A Narrative Inquiry of African American Women of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960-1966) and Contemporary Student Activists (2002-2012)
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University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2013 Comparing Their Stories: A Narrative Inquiry of African American Women of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960-1966) and Contemporary Student Activists (2002-2012) Tracia Nikole Cloud University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education Commons Recommended Citation Cloud, Tracia Nikole, "Comparing Their Stories: A Narrative Inquiry of African American Women of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960-1966) and Contemporary Student Activists (2002-2012). " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2566 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Tracia Nikole Cloud entitled "Comparing Their Stories: A Narrative Inquiry of African American Women of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960-1966) and Contemporary Student Activists (2002-2012)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Education. Barbara Thayer-Bacon, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Cynthia G. Fleming, Tricia McClam, Diana Moyer Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Comparing Their Stories: A Narrative Inquiry of African American Women of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960-1966) and Contemporary Student Activists (2002-2012) A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Tracia Nikole Cloud December 2013 ii Copyright © 2013 by Tracia Nikole Cloud All rights reserved iii Dedication This study is dedicated to my grandparents the late Dr. W.B. Mitchell & Mildred Mitchell and The late Mr. Richard “Blake” Cloud and Inez Davis Cloud who personified everyday activism, the women who participated in this study, and the thousands of Black female student activists who fought and who continue to fight for freedom without recognition. iv Acknowledgments I stand in this moment not by my own merit but by the favor and grace of God. “There go I, but the grace of God!” What got me through this arduous process was imagining this very moment. Not because of the accomplishments that I have made but for the gratitude of the process in which I had to go through and for the people that stood beside me. The people that prayed me through, listened to my rants, challenged me and encouraged me. I am here because of my ancestors who have walked before me, for the shoulders I stand upon and for the scholars/activists to come behind me. This moment imagined, dreamt, envisioned and now realized! I am humbled! I am grateful! I have so many people that I would like to thank for helping me through this process. I would first like to thank the four incredible women who shared their stories with me. You each shared a piece of your soul with me and I am forever indebted to you. Thank you to my committee members for supporting me throughout this process. I am grateful for the role that each of you played in my development personally and professionally. I am grateful to my advisor and committee chair, Dr. Barbara Thayer- Bacon, for the support and direction you provided throughout my dissertation. You are truly “God Sent!” From the weekly Skype© meetings to candid conversations about our personal lives, I appreciate your willingness to help me during difficult situations I had to endure. Thank you, Dr. Barb, for being my rock, my biggest champion, for your positive reinforcement when I wanted to give up and for always knowing just what to say to give me the boost of confidence to finish this dissertation. Thank you for reminding me to speak my truth and to trust my voice. Dr. Cynthia Fleming, your expertise and passion for women and African American history pushed me to think about the connection to my v generation and helped me to think about history in a new way. Thank you for being such a wonderful example of a Black female scholar-activist. Dr. Tricia McClam, thank you for stepping in when I needed you the most. Your warm smile and encouraging words helped push me towards the finish line. Dr. Diana Moyer, thank you for not hesitating to step in when I lost two committee members. Thank you for your support and encouragement along the way. I would like to give a special thank you to Dr. Kimberly Black-Parker and Dr. Allison Anders. Thank you for helping me come up with my topic and helping me realize the power of my own voice. Dr. Anders, your mentorship throughout my exploration of qualitative research has been invaluable. My “Tuesday’s with Allison” will forever be etched in my memory. I would like to go on record by saying I have THE BEST PARENTS IN THE UNIVERSE! Mom and Dad, I thank you for the unconditional love and continuous support you have given to my siblings and me. Thank you for instilling in me the love of learning and desire to share my gifts with the world. You have taught me to be compassionate to others and to be thankful for my blessings. To my siblings, Tomyka and Torrey, I am grateful to share this life with you two. You are warriors and truly an inspiration. To my extended family – aunts, uncles, cousins and friends, I thank you for your prayers and support even when you didn’t understand what I was doing and why I couldn’t come to Sunday dinner. To my “Besties” Taryn Schofield, Aleatha Lanier, Tamyah Mock and Dr. Tracey L. Cameron, thank you for your many calls and text messages to check on me and give me positive writing energy. To my sister Dr. Wiljeana Jackson-Glover, thank you for being my writing buddy in the final stretch of this dissertation. “We help each other” succeed and strive to be the best women we can be. To vi Dr. Theressa N. Cooper, thank you for opening your home to me, sharing your wisdom about the cultural studies program, and letting me borrow the “community robe.” You have a heart of gold and I appreciate all the love and support that you have shown me throughout my time in Tennessee – “because that’s what friends do!” To Chrissy Richmond, thank you for being such a selfless friend. From picking me up from the bus station, driving me around the city during my trips to Knoxville to helping me prepare for my defense, you are a gem and I appreciate you so much. To the late Dr. LaShawn Bacon, thank you for living your life fearlessly, going after your dreams, and being that example for me to follow. You blessed me with your friendship and you will forever be in my heart. To my University of Tennessee classmates, Lori Whipple, Dr. Mary Alice Varga, Dr. Amelia Davis, Dr. Nick Mariner, Dr. James DeVita, Sultana Shabazz, Brittany Aronson, Ashlee Anderson, Miranda Paulk, Melissa Harness, thank you for the many class discussions that sparked research ideas and helped me expand my perspective of education. Thank you for your emails, phone calls and offering helpful advice on completing my dissertation. To my University of Tennessee Black graduate student crew, Dr. Demetrius Richmond, Jamia Stokes, Eric Stokes, Tyvi Small, Dr. Ferlin McGaskey, Dr. Chutney Guyton, Dr. Stephanie Hill, Dr. Dawn Norwood, Dr. LeQuez Spearman, Tanisha Jenkins, David Jones, Esq, thank you for taking me under your wing and showing me the way. Thank you for the many Sunday “potluck” dinners and creating a community that felt like home. I owe a special thank you to my Albany State University family; thank you for challenging me and encouraging my to continue my education. Dr. Kathaleena Edward- Monds, thank you for being such a wonderful example of a wife, mother, educator, vii activist and friend. Thank you for believing in me when I didn’t believe in myself. To Dr. Walter Kimbrough, you are truly a renaissance man and I am proud to call you my mentor. Thank you for helping me find my true passion – education. Finally, to Dr. Judith Rogers, thank you for the role that you played in my development as a scholar and researcher. viii Abstract This study is a collection of oral personal experience narratives from four self- identified Black female student activists – two from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (1960-1966) and two from the contemporary movement (2002- 2012). I investigate general aspects of their experiences of being Black, female, students and activists within the context of their communities and educational institutions. My research questions are: 1) What were/are the cultural and historical factors that drove/drive each woman to activism? 2) How did/have women develop(ed) ways of knowing about self and community through activism and education? 3) How do Civil Rights activists (1960-1966) and contemporary activists (2002-2012) characterize one another? Specifically, this study utilizes structured narrative analysis to organize and present the stories of Black female student activists. Then I use Black feminist theory as an analytical lens to articulate how Black women develop ways of knowing self, community and society.