Revision to the species Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: )

Research Project Submitted to the Department of Plant Protection in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B. Sc. in Agriculture

By Zhilwan Muhammad Rasul

Supervised by Dr. Pshtiwan A. Jalil

May– 2021

DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to Allah, my strong pillar, my source of inspiration, awareness, and thought. I would better dedicate this project to my father and my mother's great and kind heart; to my supervisor that encouraged me through the study period and finishing this work. To my dear brothers and sisters. Finally, I would like to dedicate this project to my all friends in the department of plant protection.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First, thank Allah for giving me the strength and knowledge of success in resolving all the problems that face me in my life especially in this study. Second, I would like to express my gratitude to the plant protection department of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences- Salahaddin University, for teaching me principles and subjects in the field of plant protection and their facilities through the study period. Third, appreciation and gratitude to my sincere supervisor Dr. Pshtiwan Abdullah Jalil for his patience and helps, and continuous advice during the study. I must also thank the instructors in the plant protection department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University, for their support in my study period.

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CONTENT

Title Page Number Abstract 5 Introduction 6 Literature Review 8 RESULTS 9-15 Discussion 6 Conclusions 17 References 18

TABLE OF FIGURES

No. Title Page Number 1 Adult Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758) 11 Scanning electron micrographs of C. tenebrionis (A) total surface of the female pronotum (B) male pronotum (C) 2 12 end apparatus and cc, conducting canal; (D) glandular openings on the inner surface. Scanning electron micrographs of the antenna of C. tenebrionis: (A) general view and details of teeth shape; 3 14 (B) shape of scape and pedicel; (C) dorsal view and the outer surface of the antenna; (D) smooth fields

4 Elytra of Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758) 15

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ABSTRACT

The present study contained a revision of the peach root borer, Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758), based primarily on previously published papers. several locations in Erbil governorate were surveyed, and the individuals of the species were compared with the classified specimens at the museum. Identified species were redescribed morphologically and most taxonomic features were illustrated.

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INTRODUCTION

Buprestidae is one of the largest Coleopteran families in the world. According to recent researches, it almost contains 15,000 species. Like in many insect groups, the richness of insect biodiversity makes a differentiation between difficult species. As a result, aedeagus is inevitably used in species identification. The aedeagus of Buprestidae species takes a modified trilobate form unique to that family. (KIRÇAKCI & KABALAK, 2006).

The genus Capnodis spp. has serious damage to fruit tree orchards and forest trees, in southern Europe and western Asia. The species cause the most serious damage in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. (Mendel, et. al. 2014). Capnodis tenebrionis commonly known as the Mediterranean flat-headed root- borer, affects many species of Rosaceae, particularly apricot, peach, plum, nectarine, cherry, and almond. It is common in Central and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. Capnodis tenebrionis can be a key pest in some areas and cultivation conditions, particularly in stone fruit orchards in arid and semiarid environments, where plants are susceptible to the destructive action of larvae on roots, and control strategies have to be applied. So that the Adult feed on the bark of shoots, buds, and leaf petioles, and usually prefer weakened and diseased trees rather than vigorous ones. Adults can seriously damage young trees in horticulture and wild forests. Damage caused by larvae becomes obvious as the tree dries out or begins to secrete resin. The larvae bore into the roots of the trees and often kil1 the entire tree within a short period. One-year-old trees can be killed by a single larva; a few larvae can lead to the death of a mature tree within 1 or 2 years ( Fiorito & Dohrn, 2019).

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Peach root borer, Capnodis tenebrionis is found in the Mediterranean countries, Europe, Central Asia, North Africa, Near East, and around the Black and Caspian Seas. This pest affects all the Rosaceae, including the fruit trees of the genus Prunus. The most important damage is produced by the grubs that get into the roots, destroy the vascular tissues, and frequently cause the death of the tree. (Mfarrej & Sharaf, 2003).

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LITERATURE REVIEW . Females lay eggs in the cracks of dry soil or under stones, close to trees and rarely on the bark. Neonate larvae crawl within the soil, penetrate the roots and feed on the root cortical and subcortical tissues (Bari, Giuseppe, et 2019).

Bonsignore and Bellamy (2007) & del Mar Martinez de Altube et al. (2008) mentioned that Capnodis tenebrionis is a key pest in some areas and cultivation conditions, particularly in organic orchards or in arid and semiarid environments, where its larvae on roots and control strategies must be applied and plants are susceptible to the destructive action.

Mustafa, S.A., Zubair, S.M., Zandi, Z.A., Al-Maroof, I.N., Kidir, A. And Ali, M.A., 2014. Established that c.miliaris is one insect that affects %20 of Populus euramericana in northern Iraq (Kurdistan).

Kokici, H., Laterza, I., Giuseppe, Bari, Meneghini, M., Addante, R., Tamburini, G. and De Lillo, E. (2020). Define Capnodis tenebrionis as a stone-fruit pest infesting apricot, peach, plum, cherry and almond. Also, the common pest in the Mediterranean European countries, Northern Africa and western Asia, in commercial and ornamental orchards as well as on some wild Prunes.

Fatima, N., Rizvi, S.A. And Ahmed, Z., (2011) showed the specimens studied of Capnodis Eschscholtz belong to the National Agriculture Research Institute collection, then described the way of the anatomy of larvae and adults.

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RESULTS

Taxonomic position of Capnodis tenebrionis Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Bilateria Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Order: Coleoptera Suborder: Family: Buprestidae Subfamily: Buprestinae Genus: Capnodis Species: C. tenebrionis Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms Buprestis moluccensis Voet, 1806 Buprestis naevia Gmelin, 1790 Buprestis tenebrioides Pallas, 1782 Buprestis tenebrionis Linnaeus, 1761 Buprestis variegata Goeze, 1777 Capnodis aequicollis Obenberger, 1917

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Capnodis aerea Laporte & Gory, 1836 Capnodis deglabrata Obenberger, 1917 Capnodis moluccensis (Voet, 1806)

Diagnostic characteristics

The body of adult : has elongated shape and color generally black or blurry black, except for the dorsal part of the thorax and specifically the pronotum, the color of which when the temperature exceeds 24 °C becomes whitish-grey (Fig. 1).

Head: The head of the insect is relatively small, and has about half the width of the pronotum, from which it is largely covered.

Compound eyes have a brown color and shape ellipsoid, while it has short filamentous type antennae, which when the insect is at rest fold below the protx.

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Figure1: Adult Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Pronotum: Smooth and rough fields were observed on both antimers of the adult pronota, the pronotum is provided with one pre-scutellar dimple, shaped like a horseshoe, on the posterior margin. Two pairs of almost rounded and prominent smooth fields are found on the lateral sides. The size and distribution of smooth and rough fields, in both males and females, are not perfectly symmetrical and were not perfectly the same (for size and position) in all studied specimens. In addition, the borders of these areas appear quite irregular. The average percentage of the surface size of the rough fields in comparison to the whole pronotum surface was not statistically different between the two genders.

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Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs of C. tenebrionis (A) total surface of the female pronotum (B) male pronotum (C) end apparatus and cc, conducting canal; (D) glandular openings on the inner surface.

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Antennae: The size and shape of the antennae in males and females are very similar. No relevant morphometric differences between genders were detected. The antennae are serrate-truncate. The cross-section is almost rounded, whereas it appears triangular. The scape is subglobose and larger than the other parts. The pedicel is subcylindrical, short and stocky, and seems to be longer in females than in males. Both have the shape of a barrel are wedge-shaped. Male and female antennae are provided with three types of sensilla: chaetic, basiconic, and coeloconic. The chaetic sensilla are present along with the whole antenna and vary in length. They are similarly distributed between males and females, are more or less evenly distributed, and are concentrated on the dorsal and subdorsal sides of the more distal articles. These sensilla have an apparently rigid shaft that sinks into a socket; there is no rim. This shaft usually shows longitudinal grooves with no evidence of pores, a type of external morphology that is inferred to have a mechanoreceptive function. Three subtypes of chaetic sensilla can be distinguished on the base of the shaf; each is inserted into an individual socket that is without a rim. Chaetic sensillum subtype I have a shaft flattened in cross-section, lightly marked with longitudinal grooves, and ends with a sharp tip. These sensilla seem to be more numerous than the other subtypes and are discernible on the scape and pedicel. Chaetic sensillum subtype II has a smooth shaft surface, a relatively sharp tip and a geniculate shaft bent just above its insertion on the antennal cuticle. These sensilla are found on the subdorsal side of the antenna.

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Figure 3: Scanning electron micrographs of the antenna of C. tenebrionis: (A) general view and details of teeth shape; (B) shape of scape and pedicel; (C) dorsal view and the outer surface of the antenna; (D) smooth fields

Elytra:

The anterior wings of the adult, the elytra, are black in color and display arranged in rows crowd reentrant dots as well as whitish-grey spots sparse and scattered. The elytra typically narrowed resulting in a slightly acute posterior apex, more rounded in females, and tends to the trapezoidal shape in males. In terms of dimensions, the length of the adult is almost twice its width, the first being between 14 and 30 mm and the second being between 7 and 12 mm. The female adult of the Peach Rootborer is larger than the male – the length of them

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rarely exceeds 20 mm. The difference is detected and the width of the pronotum, wherein females this is between 9 and 10 mm, whereas in males it is between (8 and 9) mm.

Figure 4: Elytra of Capnodis tenebrionis (Linnaeus, 1758)

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DISCUSSION

The revision of C. tenebrionis depended on the previously published papers especially those that demonstrated the most important taxonomic characteristics in which the identification of the species based, for example, Bari et al ( 2019) demonstrated fine and accurate features on the body parts via using light and SEM microscopy and revealed pores on the inner and outer surfaces of the pronotum of both genders. The pore arrangement was not perfectly symmetrical and porous fields were larger in males than in females when the surfaces of the whole pronotum were compared.

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CONCLUSION

 The specimens of Capnodis tenebrionis come from the horticulture fields that belonged to the Erbil government, Kurdistan region, Iraq.

 Samples were collected in Apricot and Peach orchards in the Erbil government, from the end of April to late June depending on the year with an occasional spring and regular well-pronounced summer peak.

 Most diagnostic characteris of adult stage of Capnodis tenebrionis. Were redescribed and illustrated.

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REFERENCES

BARI, G., SCALA, A., GARZONE, V., SALVIA, R., YALCIN, C., VERNILE, P., ARESTA, A.M., FACINI, O., BARALDI, R., BUFO, S.A. AND VOGEL, H. (2019). Chemical ecology of Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): Behavioral and biochemical strategies for intraspecific and host interactions. Frontiers in physiology, 10, p.604.

BONSIGNORE, C. P., & BELLAMY, C. (2007). Daily activity and flight behaviour of adults of Capnodis tenebrionis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 104,425–431. doi: 10.14411/eje.2007.062

BONSIGNORE, CARMELO PETER; JONES, THERÉSA MELANIE (2014). Aggregation and mating success of Capnodis tenebrionis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Insect science, , 21.2: 203-212.

CHODJAI, M., 1977. Poplar pests of Iran and the Mideast. In Proceedings: symposium on eastern cottonwood and related species. Greenville, Mississippi Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 1976. (pp. 295-300). Louisiana State University Division of Continuing Education.

DEL MAR MARTINEZ DE ALTUBE, M., STRAUCH, O., FERNANDEZ, DE CASTRO, G., & MARTINEZ PENA, A. (2008). Control of the flat- headed root borer Capnodis tenebrionis (Linné) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpo capsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in a chitosan formulation in apricot

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orchards. BioControl 53, 531–539. doi:10.1007/s10526-007-9094-0

FATIMA, N., RIZVI, S.A. AND AHMED, Z., 2011. The jewel beetle genus Capnodis Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) of Pakistan. Int. J. Biol. Biotechn, 8(3), pp.343-346.

GINDIN, G., MENDEL, Z., LEVITIN, B., KUMAR, P., LEVI, T., SHAHI, P., KHASDAN, V., WEINTHAL, D., KUZNETSOVA, T., EINAV, M. AND KUSHMARO, A., 2014. The basis for rootstock resilient to Capnodis species screening for genes encoding δ‐ endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis. Pest management science, 70(8), pp.1283-1290.

MARTINEAU, M., CONTE, D., RAVEAUX, R., ARNAULT, I., MUNIER, D. AND VENTURINI, G., 2017. A survey on image-based insect classification. Pattern Recognition, 65, pp.273-284.

MUSTAFA, S.A., ZUBAIR, S.M., ZANDI, Z.A., AL-MAROOF, I.N., KIDIR, A. AND ALI, M.A., 2014. A preliminary survey of economic and their insect predators in northern Iraq. Munis Entomology Zoology, 9(1), pp.150-160.

MÜHLE, HANS (2015). Notes on the taxonomy of some Palaearctic Buprestidae (Coleoptera). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen, 67: 195–198.

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MFARREJ, M. AND SHARAF, N., (2003). Host Selection of Peach Rootborer, Capnodis tenebrionis L. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) to Stone-Fruit Trees in Jordan.

KOKICI, H., LATERZA, I., GIUSEPPE, B.A.R.I., MENEGHINI, M., ADDANTE, R., TAMBURINI, G. AND DE LILLO, E., 2020. New bioassays reveal susceptibility of stone-fruit rootstocks to Capnodis tenebrionis larvae. Bulletin of Insectology, 73(2), pp.257-263.

KLUG J.C.F., (1829). Symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones insectorum quae ex itinere per Africam borealem et Asiam occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg, studio novae ant illustratae redierunt. – Mittler, Berlin,Vol. 5, Decaden.

KIRCAKCI, A. K. AND KABALAK, M., (2020). Contributions to the systematics of the family Buprestidae (Coleoptera) by the first description of male external genital organ and illustrations of six species from Ankara province. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 44(6): 531- 537.

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