Representing National Identity Within Urban Landscapes: Chinese Settler Rule, Shifting Taiwanese Identity, and Post-Settler Taipei City
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REPRESENTING NATIONAL IDENTITY WITHIN URBAN LANDSCAPES: CHINESE SETTLER RULE, SHIFTING TAIWANESE IDENTITY, AND POST-SETTLER TAIPEI CITY by SUNG-TA LIU A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Urban and Regional Studies College of Social Sciences The University of Birmingham August 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Academic literature has examined how the transformation of a nation’s state power can give rise to shifts in national identity, and how such shifting identity can be represented in the form of the nation’s changing urban landscape. This thesis investigates that topic in the case of Taiwan, a de facto independent country with almost one hundred years’ experience of ‘colonial’ and then ‘settler’ rule. Both colonial rule and settler rule constitute an outside regime. However, the settler rulers in Taiwan regarded the settled land as their homeland. To secure their supremacy, the settler rulers had to strongly control the political, cultural, and economic interests of the ‘native’ population. Democratisation can be a key factor undermining settler rule. Such a political transition can enable the home population to reclaim state power, symbolising that the nation has entered the post-settler era. This thesis explores how the transition from Japanese colonial rule to Chinese settler rule and then to democratisation gave rise to changes in Taiwanese national identity, and to its reflection in the urban landscape of the capital city, Taipei. The thesis reveals the irony of a transition in which the collapse of settler rule has been unable to drive significant further change in the city’s urban landscape. In other words, the urban landscape of post-settler Taipei City is ‘stuck in transition’. The condition reflects the ambivalence in Taiwanese national identity caused by the unforgettable, yet not really glorious memory of settler rule. Dedicated to my parents Their unconditional love makes me a better person ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to take the opportunity to express my gratefulness to Dr. Austin Barber, Dr. Libby Porter, and Jane Lutz who provided me with useful thoughts and discussions in this thesis. I want to extend particular appreciation to Chris Watson for his valuable editorial comments on the final draft of the thesis. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Connie P. Y. Tang and Richard Groves. Not only for their comments on the final version of the thesis, but for their understanding of my efforts in completing my PhD. I also wish to thank those who kindly gave me their time in interview or simply in conversation. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends who always give me support and encouragement no matter where I am. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES ACRONYMS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… p. 1 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………... p. 1 1.2 Research Background………………………………………………... p. 2 1.3 Conceptual Approach, Research Questions, and Empirical Work…... p. 6 1.4 Original Contributions……………………………………………….. p. 10 1.5 Thesis Structure……………………………………………………… p. 11 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW (I): CONCEPTUALISING NATIONAL IDENTITY............................................. p. 14 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 14 2.2 The Origin of the Modern Nation……………………………………. p. 15 2.3 The Origin of National Identification…………………………........... p. 17 2.4 The State and National Identification…………………………........... p. 20 2.5 Shifting National Identity……………………………………………. p. 21 2.6 Shifting Taiwanese National Identity………………………………... p. 25 2.7 Conclusion: National Identity—Imagined Collective Memory……… p. 29 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW (II): NATIONAL IDENTITY AND URBAN LANDSCAPES................................. p. 31 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 31 3.2 Representing National Identity within Urban Landscapes…………... p. 31 3.3 Conclusion: (Re-)remembered and (re-)forgotten Spaces…………… p. 41 CHAPTER 4 LITERATURE REVIEW (III): THE CHINESE SETTLER STATE AND TAIPEI CITY............................... p. 45 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 45 4.2 Transforming Settler Rule and Changing Urban Landscapes………... p. 46 4.3 Reviewing Literature of Taiwanese History and Taipei City………... p. 50 4.4 Conclusion and Issues Emerging from the Former Literature……….. p. 66 4.5 Discussion Leading to Research Questions………………………….. p. 68 4.6 Summary……………………………………………………………... p. 74 CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………... p. 76 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 76 5.2 Case Study as the Research Strategy………………………………… p. 76 5.3 Taipei City as the Case Study………………………………………... p. 78 5.4 Approaches to Each Research Question……………………………... p. 79 5.5 Research Methods and Sources of Evidence………………………… p. 85 5.6 Data Collection and Analysis………………………………………… p. 92 5.7 Issues and Limitations…………………………………………........... p. 93 5.8 Summary……………………………………………………………... p. 96 CONTENTS CHAPTER 6 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS (I): TRANSFORMING ICONIC SITES IN TAIPEI CITY……………………... p. 97 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 97 6.2 The Office of the President……………………………………........... p. 97 6.3 The Ketagalan Boulevard……………………………………………. p. 103 6.4 The Zhongshan North Road………………………………………….. p. 108 6.5 The Chiang Kai-shek (CKS) Memorial Hall………………………… p. 117 6.6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… p. 132 CHAPTER 7 FINDINGS AND DICSUSSIONS (II): NATIONAL CULTURE, FAMILIARITY, AND TAIPEI CITY................... p. 135 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 135 7.2 Museums and National Identification…………………………........... p. 135 7.3 Stadiums and National Identification………………………………… p. 141 7.4 Subtle Urban Elements and National Identification…………………. p. 149 7.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… p. 156 CHAPTER 8 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS (III): ETHNICITY AND TAIPEI CITY’S URBAN LANDSCAPE………………. p. 158 8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………........... p. 158 8.2 The Chinese Settlers’ Spatial Implications (I)……………………….. p. 159 8.3 The Chinese Settlers’ Spatial Implications (II)………………………. p. 170 8.4 The Hakka’s Ethnic Sites…………………………………………….. p. 179 8.5 The Taiwanese Indigenous People’s Ethnic Sites…………………… p. 187 8.6 The Spatial Implications of the ‘New Immigrants’………………….. p. 198 8.7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… p. 213 CHAPTER 9 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS (IV): TAIPEI CITY’S GLOBALISATION AND LOCALISM…………………… p. 217 9.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………... p. 217 9.2 Taipei City on the Way to Globalisation…………………………….. p. 217 9.3 Forgetfulness in Globalising Taipei City…………………………….. p. 229 9.4 Localism and Discontent (I)……………………………….................. p. 233 9.5 Localism and Discontent (II)……………………………………........ p. 239 9.6 Localism and Discontent (III)………………………………………... p. 244 9.7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… p. 250 CHAPTER 10 REFLECTION ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS……………………………... p. 253 10.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………. p. 253 10.2 Question 1……………………………………………………........... p. 253 10.3 Question 2……………………………………………………........... p. 261 10.4 Question 3……………………………………………………........... p. 272 10.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………….. p. 281 CONTENTS CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………….. p. 290 11.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………. p. 290 11.2 Reviews of the Entire Study………………………………………... p. 290 11.3 Contributions of the Thesis…………………………………………. p. 304 11.4 Limitations and Inspirations………………………………………... p. 306 11.5 Directions for Future Research........................................................... p. 309 APPENDIX 1: TAIWAN BEING AN OPEN LAND……………………………….................. p. 311 APPENDIX 2: ANCIENT TAIPEI’S DEVELOPMENT……………………………………... p. 312 APPENDIX 3: SHIFTING JAPANESE COLONIAL IDENTITY…………………………... p. 314 APPENDIX 4: THE ORIGIN OF THE CHINESE SETTLER RULERS…………………... p. 316 APPENDIX 5: THE 2-2-8 INCIDENT…………………………………………………………. p. 320 APPENDIX 6: THE ROC, THE PRC, AND THE US………………………………………... p. 323 APPENDIX 7: TAIWAN’S DEMOCRATISATION AND POLITICAL CHAOS…………. p. 325 APPENDIX 8: TAIPEI CITY’S BASIC PROFILE…………………………………………... p. 330 APPENDIX 9: THE ORIGIN OF THE TAIPEI 2-28 MEMORIAL MUSEUM…………… p. 332 APPENDIX 10: THE ORIGIN OF THE NATIONAL 228 MEMORIAL MUESEUM…………………………... p. 334 APPENDIX 11: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES…………………………………………………… p. 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY (INCLUDING DOCUMENTARY AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES EMPLOYED IN THE CASE STUDY)……………………………………….. p. 337 LIST of FIGURES For convenience, the sources of figures are given in this list CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 The location of Taiwan………………………………………… p. 51 Source: Manthorpe, J. (2005). Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan, (p. xv), (regenerated by the author) Figure 4.2 The locations of Mengja, Dadaocheng, and Chengnei……........ p. 53 Source: Su, S. B. (2005). Invisible and Visible Taipei, (看不 見與看得見的臺北 Kan Pu Chien Yu Kan Te Chien Te Tai Pei), (p. 240) CHAPTER 6 Figure 6.1 The Office of the President…………………………………….. p. 98 Source: photography by the author, 2006 Figure 6.2 The Office of