Turk J Zool 32 (2008) 343-350 © TÜB‹TAK

Wood Destroying Insects in Düzce Province

Süleyman AKBULUT, Akif KETEN, Beflir YÜKSEL Düzce University, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Entomology and Protection Unit, 81600 Konuralp Campus, Düzce - TURKEY

Received: 19.04.2007

Abstract: Wood destroying insects were investigated in forest depots, imported timbers, and wood products in use in Düzce province. In the collection of insect material trap logs, storage decks, and samples of wooden materials were used. In total, 63 insect species belonging to 31 families of 4 orders were found, and 34 of the identified species were categorized as pest species. In forest depots, the most common insects were bark beetles and longhorned beetles. Several wood-destroying insects were found in imported timbers, such as Platypus cylindrus (Fabricius), Xyleborus sp., and Lymexylon navale (Linnaeus). In addition, the Coleopteran species Lyctus brunneus (Stephens), Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus), Anobium punctatum (De Geer), and Xestobium rufovillosum (De Geer), which are economically very important, were found in wood products.

Key Words: Düzce, timber, insect, pest, exotic species, forest depot

Düzce Çevresindeki Odun Zararl›s› Böcekler

Özet: Odun zararl›s› böcekler Düzce’deki orman depolar›nda, ithal edilen tomruklarda ve kullan›lmakta olan ahflap malzemelerde belirlenmifltir. Böcekleri toplamak için tuzak odunlar›, istifler ve kullan›lm›fl malzeme örneklenmesi kullan›lm›flt›r. Toplam 4 tak›ma ait 31 familyadan 63 böcek türü belirlenmifl ve bunlar›n otuz dört tanesi zararl› böcek olarak kabul edilmifltir. Orman depolar›nda, en yayg›n olarak bulunanlar kabuk böcekleri ve teke böcekleridir. Platypus cylindrus (Fabricius), Xyleborus sp., Lymexylon navale (Linnaeus) gibi baz› zararl› böcek türleri ithal edilen tomruklarda bulunmufltur. Ayr›ca kullan›lan ahflap malzemelerde Lyctus brunneus (Stephens), Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus), Anobium punctatum (De Geer), and Xestobium rufovillosum (De Geer), gibi ekonomik bak›mdan önemli 4 k›n kanatl› (Coleoptera) türü belirlenmifltir.

Anahtar Sözcükler: Düzce, kereste, böcek, zararl›, yabanc› türler, orman deposu

Introduction such as the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus Wood is an important component of human life. In xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer), Nickle), gypsy moth recent years, the consumption and trade of forest (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus), and great spruce bark beetle products has increased substantially and is projected to (Dendroctonus micans Kugelann), which have caused further increase in the years ahead (Hicks, 2001). Forest enormous economic losses in their newly exploited stands are the main source of wood products. Global ecosystems. Like other nations, there is a gap between demand for wood is expected to reach 5.6 billion m3 in the demand and supply of wood in Turkey. According to 2020 (Birler, 1995). This demand can not be met by recent data, the demand for industrial wood is met by natural forests alone. Some alternative sources, such as national forests (65%), private plantations (26%), and commercial plantations, may close this gap between the importation from other countries (9%) (DPT, 2001). Projections indicate that the industrial wood demand in demand and supply of wood. Importation and exportation 3 3 of forest products are used by nations to close this gap. Turkey will be 15.6 million m , of which 12.3 million m will come from national sources and the remaining part The increasing volume of the global trade of forest 3 products has dramatically increased the likelihood of the (3.3 million m ) from imports (DPT, 2001). introduction of exotic pests into non-infested regions As nations try to increase the yield of wood, there are throughout the world. Many countries have suffered some biotic factors affecting the amount and quality of from the unintentional introduction of exotic forest pests, wood products harvested from forest stands and used in

343 Wood Destroying Insects in Düzce Province

structures. Many pest insects attack wood products of flight period of the insects began. Trap logs were checked different kinds, causing economic losses, both nationally every 15-20 days between May and November, and logs and globally. with insect activity were brought into the laboratory to Many economically important forest pests are phloem observe adult emergence. Logs left inside the forests feeders or wood borers, which are important to both pre- were first cut into pieces 50-60 cm long and brought into harvest and post-harvest management. In Turkey, the laboratory periodically. because of weather conditions and high elevations, Due to limited laboratory space not all the logs were harvesting activities are usually scheduled during spring collected; therefore, some logs with similar insect activity and summer, or may extend through autumn. During (shape of entrance or emergence holes, frass type, gallery these periods insects are very active and search for host type, etc.) were selected randomly from stacks of each plants. In addition, harvested forest products have to be tree species. An equal number of logs from each tree stored in forest depots located both within and outside species were brought into the laboratory. Logs were cut forest environments before they are taken to market. into 2 equal pieces and the height and diameter of each These materials are very attractive as breeding sites and part were measured. Basic insect emergence processes for development by wood destroying insects. were followed (Çanakçıo¤lu, 1993). All logs were placed in screen cages to observe insect emergence. They were There are also some structure-infesting insects that kept under constant conditions of 22-25 °C, 60%-70% cause considerable economic damage to wood buildings RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 h (L:D) in a conditioning and household items, such as furniture, roof frames, and room during insect development. Logs brought from other woody materials used in or outside homes. In different forest depots were placed in different Turkey few studies have been conducted to locate emergence cages. Each cage was checked for emergence structure-infesting insect species (Özbek, 1978; every 24 h. Emerged insects were collected from each Sekendiz, 1981; Özkazanç et al., 1996). cage and vital information (date of emergence, tree The objectives of this study were to collect and catalog species, depot name, etc.) was noted. Collected specimens wood-destroying insects in forest depots, to collect and were prepared and identified using an Olympus catalog exotic species in imported wood products and stereomicroscope. This process was continued until the timbers, and to collect and catalog structure-infesting end of insect emergence from each log. Each log was kept insects in woody products in use in Düzce. for about 5-6 months, and then discarded. To investigate wood-destroying insects in imported forest products (timbers), 2 wood products companies Materials and Methods were selected for sampling in Düzce. These companies This study was conducted during 2001 and 2002 in import a large quantity of timbers from different Düzce province. Trap logs were prepared to investigate countries. Both companies were visited when imported wood-destroying insects in forest depots. Two Forest timbers arrived. These companies are referred to as A District Enterprises were selected: Düzce and Gölyaka. and B so as to maintain their anonymity, as they Logs used in this experiment were cut from 7 tree species requested. One stack of each tree species imported by the and stands located in different parts of the Düzce and companies was selected and controlled for insect activity. Gölyaka forest districts. Büyükaçma, Muncurlu, and If timbers had intact bark, the bark was removed and Düzorman Forest Depots in the Düzce Forest District and checked for larvae, pupae, and adults. We were not the Gölyaka Forest Depot in Gölyaka Forest District were permitted to take wood samples from the timbers; therefore, only specimens found under bark were selected to store trap logs. For each tree species 20 logs, collected and brought into the laboratory for 90-100 cm in length and 15-20 cm in diameter, were cut identification. Unfortunately, the amount of wood and brought into forest depots. Logs of each tree species imports decreased dramatically during the study period were stored separately as trap logs in each selected forest due to economic conditions, which negatively affected the depot. In addition, trap logs, 3 m in length and 15-20 cm sampling of timbers. in diameter, were placed inside the forests to identify wood-destroying insect species in the forests. All trap To investigate structure-infesting insects, wood logs were put in place in February and March, before the samples of varying size were collected from urban and

344 S. AKBULUT, A. KETEN, B. YÜKSEL

rural residential areas of Düzce province. Samples were important for biological control, e.g., Thanasimus collected from insect-infested wooden support timbers, formicarius (Linnaeus) and Rhizophagus dispar (Paykull). furniture, cabinets, joists, wooden fences, and hardwood Coleopteran species were dominant (Table 2). Most of floors. Samples were brought to the laboratory and the specimens were bark beetles (Coleoptera: placed in screen cages for insect emergence. They were Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) kept under similar constant conditions as given above. was the most abundant species. The 2 most prevalent Emerged insects were collected and identified daily. species were longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: All collected specimens were prepared according to Cerambycidae) and bark beetles (Table 2). Çanakçıo¤lu (1993). The insects were identified Among the forest depots, the greatest number of according to a series of guide studies carried out by species was found in Muncurlu (24 species; 16 identified several authors (Freude et al., 1966, 1967, 1969, 1976, and 8 unidentified), followed by Gölyaka, Düzorman, and 1979, 1981, 1983; Grüne, 1979; Borror et al., 1989; Büyükaçma (Table 2). In the Düzorman and Muncurlu Cherepanov, 1990a, 1990b, 1990c, 1991a, 1991b; forest depots, the greatest number of species was Bense, 1995; Selmi, 1998). associated with P. nigra and P. sylvestris, followed by A. bornmülleriana and F. orientalis. In Gölyaka and Büyükaçma, the greatest number of species was found in Results A. bornmülleriana, followed by Pinus spp. Wood-Destroying Insects in Forest Depots Wood-Destroying Insects in Wood Production (storage deck) Factories In this study, 72 logs from 7 different tree species Ten visits were made to the selected wood products were used. The distribution of tree species in each forest companies. Most of the timbers were imported from depot is given in Table 1. Some of the trap logs did not Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Romania, USA, Gabon, and have any insect activity. These logs were observed for 30- the Democratic Republic of Congo. We collected 11 40 days and then discarded. No insects emerged from species from the bark of imported timbers (Table 3). All logs cut from poplar (Populus tremula L.) or hornbeam insect specimens were from 8 beetle families (Coleoptera) (Carpinus betulus L.) trees. Insects emerged from Pinus and only 4 species were classified as pests (Table 3). The nigra Arnold, P. sylvestris L., Abies bornmülleriana remaining species were either predators or saprophytes. Mattf., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, and Quercus spp. Most of the observed entrance holes through the timbers In all, 33 identified and 14 unidentified species belonged to longhorned beetles. In some timbers, live belonging to 23 families from 4 orders were collected adult insects or larvae were noted, e.g., Platypus (Table 2), and 25 species were categorized as wood- cylindrus (Fabricius), Lymexylon navale (Linnaeus), destroying insects. Some of the remaining species were Carpophilus bipustulatus (Heer), and Atomaria spp. Live

Table 1. Distribution of tree species in each forest depot.

Forest Depot Tree Species Düzorman Muncurlu Büyükaçma Gölyaka

Pinus nigra ++++ Pinus sylvestris -++- Abies bornmülleriana -+++ Fagus orientalis ++++ Carpinus betulus ++-+ Populus tremula +-+- Quercus petrea ++++

+: Present - : Absent

345 Wood Destroying Insects in Düzce Province

Table 2. Insects collected from tree species located at each forest depot in Düzce.

Order Family Species Tree Species* Depot Pest Status

Coleoptera Anthicidae Formicomus sp. Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Coleoptera Buprestidae Phaenops cyanea Pn, Ps, Ab Gölyaka, Düzorman Coleoptera Carabidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Coleoptera Carabidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Gölyaka ↑ Coleoptera Cerambycidae Acanthocinus griseus Ab Düzorman, Büyükaçma Coleoptera Cerambycidae Callidium aeneum Ab Gölyaka Coleoptera Cerambycidae Clytus rhamni Qp Muncurlu Coleoptera Cerambycidae Criocephalus rusticus Pn, Ps Düzorman, Muncurlu, Büyükaçma Coleoptera Cerambycidae Monochamus galloprovincialis Pn, Ps Düzorman, Muncurlu Coleoptera Cerambycidae Morimus ganglbaueri Pn, Ps, Fo Muncurlu, Gölyaka Coleoptera Cerambycidae Plagionotus detritus Qp Muncurlu Coleoptera Cerambycidae Rhagium inquisitor Pn, Ps, Ab Gölyaka Coleoptera Cerambycidae Stromatium fulvum Fo Gölyaka Coleoptera Cleridae Thanasimus formicarius Ab Büyükaçma ↑ Coleoptera Colydiidae Aulomum ruficorne Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Coleoptera Colydiidae Bitoma crenata Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Coleoptera Cucujidae Uleiota planata Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Coleoptera Curculionidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Düzorman Coleoptera Curculionidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Muncurlu Coleoptera Curculionidae Pissodes piceae Ab Düzorman, Muncurlu, Büyükaçma Coleoptera Curculionidae Pissodes notatus Ab Büyükaçma Coleoptera Elateridae Undetermined Pn, Ps Gölyaka ↑ Coleoptera Histeridae Paromalus parallelepipedus Ab Düzorman ↑ Coleoptera Histeridae Cylister oblongum Pn, Ps Muncurlu, Gölyaka ↑ Coleoptera Melandryidae Serropalpus barbatus Ab Gölyaka Coleoptera Mycetophagidae Litargus conexus Ab Gölyaka ↑ Coleoptera Rhizophagidae Rhizophagus dispar Ab Büyükaçma ↑ Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Cryphalus piceae Ab Büyükaçma Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Ips acuminatus Pn, Ps Muncurlu Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Ips sexdentatus Pn, Ps Düzorman, Muncurlu, B üyükaçma, Gölyaka Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Orthotomicus erosus Pn, Ps, Ab Muncurlu, Gölyaka Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Pityokteines curvidens Ab Düzorman, Büyükaçma, Gölyaka Coleoptera (Curculionidae:Scolytinae) Pityophthorus pityographus Ab Büyükaçma Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Scolytus intricatus Fo Düzorman, Muncurlu Coleoptera (Curculionidae:Scolytinae) Xyleborus saxeseni Fo Gölyaka Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Trypodendron lineatum Ps, Ab Büyükaçma Coleoptera Staphylinidae Paederus litoralis Ab Gölyaka ↑ Hymenoptera Formicidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Hymenoptera Ibaliidae Ibalia leucospoides Pn, Ps, Ab Düzorman, Muncurlu ↑ Hymenoptera Siricidae Sirex noctilio Pn, Ps Düzorman, Muncurlu, Büyükaçma Diptera Dolichopodidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Düzorman ↑ Diptera Dolichopodidae Undetermined Ab Muncurlu ↑ Diptera Dolichopodidae Undetermined Ab Gölyaka ↑ Diptera Muscidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Diptera Sciaridae Undetermined Pn, Ps Muncurlu ↑ Diptera Cecidomiidae Undetermined Pn, Ps Düzorman ↑ Hemiptera Lygaeidae Undetermined Ab Muncurlu ↑

*Pn: Pinus nigra; Ps: Pinus sylvestris; Ab: Abies bornmülleriana; Fo: Fagus orientalis; Qp: Qercus petrea. : Detrimental ↑: Non-detrimental

346 S. AKBULUT, A. KETEN, B. YÜKSEL

Table 3. Insects collected from tree species located at each wood product company in Düzce.

Order Family Species Tree Species* Depot Pest Status

Coleoptera Cryptophagidae Atomaria sp. Ki A ↑ Coleoptera Cucujidae Uleiota planata Ki A ↑ Coleoptera Platypidae Platypus cylindrus Eo, Mb A, B Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Xyleborus sp. Eo, Es A, B Coleoptera Colydiidae Bitoma crenata Eo, B A, B ↑ Coleoptera Nitidulidae Carpophilus bipastulatus Q A ↑ Coleoptera Nitidulidae Epuraea sp. Q A ↑ Coleoptera Nitidulidae Brachypeplus rubidus Es A ↑ Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Xyleborus sp. Es B Coleoptera Lymexylonidae Lymexylon navale B B Coleoptera Colydiidae Bitoma crenata B B ↑ Coleoptera Anthicidae Anthicus sp. Mb B ↑

*Ki: Khaya ivorensis; Eo: Eribroma oblanga; Q : Quercus, Es: Entandrophrapwa sprapue; B: Berbau; Mb: Microberlinia brozzocillensis. : Detrimental ↑: Non-detrimental larvae were brought into the laboratory, but adults did beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum (De Geer). Valgus not develop from these larvae. In all, 8 insect species hemipterus (Linnaeus), also commonly collected, feeds on were collected from company A and 7 from company B. decaying woody materials on the outside of structures. Structure-Infesting Insects in Wood Products During the identification process we were unable to identify 2 hymenopteran (family) specimens beyond the In the wood products we examined, 7 species (5 of family level. which are detrimental) belonging to 6 families and 2 orders were identified (Table 4). The species we found in wood products are very common structure-infesting and Discussion and Conclusions economically important insects in Turkey: the old house In this study, wood destroying-insect species were borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus), the furniture beetle, investigated in Düzce and 63 insect species belonging to Anobium punctatum (De Geer), and the death-watch 31 families of 4 orders were found; 34 of the insect

Table 4. Structure-infesting insects collected from tree species in Düzce.

Order Family Species Tree species Pest Status

Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Valgus hemipterus Salix sp. Coleoptera Lyctidae Lyctus brunneus Fraxinus sp. Coleoptera Cerambycidae Hylotrupes bajulus Pinus sp. Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Anobium punctatum Pinus sp. Coleoptera (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Xestobium rufovillosum Pinus sp. Hymenoptera Braconidae Undetermined Pinus sp. ↑ Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Undetermined Pinus sp. ↑

: Detrimental ↑: Non-detrimental

347 Wood Destroying Insects in Düzce Province

species were categorized as pest species and the Several wood-destroying insects were found in remaining as non-pest. Most of the harmful insects found imported timbers, such as Platypus cylindrus, Xyleborus in the forest depots were bark beetles (Coeloptera: sp., and Lymexylon navale. This finding shows that some Curculionidae: Scolytinae), longhorned beetles imported timbers are received with insects from exporter (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), metallic wood-borers countries, which may result in the introduction of a very (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), snout beetles (Coleoptera: serious exotic pest into Turkish forests. There are very Curculionidae), and horntails (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). few studies that have investigated the potential They are the most common wood-destroying insects and introduction of exotic wood-destroying insects in have very widespread distribution in Turkey (Çanakçıo¤lu imported forest products at harbors in Turkey. Yalınkılıç and Mol, 1998; Toper Kaygın, 2007). and Serez (1992) carried out a study to investigate fungal I. sexdentatus and P. curvidens Germer are well and insect damage of wood imported into Turkey at some known and widely distributed in Turkish forests (Selmi, Black Sea harbors. They found some fungal species, 1998). The occurrence of bark beetles in commercial galleries, and tunnels of bark beetles, longhorned beetles, and metallic wood borers. They also found that 10% of forests constitutes a serious problem for forest 3 management (Coulson and Witter, 1984). It is known the 160 m of timbers they sampled had at least 20% that bark beetles cause serious damage to fir and pine surface damage. forests in Turkey (Öymen, 1992; Yüksel, 1996; Yüksel, Yalınkılıç and Serez (1992) suggested that exotic 1998; Öymen and Selmi, 1997; Çanakçıo¤lu and Mol, pests may be introduced very easily in forest products 1998; Selmi, 1998). imported into Turkey because there is a big gap between Another important group found in the forest depots wood production and demand in Turkey. To close this was longhorned beetles. In the current study, gap, Turkey has to import wood products from wood Acanthocinus griseus Linnaeus, Criocephalus rusticus exporting countries. The importation of wood from Linnaeus, and Monochamus galloprovincialis subsp. pistor different countries increases the possibility of the Germer were commonly found in storage decks. Attacks inadvertent introduction of exotic pests into Turkey. To by these beetles negatively impact the economic value of eliminate this possibility, precautionary guidelines should woody materials (Toper Kaygın, 2007). In some cases, be evaluated carefully to prevent the inadvertent storage decks of conifer logs in forest depots are introduction of exotic pests, and phytosanitary inspection discarded because of the extensive damage caused by at busy entry points should be performed more carefully. these insects. Buprestid beetles, snout beetles, and Several insect species damage stored wood, structural horntails have a similar impact on logs and timbers stored timbers, and other wood products, such as furniture and in forest depots, but were not as common. wood frames. In this study we found 4 very important The main cause of the infestation of logs and other beetle (Coleoptera) species, the true powder post beetle woody materials in forests or forest depots is the storage (L. brunneus), the old house borer (H. bajulus), the of these materials for long periods without taking any furniture beetle (A. punctatum), and the death-watch precautionary measures such as the removal of bark. beetle (X. rufovillosum). They are very common species in Debarking is often not performed because of economic Turkey and cause serious economic loss. Similar species constraints or difficult terrain. In fact, most small were also found in historical buildings in Bartın (Özkazanç diameter logs are bought for pulp and other wood et al., 1996). The true powder post beetle attacks products with the bark intact. The only way to eliminate products and structural components made from this problem is to remove logs and other woody materials hardwoods (Hedges and Lacey, 1996). In our study they were especially abundant in hardwood floors. We counted from forests before the insect flight period starts or to 2 debark all conifer forest products if they are to be kept in 23 adult emergence holes in a 160-cm area of a forests or forest depots for a considerably long period. hardwood floor. One of the most significant insects that Damaged materials in forests or forest depots serve as infest wood is the old house borer, which generally sites for reproduction and development of the progeny of attacks structural softwoods (Hedges and Lacey, 1996). colonized pest species, and increase population densities In this study, the old house borer was found most of wood-infesting insects. frequently in attic rafters and joists. This beetle can cause

348 S. AKBULUT, A. KETEN, B. YÜKSEL

severe damage to buildings (Coulson and Witter, 1984; procedures that will prevent attacks on wood before it is Creffield, 1996). Özbek (1978) emphasized the used are the responsibility of those who harvest, mill, or importance of this species as a wood pest in buildings in store the wood. Erzurum. Old house borer larvae can collapse a wooden In conclusion, a considerable number of wood- roof in 15-25 years (Ozkazanç et al., 1996). destroying insects, as well as some beneficial insects, The furniture beetle (A. punctatum) primarily infests were found. These findings suggest that wood is not well structural wood, as well as furniture. The death-watch protected against wood-destroying insects during all beetle prefers structural timber in damp areas. In this stages, from forest harvest to use in home products. study, they were found in softwood (Pinus spp.), There are no detailed studies that have evaluated the structural materials, and other wooden materials. effects of wood-destroying insects in Turkey; therefore, Özkazanç et al. (1996) found 18 adult A. punctatum it is difficult to reach a conclusion about the economic emergence holes in a 100-cm2 area of cabinet doors. consequences of damage caused by wood-destroying The extent of damage created by structure-infesting insects. More detailed studies should be conducted to insects is significant. The costs of wood protection and identify wood-destroying insects in different regions of repair of damage to wooden structures caused by wood- Turkey. destroying insects worldwide are difficult to estimate. No studies have been conducted to estimate the cost of Acknowledgments damage caused by wood-destroying insects in Turkey. Homeowners should know the methods of preventing This research was supported by the Abant ‹zzet Baysal and controlling wood-destroying insects. Most of the University Scientific Research Project Commission.

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