]. The work assesses the possibilities of using the reverberation phenomenon for defectiveness testing and stress-strain state of The reverberation phenomenon is also used in the solid dielectrics on the mechanoelectrical transformations mechanoelectrical transformations (MET) method for method base. The principal reverberation advantage is that investigation the defectiveness and stress-strain state (SSS) of excitation acoustic wave repeatedly crosses the dielectric composite materials [9]. The essence of the MET- heterogeneities zones of testing objects. This causes to method is that the test sample is subjected pulse acoustic distortions accumulation of wave fronts which is revealed in excitement, as a result of which an acoustic wave propagates the response parameters. A comparative responses analysis in it. Waves fronts repeatedly reflecting from the boundaries from the sample in uniaxial compression conditions at crosse defective and local inhomogeneities zones. different loads in two areas of responses time realizations was Part of the acoustic energy waves converted into made: deterministic ones in the initial intervals and pseudo- electromagnetic signal on the MET sources. Double electrical random intervals in condition of superposition of large layers at the boundaries of heterogeneous materials, as well as numbers reflected acoustic waves.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Acoustic Metamaterials for Simultaneous Sound Attenuation and Air Ventilation Performances
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 July 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0521.v2 Peer-reviewed version available at Crystals 2020, 10, 686; doi:10.3390/cryst10080686 Review Recent advances in acoustic metamaterials for simultaneous sound attenuation and air ventilation performances Sanjay Kumar1,* and Heow Pueh Lee1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.K.); [email protected] (H.P.Lee) Abstract: In the past two decades, acoustic metamaterials have garnered much attention owing to their unique functional characteristics, which is difficult to be found in naturally available materials. The acoustic metamaterials have demonstrated to exhibit excellent acoustical characteristics that paved a new pathway for researchers to develop effective solutions for a wide variety of multifunctional applications such as low-frequency sound attenuation, sound wave manipulation, energy harvesting, acoustic focusing, acoustic cloaking, biomedical acoustics, and topological acoustics. This review provides an update on the acoustic metamaterials' recent progress for simultaneous sound attenuation and air ventilation performances. Several variants of acoustic metamaterials, such as locally resonant structures, space-coiling, holey and labyrinthine metamaterials, and Fano resonant materials, are discussed briefly. Finally, the current challenges and future outlook in this emerging field
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Thickness, Density and Cavity Depth on the Sound Absorption Properties of Wool Boards
    AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 18, No 2, June 2018, DOI: 10.1515/aut-2017-0020 © AUTEX EFFECT OF THICKNESS, DENSITY AND CAVITY DEPTH ON THE SOUND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF WOOL BOARDS Hua Qui, Yang Enhui Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China Abstract: A novel wool absorption board was prepared by using a traditional non-woven technique with coarse wools as the main raw material mixed with heat binding fibers. By using the transfer-function method and standing wave tube method, the sound absorption properties of wool boards in a frequency range of 250–6300 Hz were studied by changing the thickness, density, and cavity depth. Results indicated that wool boards exhibited excellent sound absorption properties, which at high frequencies were better than that at low frequencies. With increasing thickness, the sound absorption coefficients of wool boards increased at low frequencies and fluctuated at high frequencies. However, the sound absorption coefficients changed insignificantly and then improved at high frequencies with increasing density. With increasing cavity depth, the sound absorption coefficients of wool boards increased significantly at low frequencies and decreased slightly at high frequencies. Keywords: wool boards; sound absorption coefficients; thickness; density; cavity depth 1. Introduction perforated facing promotes sound absorption coefficients in low- frequency range, but has a reverse effect in the high-frequency The booming development of industrial production, region.[3] Discarded polyester fiber and fabric can be reused to transportation and poor urban planning cause noise pollution produce multilayer structural sound absorption material, which to our society, which has become one of the four major is lightweight, has a simple manufacturing process and wide environmental hazards including air pollution, water pollution, sound absorption bandwidth with low cost.[4] Needle-punched and solid waste pollution.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Enrichment in Longitudinal Standing Bulk Acoustic Wave Microfluidics Mingyang Cui Washington University in St Louis
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Engineering and Applied Science Theses & McKelvey School of Engineering Dissertations Spring 5-17-2017 Particle Enrichment in Longitudinal Standing Bulk Acoustic Wave Microfluidics Mingyang Cui Washington University in St Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/eng_etds Part of the Other Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Cui, Mingyang, "Particle Enrichment in Longitudinal Standing Bulk Acoustic Wave Microfluidics" (2017). Engineering and Applied Science Theses & Dissertations. 236. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/eng_etds/236 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Engineering and Applied Science Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS School of Engineering and Applied Science Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Thesis Examination Committee: J. Mark Meacham, Chair Amit Pathak David Peters Particle Enrichment in Longitudinal Standing Bulk Acoustic Wave Microfluidics by Mingyang Cui A thesis presented to School of Engineering and Applied Science of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science May 2017 St. Louis, Missouri © 2017, Mingyang Cui Table
    [Show full text]
  • Acoustics the Present and Future Role of Acoustic Metamaterials For
    acoustics Review The Present and Future Role of Acoustic Metamaterials for Architectural and Urban Noise Mitigations Sanjay Kumar and Heow Pueh Lee * Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 June 2019; Accepted: 31 July 2019; Published: 1 August 2019 Abstract: Owing to a steep rise in urban population, there has been a continuous growth in construction of buildings, public or private transport like cars, motorbikes, trains, and planes at a global level. Hence, urban noise has become a major issue affecting the health and quality of human life. In the current environmental scenario, architectural acoustics has been directed towards controlling and manipulating sound waves at a desired level. Structural engineers and designers are moving towards green technologies, which may help improve the overall comfort level of residents. A variety of conventional sound absorbing materials are being used to reduce noise, but attenuation of low-frequency noise still remains a challenge. Recently, acoustic metamaterials that enable low-frequency sound manipulation, mitigation, and control have been widely used for architectural acoustics and traffic noise mitigation. This review article provides an overview of the role of acoustic metamaterials for architectural acoustics and road noise mitigation applications. The current challenges and prominent future directions in the field are also highlighted. Keywords: room acoustics; urban noise; low-frequency noise; indoor noise; traffic noise; acoustic metamaterials 1. Introduction Noise is an integral part of the working environment and can be produced almost everywhere viz. rooms, industries, roads, airports, transportations, etc. In this 21st century, due to extreme exploitation of Mother Nature, noise pollution has become a major issue that affects the health and quality of life especially in the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Adam Devine Illumin Article Binaural Beats: Acoustic Mind Control
    Adam Devine Illumin Article Binaural Beats: Acoustic Mind Control Abstract Since the creation of the worlds’ most popular religions such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism, music and sound have been theorized cultures to have healing properties. Now modern science is re-examining such ideas, having long dismissed these concepts as unsubstantiated, and research is showing that sounds administered through binaural beats have significant impacts on brain waves and thought processes. Using wave interference, acoustics and resonance of biorhythms, we can now activate neural pathways keyed to specific thought patterns. Binaural beats use two dissimilar tones, one in each ear, to synthesize an illusionary third tone within the mind. Unfortunately, the method of application and limited understanding of such a complex structure as the brain are currently the largest limitations. There are also serious ethical questions associated with acoustically manipulating a mind, if only due to the ease with which it may be distributed through popular media. But the potential for such a technology is almost limitless when applied throughout the body, granting the ability to manipulate any electrical signal, and thus control any biological process we can identify. One Of The World’s Oldest Ideas For those completely unfamiliar with the topic, a binaural beat is a digital acoustic composition, meant to induce specific thought patterns when heard; a form of mind control for the scientific age. But this concept easily precedes the modern era by centuries. Humanity has a long and rich history in our attempts to manipulate others through indirect methods. From the witchdoctors and shamans of Africa to spells using the supernatural forces throughout Europe, all cultures have engaged the belief that a person could be controlled through manipulation of the mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement of Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Soils
    Measurement of Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Soils Michael L. Oelze, William D. O’Brien, Jr., and Robert G. Darmody* ABSTRACT required. These basic properties of the soil can then be The potential application of this work is the detection and imaging evaluated to assess the acoustic imaging tradeoffs for of buried objects using acoustic methodology. To image buried arti- detecting and characterizing buried artifacts. The acous- facts, it is vital to know speed and attenuation of sound in the particular tic attenuation coefficient is used to assess the tradeoff soil being examined because they vary in different soil types and at between imaging depth and resolution. The acoustic different moisture contents. To that end, our research involved six propagation speed is used to assess resolution and to soils representing a range of properties expected to influence acoustic evaluate the acoustic impedance for transducer design response. Clay ranged from 2 to 38%, silt from 1 to 82%, sand from considerations. 2 to 97%, and organic matter from 0.1 to 11.7%. Signals from an Acoustic wave propagation has been utilized to image acoustic source were passed through soil samples and detected by an acoustically coupled hydrophone. From a total of 231 evaluations, we and characterize properties of different porous materi- determined the acoustic attenuation coefficient and the propagation als. Ultrasonic waves have been used to image and char- speed of sound in the soil samples as a function of four levels of acterize living tissues. Seismic waves of frequency below soil moisture and two levels of compaction. Attenuation coefficients 100 Hz have been used to explore deep into the earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Acoustics Introductory Course on Multiphysics Modelling
    Introduction Acoustic wave equation Sound levels Absorption of sound waves Fundamentals of Acoustics Introductory Course on Multiphysics Modelling TOMASZ G. ZIELINSKI´ bluebox.ippt.pan.pl/˜tzielins/ Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw • Poland 3 Sound levels Sound intensity and power Decibel scales Sound pressure level 2 Acoustic wave equation Equal-loudness contours Assumptions Equation of state Continuity equation Equilibrium equation 4 Absorption of sound waves Linear wave equation Mechanisms of the The speed of sound acoustic energy dissipation Inhomogeneous wave A phenomenological equation approach to absorption Acoustic impedance The classical absorption Boundary conditions coefficient Introduction Acoustic wave equation Sound levels Absorption of sound waves Outline 1 Introduction Sound waves Acoustic variables 3 Sound levels Sound intensity and power Decibel scales Sound pressure level Equal-loudness contours 4 Absorption of sound waves Mechanisms of the acoustic energy dissipation A phenomenological approach to absorption The classical absorption coefficient Introduction Acoustic wave equation Sound levels Absorption of sound waves Outline 1 Introduction Sound waves Acoustic variables 2 Acoustic wave equation Assumptions Equation of state Continuity equation Equilibrium equation Linear wave equation The speed of sound Inhomogeneous wave equation Acoustic impedance Boundary conditions 4 Absorption of sound waves Mechanisms of the acoustic energy dissipation A phenomenological approach
    [Show full text]