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Pisaster Ochraceus Class: Asteroidea Order: Forcipulatida Common Pacific Sea Star, Ochre Sea Star, Purple Sea Star Family: Asteriidae

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Pisaster Ochraceus Class: Asteroidea Order: Forcipulatida Common Pacific Sea Star, Ochre Sea Star, Purple Sea Star Family: Asteriidae Phylum: Echinodermata Pisaster ochraceus Class: Asteroidea Order: Forcipulatida Common Pacific sea star, ochre sea star, purple sea star Family: Asteriidae Taxonomy: The genus Pisaster includes Washington, Oregon and California but three Pacific coast sea star species, including barnacles are the most common food source Pisaster ochraceus. One can find many in British Columbia and Puget Sound sites historic synonyms for P. ochraceus, including (Harley et al. 2006; see also P. confertus and P. fissispinus for this http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/search/label/Pi species, but they are not currently used. saster%20ochraceus). Furthermore, two subspecies were erected for General Morphology: Sea stars P. ochraceus in 1996 (Clark) but (Asteroidea) are conspicuous members of the morphological and genetic data does not intertidal and subtidal. Their bodies are support this designation and, instead, composed of a central disc from which arms recognizes the single species P. ochraceus or rays extend. The star-shaped body can be (Stickle et al. 1992; Lambert 2000; Frontata- divided into the oral (or ventral) side where Uribe et al. 2008). Before becoming a the mouth is located and aboral (or dorsal) member of the genus Pisaster, this species side. belonged to the, currently accepted, genus Body: Stiff body morphology that is hard to Asterias (synonyms A. ochracea, A. the touch. fissispina, A. ianthina, A. janthina, A. Rays: Five rays (unless damaged, margaritifera) or the former genus can range from four to seven rays, Asteracanthion (now Asterias). Feder 1980). Each ray is tapering, thick, large, not sharply demarcated Description from disc and broadest where they join Size: Average size (Monterey, California) is the central disc (Dyakonov 1950), but 140 mm in diameter, where each ray (arm) is not broad enough to give webbed 40 mm in length (Fisher 1930). The illustrated appearance (as in Patiria spp.). specimen is 150 mm in diameter. Puget Central Disc: Large, convex, arched, Sound specimens are regularly 250 mm in not distinct or as disc-like as in diameter (Kozloff 1993). Weight ranges (wet Ophiuroidea (brittle stars). Contains weight) from 37.8–8.34 g (28 animals, Feder (conspicuous) madreporite (Figs. 1, 3) 1970). and (less conspicuous) anus. Color: Aboral (dorsal) surface red, purple, Diameter of disc less than 1/3 body brown or ochre (especially on open coast) diameter. (see Plate 25, Kozloff 1993). Specimens Aboral Surface: Aboral surface rough in most commonly purple (Puget Sound, texture and red, purple, brown or ochre in Washington). Oral (ventral) surface ochre. color. Juveniles gray with brown aboral patches Spines: Low, small, serrated, (Feder 1970). Body color may vary with rounded, bead-like or papillate (Figs. geographic region. Harley et al. (2006) found 1, 3). Spines form crescentic arcs at more brown (68–90%) and orange (6–28%) arm tips. No straight mid-dorsal row of individuals in Washington (Olympic arm spines. Spines in center of disc Peninsula), Oregon and California but more form a distinct star in the illustrated (95%) purple individuals in British Columbia specimen (Fig. 1). Two types of and Puget Sound, Washington. This variation spines include: (1) small, clustered in color could be due to the predominating around dorsal spines and (2) a few food source for P. ochraceus in the two solitary, large, sessile pedicellariae regions, where mussels are more common in scattered over dorsal surface (Fig. 3). Hiebert, T.C. and L. Hiebert. 2015. Pisaster ochraceus. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12925 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to [email protected] Madreporite: A sieve-like structure of groove are adambulacral spines which serves as the water intake into intermixed with stalked clustered the stone canal is conspicuous about pedicellariae (Fig. 4). 1/3 of radius from center of disc (Fig. 1, between arms numbered 1 and 2). Possible Misidentifications Pedicellariae: Among the large five-armed sea stars, Anus: Inconspicuous, near center of Pisaster species are noted for their thick aboral surface and is surrounded by arms, low papillate dorsal spines and small pedicellariae. pedicellariae. Two other Asteriidae species Oral Surface: Oral surface ochre in color share these characteristics: (1) Evasterias and consists of hard, textured extension of troschelii is a low intertidal species with a aboral surface and ambulacral grooves small disc and slender arms compared to P. running the length of each arm and ochraceus and a varied, though generally converging at the mouth. Grooves are more orange-red coloration (Mah 2007). fleshy in texture from presence of tube feet. Evasterias troschelii has clusters of Spines: Spines serrated, blunt, heavy pedicellariae on its adambulacral spines, not and more spine-like than bead-like just at their bases as in P. ochraceus. (2) (Fig. 4). Adambulacral spines (lining Orthasterias koehleri has sharp dorsal ambulacral grooves) are articulated, spines, not blunt papillate ones. These long, thin (Fig. 4). Three types of spines are each surrounded by a distinct ring spines ventrally: (1) small, clustered of large pedicellariae and the dorsal spines around bases of oral spines (Fig. 4); are arranged in distinct radial rows (those of (2) small pedicellariae clustered on P. ochraceus are not). Orthasterias koehleri expandable strands between is often red with yellow mottling and it occurs adambulacral spines (Fig. 4); and (3) in the low intertidal and subtidally (Mah large pedicellariae on these same 2007). strands (Fig. 4). There are no Two other species of Pisaster can pedicellariae on the adambulacral be found locally: (1) Pisaster brevispinus spines (Pisaster, Fisher 1930; Hyman occurs not on rocks and pilings but on soft 1955). substrates, where it feeds on clams. Its Mouth: Large, in center of disc (Fig. aboral spines do not form reticulated 2). Pisaster species can extrude the patterns or arcs, but occur singly or in stomach through this opening, groups of two or three, and are separated engulfing food and initiating digestion by areas of soft tissue. Pisaster brevispinus externally (Feder 1980). has a straight, distinct row of mid-dorsal Pedicellariae: Stalked or sessile spines on each arm. This sea star is nearly appendages used for removing always pink and it can be mottled with gray- invaders (e.g. barnacles larvae) or green or maroon-purple color as well (Mah deterring predators (e.g. Leptasterias 2007). It is one of the largest asteroids, hexactis, Wobber 1975; Solaster growing to 320 mm in diameter (Hyman dawsoni, Van Veldhuizen and Oakes 1955). (2) Pisaster giganteus is bluish gray 1981). Pedicellariae are bird beak-like and its dorsal spines are blunt, clubbed, and two-jawed in Pisaster species. each surrounded by a ring of blue flesh and Tube Feet: Used in locomotion and around that a ring of pedicellariae. It has part of water vascular system. tiny pedicellariae that are thickly scattered Present on ventral side in ambulacral between the dense spines and its spines grooves where they are staggered in are not arranged in radial or concentric pairs, four rows across and down each rows. Pisaster giganteus is a low intertidal ambulacral groove (Fig. 4). sea star usually found further south than Ambulacral grooves: Grooves are Oregon. Despite its name, it is usually long furrows on oral surface of arms, smaller than P. ochraceus (Ricketts and which contain tube feet (Figs. 2, 4) Calvin 1971; Mah 2007). (Boolootian 1966). Along each edge Hiebert, T.C. and L. Hiebert. 2015. Pisaster ochraceus. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. Sea stars are extremely variable Temperature: Cold to temperate. Pisaster intra-specifically. Fisher listed three forms ochraceus is more tolerant to aerial exposure (“forma”) of P. ochraceus (Fisher 1930). than other Pisaster species, e.g. P. Although these names are not used, brevispinus, (up to 50 hours exposure), but taxonomically, it should be noted that the does not tolerate warm temperatures and/or Puget Sound, Washington and Oregon low oxygen levels (Feder 1980). outer coast variety of P. ochraceus has a Tidal Level: Intertidal to 88 meters (Feder flatter, smoother surface ornamentation 1980). Large sea stars usually found at low than does our Oregon bay form (Roberts, tide mark in Puget Sound, Washington personal communication). Subspecies have (probably for warmth), but they do not move also been reported for P. ochraceus to the lower intertidal in Monterey, California including P. o. ochraceus (north of Point (Feder 1970). Conception, California) and P. o. segnis Associates: Mussels, barnacles, limpets and (south of Point Conception) (Clark 1996), other snails. Other inhabitants of the mussel but morphological evidence and genetic bed include polychaetes, anemones and homogeneity across populations of nematodes. On pilings in quiet waters, supposed subspecies and morphological associates include barnacles, anemones (e.g. forms (e.g. “forma” Fisher 1930; Harley et Metridium senile) and tunicates (Ricketts and al. 2006) supports the single species P. Calvin 1971). The parasitic ciliate ochraceus (Stickle et al. 1992; Lambert Orchitophrya stellarum causes castration in 2000; Frontana-Uribe et al. 2008; see also males (Leighton et al. 1991). Several http://echinoblog.blogspot.com/search/label/ incidences of sudden sea star die off have Pisaster%20ochraceus). occurred since 1972, but the most recent to the northwest coast of North America began Ecological Information in June 2013 and is called sea star wasting Range: Type locality is near Willapa Bay, disease. Affected individuals have Washington (Ahearn 1995).
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