<<

Reports of the Chair and the Director 2 The Institute for Advanced Study 3 School of Historical Studies 4 School of 13 School of Natural Sciences 21 School of Social Science 29 Special Programs and Outreach 32 Record of Events 36

Cover: Scholars in the School of Social Science ANNE-CLAIRE DEFOSSEZ (left) and ALDEN H. YOUNG (right) participate in a seminar on the year’s theme, “Economy and Society” in December.

Opposite: Fuld Hall

COVER PHOTO: ANDREA KANE

2 Table of Contents DAN KING DAN

Reports of the Chair and the Director 2 The Institute for Advanced Study 3 School of Historical Studies 4 School of Mathematics 13 School of Natural Sciences 21 School of Social Science 29 Special Programs and Outreach 32 Record of Events 36 56 Acknowledgments 63 Present and Past Directors and Faculty 64 Founders, Trustees, and Officers of the Board and of the Corporation 65 Administration 67 Independent Auditors’ Report

1 Reports of the Chair and of the Director

While the extraordinary circumstances of the 2019–20 academic year tested the Institute’s resilience, the bonds of our community have never been stronger. Despite physical distancing and other effects of the pandemic, commitment to our mission remained ­unwavering. The search for fundamental knowledge continued to lead us through some dark moments and, with the world depending on the sciences and humanities for clarity and grounding,­ Institute scholarship played a critical­ and unique role. Through all of this, I was and am deeply grateful for the dedication of our Trustees, Faculty, Members, and staff who have risen to meet current challenges. I am also proud of the visionary support we have received from donors and global community partners to expand innovation and support our core programs. In 2020, I was honored to chair the second IAS Einstein Gala, along with James Simons, IAS Trustee Emeritus, in honor of Sir James Wolfensohn, the Board’s longest-serving Chair (1986–2007). This event, while postponed from its original date in March, raised $2.3 million for IAS. Jim was presented with the Bamberger Medal—the Institute’s highest honor—in recognition of his unparalleled stewardship and vision for the Institute. Sadly, both Jim and his wonderful wife, Elaine, passed away this year. They will be remembered not only for their hard and dedication on behalf of IAS, but also for their many gifts to the world. We were pleased to welcome Ann-Kristin Achleitner as a Trustee on October 26, 2019. Ann-Kristin is ANDREA KANE an economist and a Professor of Entrepreneurial Finance in the School of Management at the Technical ­University of Munich, with an expansive knowledge of financing innovation at a global scale. In May 2020, Trustee Eric Schmidt was recognized for his many years of dedicated service to the Board as he transitioned to emeritus status. The generosity of Eric and his wife Wendy through the Schmidt Family Foundation has enabled scholarship of the highest caliber while also being instrumental in recruiting and supporting the most promising young talent to the Institute. Now more than ever, basic research is needed to spark new revolutions that provide long-term utility, technologies, and tools to enrich and mend our society. The Institute will continue to lead the way forward. Charles Simonyi Chair of the Board

On March 23, 2020, for the first in our history, the Institute decided to close its campus to all non-essential personnel. Despite the unprecedented challenges of the pandemic, scholarship continued apace, and seminars, public lectures, and concerts found new virtual and outdoor venues. The resilience of our scholars was extraordinary, and the uplifting spirit of our community did not wane throughout this difficult period. On May 20, 2020, IAS celebrated its ninetieth anniversary. On that date, we reflected on and toasted the more than eight thousand IAS researchers, past and present, who boldly followed their intuition, took risks, and have achieved new fundamental insights across the sciences and humanities. At the invitation of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute participated in the development of a global policy statement in support of basic research that was adopted by fourteen national science academies on May 28, 2020. This announcement affirmed the relevance of basic research in addressing global challenges, and the Institute is proud to champion this ongoing mission. We were pleased to welcome five new Professors in 2019–20: Suzanne Conklin Akbari in the School of Historical Studies, in the School of Mathematics, Alondra Nelson in the School of Social Science, and Jim Stone and Misha Tsodyks in the School of Natural Sciences. These accomplished scholars GABI PORTER have brought new fields and depth of study to IAS—from computational social science to theoretical neuroscience. The year was not without loss, as we mourned the death of on February 28, 2020. Freeman was a visionary thinker who embraced the stunning diversity of the with unique spirit. His creativity and keen intellect will continue to challenge and inspire future generations. In four particularly uplifting moments of the year, Camillo De Lellis was awarded the 2020 Bôcher Memorial Prize; Enrico Bombieri received the 2020 Crafoord Prize in Mathematics; was recognized with the 2020 Steele Prize for ­Lifetime Achievement; and was awarded the 2019 —and the list goes on. For the Institute and our world, the brightest days are still ahead. Robbert Dijkgraaf Director and Leon Levy Professor

2 The Institute for Advanced Study

It was founding Director Abraham Flexner’s belief that if the Institute “eschews the chase for the useful, the minds of its scholars will be liberated, they will be free to take advantage of surprises, and someday an unexpected discovery, apparently leading nowhere, will be found to be an indispensable link in a long and complex chain that may open new worlds in theory and practice.”

The Institute for Advanced Study is an international center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry that creates time and for solitary work as well as ­dialogue among some 250 visiting researchers each year from more than 100 institutions around the world and at various stages in their careers. From postdocs with new perspectives and tools, to established experts who create and advance fields of inquiry, the Institute’s focused yet freely inquisitive atmosphere­ enables advancement in unforeseeable ways, leading to societal innovation and new understanding. Research spans four Schools—Historical Studies, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social ­Science—and is focused on long-term and fundamental outcomes with no concern for immediate application. IAS is a scholar’s paradise—a campus of unparalleled and curiosity, free of external pressures and academic restraints where exceptional minds have limitless opportunity to explore what is not yet known. Thirty-four Nobel Laureates, forty-­ two of the sixty Fields Medalists, and nineteen of the twenty-two Laureates, as well as many winners of the Wolf and MacArthur prizes, have been affiliated with the ­Institute. , Kurt Gödel, Hetty Goldman, George F. Kennan, Erwin Panofsky, , and were among the first in a long line of distinguished Institute scientists and scholars to produce a deeper understanding of the physical world and of humanity. At the Institute, everything is designed to encourage scholars to take their research to the next level. Members carry out their work in a setting where human scale has been ­carefully maintained to encourage the sharing of ideas, serendipitous interaction, and ­friendship. During the 2019–20 academic year, the Institute adopted special measures in ­support of public health, ensuring that scholars both local and remote were safely able to push the boundaries of knowledge forward. Faculty and Members experience precious freedom at the Institute, an independence enabled by the generosity of the Institute’s founders and subsequent benefactors, which leads to pioneering theories and the development of new knowledge. In the words of ­mathematical Robbert Dijkgraaf, current IAS Director and Leon Levy Professor: “What do we know? What do we yet need to understand? How should we try to compre- hend it? ­Fundamental research at the Institute furthers our grasp of a world of diverse facts, ­structures, ideas, and cultures. We share the conviction of our founders that such unrestricted deep thinking will change this world, but where and how is always a surprise.”

3 School of Historical Studies

The School of Historical Studies, established in 1949 with the merging of the School of Economics and Politics and the School of Humanistic Studies, actively promotes ­inter­disciplinary research and cross-fertilization of ideas, thereby encouraging the creation of new historical enterprises.

The School of Historical Professor Suzanne Akbari’s work FACULTY Studies bears no resemblance to a traditional currently centers on the global turn in academic history department, but rather Medieval Studies. She is co-PI on “The Suzanne Conklin Akbari supports all learning for which historical Book and the Silk Roads,” a Mellon-funded Yve-Alain Bois methods are appropriate. Its Faculty and collaborative project on the material history Angelos Chaniotis Members embrace a historical approach of manuscripts ranging from the Mediterra- Nicola Di Cosmo to research throughout the humanistic nean and the Horn of Africa to Kashmir Luce Foundation Professor ­disciplines, from socioeconomic develop- and Dunhuang. Akbari organized a project in East Asian Studiesr ments, political theory, and modern inter­ workshop on “Forms of the Book in East Jonathan Haslam national relations to the history of art, Asia and Environs,” co-sponsored by George F. Kennan Professor science, philosophy, music, and literature. In ­Princeton’s Program in Buddhist Studies, geographical terms, the School concentrates in November 2019, as well as a project Myles W. Jackson primarily on the history of Western, Near colloquium on “Medieval Ethiopia” held at Sabine Schmidtke Eastern, and Far Eastern civilizations, with the University of Toronto in October 2019. Francesca Trivellato emphasis on Greek and Roman civilization, She presented project results at the Freie Andrew W. Mellon Professor the history of Europe (medieval, early Universität, Berlin (October) and at USC’s modern, and modern), the Islamic world, Center for the Premodern World (February PROFESSORS EMERITI and East Asia. Support has been extended 2020), accompanied by a workshop on Glen W. Bowersock to the history of other regions, including “Medieval Objects in a Global Context” Caroline Walker Bynum Central Asia, , and Africa. at the Getty Research Center. Her article Giles Constable The Faculty and Members of the School “Where is Medieval Ethiopia? Mapping do not adhere to any one point of view Ethiopic Studies within Medieval Studies” Patrick J. Geary but practice a range of methods of inquiry appears in Toward a Global Middle Ages Jonathan and scholarly styles, both traditional and (edited by Bryan Keene, Getty Publications, Peter Paret innovative. Uniquely positioned to sponsor 2019). Akbari is also a collaborator on a Heinrich von Staden work that crosses conventional departmental second project focused on the global and professional boundaries, the School turn in Medieval Studies, “Practices of actively promotes interdisciplinary research Commentary,” funded by the Canadian and cross-fertilization of ideas, thereby Social Sciences and Humanities Research ­encouraging the creation of new Council, for which she is editing a special historical enterprises. issue of The Medieval Globe and has

In 2019–20, Member BETH PLUMMER (speaking) researched the continued presence of nuns and mixed confessional convents in Protestant cities and territories of the German-speaking parts of the Holy Roman Empire as a complex lived experience of religious reform, hybrid devotional practice, and confessional accommodation during the sixteenth century. Plummer gave an Early Modern Studies seminar titled “No Better than a Brothel” in October 2019. ANDREA KANE 4 published “Ekphrasis and Commentary altarpieces; Alla Vronskaya, once on the 2020) and completed the study of more in Walter of Chatillon’s Alexandreis” in architecture of El Lissitzky, and again on than 1000 graffiti, game boards, and Zeitsprünge (2020). Akbari’s collaborative Lissitzky’s colleague Ladovski’s time on masons’ marks from Aphrodisias (Asia work arising­ from these projects includes the Soviet “space perception laboratory”; Minor). He participated in the excavation “One Loveheart Emoji at a Time: The and Anthony Petro, on the culture wars in Aphrodisias in August 2019, studying Building of Affective Community in a and religious imagery during the 1980s new epigraphic finds and working on a Digital Medieval Studies Lab,” published and 90s. corpus of inscriptions. He also worked on in Digital­ Humanities Quarterly (2020). Bois paused work on the second his book Epigraphic Research at Aphrodisias, Akbari is also engaged in public-facing volume of the catalogue raisonné of 1995–2015. The collective volume Unveil- humanities work, including a biweekly podcast on “great books” called The Spouter-Inn, as well as short pieces on Melville’s Moby Dick and Indigenous essay-writing appearing on LitHub. She published The Oxford Handbook to Chaucer, co-edited with James Simpson (, 2020), and How We Read: Tales, Fury, Nothing, Sound, with Kaitlin Heller (punctum books, 2019). During 2019–20, Akbari co-convened the Medieval Seminar with IAS Member Cord Whitaker on “Race, Racialization, and Periodization.” The seminar was attended not only by medievalists but also by IAS Members in Islamic Studies and Art History as well as faculty from the region. Other IAS-based activities include a lecture for the Friends titled “What is ANDREA KANE the Value of the Humanities?” (Decem- Friends of the Institute for Advanced Study Member CORD WHITAKER specializes in nineteenth- and twentieth-century African American medievalism—in literature, history, and other disciplines. ber 2019) and a roundtable on “What Is In November 2019, Whitaker spoke on “Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Global History?” organized by Francesca Medieval Race-Thinking—and Why It .” Trivellato (February 2020). Other local lectures included “Binary Time: Repeti- ­Ellsworth Kelly in order to prepare a ing Emotions III. Arousal, Display, and tion and Cycle in Medieval Universal graduate seminar at , Perception of Emotions in the Greek World, Histories,” at Princeton, and “See You in which was itself planned as preparation which he edited, will be published by Hell: Chaucer’s Claudian,” at the Univer- for the Mellon Lectures initially sched- Steiner Verlag. Chaniotis resumed his sity of Pennsylvania. Her current book uled for the spring 2020 at the National research on ancient Crete, preparing projects include Small Change: Metaphor Gallery. The six Mellon lectures, on the together with Antonis Kotsonas (Institute and Metamorphosis in Chaucer and Christine axonometric representation of space—a for the Study of the Ancient World, New de Pizan and The Shape of Time: Medieval topic that crosses many disciplines, from York University) the systematic excavation World Histories and the Idea of Periodization. history of art and architecture to history of the city of Lyktos, for which they have Professor Yve-Alain Bois continued of science and technology—were post- received a five-year permit from the to lead the Art History seminar, which poned several because of Covid-19 Greek Ministry of Culture. Because transitioned to a virtual format in of and are now scheduled for fall 2022. of the pandemic, the beginning of the the Covid pandemic. Several art history In view of this postponement, Bois ­excavation was postponed to June 2021. scholars presented work during these returned to the Kelly project and spent The digitization of squeezes of Greek seminars, including Marius Hauknes, the summer of 2020 finishing the manu- inscriptions at the IAS, a project gener- who spoke on a recently discovered fresco script. Revisions will likely continue ously funded by the Fowler Merle-Smith cycle in the outskirts of Rome; Heidi through the end of 2020. Family Trust and the Charles Simonyi Gearhart, on medieval artists’ and artisans’ The main focus of Professor Angelos Fund for Arts and Sciences, made signifi- individuality and signature; Isabelle Chaniotis’s work remains the study of cant progress and received a grant from Marchesin and Charlotte Denoël, on the inscriptions and the they the National Endowment for the Human- Hildesheim bronze door; Laura Weigert, provide for Greek social, cultural, and ities. The “Epigraphic Friday” workshop, on Fouquet’s mysterious model for his religious history. He co-edited Supplemen- which Chaniotis has organized since Madonna Lactans and other famous tum Epigraphicum Graecum LXV (Leiden 2013, attracted in March 2020 more than

5 30 scholars and graduate students from The first area of research involves the and reception in Europe. Di Cosmo American and European universities. study of a broader range of material and began a new study on the concept of Subjects related to epigraphy, the history cultural exchanges between China and the “just war” in the Manchu conquest, and culture of Late Antiquity, and foreign peoples in the period of the a topic he had formerly examined in a archaeology were treated by Members construction of the early Great Wall. limited way. Expanding the comparative and Visitors in the Ancient Studies Archaeological discoveries raised the perspective of the theory or doctrine of ­Seminar (October 2018–May 2020), issue, investigated by Di Cosmo, of “just war” in pre- and early modern which continued online after the social and political changes within the extra-European civilizations, the analysis ­l­­ockdown in March. Chaniotis gave non-Chinese communities, and of an of documentation in Manchu and ten lectures in , Greece, early commercialization of the northern Mongol reveals the existence of a rich ­Switzerland, , and the United frontier as an early instantiation of the trove of traditions, practices, concepts, States. His lectures focused on his research Silk Road. One essay was completed in and ideas related not just to the justifi­ on theatricality in public life, the history March and is forthcoming. Another, cation of war but also to the correct of emotions, and his new research project ­entitled “The Birth of the Silk Road ­behavior of combatants. Such a collection on the transformations of night life from between Ecological Frontiers and Military of documentary evidence is further the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth Innovation,” was published in 2020. enriched by contemporary commentaries century C.E. The second area, which combines by European­ observers of the Manchu In April 2020 Chaniotis was appointed environmental, political, and economic conquest and their justification of the member of the Council of Higher Edu­ history with archaeological and material war ­according to seventeenth-century cation in Greece, a board of five members analysis, concerns the evolution of urban European notions. responsible for the strategic planning and centers and imperial cities in medieval The fourth area continues the study evaluation of Greek universities. Mongolia. In the study “Turko-Mongol of climatic factors in the Mongol empire, The work of Nicola Di Cosmo, Capitals in Medieval Eurasia: Itinerancy, with a special emphasis on the Mongol Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Fixity, and Polycentrism” (forthcoming), invasion of regions that were environ- ­Studies, this year was divided between the dualism between fixed and itinerant mentally unsuited to the requirements research and administrative duties, imperial capitals is examined primarily of the Mongol army and therefore present having served as Acting Co-Executive by comparing two empires (Uyghur and important case studies for investigating Officer of the School from October 2019 Mongol), both of which had a fixed the relationship between war and to March 2020. Four areas of research ­capital as well as itinerant imperial courts. environ­ment in medieval Eurasia. were especially­ active: ethnic and Several questions are raised by examining Because of service in the School, cultural aspects of the northern frontier this particular model of imperial gover- and the cancellation of several events in ancient China, urbanism and imperial nance, which potentially leads to a ­­ in the spring due to Covid-19, speaking capitals in nomadic empires, Manchu re-­interpretation of imperial relations ­engagements were limited to the Oriental political culture, and the ongoing in the greater Eurasian world. ­Institute in Prague (September 2019), the study of ­connections between climatic The third area of research addresses European University Institute, Florence and ­historical events, in collaboration East Asian political cultures in the early (November 2019), All Souls, Oxford with climatologists. modern period, and their understanding (December 2019), and Middlebury College (March 2020). Within the IAS, activities also included serving on the Ad Hoc Committee and the Title IX Committee. Finally, he ­organized the East Asian seminar­ series, which included both Social Science and Historical Studies Members, and consisted of ten seminars. A few seminars that had to be cancelled in the spring are going to be rescheduled. Jonathan Haslam, George F. Kennan Professor, has reached the stage of copy- editing the manuscript for The Spectre of War: International Communism and the Origins of World War II, due to be ANDREA KANE published by Princeton University Press In February 2020, Visitor KARINA URBACH (far right) hosted a panel discussion on “Anti-Semitism­​ —Past and Present.” The panel, which also included (left to right) Daniel Finkelstein, Julie Gottlieb, in May 2021. and Deborah Lipstadt, examined the recent surge of anti-Semitism in Europe and the United States. The book is grounded in Comintern

6 and Russian archives and takes in the diplomatic archives of the other leading European powers and the United States. It should present a challenge to scholars on both sides of the aisle: those who think Communism never presented a real threat to bourgeois Europe, and those who think Neville Chamberlain had no anti-Communist motives in pursuing the appeasement of Nazi Germany. Haslam continues to study modern Greek for a major project on the civil war and the emerging cold war that promises DAN KOMODA DAN to keep him busy for many years to come. Professor MYLES W. JACKSON organized the History of Science lecture series. He is also researching and writing a new book on Culture and Power: The Liter- or cancelled. He has been asked to deliver Science,” with Angela Creager (Princeton ary Left in Latin America and the Revolution a lecture as part of the University of University) during the spring. in Cuba, 1959–1972, in particular making Heidelberg’s Ringvorlesungen, a university-­ In 2019–20 Professor Sabine use of the rich archival holdings at the wide lecture series usually attended by Schmidtke focused on the Zaydi Firestone Library at Princeton University. about seven hundred people. The lecture ­tradition of Yemen and Northern Iran, The book focuses on the degree to which takes place November 2020 and is entitled Twelver Shi ʿi legal and doctrinal thought, the writers in the sixties “boom” identi- “Eigentum: Genetische Information und the history of Islamic studies and the fied with the revolution and eventually biologische Molekule (“Property: Genetic “Science of Judaism” at the turn of (not all) fell out with it. Gabriel García Information and Biological Molecules”). the century, and Islamic and Jewish Márquez is a major touchstone in A number of Jackson’s published essays doctrinal thought. this process. appeared, including “No Longer the The partnership with Hill Museum & Professor Myles W. Jackson is Focal Point: Goethe and Newtonianism,” Manuscript Library (HMML) at St. John’s continuing his research on three book- in The Reception of in University, Collegeville, in Minnesota length projects. The first is a study on the Europe; “Automata, Physiology, and to build up a repository to host digital collaborations between natural scientists, Opera in the Nineteenth Century,” in surrogates of manuscripts pertaining to radio and electrical engineers, and musi- Nineteenth-­century Opera and the Scientific the Zaydi literary tradition continued to cians. Specifically, Jackson is looking at Imagination; and “Johannes Brahms in the flourish. Besides the funding provided the history of the trautonium, an elec- Age of Science,” in Johannes Brahms in for the continuation of the project by the tronic musical instrument invented in Context. Jackson’s work will be featured National Endowment for the Humanities Berlin in 1930. His second project prof- among sixty other leading scholars (2018–2021), additional grants by the fers a general history of the intersections in the ­exhibition “The Fascination of Ruth Stanton Foundation and the Lambert between the natural sciences and music Science” by the German photographer Foundation supported the project, allow- from the late eighteenth century to the Herlinde Koelbl debuting in Berlin in ing for the digitization of additional present. His third project details the October 2020. collections of Yemeni manuscripts in reciprocal relationships between science His lecture series on the History of Italy (Rome, Napels), which has been and society over the past three centuries Science during the autumn term was very concluded during the summer of 2020. and is aimed at a popular audience. well attended, averaging an audience of In the framework of the NEH project, In September 2019 Jackson gave two approximately eighty per talk. One talk the collections of Yemeni manuscripts in lectures in Canada, one on intellectual was cancelled in the spring due to the Leiden and Berlin have been digitized, as property and biological molecules at pandemic. Jackson assisted in running the well as the Stookey collection (owned by York University and one on , IAS’s After Hours Conversations program the University of Texas at Austin). Due engineering, and music at the University and sits on the IAS Library Committee, to Covid-19, the digitization process was of Toronto. He also spoke at Harvard the Investment Committee, and the interrupted during March through May University on recent historiographic Director’s Search Committee. He serves 2020. In the meantime, the data have trends in the history of science. At on the Board of Directors of the American­ been dispatched. As soon as the IAS the invitation of IAS Trustee Shirley Friends of the Alexander von Humboldt reopens, the data will be processed by ­Tilghman, Jackson spoke in November Foundation and on the Prizes and Awards the information technology personnel to the Princeton Class of 1969 on gene Committee of the History of Science (Digital Scholarship@IAS) and thereafter patenting. As a result of the pandemic, Society. Finally, Jackson co-taught a uploaded unto vHMML’s virtual reading his other lectures were either postponed ­graduate student seminar, “The Law and room. Through additional funding

7 she completed, with Long-term Member Hassan Ansari, volume one of a three­- volume study, “Imami Thought in Tran- sition: An Archeological Inquiry into Texts and their Transmissions” (currently in press with UCO Press, Cordoba). Semi-final drafts of volumes two and three have been completed and are currently under revision. In the field of Shii Studies, Schmidtke completed (with H. Ansari) the fourth volume of the peer-reviewed journal Shii Studies Review, published by Brill, Leiden (www.brill.

ANDREA KANE com/ssr).

Professor SABINE SCHMIDTKE (left) with Professor Emeritus GLEN W. BOWERSOCK (right) Over the course of the year, Schmidtke organized a number of major events. provided by the Carnegie Corporation student of Ignaz Goldziher who played a These included a summer school, co- ­ in New York, digital surrogates of pioneering role in the scholarly explora- convened by Robert Gleave and Hassan four private manuscript collections in tion of the Muʿtazila (to be published by Ansari, “Shiʿi Legal Theory Summer Yemen have been cleaned up and will Mohr Siebeck). In parallel, an edition of School” (IAS, August 2020), a collabora- be prepared for upload unto HMML his correspondence (in Arabic, Hebrew, tion between the IAS–based Shii Studies once the IAS reopens. The Carnegie Hungarian, and German) is being prepared Research Program (SSRP) funded by Corporation in New York also supported (with Dora Zsom). In addition, an (open the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the preparation of an edited volume, access) article was published on aspects and the Law, Authority and Learning in “Yemeni manuscript cultures in peril” of Schreiner’s work and methodology, Imami Shiite Islam project (LAWALISI) (co-edited with Hassan Ansari), which is “Scribal Practices among European at the University of Exeter funded by close to completion and will be published Scholars during the Second Half of the the European Research Council. Addi- by Gorgias Press. Nineteenth Century: The Cases of tionally, Schmidtke convened two In early March, shortly before the Auguste Steinschneider (Auerbach), public events, both well-attended by lockdown, Schmidtke spent a week in St. Moritz Steinschneider, and Martin the Princeton community: “Iran at the Petersburg, , to finalize critical Schreiner,” Comparative Oriental Manuscript Crossroads of Civilizations: Scholars editions of selected Jewish and Muslim Studies (COMSt) Bulletin 6/1 (2020), and Lawyers Speaking about Iranian dogmatic works by Jewish and Muslim pp. 51–71. Of related interest, Schmidtke History and Cultural Heritage” (IAS, authors, fragments of which are preserved also began working on the letters by January 2020) [https://albert.ias.edu/ in the Firkovitch collections held by the Schreiner’s contemporary with whom handle/20.500.12111/7882 and https:// National Library of Russia. The resulting he collaborated on a number of projects video.ias.edu/icc/2020/0127], and “Why volume, Jewish-Muslim Intellectual History related to Islamic philosophy, Friedrich Yemen Matters: The Heritage of a Land Entangled: Textual Materials from the Kern. Both correspondences have been in Crisis” (IAS, February 2020) [https:// ­Firkovitch Collection, Saint Petersburg accepted for publication by Brill, Leiden. albert.ias.edu/handle/20.500.12111/7883]. (Cambridge: Open Publishers, 2020), Schmidtke further completed a theme Two scholarly meetings that had been brings a large-scale collaborative project issue for the journal Intellectual History of planned for April and June 2020 had to of some twenty years to conclusion. the Islamicate World entitled “The Arabic be cancelled in view of the lockdown The publication, by Camilla Adang, Literary Genizot beyond Denominational since mid-March. Bruno Chiesa, Omar Hamdan, Wilferd Borders” (co-edited with Geoffrey Khan Schmidtke also spent much of her Madelung, Sabine Schmidtke, and Jan and Sarah Stroumsa, to be published in time at the Institute with a large and Thiele, is freely accessible on the publisher’s two fascicles in September 2020 and April diverse group of Members studying website www.openbookpublishers.com/ 2021). In addition, Schmidtke finalized subjects related to the Near and Middle product/1193], this according with and in an edited volume (co-edited with George East, though not necessarily to Islam. support of the IAS’s recently launched A. Kiraz) entitled “Scribal Habits in Near The group was highly international, open access policy. Eastern Manuscript Traditions” (currently with Members from Belgium, France, Analyzing the crossroads of Islamic in press with Gorgias Press), a collection Iran, United Arab Emirates, and the Studies and the “Science of Judaism” at of papers based on two IAS conferences United States. Over the course of the the turn of the century, Schmidtke also (in 2018 and 2019) on Near Eastern year, the Members regularly met in a continued to work on a monograph on manuscript traditions. biweekly lively seminar (in addition to a Martin Schreiner (1863–1926), a former In the field of Twelver Shiʿi thought, great deal of socializing), which was also

8 frequented by Members from the School The Case for a Renewed Jewish academic year 2019–20 in the Covid lock­ of Social Science of the IAS, Princeton Economic History,” American Jewish down. Before this crisis he had been glad University graduate students and faculty, History (2019); “Gino Luzzatto e ­l’archivio to welcome several scholars in fields very and former Members of the IAS, as well storico della comunità ebraica di Livorno,” close to his own: Thibaut Boulay, who as occasional visitors. co-authored with Tommaso Munari, works on Hellenistic epigraphy in Asia Schmidtke further began to donate Archivio storico italiano (2020); “Renais- Minor; Anne-Valérie Pont, whose admi- significant portions of her personal library sance Florence and the Origins of Capi- rable book on the end of the Greek city to the Historical Studies–Social Science talism: A Business History Perspective,” in Asia Minor he had read before publi­ Library of the Institute for Advanced Business History Review (2020); and cation (it has now appeared); Zbigniew Study, in an effort to strengthen the “The Moral Economies of Early Modern Fiema, an experienced archaeologist library’s profile in Near Eastern and Europe,” Humanity: An International Journal who has worked at Petra in Jordan and Islamic Studies, and she will continue of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and at Mada’in Salih in Saudi Arabia; and to do so over the coming years [https:// Development (2020). ­Christian Robin, who is the leading albert.ias.edu/handle/20.500.12111/7903]. A Japanese translation of her book scholar today of the south Arabian On March 9, 2020, at the last After Familiarity of Strangers (2009) appeared in ­peninsula in the centuries immediately Hours Conversation of the academic year before the coronavirus crisis closed IAS, Andrew W. Mellon Professor Francesca Trivellato and Julia Ott (The New School and Member of the School of Social Science, 2019–20) presented Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics, which they co-founded and edit together with Marc Flandreau (University of Penn­ sylvania) and Carolyn Biltoft (Graduate Institute, Geneva). Shortly thereafter, the Early Modern Europe seminar moved online for the last few sessions of rich discussions of Members’ works in progress. Trivellato is grateful for the feedback she received

in the course of the seminar on a paper ANDREA KANE on the legal and cultural history of ship- Andrew W. Mellon Professor FRANCESCA TRIVELLATO, Professor SUZANNE AKBARI, and Luce wrecks that she is writing with Guillaume Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies NICOLA DI COSMO (left to right) joined Sebastian Calafat (Université Paris 1–Panthéon-­ Conrad (far right) for a roundtable discussion of the latter’s What Is Global History? Sorbonne and Member of the School of Historical Studies, 2017–18). In February print. That book is also the topic of an before Islam. All four of these eminent 2020, together with her colleagues Nicola interview she gave for a forum on “Trust scholars, who have long been in close Di Cosmo and Suzanne Conklin Akbari, and Distrust in Exploring the Human touch with Professor Bowersock, shared Trivellato hosted Sebastian Conrad Past” published in the Journal of Modern their ­l­­earning generously with the School (Freie Universität Berlin and visitor in European History (2020). of Historical Studies to its immense the Global History Lab at Princeton Before all travel and in-person gather- profit. Their departures brought an University) for a roundtable entitled What ings came to a halt, she gave numerous ­unexpected and sad end to their fruitful is Global History? [www.ias.edu/video/ lectures, including the opening keynote of presence at the Institute. what-is-global-history]. the thirteenth conference of the European During the academic year Professor Trivellato published a number of Historical Economics Society in Paris, the Bowersock published articles on Palestine ­articles pertaining to areas of her current fifty-fifth Erasmus Lecture at the Centre and on Seleucid history in the New York research on the economic history of for Reformation and Renaissance Studies Review of Books. A German translation of pre-industrial Europe and the scholarly of the University of Toronto, and the his book The Crucible of Islam appeared traditions associated with the subject: 2020 Carolyn L. Drucker ’80 Memorial with Beck Verlag as well as a Hebrew “Economic and Business History as Lecture in the Program in Judaic Studies translation, from the Israel Historical Cultural History: Pitfalls and Possibilities,” at Princeton University. Society, of his Empires in Collision. He I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance Professor Emeritus Glen W. Bowersock, contributed a paper on an inscription (2019); “Beyond Production vs. like his colleagues and many School from Zafar to the Festschrift for Mikhail Consumption and Structure vs. Identity: Members, spent the second half of the Piotrovsky, director of the Hermitage in

9 Council Synergy Grant, HistoGenes. This 10-million-euro award, which he received as co-Principal Investigator alongwith historian Walter Pohl (Austrian Academy of Sciences), archaeologist Tivadar Vida (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest), and geneticist Johannes Krause (Max-­ Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig), is studying population structures and mobility in the Carpathian basin between 400 and 900 C.E. through the genomic, isotopic, and anthropological analysis of approximately six thousand burials in the region.

DAN KOMODA DAN ­HistoGenes unites historians, archaeo­ AMIAS Member GABRIELA SOTO LAVEAGA’s research weaves together two microhistories—one in logists, geneticists, anthropologists, and Mexico and one in India—to examine the impact of twentieth-century hybrid seed technology in a pair specialists in bio-­informatics, isotope of farming communities. She gave a Friends Dinner with a Member talk titled “Global Hunger/Scientific analysis, and other scientific methods to Solutions? A ‘Universal’ Solution to End World Hunger” at the beginning of March. address a wide range of historical ques- tions from an inter­disciplinary perspective. St. Petersburg. He has tried during the in Public Life” series at Columbia The unique interdisciplinary nature of lockdown to complete a final draft of his University. She is currently working on the project and its scope (the largest of its paper for a forthcoming publication from a different sort of object: Confederate kind ever attempted) will also allow the the Getty Museum on cultural heritage monuments in the American South where team to explore fundamental theoretical and atrocities in the light of late antique she grew up. Putting Civil War memori- and methodological issues. The hope is examples that might illuminate the recent als in the context of southern racism and that HistoGenes will not only advance horrors at Bamyam and Palmyra. anti-Semitism, she argues that it is not our knowledge about a key period in During the academic year 2019–20, enough to remove such objects. They European history, but also establish new Professor Emerita Caroline W. Bynum need to be used for instruction about standards for the historical interpretation continued to work on her book Dissimilar American failure over the past 150 years of genetic data. Similitudes: Devotional Objects in Late Medi- to come to terms with the legacies of In September, Geary participated in a eval Europe, which will appear from Zone slavery. Other sites, such as places of conference on “Retirement from Court Books in late 2020. By exploring the lynching and slave auctions, need to be in Avignon,” presenting a paper on the concept of “similitude,” Bynum treats similarly memorialized and discussed. Frankish Prince-Monk Carloman (ca. two closely connected themes: the nature Drawing on her earlier study of medieval 706–754), son of Charles Martel, who of comparison across cultures and across anti-Semitic objects in Germany, she denounced his worldly power to become time (that is, how do we choose things considers lessons Americans might learn a monk in Italy, paving the way for his that are “like” each other in different from recent German efforts to come to brother Pepin to become the first contexts?) and the paradoxical ways in terms with their past. Although she has ­Carolingian king. which medieval objects impel viewers to lived in since retirement, In October and November, in see (that is, how does a devotional object she stays in contact with IAS Faculty conjunction with HistoGenes, Geary mirror an unseen, un-seeable, and dissim- members, especially Yve-Alain Bois, spoke at a variety of institutions about ilar heaven through the ordinary things Francesca Trivellato, and Suzanne Akbari, various aspects of the integration of of earth?). She has carried these themes as well as with Emeriti Glen Bowersock genomics into historical research. Having further in a more theoretical piece, and Giles Constable, and is in lively relocated post retirement to Portland, “Interrogating ‘Likeness’: Fake Friends, email conversation with a number of Oregon, he spoke first at Portland State Similia similibus, and Heavenly Crowns,” former School Members in the United University on “Integrating Genomic Data published in Historische Anthropologie 28.1 States and abroad, especially in Israel into Historical Research: Mobility and (2020). She published an epilogue to the and the UK. She also continues to Social Structure in Late Antiquity.” volume Religious Materiality in the Early advise several ­graduate students in the Subsequently he spoke at the Université Modern World that appeared from the history and art history departments at de Montréal on “L’analyse génomique University of Amsterdam Press in the fall . au service de l’histoire des migrations of 2019, and in January 2020 participated Patrick J. Geary spent his first year barbares: résultats préliminaires,” and at in a conversation with artist Heide Hatry as Professor Emeritus working on his the University of Colorado on “The on “Images and Icons” for the “Religion recently-awarded European Research Challenge of Genetic History: Rewriting

10 the Barbarian Migrations through Genetics English and Italian on genomic history rival and conflicting European Enlighten- and Archaeology.” and, along with colleagues, published an ment interpretations of the significance of In October Geary was inducted as a article on Longobard-era migrations in the American Revolution. The paper in member of the American Academy of the European Journal of Human Genetics. Baltimore was on the role of Spinoza in Arts and Sciences at the Academy’s annual In November 2019, the Oxford late Enlightenment German philosophy meeting in Cambridge, Massachusetts. University Press published the fourth and and political thought. At the American Historical Associa- last volume in the series Professor Emeritus Most of Israel’s activity during this tion’s annual meeting in New York, has published since academic year was in connection with the Geary participated in two panels, one on arriving at IAS in 2001 on the role of new full-length biography of Spinoza that ­“Writing History with Scientific Data” the Radical Enlightenment in the rise he has begun working on systematically and another on “Rethinking Materiality of modern Western democracies, gender since 2018. During February, just before with Medieval Britain.” In February, he and race equality, freedom of conscience, the libraries and archives in Britain and attended the first plenary meeting of the and freedom of speech. This last volume, Europe were closed, Israel managed to HistoGenes team in Vienna, , then entitled The Enlightenment that Failed. complete some of the research on rare flew to Berlin where he delivered the Ideas, Revolution and Democratic Defeat, books and pamphlets at the British annual Berlin Brandenburg Academy of 1748–1830, focuses on the period from Library needed for his research on Sciences lecture in the series “The Medi- shortly before the American and French ­Spinoza’s life and legacy, but the shut- eval Millennium” on the challenges and Revolutions down to the 1848 revolutions down prevented him from proceeding dangers of integrating genomic data into and adopts a broad trans-Atlantic perspec- with the extensive research that needs to early medieval historical research. tive focusing on North and South America be done in Dutch archives and libraries. The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic as well as Europe and the European During the autumn of 2019 Israel also in March required him to cancel a series ­colonial empires. completed the last stages and revisions of of engagements at Vanderbilt University, Prior to the onset of the pandemic, his new book on Revolutionary Jews from the Israeli Institute for Advanced Study, during the closing months of 2019 and Spinoza to Marx, which is now scheduled the University of Vienna, and elsewhere. opening weeks of 2020, Israel discussed to be published by University of Wash- However, he continued to meet weekly his recent research and gave research ington Press early in 2021. Israel has also via Zoom with his colleagues in papers at Blois, in France, at the Academic been revising the paper on d’Holbach’s ­HistoGenes in order to develop deeper Sinica in Taipei, and at Johns Hopkins political thought given at Göttingen in mutual understandings of genetic, University, Baltimore. The talk at Blois May 2019 challenging the traditional ­archaeological, and historical research was in connection with the publication of view in the historiography that d’Holbach wh­ile advancing this ambitious project. the French translation of his 2014 book was a royaliste by presenting evidence that Also via Zoom, he has was able to chair on the role of ideas in the French Revo- he was in fact a crypto-republican deeply yet again the M.A. defenses at the Central lution, published by Alma in Paris in the critical not only of absolutist but also of European University, and in June he autumn of 2019 under the title Idées révo- British-style constitutional monarchy. spoke on the dangers of genomic history lutionnaires. Une histoire intellectuelle de la The paper is due to appear in a volume to a group of Institute patrons and Révolution francaise, which has led to some of papers reassessing the significance of Board members. lively debate in France. The lecture in d’Holbach to be published by Brill. Geary published several papers in Taiwan was about American reactions to

2019–20 MEMBERS AND VISITORS f First Term F s Second Term F m Long-term Member F v Visitor

Hassan Farhang Ansari Ruth Ben-Ghiat Aaron Michael Butts Tamara Chin Islamic Law and Theology F Institute Modern European History F New Near Eastern Studies F The Comparative Literature F Brown for Advanced Study F m York University F s Catholic University of America University Funding provided by the National Funding provided by the Andrew W. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Frederick Burkhardt Fellowship Endowment for the Humanities Mellon Foundation Fellowships for Assistant Professors funded by the American Council of Learned Societies Robert James Antony Lauren Benton Hannah Chazin Chinese History F Guangzhou History F Vanderbilt University Archaeology of the South Caucasus F Godefroid De Callataÿ University F v, f Funding provided by the Andrew W. Columbia University Islamic Studies F Université Mellon Foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Catholique de Louvain Jan Bemmann Fellowships for Assistant Professors Willis F. Doney Member Archaeology and History of Inner Thibaut Boulay Asia F Universität Bonn Ancient History F Université de Gerda Henkel Stiftung Member Tours

11 Charlotte Denoël Christopher P. Jones Anne-Valérie Pont Kira Thurman Medieval Manuscripts F Bibliothèque Classical Philology and History F Roman History, Epigraphy, Empire, German History, Musicology, and Nationale de France F ra Cities F Université Paris-Sorbonne Black Studies F University of George William Cottrell, Jr. Member Funding provided by the Herodotus Michigan Matt Kadane Fund The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Paul Chandler Dilley Early Modern Europe F Hobart and Fellowships for Assistant Professors Religions of Late Antiquity F The William Smith Colleges F s Regine Pruzsinszky University of Iowa Willis F. Doney Member Ancient Near Eastern Studies F Stephen V. Tracy Frederick Burkhardt Fellowship funded Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Greek History and Epigraphy F by the American Council of Learned Juliette Kennedy Freiburg F s American School of Classical Mathematical Logic, Foundations Societies Funding provided by the Fund for Studies in Athens F ra of Mathematics F University of Historical Studies Mary Kamal Farag Helsinki F v, f Karina Urbach Late Antiquity F Princeton Lisa Regazzoni Modern International Relations and Theological Seminary George A. Kiraz Early Modern France, Material Jewish Family History F University Ottoman History of Religious Funding provided by the Patricia Culture F Goethe-Universität of London F v Crone Fund Minorities, Syriac Studies F Beth Frankfurt F f Mardutho: The Syriac Institute F Funding provided by the Fund for Glen Van Brummelen Zbigniew Tomasz Fiema ra Historical Studies History of Astronomy F Quest Archaeology, Ancient History F University Canada University of Helsinki Hiroaki Kuromiya Christian (Xian) Robin Funding provided by the Fund for Funding provided by the Patrons’ Modern Eurasian History F Indiana Ancient History F Centre National Historical Studies Endowment Fund and the Hetty University de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris Goldman Membership Fund The Starr Foundation East Asian Funding provided by the Patricia Daniel Martin Varisco Studies Endowment Fund Member Crone Fund History F American Institute for Arnaud Fossier Yemeni Studies Medieval Italy, Church and Canon Fabio Lanza Andrew Sartori Funding provided by the Patricia Law F Université de Bourgogne Modern Chinese History F The Intellectual History F New York Crone Fund Funding provided by the Herodotus University of Arizona F f University F f Fund Roger E. Covey Member in Willis F. Doney Member Alla Vronskaya East Asian Studies History of Modern Architecture F Heidi Catherine Gearhart Gideon Shelach-Lavi Illinois Institute of Technology Art History, Medieval Europe F Hartmut Leppin Archaeology F The Hebrew Funding provided by the Herodotus Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Ancient History F Goethe- University of Jerusalem F s Fund Elizabeth and J. Richardson Dilworth Universität Frankfurt F f Fellow; additional funding provided by Andrew Sloin Ao Wang Deirdre Loughridge the Ruth Stanton Foundation Soviet, European, and Jewish Literature, Poetry F Wesleyan Music F Northeastern University History F Baruch College, The University Eva Giloi Edward T. Cone Member in Music City University of New York Funding provided by the Gladys Modern Germany F Rutgers, The Studies Hans Kohn Member Krieble Delmas Foundation State University of New Jersey Isabelle Marchesin Martin L. and Sarah F. Leibowitz Gabriela Soto Laveaga Laura Weigert Medieval Iconography, Visual Member History of Science in Latin America Art History F Rutgers, The State Semiotics F Institut National and India F Harvard University University of New Jersey Marius Hauknes d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris F v AMIAS Member Funding provided by the Patrons’ History of Art F University of Endowment Fund Molly Nesbit Notre Dame Justin Stearns Art History F F s Agnes Gund and Daniel Shapiro History of the Middle East F New Cord Whitaker Funding provided by the Andrew W. Member York University Abu Dhabi Medieval Literature and the History of Mellon Foundation Patricia Crone Member Race F Wellesley College Daniel Bernardo Hershenzon Friends of the Institute for Advanced Esen Ogus Early Modern History F University Daniel Strum Study Member Classical Archaeology F Austin Peay of Connecticut Early Modern Atlantic History F State University John Elliott Member University of São Paulo F s Judith Cinema Zeitlin Funding provided by the Hetty Funding provided by the Fund for Chinese Literature and the Arts F Aaron Hershkowitz Goldman Membership Fund Historical Studies The F s Ancient History, Epigraphy F The Starr Foundation East Asian Charles Parker Institute for Advanced Study F ra Hiroshi Takayama Studies Endowment Fund Member Early Modern Europe, World Funding provided by the Charles Medieval History F The University History F Saint Louis University and Lisa Simonyi Fund for Arts and of Tokyo F f Felix Gilbert Member Sciences; additional­ funding provided Willis F. Doney Member in memory of Fowler Merle-Smith Anthony Michael Petro Marion Thomas History of Religion and Visual Joshua Howard History of Life Sciences and Studies F Boston University Modern Chinese History F Primatology F Université de Funding provided by the Fund for University of Mississippi Strasbourg Historical Studies The Starr Foundation East Asian Founders’ Circle Member; funding Studies Endowment Fund Member Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer provided by Deborah Lunder and Early Modern Religion, Gender Alan Ezekowitz Rob Iliffe History F The University of History of Science F University of Arizona F f Oxford William D. Loughlin Member Ralph E. and Doris M. Hansmann Member

12 School of Mathematics

The School of Mathematics, established in 1933, was the first School at the Institute for Advanced Study. Several central themes in mathematics of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries owe their major impetus to discoveries that have taken place in the School, which today is an international center for research on mathematics and theoretical computer science.

In academic year 2019–20 increasing the learning rate exponentially: FACULTY the School of Mathematics held a special multiply the lr by (1+c ) for some c >0 at year on “Optimization, Statistics, and each iteration, causing lr to increase to Camillo De Lellis ,” headed by Distin- gigantic levels by the end. They demon- IBM von Neumann Professor guished Visiting Professor . strated both experimentally and also via Helmut Hofer Activities in that special year explored how mathematical proof that an exponential lr Hermann Weyl Professor these traditional disciplines are changing schedule can be used to train at least as well Jacob Lurie as they respond to modern challenges, as current schedules. A follow-up paper ­especially deep learning. The program (in review) with Li and another student, hosted eighteen Members in each term. Kaifeng Lyu, shows a theoretical framework Robert and Luisa Fernholz Professor As for Arora’s personal projects, two for thinking about such phenomena, which running themes emerged. adapts the usual stochastic differential Herbert H. Maass Professor First, opening the black box of deep ­equation framework. learning. What happens during training? A second running theme, motivated by Why does the deep net end up fitting the data privacy issues, asks the question: Can PROFESSORS EMERITI training data? Why does the trained net my data be used to train a deep net (say at a Enrico Bombieri generalize to new unseen data? remote server) without making me reveal One salient insight is that perhaps the the data? Classical cryptography does allow Phillip A. Griffiths traditional optimization view of deep learn- for handling such seemingly oxymoronic ing is missing some key aspects that make it requirements, albeit at a huge computa- Robert P. Langlands a poor fit for today’s deep nets. In a paper in tional cost that essentially rules it out of Robert D. MacPherson ICLR’20 with student Zhiyuan Li, Arora deep learning scenarios. Arora and collabo- Thomas Spencer highlighted this by showing that the usual rators presented a simple way, InstaHide, to notion of learning rate/step size from hide/encrypt information in the training ­optimization does not make much sense data, which allows the encrypted instances in modern deep nets. Arora and Li showed to be used in existing deep learning frame- that it is possible to do state-of-the-art works as-is with essentially no impact on training in state-of-the-art nets while training speed and only a small impact on

Visiting Professor specializes in theoretical computer science, particularly error-correcting codes and probabilistically checkable proofs. She spoke on “Unique and 2:2 Games, Grassmannians, and Expansion” as part of the annual Hermann Weyl lecture series. ANDREA KANE

13 final accuracy. Follow-up manuscripts throughout their motion and, depending surprising mathematical hypothesis: due with the same coauthors apply this idea to on the degree of idealization, they are to the existence of anomalous dissipation, other types of data, and also to improving described by two of the most famous he postulated the existence of solutions adversarial robustness. (and most studied) systems of partial to the Euler equations which indeed differential equations: the Euler equations dissipate kinetic energy, contrary to what famously called turbu- and the Navier-­Stokes equations. classical mathematics predicts. Onsager’s lence “the most important unsolved It is everyone’s everyday experience hypothesis could be summarized as ­problem of classical physics.” Nowadays, that viscosity slows down fluids: without follows: “If the rate of dissipation of the science can actually say a lot about turbu- the action of an external , the kinetic energy is really independent of lent flows: continuum mechanics gives a motion tends to die out, and the rate at the viscosity, then I could set the viscosity widely accepted description of the motion which this happens seemingly depends to 0 and still see dissipation.” of fluids through mathematical objects on how viscous the fluid is. In the (very There is actually nothing wrong in the called systems of partial differential idealized) situation of the Euler equations, theorems of classical mathematics: Onsager’s ­equations, which describe the relations the motion should not experience any conjectural solutions would be so irregular between the rates of change of a fluid’s slow-down, because viscosity is absent. that the usual hypotheses under which those theorems are derived would no longer be valid. The first rigorous indica- tion that Onsager could be right came through pioneering works of Vladimir­ Scheffer and Alexander Shnirelman­ in the nineties. The Onsager was finally verified by Phil Isett in 2016, building upon an unusual discovery of De Lellis and collaborator László ­Székelyhidi Jr. Between 2007 and 2015, in a series of works, De Lellis and ­Székelyhidi uncovered a subtle link with a completely unrelated famous theorem of Nash from the fifties. They started a theory on how to produce rather irregular solutions of several classes of partial differential equations, a theory successfully implemented in many different situations ANDREA KANE by several other researchers. As part of the special year on “Optimization, Statistics, and Machine Learning” headed by While the solution of Onsager’s Distinguished Visiting Professor SANJEEV ARORA (center), the School hosted a four-day conjecture is certainly a striking, October workshop titled “Theory of Deep Learning: Where Next?” completely rigorous, mathematical proof various macroscopic physical quantities, This is, at least, what nineteenth century of a very nontrivial prediction of the theory like its density, velocity, etc. However, mathematics predicts. However, scientists of turbulent fluid motions, a much more from the point of view of pure mathe- have long observed that in many fluids compelling result should account for the matics, it is very interesting to understand which undergo turbulent motion, much presence of viscosity, albeit small, and whether, if we base ourselves only on more force is needed to sustain the show anomalous dissipation in solutions­ the equations which are supposed to motion than what could be predicted by to the Navier-Stokes equations. De Lellis describe fluid flows, we can predict the their relatively modest viscosity. How and Members in the School of Mathe- phenomenology observed by applied much force is actually needed seems to be matics have been working at the problem and engineers. This poses independent of how much friction there in 2019–20. several challenges to pure mathematicians, is, as was first pointed out in the early De Lellis and Member Hyunju Kwon which IBM von Neumann Professor forties by Kolmogorov. This has been have made substantial progress on a Camillo De Lellis spent the year dubbed “anomalous dissipation” because conjecture of Isett, who observed that ­investigating. One well-known example the rate of decay of the fluid motion is anomalous dissipation in solutions of the is the so-called “anomalous dissipation,” related to how quickly its kinetic energy Navier-Stokes equations would lead to a a widely accepted phenomenon in the is “dissipated.” much stronger statement than Onsager theory of turbulence of incompressible In 1949, Lars Onsager, a put forward in his original 1949 paper. fluids. Incompressible fluids are those winner in chemistry and a prominent Using the tools developed by De Lellis whose density remains constant theoretical physicist, put forward a very and Székelyhidi (and refined by

14 Székelyhidi and Modena), Member Maria Colombo and De Lellis, in a joint work with Elia Bruè, settled another open problem related to the motion of individ- ual fluid . Their work shows that, contrary to what many mathematicians believed previously, when the velocity of a fluid is highly irregular, even if one knows the instantaneous velocity of the fluid at any point of the space, it is not possible to meaningfully consider the trajectory of a single ideal with- out taking into account the trajectories of all the other particles surrounding it. Again, this is strikingly different to what was proved by mathematicians in the

early twentieth century when the velocity ANDREA KANE is instead regular. Member SILVIA GHINASSI, co-organizer of the MC@HOME series, gives an After Hours Conversation. The research activities in symplectic geometry at IAS, led by Helmut Hofer, has many participants, and the organizers One of the highlights during the Hermann Weyl Professor, cover a decided to continue this even after the academic year was the proof of the long- wide range of topics. Among these pandemic is over. standing Simplicity conjecture from the are questions in dynamical systems, Von Neumann Fellow Emmy Murphy seventies by von Neumann Fellow Daniel ­foundational work in pseudoholomorphic was awarded the prestigious 2020 New Cristofaro-Gardiner in a joint work with curve theory, low-dimensional topology Horizons Prize for the introduction of former Member Sobhan Seyfaddini and and geometry, theories of symplectic notions of loose Legendrian submanifolds. Vincent Humiliere. This conjecture was invariants, and the ramifications of This work has been very fruitful for the the remaining open problem about the such theories for problems in other recent developments of higher dimen- structure of certain transformation groups. mathematical­ fields. sional symplectic geometry, particularly The proof showcases the power of the Due to Covid-19, the IAS/Princeton understanding symplectic flexibility in recent developments in so-called University Joint Symplectic Seminar had dimension at least six. The question about ­continuous symplectic geometry. to switch in March 2020 to an online symplectic rigidity and flexibility is very Member Daniel Alvarez-Gavela mode. The new Symplectic Zoominar interesting in dimension four and is far continued his joint work with former expanded beyond IAS and Princeton from well-understood. Von Neumann Distinguished Visiting Professor Yasha University and now includes universities Fellow Yaron Ostrover continued his Eliashberg (Stanford University) and in Montreal, Paris, and . The work to understand the fine line between former Member David Nadler (University Zoominar has been very successful; it rigidity and flexibility. of California, Berkeley) on the arboreal- ization program, which will ultimately lead to a better understanding of an important class of symplectic manifolds. Member Sara Tukachinsky continued her work, in part jointly with former Member Jake Solomon, on open Gromov­- ­ Witten theory and related questions.­ This work was motivated in part by mirror-symmetry, a mathematical phenomenon first exhibited in theory. Member Nancy Hingston, with former von Neumann Fellow Alexandru Oancea and Kai Cieliebak, collaborated on a large joint project on various aspects

ANDREA KANE of string topology, particularly Poincaré Von Neumann Fellow EMMY MURPHY was awarded the prestigious 2020 New Horizons Prize for duality of loop . This project, which the introduction of notions of loose Legendrian submanifolds. started with a 2017 presentation by

15 Hingston in the informal “Mathematical mathematical fields together to discuss and machine learning”; “Musings about Conversations” IAS seminar, has produced and popularize important ideas from one a 10-year collaboration with biological several important recent papers. area to the whole community. This aspect morphologists, or How to make biologists Member Zhiyuan Zhang continued has been very successful over the years, comfortable with fiber bundles”; “The his work with former von Neumann and not unexpectedly, the Mathematical reversibility paradox: 130 years after Fellow Barney Bramham, leading to a Conversations have been a venue for Loschmidt and Zermelo”; “Weyl laws generalization of the Herman-Yoccoz starting new developments in mathemat- and dense periodic orbits”; and “Mathe- result on the circle diffeomorphisms. ics and theoretical computer science. Due matics formalization for mathematicians.” Zhang also started joint work with to the quite unique format of the series, it Daniel Cristofaro-Gardiner gave a Member and von Neumann was challenging to move it online. Jointly presen­tation on the “Simplicity conjec- Fellow Rafael Potrie. with Member Silvia Ghinassi, Hofer ture” and Lisa Piccirillo (MIT) gave a Professor Hofer and Member Zhengyi created MC@Home (Mathematical presentation on “Knot concordance and Zhou had numerous discussions on Conversations at Home) with a modified 4-manifolds.” ­poly­fold and Fredholm theory, a theory format to take advantage of Zoom introduced by Hofer and former Members features and maintain an informal atmo- Many interesting and important functions­ Kris Wysocki and Edi Zehnder and sphere. Ghinassi implemented a very in mathematics arise as the solutions to carried out in large parts at IAS. The successful format and it became a great algebraic differential equations. For example, discussions with Zhou were very import- success. MC@Home is open to Members the square-root function f (z) = √z satisfies ant in finishing the final version of the of the School, and by invitation only to the differential equation (meanwhile) 1020-page manuscript, former members of IAS and a selected which gives a comprehensive view of the group of international mathematicians, . theory. Zhou obtained a number of new depending on the topic. Right from the results concerning the existence of exact start, MC@Home had an international Note that this equation has a singularity at the point z = 0. This is related to the fact that the function f (z) is ambiguously defined: every nonzero complex number z has exactly two square roots (which are negatives of one another). In general, the obstruction to finding a global solution to a differential equation that can be locally solved is measured by an object called the monodromy representation of the equation. In his famous address to the Second International Congress of Mathemati- cians, asked if every repre- sentation can appear as the monodromy representation of a suitably chosen ­algebraic differential equation (this was the twenty-first of Hilbert’s celebrated ANDREA KANE “twenty-three problems” for the mathe- Visitor MARK GORESKY (left) with Professor PETER SARNAK (right) matics of the twentieth century). Many mathematicians contributed important fillings for a variety of spaces, a currently audience, the former von Neumann work on this question and its generaliza- very active area of research. He will need Fellow, winner, and French tions (including Professor Emeritus Pierre some of the polyfold theory for some of parliamentarian Cédric Villani being one Deligne), ultimately culminating in the his current projects on localization. frequent participant. MC@Home started construction of the Riemann-Hilbert Mathematical Conversations, a with a timely presentation by the Distin- ­correspondence of Masaki Kashiwara and long-running informal series Hofer guished Visiting Professor (Mathematics Zoghman Mebkhout in the early 1980s started about ten years ago, with and Systems Biology) Lai-Sang Young on (working independently of one another), ­presentations aimed towards the general “Consequences of delays and imperfect which articulates a close connection audience of Members at the School of isolation in epidemic control,” April 9. between the study of algebraic differential Mathematics, had to move online. The The following sessions covered many equations and the topology of algebraic goal of the Mathematical Conversations topics in mathematics and theoretical varieties defined over the field of complex series has been two-fold: socializing and computer science, among them talks enti- numbers. Over the past year, Professor bringing researchers in different tled “Vignettes about pure mathematics Jacob Lurie and his collaborator, Visitor

16 ANDREA KANE

In January 2020, Professor Emeritus ENRICO BOMBIERI (center) was awarded the 2020 Crafoord Prize in mathematics for outstanding and influential contributions in all major areas of mathematics, particularly , analysis, and . The Institute hosted a celebration in his honor.

Bhargav Bhatt, have developed an functors. This idea was the starting point thereof. He adds that such a classification analogue of this Riemann-Hilbert for what is now known as the calculus might be difficult, and even the basic ­correspondence for algebraic varieties of functors, which is an essential tool question of whether there are such quasi­ which are defined overp -adic fields. in modern algebraic topology. It is in crystals with positive weights and which This too builds on the work of many many respects analogous to the classical are not periodic had been an open problem other mathematicians, but a novel differential calculus, but there is an for some time. feature of the present work is that the important point where the analogy In their recent work on spectra of context allows algebraic varieties and breaks down: while the identity function metric graphs, Pavel Kurasov and Professor differential equations with arbitrarily f (x) = x is already linear, the identity Peter Sarnak answer this question by prescribed singularities. functor F (X ) = X is not excisive. In fact, constructing many such quasicrystals. Another ongoing project of Lurie’s the higher derivatives of the functor A metric graph is an arrangement aims to clarify and extend the calculus of F (X ) = X have a rich and interesting of finitely many rods of possibly different functors. The classical differential calculus structure, which is intimately connected lengths which are suitably joined at their (dating back to the work of Newton and with the theory of Lie algebras (originally endpoints (allowing for three or more Leibniz in the seventeenth century) is introduced by Sophus Lie in the 1870s, rods per join). The additive structure of based on a simple idea: to understand a for a completely different purpose). A the vibrational frequencies of this structure general function f (x) of one variable x, primary goal of Lurie’s recent work is to can be studied using advanced tools from one should attempt to approximate f (x) provide a conceptual explanation for the Diophantine analysis. The analogue by simpler functions which are already appearance of Lie algebras in this context, of the Selberg (School of Mathematics well-understood (such as linear functions). and to understand what replaces them in Faculty, 1951–2007) Trace formula in this In the early 1990s, Tom Goodwillie more exotic settings. simple setting yields a positive quasicrystal, proposed to apply the same idea in a and if the lengths are chosen carefully, it different context. Rather than consider- In his delightful AMS Einstein lecture is not periodic. This confirms Dyson’s ing functions (operations which take as (see www.ams.org/notices/200902/ guess that 1-dimensional quasicrystals are input a number x and produce as output rtx090200212p.pdf) “Birds and Frogs,” very rich and complex, and their complete another number f (x) ), he was interested Freeman Dyson speculates as to how a classification is no doubt very difficult. in studying homotopy functors (operations classification of 1-dimensional (Fourier) The theory of automorphic forms, which take as input a space X and quasicrystals might lead to a proof of the which is the study of periodic structures produce as output another space F (X ); Riemann hypothesis. Such a quasicrystal in higher dimensional homogeneous algebraic topology provides an endless is an arrangement of a discrete set of spaces, continues to be a very active and supply of examples of such operations). weighted point masses on the line whose central theme in the School of Mathematics. Where traditional calculus approximates frequency decomposition (Fourier trans- Many of the weekly number theory general functions f (x) by linear functions, form) is again of this form. The basic ­seminars concern recent advances in the Goodwillie explained how to approximate example is a periodic arrangement of theory. Member Shai Evra established the homotopy functors F (X ) by functors of a points with unit weights placed on an “density hypothesis” for many of these relatively simple type, known as excisive arithmetic progression, or finite unions (nonabelian) periodic spaces. The holy

17 grail concerning the location of the ideas in the physics literature studied by in low probability regimes across frequency spectra of these general spaces past School of Natural Sciences Member ­ and combinatorics. In goes by the name “the general Ramanujan Davide Gaiotto and Charles Simonyi work on circuit , Visiting­ ,” and the density hypothesis Professor . ­Professor Toniann Pitassi and Member serves as a substitute for the former in Venkatesh and Professor Jacob Lurie Robert Robere gave new lifting­ theorems certain problems. Evra is the 2020 recipi- organized a year-long learning seminar enabling the best hardness­ results in a ent of the Sastra Ramanujan prize for on nonabelian Hodge theory. This variety of monotone computational his work on the closely related topic of attracted an audience both of IAS models. In approximation algorithms, higher dimensional expanders. Members and mathematicians from Member Fotis Iliopoulos used fine Princeton University; the group studied ­analysis of certain Markov chains for Robert and Luisa Fernholz Professor a remarkable sequence of papers from efficiently coloring graphs at the so- ­ Akshay Venkatesh continued to the 1980s that give a Hodge-theoretic called “algorithmic barrier.” In coding develop a project on duality of auto­ picture of local systems on a complex theory, Visiting Professor Irit Dinur and morphic periods with recent von algebraic variety. collaborators used high dimensional Neumann Fellow Yiannis Sakellaridis expanders to make progress on the and recent Member David Ben-Zvi. Research continued apace in the ­problem of locally testable­ codes. This duality gives a unifying principle Computer Science and Discrete And in optimization, Wigderson and for what is sometimes called the relative ­Mathematics group, led by Herbert H. ­collaborators used tools from invariant , and Venkatesh Maass Professor Avi Wigderson. In and to develop hopes that it will shed light on certain work on analysis of Boolean functions, a framework and algorithms extending unexplained oddities of number theory, Member Dor Minzer and collaborators convex optimization­ from the c­­lassical such as the existence of identities developed a strong form of the hyper- setting of Euclidean geometry to the between different infinite sums of contractive inequality, enabling the geodesic setting of Riemannian manifolds. L-functions. It is closely related to understanding of threshold phenomena

2019–20 MEMBERS AND VISITORS

f First Term F s Second Term F v Visitor F vp Visiting Professor F dvp Distinguished Visiting Professor F vri Veblen Research Instructorship F vnf von Neumann Fellowship

Daniel Alvarez-Gavela Joan Bruna Yaim Cooper Irit Dinur Symplectic and contact topology F Mathematics of Deep Learning F Algebraic Geometry, Machine Theoretical Computer Science, Institute for Advanced Study and F s Learning F Institute for Advanced Combinatorics F Weizmann Princeton University F v Study F v Institute of Science F vp Clark W. Butler Funding provided by the Friends Raman Arora Dynamical Systems F Institute for Daniel Anthony Cristofaro- of the Institute for Advanced Study Stochastic Optimization, Deep Advanced Study and Princeton Gardiner Endowment Learning, Representation Learning F University F vri Symplectic Geometry F University of Johns Hopkins University Funding provided by the Oswald California, Santa Cruz F vnf Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Veblen Fund Minerva Research Foundation Algebraic Geometry F The Schmidt Member University of Chicago F vp Guang Cheng Sanjeev Arora Statistical Machine Learning F Sanjoy Dasgupta Simon Shaolei Du Theoretical Computer Science, Purdue University F f Machine Learning Theory F Machine Learning F Institute for Machine Learning F Princeton Funding provided by Eric and Wendy University of California, San Advanced Study University F dvp Schmidt Diego F f Infosys Member; additional funding Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Funding provided by Eric and Wendy provided by the National Science Schmidt Yu Cheng Schmidt Foundation Machine Learning, Game Theory, Laura Balzano Optimization F University of Bianca Dumitrascu Statistical Signal Processing F Illinois at Chicago F v, f Theory of Computation, Machine Statistical Genetics, Machine Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Learning, Statistics and Probability Learning F Institute for Advanced Funding provided by the Charles Schmidt Theory, Computational Biology F Study F s Simonyi Endowment Massachusetts Institute of Funding provided by the National Maria Colombo Technology F s Science Foundation Bhargav Bhatt Analysis of Partial Differential Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Arithmetic Algebraic Geometry F Equations F École Polytechnique Schmidt Gintare Karolina Dziugaite University of Michigan F v, s Fédérale de Lausanne F vnf, f Machine Learning F Institute for Funding provided by the National Advanced Study F s Vijay Bhattiprolu Science Foundation Approximation, Optimization F Institute for Advanced Study F v

18 Alex Eskin Henrik Per Anders Gustafsson Andrey Borisovich Kupavskii Shay Moran Dynamical Systems, F Number Theory, Representation Extremal Combinatorics, Discrete Machine Learning F Institute for The University of Chicago F f Theory F Institute for Advanced Geometry F Institute for Advanced Advanced Study F v Study Study Funding provided by the National Hélène Esnault Science Foundation Algebraic and F Nancy Hingston Hyunju Kwon Freie Universität Berlin F vp Differential Topology and Geometry F Partial Differential Equations F Guy Moshkovitz The College of New Jersey Institute for Advanced Study Combinatorics and Theoretical Shai Evra Funding provided by the National Computer Science F Institute for Representation Theory, High Wei Ho Science Foundation Advanced Study F v Dimensional Expanders F Institute Number Theory, Algebraic Geometry, for Advanced Study Representation Theory F University Thomas Alexandre Leblé Emmy Murphy Funding provided by the National of Michigan F v, s Statistical Physics, Random Matrix Geometric Topology F Northwestern Science Foundation Theory F Institute for Advanced University F vnf Jiaoyang Huang Study F f Funding provided by The Ambrose William Feldman Probability, , Funding provided by the Florence Monell Foundation and the National Partial Differential Equations F Optimization F Institute for Gould Foundation Fund Science Foundation Institute for Advanced Study Advanced Study Friends of the Institute for Advanced Jason Lee Boaz Nadler Study Member June Huh Machine Learning F Princeton Mathematical Statistics, Statistical Algebraic Geometry, Combinatorics F University F f Machine Learning F Weizmann Mikolaj Fraczyk Institute for Advanced Study F vp Funding provided by the Charles Institute of Science F f Topology and Geometry of Locally Funding provided by the Ellentuck Simonyi Endowment Funding provided by the Charles Symmetric Spaces F Institute for Fund and the National Science Simonyi Endowment Advanced Study Foundation Ke Li Funding provided by the National Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Rohit Nagpal Science Foundation Fotis Iliopoulos Natural Language Processing and Representation Theory F Institute for Algorithms, Probability F Institute Algorithms F Institute for Advanced Advanced Study David Gabai for Advanced Study Study F s Funding provided by the National Low-Dimensional Topology, Funding provided by the National Science Foundation Hyperbolic Geometry F Princeton Science Foundation Yang Li University F s Differential Geometry, Geometric Walter D. Neumann Felix Janda Analysis F Institute for Advanced Geometry, Topology F Barnard Rong Ge Algebraic Geometry F Institute for Study College, Columbia University F Machine Learning F Duke Advanced Study Zurich Insurance Company Member v, f University F f Funding provided by the National Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Science Foundation Christopher Joseph Maddison Jonathan Niles-Weed Schmidt Machine Learning F Institute for Probability and Statistics, Machine Yash Jhaveri Advanced Study Learning F Institute for Advanced Silvia Ghinassi Elliptic Partial Differential Funding provided by the James D. Study Geometric Measure Theory F Equations F Institute for Advanced Wolfensohn Fund Institute for Advanced Study Study Yaron Ostrover Funding provided by the Giorgio and Funding provided by the National Viswambhara Makam Symplectic Geometry, Hamiltonian Elena Petronio Fellowship Fund and Science Foundation Invariant Theory, Computational Dynamics F Tel-Aviv University F the National Science Foundation Complexity F Institute for vnf Chi Jin Advanced Study Amit Ghosh Machine Learning, Optimization, Funding provided by the National Wojciech O˙za´nski Number Theory F Oklahoma State Statistics F Institute for Advanced Science Foundation Mathematical Fluid Mechanics F University F s Study F f University of Southern Shiing-Shen Chern Member Ángel D. Martínez California F s Anna Gilbert Analysis F Institute for Advanced Funding provided by the Charles Analysis, Probability, Networking, Efstratia Kalfagianni Study Simonyi Endowment Algorithms F University of Low-Dimensional Topology and Funding provided by the National Michigan F f Geometry, Knot Theory, Quantum Science Foundation Georgios Pappas Funding provided by the Charles Topology F Michigan State Number Theory, Algebraic Simonyi Endowment University F f Akhil Mathew Geometry F Michigan State Arithmetic Geometry, Algebraic University F f Mark Goresky Adam Klivans Topology F Clay Mathematics Funding provided by The Bell F Geometry, Automorphic Forms Machine Learning, Computational Institute F v, f Companies Fellowship Fund Institute for Advanced Study F v Complexity F The University of Texas at Austin F s Dor Yosef Minzer Alexander Perry Roger Grosse Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Complexity Theory F Institute for Algebraic Geometry F Institute for Deep Learning F University of Schmidt Advanced Study Advanced Study Toronto F s Funding provided by the National Funding provided by the National Funding provided by the Charles Samory Kpotufe Science Foundation Science Foundation Simonyi Endowment Machine Learning F Princeton University F s Amir Mohammadi Toniann Pitassi Shaoming Guo Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Lie Groups and Ergodic Theory F Computational Complexity, Proof Harmonic Analysis, Analytic Schmidt University of California, San Theory F University of Toronto F Number Theory, Partial Differential Diego F f vp, s Equations F University of Funding provided by the National Wisconsin, Madison F s Science Foundation

19 Rafael Potrie Raphael Sebastian Steiner Jan Vonk Lai-Sang Young Dynamical Systems and Geometry F Analytic Number Theory F Institute Number Theory F Institute for Dynamical Systems with Applications Universidad de la República, for Advanced Study Advanced Study to the Biological Sciences F New Uruguay F vnf Funding provided by the Giorgio and Funding provided by the National York University F dvp, s Minerva Research Foundation Elena Petronio Fellowship Fund II Science Foundation Member; additional funding provided and the National Science Foundation Richard Zemel by the National Science Foundation Hong Wang Machine Learning F University of Naser Talebizadeh Sardari Fourier Analysis F Institute for Toronto F v, s Robert Robere Number Theory F Institute for Advanced Study Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Complexity Theory F Institute for Advanced Study F s Funding provided by the S. S. Chern Schmidt Advanced Study Funding provided by the Charles Foundation for Mathematics Research Funding provided by the Charles Simonyi Endowment Fund and the National Science Yaoyu Zhang Simonyi Endowment Foundation Dynamical Systems F Institute for Naftali Tishby Advanced Study Daniel M. Roy Computational Learning Theory, Rachel Ward Funding provided by the Ky Fan and Machine Learning F University of Statistical Physics of Large-Scale Applied Mathematics and Machine Yu-Fen Fan Membership Fund and Toronto F s Learning F The Hebrew University Learning F The University of the National Science Foundation Funding provided by the Charles of Jerusalem F s Texas at Austin F vnf, f Simonyi Endowment Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Funding provided by the National Zhiyuan Zhang Schmidt Science Foundation Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Sushant Sachdeva Systems F Institute for Advanced Algorithms, Optimization F Linh Truong Fan Wei Study F f University of Toronto F v, f Low-Dimensional Topology F Combinatorics, Graph Theory F Funding provided by the National Institute for Advanced Study Institute for Advanced Study Science Foundation Founders’ Circle Member; funding Machine Learning F Microsoft Sara Tukachinsky provided by Cynthia and Robert Zhengyi Zhou Research F f Symplectic Geometry, Open Gromov- Hillas Symplectic Geometry F Institute for Witten Theory F Institute for Advanced Study Koji Shimizu Advanced Study Jiaxian Wu Funding provided by the National Number Theory F Institute for Funding provided by the National Hodge Theory F Nanjing University Science Foundation Advanced Study Science Foundation of Science and Technology F v, f Funding provided by the National Jeroen Zuiddam Science Foundation Karen Uhlenbeck Jingwei Xiao Algebraic Complexity, Combinatorics, Global Analysis, Integrable Systems F Langlands Program, Relative Trace F Institute for Sahil Singla The University of Texas at Formula F Institute for Advanced Advanced Study Optimization F Institute for Austin F dvp Study and Princeton University F Funding provided by the National Advanced Study and Princeton vri Science Foundation University Remy van Dobben de Bruyn Funding provided by Eric and Wendy Algebraic Geometry and Arithmetic Horng-Tzer Yau Schmidt Geometry F Institute for Advanced Probability, Mathematical Physics, Study and Princeton University F Random Matrices F Harvard Zhao Song vri University F s Theoretical Deep Learning F Institute Funding provided by the Oswald for Advanced Study Veblen Fund Alexander Yom Din AMIAS Member; additional funding Representation Theory F Institute for provided by the National Science Advanced Study Foundation

20 School of Natural Sciences

The School of Natural Sciences, established in 1966, supports research in broad areas of , systems biology, and . Areas of current interest include ­investigating the origin and composition of the universe; conducting­ research at the interface of molecular biology and the physical sciences;­ and elementary­ , , quantum theory, and quantum .

Each year the School of physics, and the work FACULTY Natural Sciences appoints about fifty of many Members and Faculty crosses the Members, the majority of them post­ boundary between these two disciplines. Nima Arkani-Hamed doctoral fellows, who are typically at the Members in the astrophysics research group Stanislas Leibler Institute for three years, some for up to five employ an array of tools from theoretical Juan Maldacena years. Collaboration is encouraged among physics, large-scale computer simulations, Carl P. Feinberg Professor Members who work in the School’s many and ground- and space-based observational scientific areas—from molecular biology to studies to investigate the origin and mathematical physics. composition of the universe, and to use James Stone From its earliest days, the Institute has the universe as a laboratory to study Scott Tremaine been a leading center for fundamental ­fundamental physics. At the Simons Center Richard Black Professor physics, contributing substantially to many for Systems Biology, the tools of modern Michail Tsodyks of its central themes, which now interrelate ­physics and mathematics are being applied C.V. Starr Professor with astrophysics and biology. Areas of to biological investigation on varying Edward Witten current interest in theoretical physics scales, from molecular to organismic, and Charles Simonyi Professor include elementary particle physics, string in some cases focusing on understanding Matias Zaldarriaga theory, quantum theory, and quantum disease processes. gravity, and their relationship to geometry, The School’s collaborative and PROFESSORS EMERITI theoretical and observational astrophysics, ­pioneering approach to the sciences, and . which extends to the Institute’s School Stephen L. Adler Research in the School’s astrophysics of Mathematics, Princeton University, and Freeman J. Dyson group encompasses astronomical systems the larger s­­­cientific community, continues deceased February 28, 2020 from nearby planets to distant , to ­transform research in these fields and Peter Goddard from black holes to the dark and to open opportunities­ for powerful and that dominate the evolution important discoveries. Arnold J. Levine of the universe. There is a growing cross­- fertilization between astrophysics and Astrophysics Professor James Stone was pleased to join the Astrophysics group in the School this year. Stone’s research focuses on the use of computational methods to study astro- physical dynamics in a wide range of settings, from the formation of planets around newborn stars to the accretion of gas onto supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. The group was fortu- nate to receive funding from the Schmidt Futures foundation to support activities in

Long-term Member (2014–19) DOUGLAS STANFORD joined Stanford University as an assistant professor in 2019. He returned to IAS in December for the “Qubits and Spacetime” workshop, speaking on “Replica Wormholes

ANDREA KANE and the Interior.”

21 computational astrophysics at IAS. The funding has supported Member Jeffrey Fung, who has been working with Stone and Princeton University graduate student Avery Bailey to model how gas giant planets grow through the accretion of gas from remnant disks of material surrounding a newly-formed star. In particular, they are studying how a small eccentricity in the planet’s can change the rate and properties of gas accretion, and what this implies for astro- nomical observations of planet formation. Stone has also been working with Member Matthew Coleman to extend computational methods used to model plasma dynamics so that they can be applied to systems with more complicated

equations of state. In the future these ANDREA KANE new extensions will be used to model Friends of the Institute for Advanced Study Member LENA MURCHIKOVA presents “Feeding a mergers of compact objects (such as Black Hole” as part of the Friends Lunch with a Member series. neutron stars) to investigate how the plasma dynamics modifies the gravita- has shown that the orbital shapes and that the distribution of radii does depend tional signal observed by LIGO for orientations of stars surrounding a black on the host system—most likely through such events, in comparison to the case of hole should be found in a kind of thermal the size and mass of the gas disk that merging black holes. Additionally, Stone equilibrium, and that this equilibrium initially surrounded the host star and has been extending these same computa- can undergo a robust phase transition from which the planets formed—but tional methods to enable them to run on from a spherical to a lopsided shape, in that there is no evidence that the radii a more diverse range of high-performance which most stars are on high-eccentricity of planets depend on the properties of computing systems, such as graphical orbits with aligned orientations. The rate their neighbors. processing unit (GPU) accelerated of transient events, such as flares from ­clusters available at national supercom- tidally disrupted stars and gravitational-­ Professor Matias Zaldarriaga continues puting centers. The goal is to leverage wave signals from stars spiraling into the to be interested in topics related to the resources available at these centers in black hole, is expected to be much higher cosmology. Together with Marko order to enable much larger and more in the lopsided phase. Better models Simonović, Mikhail Ivanov, and Oliver accurate computations of astrophysical of cluster formation and evolution are Philcox, Zaldarriaga used data from systems than has been possible before. needed to determine whether clusters the BOSS survey to obtain an should be found in this phase. independent one-percent measurement For over a century, astrophysicists have Our understanding of planets around of the expansion rate of the universe. attempted to apply the powerful tools of other stars has expanded dramatically in In the last few years discrepant to understand the the past two decades. One of the simplest ­measurements of this quantity have been structure and evolution of stellar systems unresolved questions is whether and how reported in the literature, which might such as star clusters and galaxies. We now the properties of planets are influenced by signal an inconsistency in the standard recognize that the most promising arenas their neighbors. Is the planet-formation model of cosmology. The group, for these applications are the dense stellar process universal? Or does it depend on together with former Member Colin systems (so-called “galactic nuclei”) the properties of the host system? Or Hill, used this data to constrain some of found surrounding black holes in the does it depend in some more complex the models that have been proposed to centers of galaxies, such as the system way on the properties of the planets’ explain the discrepancy. Looking into surrounding the black hole in our Milky neighbors? Tremaine and IAS Member the future, Professor Zaldarriaga and Way galaxy that was recently imaged by Lena Murchikova have provided a precise the group developed a new technique the Event Horizon Telescope. Richard statistical formulation of these questions to compress galaxy survey data that has Black Professor Scott Tremaine, work- and have applied it to measurements of the benefit of simplifying the analysis, ing with former Member Jihad Touma planetary radii in the largest available making it more robust and potentially (American University of Beirut) and uniform sample of almost 1000 planets enabling certain studies of higher order Mher Kazandjian (Leiden University) from over 350 systems. They conclude statistics. Such studies could shed light on

22 several outstanding questions in obser­ very poorly understood. matched the analytical prediction derived vational cosmology, such as the origin During 2019–20, C.V. Starr Professor mathematically from the model. These of the initial density fluctuations. Michail “Misha” Tsodyks pursued his observations indicate that some aspects of During the past year Professor project on developing mathematical human memory are governed by universal ­Zaldarriaga continued his involvement models of memory. theoretical principles that are common to in research. Together Psychologists developed classical all people. with members Barack Zackay, Liang Dai, experimental paradigms for studying In a second project, pursued with and Tejaswi Venumadhav and Princeton human memory and use complex Antoine Georgiou, Tsodyks considered a University graduate students Javier phenomenological models to account for process of memorization and forgetting Roulet and Seth Olsen, Professor results emerging from these experiments. during the presentation of a list of items. ­Zaldarriaga applied novel analysis These models are characterized by a large They assumed that subsequent items ­techniques to the public data from number of free parameters that cannot be can erase previously acquired ones from the LIGO/Virgo observatory. independently estimated and have to be memory if they are characterized by A new technique to search for gravi­ tuned to reproduce experimental results. higher multidimensional “value” that tationally lensed events the group devel- Tsodyks developed a novel approach are drawn from a random distribution. oped resulted in an intriguing potential motivated by neural network models This theory can be used to calculate the candidate. Furthermore, a joint analysis of memory. In this approach, the so-called “retention curve,” i.e., the aver- of all existing gravitational wave events models are based on hypothesized “first age probability to maintain the memory resulted in interesting constraints on the ­principles” and hence have many fewer for different times after its inception; mechanisms that create the LIGO/Virgo free parameters. and “forgetting curve,” i.e., the average sources. The formation channels of these In one project, Tsodyks and Visitor probability that the memory will be systems are still poorly understood. Michelangelo Naim developed a simple erased at a certain time after inception. mathematical model of memory recall Both of these curves can be measured Systems Biology based on the principle that memory items experimentally by presenting lists of Using theoretical approaches originating in physics, Professor Stanislas Leibler and Members working at the Simons Center for Systems Biology are looking for general mechanisms that could oper- ate across different length and time scales and across different organizational levels of biological systems. In 2019–20, research continued to focus on studies of nonequilibrium aspects of biological phenomena. In particular, together with Member Riccardo Rao, Leibler worked on simple mathematical models to explore quantita- tively the dynamical and nonequilibrium

aspects of evolution through natural ANDREA KANE selection. He also continued a collabora- C.V. Starr Professor Michail Tsodyks joined the Natural Sciences Faculty in 2019. A leading theoretical tion with recent Member Pablo Sartori neuroscientist, Tsodyks spoke on “Mathematical Models of Human Memory” in December. on nonlinear elastic theory of proteins. Together with BingKan Xue, recent are recalled in a process that is controlled words of increasing length to human Member at the Center, and Archishman by an associativity matrix between the subjects and asking them to perform Rajum, a fellow at the Center for Studies items. This model has an exact analytical recognition tests at various times during in Physics and Biology at Rockefeller solution. In particular, it predicts the and after the presentation. Experimental University, Leibler has been also develop- number of words from a random list that results obtained with this paradigm also ing a general control theory for dynamic can be recalled, provided that the matched theoretical predictions memories in biological systems. number of words that remain in memory quite closely. after the presentation is independently Though memory plays a crucial role estimated. Naim and Tsodyks then The hallmarks of Darwinian evolution in many aspects of human cognition, conducted human memory experiments are random variation (mutation) and its neuronal underpinnings and over the internet. Surprisingly, the exper- natural selection for reproductive fitness. ­computational mechanisms are still imental results that they collected closely The p53/p63 genes and proteins have

23 been conserved for 800 million years regulate the immune response. Every the physics of particle and string scatter- of evolution in the animal kingdom, clone of T-cells has its own unique ing amplitudes in fascinating new ways, ­validating their importance. The p53/63 version of the receptor (TCR) that and in early 2020, in joint work with proteins form a central hub in this recognizes a subset of the universe of mathematicians and , he put conserved pathway, ensuring the fidelity possible antigens. Learning the rules that these ideas on a more solid mathematical of information transfer in the germ lines relate TCRs with their cognate antigens foundation, introducing the notions of of animals (p63) and somatic tissues of is an important open problem in immu- “Positive Configuration Spaces” and vertebrates (p53). Employing Shannon nology. Professor Emeritus Arnold J. “Cluster Configuration Spaces” as the information theory, it has become Levine has been exploring this question natural playground in which a surprising ­possible to calculate the amount of together with Research Associate Victor array of seemingly very different mathe- ­information that each adjacent node Mikhaylov, in a project to construct an matical and physical objects of interest in the pathway receives and transmits, algorithm that could learn these rules come together. ­indicating the probabilities that the from a limited set of training data, by Arkani-Hamed also embarked on a outcome at the receiving node accurately collecting publicly available data, creating new direction of exploration, thinking reflects the input from the sending node. tools for managing and cleaning the about scattering processes as being The chemical language providing this data, for working with TCR and antigen observed infinitely far away, on the information resides in protein modifica- sequences as well as crystal structures of “celestial sphere.” These “celestial ampli- tions (epigenetic marks) that sense receptor-antigen complexes. The idea of tudes” can be thought of as the scattering ­cellular stresses and respond by either the approach is to use modeled protein of particles in a uniform superposition of repair from a stress damage and a return three-dimensional structures as an input all , from zero to infinity, and are to homeostasis, or cell death, depending into a neural net algorithm, by developing thus uniquely sensitive to both the ultra- upon the intensity and types of stress. and using tools that process a protein violet and infrared aspects of physics. The conserved geometry of these path- model into a form that can be fed to a Together with collaborators, Arkani- ways demonstrates extensive connectivity neural net. Hamed showed that known UV and to many cellular functions, redundancy, IR properties of feed-back and feed-forward loops, all Theoretical Physics ­translate into powerful constraints on the conferring a robustness that makes it very Professor Nima Arkani-Hamed’s work analytic structure of celestial amplitudes, rare for a single mutational event to cause in 2019–20 revolved around extending in particular providing a new “anti-­ pathology. The structure of this pathway the surprising connection between new Wilsonian” lens in which to think of and the chemical nature of information mathematical structures in positive UV completion in quantum gravity, acquisition about the environment helps geometries and the amplituhedron, as well as a new line of attack on the to explain why mutations in the p53 gene and the basic physics of elementary general question of finding the principles are the single most common mutations ­particle scattering in the real world, ­determining the S-matrix, or what is observed in all cancers. (A. J. Levine, together with explorations in a few the same, formulating the general notion Nature Reviews Cancer, 2020). new directions. of “holography” in the flat spacetime, T-cells are an important component In 2019, he introduced a number an excellent approximation to the real of our immune systems. They fight of new mathematical objects relating world ignoring the important questions pathogens and cancer and help to “binary” and “positive” geometries to of cosmology. An old fundamental mystery in parti- cle physics, made even more pressing by the absence of hints for new particles at the Large Hadron Collider, is the “hier- archy problem”: what explains the origin of the Higgs mass—why is it not dragged to gargantuan values by violent quantum fluctuations in the vacuum? Arkani- Hamed returned to this vexing question from a new perspective, beginning with the simple question: does the value of the Higgs mass parameter affect the expectation value of “local operators” in the Standard Model of particle physics?

ANDREA KANE For essentially all local operators the Long-term Member SHU-HENG SHAO (right) and Member NIMA LASHKARI (left) researched answer to this question is no, and this questions on gravity and . is one of the avatars of the hierarchy

24 ANDREA KANE

Long-term Member AHMED ALMHEIRI (left) and Carl P. Feinberg Professor JUAN MALDACENA (right) collaborated on the question of whether information is destroyed by black holes. problem: nothing is “triggered” as the features in common with the known be used to analyze the problem and Higgs mass parameter crosses zero. exact answer, interpolating between gives a result for the of a black Arkani-Hamed and collaborators weak gluon coupling to the strong hole consistent with the preservation proposed a simple extension of the coupling results in AdS space, opening of information. ­Standard Model, with two sets of Higgs a new avenue of exploration, connecting This proposal was further investigated particles, where the Higgs masses do act positive geometries to non-perturbative by Almheiri, Members Raghu Mahajan as a “trigger.” This turns out to demand physics. and Ying Zhao, J. Santos, and Juan the existence of new Higgs states neces- Finally, Arkani-Hamed’s most vigor- Maldacena, Carl P. Feinberg Professor, sarily comparable to or lighter than the ous efforts in 2020 have revolved around who extended the initial proposal. The mass of observed Higgs particles, with a line of work going back to 2017, finding quantum information contained in the no wiggle room to hide them what­soever. new “amplituhedra” to describe scattering is quantified by computing its But surprisingly, this model is not yet processes in even more realistic theories, von Neumann entropy. Using gravity, entirely excluded by collider searches, in the lowest order of approximation, this entropy can be computed in terms and will be incisively probed by the high-­ without the special properties of super- of the entropy of quantum fields plus luminosity run of the LHC, as well as symmetry and “planarity.” His work of the areas of the boundary of the region possible future Higgs factories. 2019 related these to the mathematics of under consideration. Surprisingly, when The story of the amplituhedron gives cluster algebras. But a number of physical computing the entropy of the Hawking an ab initio description of the scattering and mathematical conceptual issues radiation, which is outside the black gluons. A long-standing goal has been to had to be overcome to extend this to hole, we need to include a portion of the connect this physics at “weak coupling” the complete theory at all orders of black hole interior. At first sight, this to results at “strong coupling,” where ­approximation. In a collaboration with a seems strange, since the black hole inte- the physics should have a holographic number of physicists and mathematicians, rior is behind the horizon. Nevertheless, description in terms of string theory in Arkani-­Hamed has been making progress this is what a first principles derivation Anti-de-Sitter space. Arkani-Hamed and on overcoming these challenges, arriving of the gravitational entropy formula tells collaborators found a new line of attack at a conjectural definition of all-loop, us. This derivation shows that non-trivial on this problem suggested naturally from non-supersymmetric, non-planar spacetime topologies, called wormholes, the geometry of the amplituhedron, amplituhedra, which involves a new sort are relevant and provide the necessary which provides a new expansion of of positive geometry associated with bridge for putting these results on a firm the amplitude with no conventional two-dimensional surfaces. footing. These results give a resolution field-theoretic interpretation. This of one important aspect of the black hole expansion suggests a natural deformation The question of whether information information problem by providing a of the amplitude by a parameter y, with is destroyed by black holes has guided concrete formula using gravitational the amplitude obtained for y=1. The many developments in quantum gravity. language that tells us the amount of geometry provides an extremely simple A significant advance was made in quantum information that is contained way of solving for this deformed ampli- two papers, one involving Long-term in the radiation coming out of a black tude as y approaches zero, but for all Member Ahmed Almheiri. These papers hole. The answer obtained in this way values of the coupling between gluons. showed that a generalization of the is consistent with the preservation Remarkably, the answer shares many Bekenstein­-Hawking area formula can of information.

25 cyclic symmetry. Many of the systems have a known lattice construction. In particular, one of them is a known gapless fracton model and another one is the low-energy limit of the celebrated X-cube model. Seiberg, Shao, and two students Pranay Gorantla and Ho Tat Lam con­tin- ued this study of nonstandard continuum field theories in three spatial dimensions. They presented many more examples exhibiting similar peculiar behavior.

With recent IAS Member Douglas ­Stanford, Charles Simonyi Professor Edward Witten extended the under-

ANDREA KANE standing of the relation between random Charles Simonyi Professor EDWARD WITTEN extended the understanding of the relation between matrices and certain simple models of random matrices and certain simple models of gravity to include fermions, , and time- gravity to include fermions, supersym- reversal symmetry. metry, and time-reversal symmetry. All ten standard random matrix ensembles It is surprising to see how the symmetries differ by the equations their played a role in the process—the three ­classical geometric equations developed Noether currents satisfy. Simple cases, classical ones of Dyson and Wigner, by Einstein can be interpreted as other than the translation symmetry, are and others that were introduced more ­quantifying quantum information an ordinary (relativistic) one-form global recently. Witten and Stanford extended and entanglement. symmetry and its nonrelativistic general- the work of on the ization. The coupling of these systems to volumes of of Riemann Professor Nathan Seiberg continued his gauge fields was also explored. surfaces to the case of super Riemann explorations of quantum field theory. In a series of papers, Seiberg and surfaces. A short introduction to this Quantum field theory is important in Long-term Member Shu-Heng Shao work is available in Witten’s article many branches of physics including followed up on these ideas in a system- “Volumes and Random Matrices.” ­particle physics, string theory, condensed atic analysis of many known and new With another recent IAS Member, matter physics, and cosmology, and it systems. They started by studying certain Kazuya Yonekura, Witten developed leads to many insights in mathematics. nonstandard continuum quantum field a non-perturbative understanding of There is no doubt that we are still theories in two spatial dimensions. These “ inflow,” which is an approach very far from a clear and complete theories exhibit exotic global symmetries, to the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly of ­understanding of it. In the context of a subtle spectrum of charged excitations, that sheds light on modern , it has been defects with restricted mobility, and developments involving topological widely believed that the long-distance, surprising dualities. These continuum phases of matter. In the process, Witten low-energy behavior of every micro- models represent the low-energy limits and Yonekura also obtained a new and scopic (local) system is captured by a of certain known lattice systems. One more general derivation of a formula quantum field theory. However, recently key aspect of these continuum field for global anomalies Witten had first discovered systems, known as fractons, ­theories is the universal and important obtained in 1985. seem to violate this lore. This fact role played by discontinuous field With Atish Dabholkar and yet another ­motivated Seiberg to explore whether configurations. recent IAS Member, Pavel Putrov, the standard framework of quantum field Seiberg and Shao extended their Witten resolved a longstanding puzzle theory can be extended such that it can discussion of these nonstandard about why, in certain gauge theory accommodate these systems. ­continuum quantum field theories from computations in four dimensional space- As a preliminary to this investigation, two spatial dimensions to three spatial time, one encounters “mock modular” Seiberg studied nonrelativistic field dimensions. These theories exhibit functions, rather than true modular ­theories with a continuous global surprising phenomena similar to their ­functions. The key was something known symmetry, whose charge is a spatial lower dimensional versions. Seiberg as the Dine-Seiberg interaction. Mock vector. He presented several such distinct and Shao studied various gapless exotic modular functions have their roots in the symmetries and demonstrated them in systems with a global U(1) symmetry work of the Indian Srini- concrete examples. The different and gapped variants of them with a vasa Ramunajan a century ago. They

26 first appeared in quantum field theory gravity in three dimensions. Time will last year were concerned with specific computations in the 1990s, and this tell if that interpretation is correct. computations in some simple models of recently solved puzzle dates to that time. Most of Witten’s other papers in the gravity in two dimensions. With Alex Maloney, another former IAS Member, Witten showed that a certain averaging procedure, applied to a certain family of two-dimensional conformal field theories, gives a striking result that is possibly suggestive of the existence of an exotic new theory of

FREEMAN J. DYSON, Professor in the School of Natural Sciences since 1953, passed away February 28, 2020, in a hospital near Princeton, NJ. Dyson generated revolutionary scientific insights, including calculations bridging the quantum and human worlds. His contributions stem from his work in numerous areas, including nuclear engineering, solid state physics, ferromagnetism, astrophysics, biology, and

applied mathematics. BENOIT CORTET

2019–20 MEMBERS AND VISITORS f First Term F s Second Term F m Long-term Member F v Visitor F dvp Distinguished Visiting Professor F jvp Junior Visiting Professor F ra Research Associate

Ahmed Almheiri Jeffrey Fung Nafiz Ishtiaque Simon Knapen Quantum Field Theory F Institute for Astrophysics F Institute for Advanced Quantum Field Theory F Institute for Particle Physics F Lawrence Berkeley Advanced Study F m Study Advanced Study National Laboratory IBM Einstein Fellow Funding provided by the National Funding provided by the U.S. Ravindra Bhatt Science Foundation Department of Energy and the Paul Condensed Matter Physics F Victor Gorbenko Dirac Fund Princeton University Theoretical Physics F Institute for Daniel Steven Kapec Advanced Study and Stanford Theoretical Physics F Institute for Shota Komatsu Christopher Logan Chariker University Advanced Study Quantum Field Theory F Institute for Computational Neuroscience F Marvin L. Goldberger Member Founders’ Circle Member; funding pro- Advanced Study Institute for Advanced Study vided by the Chooljian Family and the Funding provided by the U.S. Felix Haehl U.S. Department of Energy Department of Energy Susan E. Clark Theoretical Physics F Institute for Astrophysics F Institute for Advanced Advanced Study Anna Karlsson Petr Kravchuk Study Funding provided by the U.S. Theoretical Physics F Institute for Particle Physics F Institute for NASA Hubble Fellow Department of Energy Advanced Study Advanced Study Funding provided by the Swedish Funding provided by the Corning Matthew Coleman Keisuke Harigaya Research Council Glass Works Foundation Fellowship Astrophysics F Institute for Advanced Particle Physics F Institute for Fund and the U.S. Department of Study Advanced Study Alexander A. Kaurov Energy Funding provided by the National Funding provided by the Raymond and Astrophysics, Cosmology F Institute Science Foundation and NASA Beverly Sackler Foundation Fund and for Advanced Study Nima Lashkari the U.S. Department of Energy IBM Einstein Fellow Quantum Gravity, Quantum Field Liang Dai Theory, Quantum Information Strong Lensing; Astrophysical Matthew T. E. Heydeman Joonho Kim Theory F Purdue University F v, s Gravitational ; Cosmology F Theoretical Physics F Institute for Theoretical Physics F Institute for Funding provided by the National Institute for Advanced Study Advanced Study and Princeton Advanced Study Science Foundation John N. Bahcall Fellow University Funding provided by the National Science Foundation Lorenz Eberhardt David A. Huse String Theory F Institute for Statistical Physics F Princeton Advanced Study University Theoretical Physics F California Funding provided by the Della Pietra Institute of Technology F dvp, f Family

27 Adam Levine Prahar Mitra Vladimir Rosenhaus Rashid Sunyaev Quantum Gravity, Quantum Quantum Field Theory F Institute for Theoretical Physics F Institute for Astrophysics F Max-Planck-Institute Information Theory F Institute for Advanced Study Advanced Study für Astrophysik F dvp Advanced Study Infosys Member; additional funding William D. Loughlin Member; Maureen and John Hendricks Funding provided by the National provided by the U.S. Department of additional funding provided by the Distinguished Visiting Professor Science Foundation Energy National Science Foundation Yuan-Sen Ting Si Li Sebastian Mizera Thomas Rudelius Astrophysics F Institute for Mathematical Physics F Tsinghua Theoretical Physics F Institute for Theoretical Physics F Institute for Advanced Study University F f Advanced Study Advanced Study NASA Hubble Fellow Founders’ Circle Member; funding pro- Roger Dashen Member; additional Elliott H. Lieb vided by Carl P. Feinberg funding provided by the National Robert J. Vanderbei Mathematical Physics F Princeton Science Foundation Astrophysics F Princeton University University F v Baurzhan Mukhametzhanov Theoretical Physics F Institute for Jorge Eduardo Santos Tejaswi Venumadhav Nerella Hai Lin Advanced Study Quantum Gravity, General Cosmology, Astrophysics F Institute Mathematical Physics F Tsinghua Funding provided by the National Relativity, Gauge-Gravity Dualities F for Advanced Study University F s Science Foundation and the Adler F jvp John N. Bahcall Fellow Family Fund J. Robert Oppenheimer Visiting Jing Luan Michael Vogeley Professor Theoretical Astrophysics and Planetary Elena Murchikova Astrophysics F Drexel University Science F Institute for Advanced Astrophysics F Institute for Marcel Manfred Schmittfull Funding provided by The Ambrose Study Advanced Study Cosmology F Institute for Advanced Monell Foundation AMIAS Member Friends of the Institute for Advanced Study Benjamin Wallisch Study Member Funding provided by the National Raghu Mahajan Cosmology F Institute for Advanced Science Foundation Quantum Field Theory F Princeton Sridip Pal Study and University of California, University F v/f, s Quantum Field Theory F Institute for Shu-Heng Shao San Diego Advanced Study Theoretical Physics F Institute for Bezos Member; additional funding Kento Masuda Funding provided by The Ambrose Advanced Study F m provided by the National Science Exoplanets F Institute for Advanced Monell Foundation and the U.S. Funding provided by the Study Department of Energy Foundation Funding provided by the W. M. Keck Lai-Sang Young Foundation Fund Robert Penna Charlotte Sleight Dynamical Systems with Applications Theoretical Physics F Institute for Theoretical Physics F Institute for to the Biological Sciences F New York Lia Medeiros Advanced Study Advanced Study University F dvp, s Astrophysics F Institute for The Peter Svennilson Membership European Commission Barak Zackay Advanced Study Fellowship Roman Rafikov Astrophysics F Institute for Victor Mikhaylov Astrophysics F University of Wei Song Advanced Study Biology F Institute for Advanced Cambridge Theoretical Physics F Tsinghua Frank and Peggy Taplin Member Study F ra University Riccardo Rao Ying Zhao Ryan Miranda Systems Biology F Institute for Alexandre Streicher Theoretical Physics F Institute for Astrophysics F Institute for Advanced Study High Energy Theory F Institute for Advanced Study Advanced Study Martin A. and Helen Chooljian Advanced Study and Perimeter Funding provided by the Simons Funding provided by the National Member in Biology Institute for Theoretical Physics Foundation Science Foundation and NASA Funding provided by the Fund for Memberships in Natural Sciences

28 School of Social Science

Founded in 1973, the School of Social Science is devoted to a multidisciplinary and international approach to the analysis of societies, social change, and social problems. Every year, a theme is chosen to provide coherence to the collective work undertaken, although other areas of research are also welcome. For 2019–20, the theme was “Economy and Society.” In total, twenty-nine Members and nine Visitors participated in the activities of the School.

How to study and conceptualize technologies, the rise of automation and algo- FACULTY the relationships between economy and rithms, the moral regulation of nations and society has been a central problem for the individuals, old and new forms of labor and Didier Fassin social sciences from Adam Smith to Karl labor organization, the economic and politi- James D. Wolfensohn Professor Marx, from Max Weber to Karl Polanyi. cal impact of immigration, the transforma- Alondra Nelson Over the last few decades, profound trans- tion of life-styles and subjectivities, the Harold F. Linder Professor formations in the functioning and regulation valuation of persons and goods, and the of the global economic order, the distribu- place of economics and economists in social PROFESSORS EMERITI tion of income and wealth, and the world and governmental practices. Because these of labor have generated new empirical and phenomena and the way people experience­ Joan Wallach Scott intellectual challenges. The social sciences them vary across countries, the projects Michael Walzer have undergone a startling evolution, too, presented and the scholars who proposed with economists turning to experimental them reflected this diversity. A bimonthly methods and the study of various aspects of seminar was conducted in the School of social life, including inequality and social Social Science and two workshops on “Arti- mobility, while sociologists, anthropologists, ficial Intelligence, Machine Learning and the historians, legal scholars, and political Social Sciences” were held in collaboration ­scientists have developed new empirical with the School of Mathematics.­ The yearly and theoretical approaches to the study of program was dramatically­ interrupted by the markets, finance, risk, and value. It was at coronavirus epidemic and the subsequent the intersection of these two movements— closure of the Institute mid-March, but all in the world and in the academy—that the seminars continued online and a collective theme “Economy and Society” was led project on “Economy and Society in the by Didier Fassin, James D. Wolfensohn Time of the Pandemic” was undertaken. Professor, and Visiting­ Professor Marion The work conducted by Didier Fassin Harold F. Linder Professor ALONDRA Fourcade, Professor of at the during the year has been primarily NELSON joined the Faculty of the School connected to the nine original lectures he of Social Science in July 2019. An acclaimed University of California, Berkeley. sociologist, Nelson explores questions in Topics included market structure and had to prepare for his Chair in public health science, technology, and social inequality. economic action, financial cultures and at the Collège de France. The inaugural­ lecture, “On the Inequality of Lives,” was delivered in January 2020 and published in September. The other eight lectures, which deal with the birth of public health, the truth of numbers, epistemic­ frontiers, conspiracy theories, ethical crises, carceral ordeals, precarious exiles, and life in the time of the pandemic, were postponed to the spring of 2021. The occurrence of the health crisis was the matter of research in France on the impact of the coronavirus infection on vulnerable populations—more specifically prisoners, exiles, and homeless— and on the response of public authorities to

ANDREA KANE prevent their exposure to the risk.

29 ANDREA KANE ANDREA KANE

The School’s theme year, “Economy and Society” was led by Visiting Professor MARION FOURCADE (left) and James D. Wolfensohn Professor DIDIER FASSIN (right).

Based on the tragic story of a young collective endeavor conducted with former on “Society after Pandemic,” a book of man belonging to the travelling commu- Visiting Professor Bernard Harcourt. essays exploring how the social conditions nity, who was shot dead by a special unit The book Enforcing Order, based on exposed, exacerbated, and created by the of the French police, and on the review an ethnography of French police in novel coronavirus compel reconsideration of the case by two examination judges, poor neighborhoods around Paris, was of prevailing ideas of society, institutions, who ended up dismissing it as legitimate entirely rewritten with a cartoonist as technology, and politics. defense, Fassin carried out a counter-­ what can be called an “ethno-graphic” to Professor Nelson lectured on these investigation published under the title explore innovative forms of writing and and related topics at the Centennial Death of a Traveller at Le Seuil, with the transmitting social science. Several earlier Lecture at Emory University, the English version forthcoming at Polity books were translated this year into ­Bellwether Lecture at the University Press. After having presented in subjective Chinese, Italian, and Portuguese. Finally, of Oxford, and a keynote lecture at third person the various versions of the Fassin was invited to give the Eric Wolf the annual meeting of the American protagonists, the officers and the parents Lecture at the University of Vienna on Association for the Advancement of as well as the prosecutor and the coroner, the heuristics of conspiracy theories and Science. She also delivered presentations the book proposes a counter-­investigation the Harald Grimen Memorial Lecture in to the Hastings Center, the Harvard based on testimonies, autopsy, ballistics, Oslo on forms of life. Kennedy School, Cornell Tech, and and various other forensic reports, which Harold F. Linder Professor Alondra several other institutions. leads to a version of the facts distinct from Nelson joined the School of Social Science She was to receive the 2020 MIT the official one. This work is both a theo- in July 2019. A sociologist of science, tech- Morison Prize recognizing individuals retical inquiry into truth and lying in the nology, and social inequality, her research who combine humanistic values with justice system and an experimental research during 2019–20 spanned these areas. effectiveness in the world of practical endeavor in anthropological writing. Professor Nelson published the results of a affairs, particularly in science and technol- As part of the Nomis project on crises, list experiment on public attitudes about ogy, in March, but the event was delayed fieldwork was continued with Visitor genetics, race, and inequality in Du Bois until fall 2020. Professor Nelson was Anne-Claire Defossez on the border Review with Ann Morning (New York inducted into the American Academy of between Italy and France in the Alps, University) and Hannah Bruckner (New Political and Social Science and was elected which thousands of migrants and refugees York University Abu Dhabi). She con­tin­ as a member of the American Academy cross each year. The focus is on the exiles’ ued the research and writing of her book- of Arts and Sciences and the American experience during their perilous multi-year length project exploring the ways in which ­Philosophical Society. She was also journey, the soli­darity networks rescuing federal science and technology initiatives appointed co-chair of a new National them in the mountain and providing are utilized as modalities of governance Academy of Medicine Committee of ­shelter in the valley, and the repressive and politics, through a case study of Emerging Science, Technology­ and Inno- action of the police and the justice system. the Obama administration. Nelson also vation (CESTI) in Health and Medicine. The edited volume Deepening Divides, began a project to develop a new field, the Over the next three years, CESTI will the outcome of previous research on “sociology of bioethics”; she is building a assess the landscape of emerging scientific borders and boundaries, was published by team of research collaborators who will and technological­ developments in health Pluto Press, as was A Time for Critique at examine bioethics as an object of empirical and medicine and will develop a ­Columbia University Press, the result of a and theoretical inquiry. She is also at work ­multi-­sectoral governance framework

30 to address the potential societal, ethical, (1946); the South African Truth and spent the second half of academic year legal, and workforce implications of such Reconciliation Commission (1996); and 2019–20 attending conferences, giving new ­technologies and science. the ongoing movements for reparations lectures, and visiting classes around the During fall 2019, Professor Emerita for slavery in the United States. Before country—all via Zoom. Walzer’s writing Joan Scott worked on the revisions­ for Covid-19 struck, she lectured at Franklin and research focused mostly on the mean- On the Judgment of History, which was and Marshall College and at the University ing of the word “liberal” in contemporary published in September 2020. In it she of Virginia, participated (long-­distance) in political discourse—especially on its use as examines the idea that history will some- a dissertation defense in Paris, and was part an adjective in phrases like “liberal democ- how judge our actions and that moral good of a panel cele­brating the one-­hundredth racy.” A book on this subject is in progress. will prevail in the end (whenever that is). anniversary of the American Council of Walzer also wrote about immigration, This is the concept articulated by aboli- Learned ­Societies. In the spring, she gave civic republicanism, and social movements, tionists and cited by Martin Luther King: a Zoom seminar at Brown University. some of this work intersecting with the “the arc of the moral universe is long, but She continues to serve on the Committee School’s theme for 2021–22. it bends towards justice.” The book criti- on Academic Freedom and Tenure of A volume of conversations with the cally explores the implicit politics of the the American Association of University French political theorist Astrid von notion of a linear, ever-improving Professors and as the lead editor of History Busekist was published in France in late ­direction of history by considering of the Present: A Journal of Critical History. 2019 and in English under the title Justice three cases: the Nuremburg Tribunal Professor Emeritus Michael Walzer is Steady Work in mid-2020.

2019–20 MEMBERS AND VISITORS f First Term F s Second Term F v Visitor F vp Visiting Professor

Najwa Adra Alexander R. Galloway Benjamin Lemoine Adela Pinch Sociology F Austrian Academy of Media Studies F New York Sociology, Political Science, Science English Literature F University of Sciences F v, s University and Technology Studies F Université Michigan, Ann Arbor F v Paris-Dauphine Jeremiah O. Arowosegbe Isabelle Guérin Richard B. Fisher Member Sarah Quinn Socioeconomics F Institut de Sociology F University of Political Science F University of Ibadan Recherche pour le Développement, Pascal Michaillat Washington Paris Economics F Brown University Naor H. Ben-Yehoyada Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., and Annette Latif Tas Virag Molnar Political Science F SOAS University Anthropology F Columbia L. Nazareth Member University Sociology F The New School of London Fleur Johns Mitali Nagrecha Benjamin Braun Law F University of New South Anisha Thomas Law, Criminal Justice F Harvard Law Gender Studies F SOAS University Political Economy F Max-Planck- Wales, Sydney Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung School F v, s of London F v, s Ravi Kanbur Susana Narotzky Ergin Bulut Economics F Cornell University F Chloe Thurston Social Anthropology F Universitat de Political Science F Northwestern Media Studies F Koç Üniversitesi, v, s Barcelona University Istanbul F v Robert Karl Federico Neiburg Ba ak Can History F Institute for Advanced Joëlle Vailly ş Social Anthropology F Universidade Sociology, Anthropology F Centre Anthropology F Koç Üniversitesi, Study Istanbul Federal do Rio de Janeiro National de la Recherche Webb Keane Scientifique, Paris Horacio Ortiz Julia Chuang Anthropology F University of Anthropology of Money F East China Sociology F Boston College F v, s Michigan, Ann Arbor Wendy Warren Normal University History F Princeton University Ed Cohen Eben Kirksey Funding provided by the Florence Frederick Burkhardt Fellowship funded Modern Thought F Rutgers, The Cultural Anthropology F Deakin Gould Foundation Fund by the American Council of Learned State University of New Jersey University Societies Friends of the Institute for Advanced Julia Ott Anne-Claire Defossez Study Member History F The New School Frederick F. Wherry Sociology F Institute for Advanced Sociology F Princeton University F v Z. Fareen Parvez Study F v Greta LaFleur Sociology F University of Early American Studies F Yale Alden H. Young Herbert Docena University Massachusetts, Amherst History, African Studies and Africana Sociology F University of the Studies F University of California, Nathalie M. Peutz Philippines, Diliman Lena Lavinas Cultural Anthropology F New York Economics F Universidade Federal AMIAS Member Marion Fourcade do Rio de Janeiro University Abu Dhabi Sociology F University of California, Wolfensohn Family Member Berkeley F vp

31 Special Programs and Outreach

The Institute for Advanced Study is committed to the idea that science and learning transcend all geographic boundaries and scholastic disciplines, and that scholars and scientists­ are members of one commonwealth of the mind. It engages with the greater Princeton community through public­ lectures, concerts, and events, and extends its influence­ beyond academia through innovative ­programs designed to inspire and educate.

Beyond the work that takes place The Institute’s robust digital resources allow SPECIAL PROGRAMS in the four Schools, the Institute’s scope is scholars opportunities for knowledge-sharing broadened and enhanced by its special programs, and discovery within a virtual setting. A Digital Program in which ­contribute much to the vitality of Scholarship@IAS initiative was formed in Interdisciplinary Studies the Institute. 2016 to accelerate the pace of research across Artist-in-Residence The Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, disciplines and geographic locations by offering Program directed by Professor Piet Hut, explores ways Faculty and Members new tools and techno­ of viewing the world that span a range of logies to gather and process large amounts of Distinguished ­disciplines from computational astro­physics, data, visualize the results, and make the data Journalism Fellowship geology, and paleontology to artificial intelli- and results openly available. Director’s Visitors gence, cognitive psychology, and philosophy. The Women and Mathematics Program is The Artist-in-Residence Program was an annual program with the mission to recruit Digital Scholarship@IAS ­established in 1994 to create a musical presence and retain more women in mathematics. It was within the Institute community, and to have cofounded in 1993 by 2019 Abel Prize laureate OUTREACH in residence a person whose work could be Karen Uhlenbeck, IAS Distinguished Visiting Program for Women and experienced and appreciated by scholars from all Professor in the School of Mathematics, and Mathematics* disciplines. Artists-in-Residence have included former IAS Member Chuu-Lian Terng. Robert Taub, Jon Magnussen, Paul Moravec, First held at IAS in 2002, Prospects in Prospects in Theoretical Derek Bermel, and Sebastian Currier. Pulitzer Theoretical Physics is a two-week residential Physics* Prize–winning composer David Lang has been summer program that provides lectures and IAS/Park City in residence since 2016, curating the Edward T. informal sessions on the latest advances and Mathematics Institute* Cone Concert Series and artist salons, along open questions in theoretical­ physics for with pursuing his creative and intellectual work. ­exceptionally promising graduate students and Summer Program in A Distinguished Journalism Fellowship was postdoctoral scholars. It encourages the partici- Social Science* created to bring a renowned journalist to campus pation of women, minorities, and students from to participate in the life of the community and smaller institutions that do not have extensive * During the 2019–20 ­ continue their journalistic work at the Institute. programs in theoretical physics or astrophysics. academic year, annual programs were postponed The Director’s Visitors program enables the The Institute also engages in outreach due to Covid-19. Director to invite scholars­ from a variety of beyond its local community. Since 1994, the fields, including areas not represented within IAS/Park City Mathematics Institute annual the four Schools, to participate in the range of summer session brings together educators, intellectual and social activities at the Institute. researchers, and students for a three-week ­residential program in Park City, Utah. In 2019, DAVID LANG began Through lectures, seminars, activities, and his second three-year term as events, the program is designed to focus on Artist-in-Residence. particular topics each year. The Summer Program in Social Science, led by Didier Fassin, James D. Wolfensohn Professor in the School of Social Science, is an interdisciplinary initiative for early-career scholars from Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, which aims to enrich and expand the realm of social sciences through the confrontation of different intellectual

ANDREA KANE ­traditions and perspectives.

32 PROGRAM IN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES CENTER: ANDREA KANE; RIGHT: DAN KOMODA DAN ANDREA KANE; RIGHT: CENTER:

Left: Professor PIET HUT (left) and Program Visitor JACO DE SWART (right) with JAMES PEEBLES (center), 2019 Nobel Prize Laureate and former Member (1977–78) and Visitor (1990–91, 1998–99) in the School of Natural Sciences Center: Professor Hut (speaking) leads the After Hours Conversations series, a program of informal talks and discussions designed to spark cross-disciplinary communication. Right: Program Visitor EIKO IKEGAMI’s recent research focuses on the experiences and worldviews of autistic adults in virtual worlds and on the various forms of diverse intelligence generally.

The research of Professor Piet Hut, head of Hut is writing another book, “The 2019–20 visitors the Institute’s Program in Interdisciplinary ­Innovation Circle: Emergent Order in f First Term Studies, spans a broad range of topics within ­Cognition and in the World,” with Eric the general theme of “the Nature of Reality, Smith, a physicist working on chemistry Stephen Burlingham Art and Science as seen through the lenses of Math, Matter, and biology at the Earth-Life Science Institute and Mind.” Some subthemes are: for Math, in Tokyo, a research center that Hut and Will Cavendish “Algorithms and Foundations”; for Matter, colleagues founded eight years ago within the Science Communication “Physics and Biology”; and for Mind, Tokyo Institute of Technology. The aim is to Luis Campos “Phenomenology and Contemplation.” develop a typology of novelty, with the notion History of Science F Together with colleagues in mathematics, of phase transitions as a broad paradigm for The University of New Mexico F f physics, biology, and philosophy, he is innovation in nature, culture, and technology. currently writing a series of relatively short With Mark van Atten, a philosopher at Jaco de Swart books, with a typical length in between that CNRS in Paris, Hut is working on a book that History and Philosophy of Science F University of Amsterdam F f of a journal article and a textbook, aimed at analyzes Brouwer’s motivation for the develop- an interdisciplinary audience. Each book will ment of Intuitionism, the philosophy of mathe- Eiko Ikegami combine significant original research with an matics, based on his interpretation of time and Historical Sociology F The overview of the interdisciplinary context. conceptual thinking. Hut envisions establishing New School With Harald Wiltsche, philosopher of a book collection, not as a linear series, but more Michael Th. Rassias science at Linköping University, Sweden, he like Lego bricks that can be put together to be Mathematical Analysis, Analytic is writing a book titled “Rekindling Natural read in different configurations depending on Number Theory F Universität Zürich Philosophy: Toward a Fully Empirical Science the background and the interests of each reader. and Technology.” While following in the As the head of the Program in Interdisci- Michael Solomon footsteps of pragmatists like Peirce and James, plinary Studies, Hut has led the After Hours Bioethics F Institute for Advanced Study and phenomenologists like Husserl and Fink, Conversations series of regular “bar talks,” in they develop a more mathematical and which speakers from each of the four Schools Susan L. Sugarman ­scientific methodology, taking up the give ten-minute talks, followed by informal Psychology and Humanistic ­challenge posed by Husserl to work toward discussions, a popular program that he started Studies F Princeton University a science of science, akin to James’s notion twelve years ago with Professor Emerita Edwin L. Turner of radical empiricism. ­Caroline Walker Bynum. Astrophysics F Princeton University

33 ARTIST-IN-RESIDENCE PROGRAM Academic year 2019–20 marked the beginning of Pulitzer Prize–winning composer David Lang’s second three-year term as IAS Artist-in-Residence. Lang presented the 2019–20 Edward T. Cone Concert Series under the heading of VIRTUOSITY, with the season’s performances examining the relationships between composer, performer, and listener as revealed through the performance of virtuosic music. The season began with Meredith Monk and her vocal ensemble, who gave an intimate performance showcasing awe-inspiring vocal mastery. In November, pianist Conrad Tao played Robert Schumann’s Kreisleriana, a quintessential piece of virtuosic romantic piano music. Pianist Vicki Ray joined the FLUX Quartet at the beginning of 2020 for a performance of Stravinksy’s Three Pieces followed by Morton Feldman’s Piano and String Quartet. KOMODA DAN The last performance of the series, featuring Benjamin At the end of February, Lang presented Farmhouse/Whorehouse: An Artist Lecture by Suzanne Bocanegra Starring Lili Taylor Bagby, was unfortunately cancelled due to Covid-19. . Part artist lecture, part memoir, and part cultural essay, the performance considered the lives of Bocanegra’s grandparents To learn more about the Artist-in-Residence program, on their small Texas farm, examining the idyllic place the rural world occupies visit www.ias.edu/air. in our urban imagination.

DISTINGUISHED JOURNALISM FELLOWSHIP

With support from the Scully Peretsman Foundation, IAS welcomed Joanne Lipman, one of the nation’s leading journalists and a bestselling author, as its first Distinguished Journalism Fellow. While at IAS, Lipman investigated the impact of machine learning and artificial intelligence on the media and on journalism specifically. She also continued her work on gender in the work- place, and engaged with scholars in the School of Social Science for its theme year on “Economy and Society.” Lipman conducted interviews with numerous Faculty and Members for the Teatime at Home series on subjects ranging from the coronavirus pandemic to the George Floyd protests to deep learning and creativity. Read more at www.ias.edu/

GABI PORTER teatime-at-home. Joanne Lipman

2019–20 DIRECTOR’S VISITORS

Curtis Callan Anna Laqua Lorenza Pescia De Lellis Theoretical Physics and Institute Visitor Institute Visitor Biology Nora Okka Nafeesa Syeed Carmela Vircillo Franklin Spolia South Asian History Medieval Latin Literature Sarah Paden Institute Visitor

NORA OKKA prepares a paper impression of the Maxwell Portico at Princeton Battlefield. Her research of spolia (recycled building elements) in the city of Venice blends art and

architecture with space and time, framing the city’s antique and Byzantine heritage. KOMODA DAN

34 DIGITAL SCHOLARSHIP@IAS

Left: The Book and the Silk Roads project maps connections between parts of the premodern world by describing the technology of the book. Right: Verena Lepper of Princeton University speaks on “Egyptology in the Digital Age” for the Digital Scholarship Conversations series.

In 2019–20, IAS Faculty and staff continued to support ongoing digital scholarship projects as well as planning for future projects and collaborations. Projects currently underway include: n The Zaydi Manuscript Tradition. In partnership with the n Practices of Commentary: With a five-year SSHRC Hill Museum and Manuscript Library, Professor Sabine Insight Grant and supported by Professor Suzanne Akbari Schmidtke’s Zaydi Manuscript Tradition: A Digital Portal among others, this project seeks to develop a global per­­ continued to grow. The project has digitized collections of spective on practices of commentary, de-siloing regionally manuscripts from institutions around the world, including focused work while simultaneously offering fine-grained Rome Istituto Centrale per il Restauro e la Conservazione and nuanced accounts of the function of commentary in del Patrimonio Archivistico e Librario, Istituto per l’Oriente cultures and communities of the premodern world. See Carlo Alfonso Nallino and Università degli studi “La https://globalcommentary.utoronto.ca. ­Sapienza,” Biblioteca di Storia della medicina, and Munich Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. See www.ias.edu/digital- Albert: The Institute’s Digital Repository. scholarship/zaydi_manuscript_tradition. Intended to preserve and publish research by the Institute’s current and former scholars, as well as to provide modern n Krateros: Squeezes of Greek Inscriptions at the IAS. publishing resources for born-digital projects, datasets, and The Krateros Project, led by Professor Angelos Chaniotis, this collaborative efforts, Albert continues to grow (see https://albert. year received a significant grant from the National Endowment ias.edu). At this time it also serves as the platform hosting the for the Humanities, which will enable a further three years of Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Digital Collections (see work digitizing the Institute’s unique collection of squeezes of https://library.ias.edu/archives), as well as Krateros, the digital ancient Greek inscriptions. Work has almost been completed collections of epigraphic squeezes at IAS. Plans for the future on 2d digitization of the collection, and preparations are now include a major software upgrade and improvements to the user underway to begin 3d digitization. See www.ias.edu/krateros. interface and analytical engine. In 2020 the Institute adopted a campus-wide policy out­­lining n The Book and the Silk Roads: New approaches to the its commitment to open access. The policy, originally authored global history of the book. This project, for which Professor by the Digital Scholarship Working Group, aims to ensure that Suzanne Akbari is Co-PI, maps connections between parts scholarship from the Institute’s permanent scholars is available to of the premodern world by describing the technology of the all who wish to benefit from it. The full policy is available online book. Using historical research alongside new, non­-­destructive at www.ias.edu/open-access-policy. scientific methods, the project traces the way that books were made, through local experiment and the trans­national About DS@IAS exchange of ideas, goods, and craft practices. The project The strategic direction for the Institute’s support of digital supports new connections between humanists and scientists; scholar­ship continues to be provided by the Digital Scholarship librarians, conservators, curators, and academic researchers; Working Group, currently comprised of Jeff Berliner, Emma universities, museums, and galleries; and scholars working in Moore, Marcia Tucker, María Mercedes Tuya, and Professor different parts of the world on various linguistic, religious, Sabine Schmidtke. This past year, the group again curated the and national histories. See https://booksilkroads.library. Digital Scholarship Conversations series (see page 55). utoronto.ca.

35 RECORD OF EVENTS

School of Historical Studies Institute for Advanced Study F Eunoia and October 17 eunous: Interstate Relations and Personal Politics F Art History Seminar F Coming and Going, or, Maria Xanthou, Princeton University F On Being (and Not Being) Attached: Artists on the ANCIENT STUDIES ACTIVITIES New inscriptions from Lyttos (Crete) F Georgios Move in the Middle Ages F Heidi Gearhart, Tsolakis, Institute for the Study of the Ancient George Mason University; Member, School of October 1 World; New York University F Le décret de Historical Studies Ancient Studies Seminar F New Epigraphic Mylasa pour Xénodamos F Thibaut Boulay, Evidence for the Cults of Aphrodisias F Angelos University of Tours; Member, School of October 31 Chaniotis, Professor, School of Historical Historical Studies F The Worship of Cybele on Art History Seminar (evening) F Provoking Studies the Thracian Coast of the Black Sea in the light of Religion: Visual Art and the U.S. Culture Wars F two inscriptions from Iasos and Priene F Dobrinka Anthony Petro, Boston University; Member, October 15 Chiekova, The College of New Jersey F A List School of Historical Studies Ancient Studies Seminar F The Poem of of Priests from Scythopolis/Beth Shean (SEG VIII Hyssaldomos of Mylasa F Christopher Jones, 33) F Kyle Mahoney, F November 13 Harvard University; Institute for Advanced New Inscriptions from Hegra F Zbigniew Fiema, Art History Seminar F Painting Against Time: Study University of Helsinki; Member, School of Medicine and Astrology in a Thirteenth-Century Historical Studies F Maryamat, a Qatabanian Mural F Marius Hauknes, University of Notre November 12 Trade City Recently Rediscovered F Christian Dame; Member, School of Historical Studies Ancient Studies Seminar F Understanding Late Robin, Centre National de la Recherche Antique Petra F , University of Zbigniew Fiema Scientifique; Member, School of Historical November 20 Helsinki; Member, School of Historical Studies Studies S.T. Lee Lecture F Architecture in Two Dimensions: The Case for and Against Drawing F Alina November 19 March 24 Payne, Harvard University Ancient Studies Seminar F Paradoxes of Ancient Studies Seminar F The Monastic parrhesia F , Goethe Hartmut Leppin Transformation of Graeco-Roman Popular Theater: December 5 Universitaet; Member, School of Historical A Corpus and Theory of Ancient Christian Art History Seminar F Orientation: El Lissitzky’s Studies Comedy F Paul Dilley, University of Iowa; Evolutionary Urbanism F Alla Vronskaya, Member, School of Historical Studies Illinois Institute of Technology; Member, December 10 School of Historical Studies Ancient Studies Seminar F Historical Determinants March 31 of Statue Production, Use and Re-use in Late Ancient Studies Seminar F The Christians in January 23 Antiquity F Esen Ogüs, Austin Peay State the Cities of the Roman Empire at the End of the Art History Seminar F Second term introductions University; Member, School of Historical 3rd Century F Anne-Valéry Pont, Sorbonne + wrap up of fall term and short presentations by new Studies Université; Member, School of Historical participants F Yve-Alain Bois, Professor, School Studies of Historical Studies January 28 Ancient Studies Seminar F The ‘Koinon of the April 7 January 30 13 Cities’ in the Light of New Inscriptions from Ancient Studies Seminar F (Re)Constructing the Art History Seminar F The Bronze Door of Sardis F Martin Hallmannsecker, University Past in Roman Corinth and Sparta F Wolfgang Hildesheim (1015): Decoding Monumental Iconic of Oxford Havener, Heidelberg University; Princeton Works F Charlotte Denoël, Bibliothèque University Nationale de France; Member, School of February 11 Historical Studies; Isabelle Marchesin, Ancient Studies Seminar F The Polis as a Stage: April 14 Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris; Theatricality and Illusion in the Long Hellenistic Ancient Studies Seminar F Spying and Visitor, School of Historical Studies Age F , Professor, School Angelos Chaniotis Waterboarding. The Role of the Laity in Controlling of Historical Studies Clerical Misconduct in Late Antique North Africa F February 20 Michael Hahn, University of Munich Art History Seminar F Chasing Fouquet’s Agnes February 25 Sorel F Laura Weigert, Rutgers, the State Ancient Studies Seminar F The Aksumite Ruler University of New Jersey; Member, School of Ezana and Accounts of the Conversion of Ethiopia ART HISTORY ACTIVITIES Historical Studies to Christianity F Aaron Butts, The Catholic University of America; Member, School of October 3 February 27 Historical Studies Art History Seminar F First term introductions + Art History Seminar F Foucault at Work F Molly short presentations by the participants F Yve-Alain Nesbit, Vassar College; Member, School of Bois, Professor, School of Historical Studies March 6 Historical Studies Epigraphic Friday F Petrified Wit: Humor in Greek Inscriptions F , Professor, October 10 Angelos Chaniotis March 6 School of Historical Studies F The Honorific Art History Seminar F First term introductions + Art History Seminar F Temporal Painting: Decree for Neikeratos of Olbia and Hellenistic short presentations by the participants (suite) F Yve- The Calendar Cycle at Santi Quattro Coronati F Oratory F Emyr Dakin, City University of Alain Bois, Professor, School of Historical Marius Hauknes, ; New York F The ‘Pride of Halikarnassos’ and its Studies Member, School of Historical Studies Audience F Jeremy McInerney, University of Pennsylvania F The Menogeneion at Sardis F Christopher Jones, Harvard University;

36 April 8 January 16 EAST ASIAN STUDIES Art History Zoom Seminar F The Talent-Meter: Early Modern Europe Seminar F Man Alone ACTIVITIES Designing Divided Labor F Alla Vronskaya, Sings F Deirdre Loughridge, Northeastern Illinois Institute of Technology; Member, University; Member, School of Historical October 7 School of Historical Studies Studies East Asian Seminar F China’s Afro-Asian Philology (ca. 1955–65) F Tamara Chin, Brown April 22 January 27 University; Member, School of Historical Art History Zoom Seminar F The “Palestrina Early Modern Europe Seminar F The Place of Studies Pietà”: Gatherings on the History of a Statue Starred Sorcery in the Thought of a Seventeenth Century by Michelangelo F Marilyn Aronberg Lavin Moroccan and Alchemist F Justin October 14 Stearns, New York University Abu Dhabi; East Asian Seminar F Rats, Cats, and Bandits April 27 Member, School of Historical Studies in the Early Modern Canton Delta F Robert Art History Zoom Seminar F The Christian Antony, Guangzhou University; Member, Concept of Light and its Implication in Medieval February 3 School of Historical Studies Iconography F Isabelle Marchesin, Institut Early Modern Europe Seminar F The National d’Histoire de l’Art, Paris; Visitor, Globalization of Calvinism and Dutch Society F October 28 School of Historical Studies Charles Parker, Saint Louis University; East Asian Seminar F The Climate of the Member, School of Historical Studies Manchu Conquest F Nicola Di Cosmo, Luce May 6 Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies, Art History Zoom Seminar F El Lissitzky and the February 13 School of Historical Studies, Institute for Modern Space of Axonometry F Yve-Alain Bois, Early Modern Europe Seminar F “The Shipwreck Advanced Study Professor, School of Historical Studies of the Turks”: Law of Nations, Sovereignty, and the Boundaries of Hospitality in the Eighteenth- November 4 May 13 Century Mediterranean F Francesca Trivellato, East Asian Seminar F The Barbers of Beijing F Art History Zoom Seminar F The feather and Andrew W. Mellon Professor, School of Fabio Lanza, University of Arizona; Member, the lead. The weight of words on text-only jackets Historical Studies, with Guillaume Calafat, School of Historical Studies and covers, in France and the US around WW2 F Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne Clémence Imbert November 25 February 20 East Asian Seminar F From the Ground Up: May 27 What is Global History? A Roundtable F Refining Views of Japanese History (850–1550) Art History Zoom Seminar F The Early Work of Sebastian Conrad, Professor of History, Through Mining F Tom Conlan, Princeton Vija Celmins F Frances Jacobus-Parker Free University of Berlin in conversation with University Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Professor, School EARLY MODERN EUROPE of Historical Studies; Nicola Di Cosmo, Luce December 16 Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies, ACTIVITIES East Asian Seminar F New China Daily: Social School of Historical Studies; Francesca Change and the Class Project in Wartime Nationalist Trivellato, Andrew W. Mellon Professor, October 10 China F Joshua Howard, University of School of Historical Studies Mississippi; Member, School of Historical Early Modern Europe Seminar F Indigenizing Studies Calvinism in the Dutch Empire F Charles March 5 Parker, Saint Louis University; Member, Early Modern Europe Seminar F The Maghreb School of Historical Studies January 20 in Spain: Slave and Muslims in Eighteenth-Century East Asian Seminar F Is it finished? Problems in the Cartagena F Daniel Hershenzon, University October 28 history of Chinese buildings, with some thoughts on of Connecticut; Member, School of Historical xiu F , Princeton University Early Modern Europe Seminar F No Better 修 Susan Naquin Studies than a Brothel F Beth Plummer, University of Arizona; Member, School of Historical Studies February 3 March 27 East Asian Seminar F New insights on the transition Early Modern Europe Seminar F The November 4 to agriculture and sedentary way of life in North Enlightenment and Original Sin F Matt Kadane, China F , Hebrew Early Modern Europe Seminar F Metallism Gideon Shelach-Lavi Hobart and William Smith Colleges; Member, and the Social Theory of Money in Seventeenth- University; Member, School of Historical School of Historical Studies Studies Century England F Andrew Sartori, New York University; Member, School of Historical April 13 Studies February 17 Early Modern Europe Seminar F The Blood East Asian Seminar F Instability, crises and of Households: Private Violence and Legalities of November 25 disintegration of the Turkic empires on the Mongolian Raiding in Early European Empires F Lauren plateau F , University of Bonn; Early Modern Europe Seminar F Religious Jan Bemmann Benton, Vanderbilt University; Member, Artifacts and Slaves in the Early Modern Member, School of Historical Studies School of Historical Studies Mediterranean F Daniel Hershenzon, University of Connecticut; Member, School March 2 May 15 of Historical Studies East Asian Seminar F Beneath the China Boom: Early Modern Europe Seminar F Coevolution Labor, Citizenship, and the Making of a Rural of Judicial and Reputational Institutions in Contract December 2 Land Market F Julia Chuang, Boston College; Enforcement across the Early Atlantic Sugar Route F Member, School of Historical Studies Early Modern Europe Seminar F Signs of History: Daniel Strum, University of Sao Paulo; A Historical Inquiry into the Monument as an Object Member, School of Historical Studies of Knowledge F Lisa Regazzoni, Member, School of Historical Studies

37 MEDIEVAL STUDIES March 5 December 4 ACTIVITIES Medieval Studies Seminar F Legalizing Ethnicity Near Eastern Studies Seminar F The Arabia of and Ethnogenesis (Reimitz, Haney López) F Abraha F Christian Robin, Centre National October 31 Helmut Reimitz, Princeton University de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris; Member, Medieval Studies Seminar F First Term School of Historical Studies Introductions and Disciplinary Methodologies April 16 (Nirenberg, Whitaker) F Suzanne Conklin Medieval Studies Seminar F Medieval Indigeneity December 11 Akbari, Professor, School of Historical (Miyashiro, Rouighi) F Suzanne Conklin Near Eastern Studies Seminar F The Kidnapping Studies F 2019–20 series on “Race, Racialization, Akbari, Professor, School of Historical Studies of a 14th Century Rasulid Sultan: The Case of and Periodization” co-convened with Cord al-Malik al-Mujāhid ‘Alī F Daniel Martin Whitaker, Wellesley College; Member, School May 14 Varisco, American Institute for Yemeni of Historical Studies Medieval Studies Seminar F Usury in Pistoia Studies; Member, School of Historical Studies and the Role of Anti-Judaism (Fossier, Todeschini) F November 7 Arnaud Fossier, Université de Bourgogne; January 21, 23, 28, 30 and February 13 Medieval Studies Seminar F The Politics of Member, School of Historical Studies Near Eastern Studies Workshop F Documents/ the History of Race and Racialization: Jewish Inscriptions from pre-Islamic Southern Arabia F Led Studies and Art History (Lipton, Mittman) F May 7 by Christian Robin, Centre National de la Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Professor, School Medieval Studies Seminar F Slavery, the Slave Recherche Scientifique, Paris; Member, School of Historical Studies, and Cord Whitaker, Trade, and Venetian Notarial Documents (Amitai of Historical Studies. Sponsored by Sabine Wellesley College; Member, School of and Cluse; Stello) F Nicola Di Cosmo, Luce Schmidtke, Professor, School of Historical Historical Studies Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies, Studies School of Historical Studies November 14 January 27 Medieval Studies Seminar F The Intersection of May 21 Iran at the Crossroads of Civilization: Scholars and Religion and Race: Muslim Bodies (Akbari, Heng) F Medieval Studies Seminar F Racialization, Lawyers Speaking about Iranian History and Cultural Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Professor, School Enslavement, and Religious Identity (Epstein, Heritage. A Panel Discussion F Irina Bokova, of Historical Studies, and Cord Whitaker, Silleras-Fernández) F Ariana Myers, Princeton former Director-General of UNESCO; Touraj Wellesley College; Member, School of University Daryaee, University of California, Irvine; Ani Historical Studies Honarchiansaky, Princeton University; Rudi June 4 Matthee, University of Delaware; Matthew November 19 Medieval Studies Seminar F Ethnicity and Race T. Miller, University of Maryland, College Book History Workshop F Formats of the Book in Early Medieval Book Illumination (Denoël, Park; Alexander Nagel, State University in East Asia and Environs F Suzanne Conklin Michaud) F Charlotte Denoël, Bibliothèque of New York and Smithsonian Institution, Akbari, Professor, School of Historical Studies; Nationale de France; Member, School of Washington, DC; Thomas G. Weiss, The Nicola Di Cosmo, Luce Foundation Professor Historical Studies Graduate Center, City University of New York. in East Asian Studies, School of Historical Sponsored by Sabine Schmidtke, Professor, Studies; Paul Chandler Dilley, University of June 11 School of Historical Studies Iowa; Member, School of Historical Studies; Medieval Studies Seminar F Race, Racialization, Martin Heijdra, Princeton University; and Periodization (Davis, Whitaker) F Cord January 29 Stephen Teiser, Princeton University F Whitaker, Wellesley College; Member, School Near Eastern Studies Seminar F Medicine, God, co-sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon of Historical Studies and the Occult in 17th Century Morocco F Justin Foundation and Princeton’s Buddhist Studies Stearns, New York University Abu Dhabi; Member, School of Historical Studies Workshop NEAR/MIDDLE EASTERN AND ISLAMIC STUDIES ACTIVITIES December 5 February 5 Medieval Studies Seminar F Ethnicity, Race, Near Eastern Studies Seminar F Tribal Dynamics October 2 and Racialization (Reimitz, Rouighi) F Suzanne and Nation Building in Yemen F Najwa Adra, Near Eastern Studies Seminar F Intersections Conklin Akbari, Professor, School of Austrian Academy of Sciences; Visitor, School between Arabic and Aramaic: The Case of Syriac Historical Studies, and Cord Whitaker, of Social Science Christians F Aaron Michael Butts, The Wellesley College; Member, School of Catholic University of America; Member, Historical Studies February 12 School of Historical Studies Near Eastern Studies Seminar F Mathematical January 23 Methods in the Soviet Historiography of Medieval October 17 Medieval Studies Seminar F Critical Race Islamic Architecture F Igor Demchenko, The Historical Studies-Social Science Library and the Middle Ages (Kim, Lopez-Jantzen) F Columbia University; Visitor, School of Conversations F The Syriac Orthodox in North Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Professor, School Historical Studies America (1895–1995): A Short History F George of Historical Studies, and Cord Whitaker, A. Kiraz, Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute; Wellesley College; Member, School of February 19 Research Associate, School of Historical Studies Historical Studies Near Eastern Studies Seminar F Why Yemen Matters: The Heritage of a Land in Crisis, A Panel October 23 February 13 Discussion with current IAS Scholars F Najwa Near Eastern Studies Seminar F The Political Medieval Studies Seminar F Political and Racial Adra, Austrian Academy of Sciences; Visitor, Subtexts of Copto-Arabic Pseudepigraphy: Stories of Identities of the English and the Welsh (Lavezzo, School of Social Science; Hassan Ansari, the First Church of Mary as Responses to Territorial Lumbley) F Celia Chazelle, The College of Long-term Member, School of Historical Dispossession F Mary Kamal Farag, Princeton New Jersey Studies; Glen W. Bowersock, Professor Theological Seminary; Member, School of Emeritus, School of Historical Studies; Historical Studies Nathalie Peutz, New York University Abu Dhabi; Member, School of Social Science; Christian Robin, Centre National de la

38 Recherche Scientifique, Paris; Member, School Lemma F Fotios Iliopoulos, Member, Concentration and Algorithms F Zhao Song, of Historical Studies; Sabine Schmidtke, School of Mathematics F The Thin Obstacle Member, School of Mathematics F Singular Professor, School of Historical Studies; Daniel Problem F Yash Jhaveri, Member, School of Moduli for Real Quadratic Fields and p-adic Families Martin Varisco, American Institute for Mathematics of Modular Forms F Jan Vonk, Member, School Yemeni Studies; Member, School of Historical of Mathematics F Towards Building a Foundation of Studies September 26 Deep Learning F Jason Lee, Member, School of Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Mathematics Theory Seminar F Golden Gates in PU(n) and School of Mathematics the Density Hypothesis F Shai Evra, Member, October 3 School of Mathematics Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory September 10 Seminar F A Stacky Approach to Crystalline (and PCTS Seminar Series: Deep Learning for September 27 Prismatic) Cohomology F Vladimir Drinfeld, Physics F Toward Theoretical Understanding of Short talks by postdoctoral members F The University of Chicago; Visiting Professor, Deep Learning F Sanjeev Arora, Princeton Degeneration of Calabi-Yau Metrics F Yang Li, School of Mathematics University; Distinguished Visiting Professor, Member, School of Mathematics F School of Mathematics Ill-Posedness of Incompressible Fluid Models F Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory Hyunju Kwon, Member, School of September 11 Mathematics F New Forms of Hypercontractivity F October 4 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning Dor Minzer, Member, School of Short talks by postdoctoral members F A Short Mathematics F Pointwise Inequalities for Certain Talk around the Harish-Chandra Transform F September 12 Nonlocal Operators F Ángel Martínez Alexander Yom Din, Member, School of Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Martínez, Member, School of Mathematics F Mathematics F Decay of Correlations for Anosov Theory Seminar F Taking the Hecke Algebra to Its Systems of Points with Logarithmic Interactions F Flows F Zhiyuan Zhang, Member, School Limits F Raphael Steiner, Member, School of Thomas Leblé, Member, School of of Mathematics F Dynamics of Deep Neural Mathematics Mathematics F The Asymptotic Spectrum of Networks—A Fourier Analysis Perspective F Graphs F Jeroen Zuiddam, Member, School Yaoyu Zhang, Member, School of September 19 of Mathematics F The Homology Cobordism Mathematics F Estimating the Wasserstein Metric F Number Theory Working Group F Singular Group F Linh Truong, Member, School of Jonathan Niles-Weed, Member, School of Moduli for Real Quadratic Fields (Organizational Mathematics Mathematics F Robustness of Graph Properties— Meeting) F Jan Vonk, Member, School of Property Testing and Removal Lemma F Fan Wei, Mathematics October 1 Member, School of Mathematics F Uniqueness IAS-PNI Seminar on ML and Neuroscience F Aspects of Symplectic Fillings F Zhengyi Zhou, Joint IAS/Princeton University Number A Geometric Data Structure from Neuroscience F Member, School of Mathematics Theory Seminar F On the Arithmetic of Elliptic Sanjoy Dasgupta, University of California, Curves over Quintic Fields F Michele Fornea, San Diego; Special Year Member, School of October 7 Princeton University Mathematics Members’ Seminar F Logarithmic Concavity of Schur Polynomials F June Huh, Visiting September 24 Short talks by postdoctoral members F On the Professor, School of Mathematics Short talks by postdoctoral members F A Program Connection between Neural Networks and Kernels: for Classifying Transitive Anosov Diffeomorphisms F A Modern Perspective F Simon Du, Member, Analysis Seminar F Weak Solutions of the Navier- Clark Butler, Princeton University; Veblen School of Mathematics F p-adic Hodge Theory for Stokes Equations May Be Smooth for A.E. Time F Research Instructor, School of Mathematics F Local Systems F Koji Shimizu, Member, School Maria Colombo, École Polytechnique Flatness, Smoothness, and the Analyst’s Traveling of Mathematics F Primes in High-Dimensional Fédérale de Lausanne; von Neumann Fellow, Salesman Theorem F Silvia Ghinassi, Member, Equivariant Settings F Rohit Nagpal, Member, School of Mathematics School of Mathematics F Geometric Applications School of Mathematics F Proof and Circuit of Derived Categories F Alexander Perry, Complexity F Robert Robere, Member, School Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Member, School of Mathematics F Golden Gates of Mathematics F Relative Smoothness: Progress, Bourgeois Contact Structures: Tightness, Fillability in PU(n) and the Density Hypothesis F Shai Evra, Mysteries, and Hamiltonians F Christopher and Applications F Agustin Moreno, University Member, School of Mathematics F Growth Maddison, Member, School of Mathematics of Augsburg of Topological Invariants of Locally Symmetric Spaces F Mikolaj Fraczyk, Member, School October 2 October 8 of Mathematics F Interfaces in Inhomogeneous Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Media: Pinning, Hysteresis, and Facets F William Rethinking Control F Elad Hazan, Princeton Unsupervised Ensemble Learning F Boaz Nadler, Feldman, Member, School of Mathematics F University, Google AI Princeton Weizmann Institute of Science; Member, School Robustness and Strategic Concerns in Machine of Mathematics Learning F Yu Cheng, Member, School of Short talks by postdoctoral members F Discrete Mathematics Optimization under Uncertainty F Sahil Singla, October 9 Member, School of Mathematics F Distributional Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F September 25 Aspects of Hecke Eigenforms F Raphael Designing Fast and Robust Learning Algorithms F Short talks by postdoctoral members F Counting Steiner, Member, School of Mathematics F Yu Cheng, University of Illinois at Chicago Curves on Quintic Threefolds F Felix Janda, Incidence Estimates with Application to Fourier Member, School of Mathematics F Exploration Analysis F Hong Wang, Member, School Mathematical Conversations F Finite Fields in Reinforcement Learning F Chi Jin, Member, of Mathematics F Interactive Learning with and the Ax-Grothendieck Theorem F Remy van School of Mathematics F Fourier Coefficients Comparison Queries F Shay Moran, Google Dobben de Bruyn, Princeton University; of Automorphic Forms F Henrik Gustafsson, Brain; Visitor, School of Mathematics F Life Veblen Research Instructor, School of Member, School of Mathematics F Spectral in Characteristic p (And How to Escape It) F Mathematics Statistics of Sparse Random Graphs F Jiaoyang Remy van Dobben de Bruyn, Princeton Huang, Member, School of Mathematics F University; Veblen Research Instructor, School Stochastic Local Search and the Lovasz Local of Mathematics F : Optimization,

39 October 10 Workshop on Theory of Deep Learning: Where October 21 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number next? F Energy-Based Approaches to Representation Members’ Seminar F Length and Volume in Theory Seminar F Extremal Cases of Rapoport- Learning F Yann LeCun, New York University Symplectic Geometry F Daniel Cristofaro- Zink Spaces F Michael Rapoport, Universität and Facebook AI F From Classical Statistics to Gardiner, University of California, Santa Bonn, University of Maryland Modern ML: The Lessons of Deep Learning F Cruz; von Neumann Fellow, School of Mikhail Belkin, Ohio State University F Mathematics Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Neural Models for Speech and Language: Theory Successes, Challenges, and the Relationship to Analysis Seminar F Strong Ill-Posedness of the Computational Models of the Brain F Michael Logarithmically Regularized 2d Euler Equations in Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory Collins, Columbia University F On Large the Borderline Sobolev Space F Hyunju Kwon, Deviation Principles for Large Neural Networks F Member, School of Mathematics October 11 Joan Bruna, New York University F On the Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Nodal Connection between Neural Networks and Kernels: Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Domains of Equivariant Eigenfunctions on Kaluza- A Modern Perspective F Simon Du, Member, Koszul Duality and Knot Floer Homology F Klein 3-Folds F Junehyuk Jung, Texas A&M School of Mathematics F Panel Session F Thomas Hockenhull, University of Glasgow University F On a Universal Limit Conjecture for Various F Spotlight Talks F Various F Towards a the Nodal Count Statistics of Quantum Graphs F Theoretical Foundation of Neural Networks F Jason October 22 Lior Alon, Technion Lee, Princeton University; Member, School of PCTS Seminar Series: Deep Learning for Mathematics Physics F Autoregressive Simulation of Many- Special Dynamics Seminar F On Radon Measures Body Quantum Systems F Or Sharir, Hebrew Invariant under Horospherical Flows on Geometrically October 17 University of Jerusalem F Machine Learning Infinite Manifolds F Or Landesberg, The Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Techniques for Many-Body Quantum Systems F Hebrew University of Jerusalem Theory Seminar F Geometric Lifts of Odd Galois Giuseppe Carleo, Simons Foundation Representations F Stefan Patrikis, University October 14 of Utah October 23 Members’ Seminar F Finding Structure in High Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Dimensional Data, Methods and Fundamental Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Optimization Landscape and Two-Layer Neural Limitations F Boaz Nadler, Weizmann Institute Theory Networks F Rong Ge, Duke University; of Science; Member, School of Mathematics Member, School of Mathematics Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory Analysis Seminar F On the (In)Stability of the Mathematical Conversations F Khovanov Identity Map in Optimal Transportation F Yash Workshop on Theory of Deep Learning: Where Homology F Linh Truong, Member, School of Jhaveri, Member, School of Mathematics next? F Designing Explicit Regularizers for Deep Mathematics Models F Tengyu Ma, Stanford University F Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Interpreting Deep Neural Networks F Bin Yu, October 24 Inscribing Rectangles in Jordan Loops F Richard University of California, Berkeley F Kernel and Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Schwartz, Brown University Rich Regimes in Deep Learning F Nati Srebro, Theory Seminar F A Slice or Two of a Diagonal Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago F Cubic: Arithmetic Stratification via the Circle October 15 Learning Representations Using Causal Invariance F Method F Trevor Wooley, Purdue University Workshop on Theory of Deep Learning: Leon Bottou, Facebook AI Research F Poster Where next? F Are All Features Created Equal? F Session F Various F Provably Efficient Reinforcement Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Aleksander Madry, Google F Emergent Learning with Linear Function Approximation F Chi Theory F Epsilon Regularity and Removable Linguistic Structure in Deep Contextual Neural Jin, Member, School of Mathematics F Spotlight Singularities F Karen Uhlenbeck, The Word Representations F Chris Manning, Talks F Various F Spotlight Talks F Various F University of Texas at Austin; Distinguished Stanford University F Fixing GAN Optimization Understanding the Inductive Bias Due to Dropout F Visiting Professor, School of Mathematics through Competitive Gradient Descent F Anima Raman Arora, Johns Hopkins University; Anandkumar, California Institute of Member, School of Mathematics Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory Technology F Is Optimization the Right Language to Understand Deep Learning? F Sanjeev Arora, October 18 October 28 Princeton University; Distinguished Visiting Workshop on Theory of Deep Learning: Members’ Seminar F Sparse Matrices in Sparse Professor, School of Mathematics F Overcoming Where next? F Are All Features Created Equal F Analysis F Anna Gilbert, University of the Curse of Dimensionality and Mode Collapse F Behnam Neyshabur, Google F Concentration Michigan; Member, School of Mathematics Ke Li, University of California, Berkeley F Inequalities for Random Matrix Products F PAC-Bayesian Approaches to Understanding Rachel Ward, The University of Texas Analysis Seminar F The Surface Quasigeostrophic Generalization in Deep Learning F Karolina at Austin; von Neumann Fellow, School of Equation on the Sphere F Angel Martinez Dziugaite Roy, Simons Institute for the Mathematics F Informal Discussion Sessions F Martinez, Member, School of Mathematics Theory of Computing F Spotlight Talks F Machine Learning F Surya Ganguli, Stanford Various F Spotlight Talks F Various F Tightening University F Reinforcement Learning, Deep Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Information-Theoretic Generalization Bounds with Learning, and the Role of Policy Gradient Methods F Spectrum and Abnormals in Sub-Riemannian Data-Dependent Estimates with an Application Sham Kakade, University of Washington F Geometry: The 4D Quasi-Contact Case F Nikhil to SGLD F Daniel M. Roy, University of Representational Power of Graph Neural Networks F Savale, University of Cologne Toronto F What 2-Layer Neural Nets Can We Stefanie Jegelka, Massachusetts Institute of Optimize? F Rong Ge, Duke University; Technology F Spotlight Talks F Various F Spotlight October 30 Member, School of Mathematics Talks F Zhiyuan Li, John Zarka, Stanislav Mathematical Conversations F Optimal Fort, Princeton University, l’Ecole normale Transport and Its Unexpected Appearances F Maria October 16 supérieure, Stanford University Colombo, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Mathematical Conversations F What Is Lausanne; von Neumann Fellow, School of Percolation? F Stanislav Smirnov, University Mathematics of Geneva; Visitor, School of Mathematics

40 October 31 Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory November 15 Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Joint IAS/Princeton University Theoretical Theory Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Machine Learning Seminar F Can Learning Theory Seminar F The Weyl Bound for Dirichlet Theory Resist Deep Learning? F Francis Bach, Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory L-Functions F Matthew Young, Texas A&M; Institut national de recherche en informatique et von Neumann Fellow, School of Mathematics en automatique Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Seminar November 8 Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Extreme Workshop on New Directions in Reinforcement Eigenvalue Distributions of Sparse Random Graphs F November 1 Learning and Control F Deep Reinforcement Jiaoyang Huang, Member, School of Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Epsilon- Learning in the Real World F Sergey Levine, Mathematics F Unitary, Symplectic, and Orthogonal Regularity for Minimal Surfaces near Quadratic University of Berkeley F Is a Good Representation Moments of Moments F Emma Bailey, Cones F Luca Spolaor, University of Sufficient for Sample Efficient Reinforcement California, San Diego F Local Bound on the Learning F Sham Kakade, University of Number of Nodal Domains F Aleksandr Washington F Lightning Talks F Chi Jin, Special Dynamics Seminar F Effective Bounds Logunov, Princeton University Member, School of Mathematics; Lin Yang, for the Least Solutions of Homogeneous Quadratic University of California, Los Angeles; Diophantine Inequalities F Thomas Hille, Yale November 4 Alec Koppel, U.S. Army Research Laboratory University Members’ Seminar F Pseudoholomorphic Curves in the Computational and Information with Boundary: Can You Count Them? Can You Sciences Directorate; Karan Singh, Princeton November 18 Really? F Sara Tukachinsky, Member, School University; Nataly Brukhim, Princeton Analysis Seminar F The Singular Set in the Fully of Mathematics University F Risk and Robustness in RL: Nonlinear Obstacle Problem F Ovidiu Savin, Nothing Ventured, Nothing Gained F Shie Columbia University Analysis Seminar F The Forced Mean Curvature Mannor, Technion F Strategic Exploration via Flow in Random Media F William Feldman, State Abstraction from Rich Observations F John Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Member, School of Mathematics Langford, Microsoft Twisted Generating Functions and the Nearby Lagrangian Conjecture F Sylvain Courte, Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F November 11 Grenoble Alpes University Homological Mirror Symmetry for a Complex Genus Members’ Seminar F Lie Algebras and Homotopy 2 Curve F Catherine Cannizzo, Simons Theory F Jacob Lurie, Professor, School of Hermann Weyl Lectures F The PCP Theorem F Center for Geometry and Physics, Stony Brook Mathematics Irit Dinur, Weizmann Institute of Science; Visiting Professor, School of Mathematics November 5 Analysis Seminar F An Application of Displacement Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Convexity at the Level of Point Processes F Thomas November 19 On Implicit Regularization and Autotuning of Leblé, Member, School of Mathematics Hermann Weyl Lectures F High Dimensional Normalization in Deep Learning F Rachel Expansion and Error Correcting Codes F Irit Ward, The University of Texas at Austin; von Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Dinur, Weizmann Institute of Science; Visiting Neumann Fellow, School of Mathematics Local Rigidity and C0 Symplectic and Contact Professor, School of Mathematics Topology F Mike Usher, University of Georgia November 7 PCTS Seminar Series: Deep Learning for Workshop on New Directions in Reinforcement November 12 Physics F Deep Learning and String Theory F Learning and Control F Curiosity, Unobserved Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F James Halverson, Northeastern University F Rewards and Neural Networks: On Recent Fast IRLS Algorithms for p-Norm Regression F Flows three ways F Kyle Cranmer, New York Progress in Building Solid Foundations for RL F Sushant Sachdeva, University of Toronto; University Csaba Szepesvari, DeepMind, University Member, School of Mathematics of Alberta F Lightning Talks F Galen Cho, November 20 Microsoft Research; Christina Yu, Cornell November 13 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F University; Cyril Zhang, Princeton University; Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Nonconvex Minimax Optimization F Chi Jin, Laura Balzano, University of Michigan, Some Statistical Results on Deep Learning: Princeton University; Member, School of Ann Arbor; Member, School of Mathematics; Interpolation, Optimality and Sparsity F Guang Mathematics Max Simchovitz, University of California, Cheng, Purdue University; Member, School of Berkeley F Robust Control with Perception in Mathematics Mathematical Conversations F Some Challenging the Loop: Towards Open-World Manipulation F Graph Inequality F Fan Wei, Member, School of Russ Tedrake, Massachusetts Institute of Mathematical Conversations F Erdős Distinct Mathematics Technology, Toyota Research Institute F The Distances Problem on the Plane F Hong Wang, Non-Stochastic Control Problem F Elad Hazan, Member, School of Mathematics Hermann Weyl Lectures F Unique and 2:2 Princeton University, Google AI F Towards Games, Grassmannians, and Expansion F Irit Structural Risk Minimization for RL F Emma November 14 Dinur, Weizmann Institute of Science; Visiting Brunskill, Stanford University F Understanding Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Professor, School of Mathematics Deep Networks and Its Role Played in Prioritized Theory Search F Yuandong Tian, Facebook AI F November 21 Unsupervised State Embedding and Aggregation Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory towards Scalable Reinforcement Learning F Mengdi Seminar F Canonical Integral Models of Shimura Wang, Princeton University Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Varieties F George Pappas, Member, School of Seminar F Local Systems over Shimura Varieties: Mathematics Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge A Comparison of Two Constructions F Kai-Wen Theory Lan, University of Minnesota Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Theory

41 Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory December 5 December 17 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F November 22 Seminar F Higher Order Uniformity of the Möbius How Will We Do Mathematics in 2030? F Special Dynamics Seminar F On Some Function F Joni Teräväinen, University of Michael R. Douglas, Simons Center for Consequences of Exponential F Federico Oxford Geometry and Physics, Stony Brook Rodriguez-Hertz, Penn State University Special Seminar on Hilbert’s 13th Problem I F December 18 November 25 The Geometry of Hilbert’s 13th Problem F Jesse Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Wolfson, University of California, Irvine Online Learning in Reactive Environments F Seminar F On Singularity Properties of Word Raman Arora, Johns Hopkins University; Maps and Applications to Probabilistic Waring Type Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Member, School of Mathematics Problems F Itay Glazer, Weizmann Institute of Theory Science Mathematical Conversations F Faster and Simpler Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory Algorithms for Robust Statistics F Yu Cheng, Special Seminar F Topological Quantum Phases F University of Illinois at Chicago; Visitor, School Alexei Kitaev, California Institute of December 6 of Mathematics Technology; Distinguished Visiting Professor, Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Cardy School of Natural Sciences Embedding of Random Planar Maps F Nina December 19 Holden, ETH Zürich F The Nonlinear Stability Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Members’ Seminar F Convergence of nearest of the Schwarzschild Metric without Symmetry F Theory Neighbor Classification F Sanjoy Dasgupta, Mihalis Dafermos, Princeton University University of California, San Diego; Member, January 13 School of Mathematics Special Seminar on Hilbert’s 13th Problem II F Analysis Seminar F Weak Solutions to the Navier— Topology of Resolvent Problems F , Stokes Inequality with Arbitrary Energy Profiles F Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F University of Chicago Wojciech Ożański, University of Southern Homological Mirror Symmetry for Elliptic Hopf California; Member, School of Mathematics Surfaces F Abigail Ward, Harvard University December 9 Members’ Seminar F The h-Principle in Symplectic January 14 November 26 Geometry F Emmy Murphy, Northwestern IAS-PNI Seminar on ML and Neuroscience F Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F A University; von Neumann Fellow, School of Compositional Inductive Biases in Human Function Fourier Analysis Perspective of Training Dynamics Mathematics Learning F Samuel J. Gershman, Harvard of Deep Neural Networks F Yaoyu Zhang, University Member, School of Mathematics Analysis Seminar F On the Gradient-Flow Structure of Multiphase Mean Curvature Flow F Tim Laux, January 15 December 2 University of California, Berkeley Mathematical Conversations F Hypocoercivity F Members’ Seminar F Mathematical Models of George Deligiannidis, Human Memory F Michail Tsodyks, C.V. Starr Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Professor, School of Natural Sciences Convex Hypersurface Theory in Higher-Dimensional January 16 Contact Topology F Ko Honda, University of Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Analysis Seminar F Distance Estimate on Kähler California, Los Angeles Foundations of Intelligent Systems with (Deep) Manifolds F Yang Li, Member, School of Function Approximators F Simon Du, Member, Mathematics December 11 School of Mathematics Mathematical Conversations F Cohomology Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Theories and Formal Groups F Jacob Lurie, Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Disjoint Lagrangian Spheres and Cyclic Dilations F Professor, School of Mathematics Theory Yin Li, King’s College London December 12 January 17 December 3 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Inverse IAS-PNI Seminar on ML and Neuroscience F Seminar F The Arithmetic Fundamental Lemma Problems for Quantum Graphs F Pavel Kurasov, A Distributional Code for Value in Dopamine-Based for Unitary Groups: An Update F Wei Zhang, Stockholm University Reinforcement Learning F Matthew Botvinick, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DeepMind January 21 Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Theory The Blessings of Multiple Causes F David M. Blei, Seminar F Thin Groups and the Arithmetic of Columbia University Imaginary Quadratic Fields F Katherine Stange, Working Seminar in Algebraic Number Theory University of Colorado, Boulder Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics December 13 Seminar II F Approximating CSPs on Expanding December 4 Analysis - Mathematical Physics F A Rigorous Structures, and Applications to Codes F Madhur Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Derivation of the Kinetic Wave Equation F Tulsiani, Toyota Technological Institute at Uncoupled Isotonic Regression F Jonathan Niles- Tristan Buckmaster, Princeton University F Chicago Weed, New York University; Member, School Localization and Unique Continuation on the of Mathematics Integer Lattice F Charles Smart, University of January 22 Chicago Mathematical Conversations F What Is a Mathematical Conversations F Episodic Memory Motive? F Pierre Deligne, Professor Emeritus, from First Principles F Michelangelo Naim, School of Mathematics Weizmann Institute of Science; Visitor, School of Natural Sciences

42 January 23 February 4 February 12 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Mathematical Conversations F p-adic Numbers Theory Seminar F Motivic Euler Products in Algorithm and Hardness for Kernel Matrices in in Cryptography and Rocky Horror F Mark Motivic Statistics F Margaret Bilu, New York Numerical Linear Algebra and Machine Learning F Goresky, Visitor, School of Mathematics University Zhao Song, Member, School of Mathematics February 13 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F In Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Defense of Uniform Convergence: Generalization via Seminar II F Proofs, Circuits, Communication, and Theory Seminar F Moduli Spaces of Shtukas over Derandomization F Daniel M. Roy, University Lower Bounds in Complexity Theory F Robert Function Fields F Jared Weinstein, Boston of Toronto; Member, School of Mathematics Robere, Member, School of Mathematics University

Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge February 5 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Theory Mathematical Conversations F Anosov Flows in The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: On Sparse, Trainable 3-Manifolds and the Fundamental Group F Rafael Neural Networks F Jonathan Frankle, January 27 Potrie, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics von Neumann Fellow, School of Mathematics Seminar I F Equality Alone Does Not Simulate Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge F Marc Vinyals, Technion February 6 Theory Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning Members’ Seminar F Knotted 3-Balls in the - PCTS Seminar Series: Deep Learning February 14 4-Sphere F David Gabai, Princeton University for Physics F Dynamics of Generalization in Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Regularity Overparameterized Neural Networks F Andrew of the Free Boundary for the Two-Phase Bernoulli Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Saxe, University of Oxford F Understanding Problem F Guido De Philippis, New York Symplectic Embeddings, Integrable Systems and Machine Learning via Exactly Solvable Statistical University F Stable Shock Formation for the Billiards F Vinicius Ramos, Instituto Nacional Physics Models F Lenka Zdeborova, Centre Compressible Euler Equations F Vlad Vicol, de Matemática Pura e Aplicada national de la recherche scientifique New York University

January 28 Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics - February 18 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Special Seminar F Explicit Rigid Matrices in PNP IAS-PNI Seminar on ML and Neuroscience F What Noisy Convex Quadratics Tell Us about via Rectangular PCPs F Prahladh Harsha, Compositional Generalization in Minds and Neural Net Training F Roger Grosse, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Machines F Brenden Lake, New York University of Toronto; Member, School of University Mathematics Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Seminar F Supersingular Main Conjectures, Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Sylvester’s Conjecture and Goldfeld’s Conjecture F Seminar II F An Invitation to Invariant Theory F Seminar II F Pseudo-Deterministic Algorithms F Daniel Kriz, Massachusetts Institute of Viswambhara Makam, Member, School of Toniann Pitassi, University of Toronto; Technology Mathematics Visiting Professor, School of Mathematics Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge February 19 January 30 Theory Mathematical Conversations F Regularization Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Effect of Gradient Flow Dynamics F Yaoyu Theory Seminar F Eisenstein Series and the Cubic February 10 Zhang, Member, Institute for Advanced Study Moment for PGL(2) F Paul Nelson, ETH Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Zürich Seminar I F Paths and Cycles in Expanders F February 20 Michael Krivelevich, Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Theory Seminar F Isolation of L2 Spectrum and Theory Members’ Seminar F Spectra of Metric Graphs and Application to Gan-Gross-Prasad Conjecture F Crystalline Measures F Peter Sarnak, Professor, Yifeng Liu, February 3 School of Mathematics Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Seminar I F MIP* = RE F Henry Yuen, Analysis Seminar F On Dynamical Spectral Geometric Deep Learning for Functional Protein University of Toronto Rigidity and Determination F Jacopo De Simoi, Design F Michael Bronstein, Imperial College University of Toronto London Members’ Seminar F Coarse Dynamics and Partially Hyperbolic Diffeomorphisms in Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge 3-Manifolds F Rafael Potrie, Universidad de Floer Homotopy without Spectra F Mohammed Theory la República, Uruguay; von Neumann Fellow, Abouzaid, Columbia University School of Mathematics February 24 February 11 Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Analysis Seminar F When Do Interacting Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Seminar I F Strong Average-Case Circuit Lower Organisms Gravitate to the Vertices of a Regular Geometric Insights into the Convergence of Non- Bounds from Non-Trivial Derandomization F Lijie Simplex? F Robert McCann, University of Linear TD Learning F Joan Bruna, New York Chen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Toronto University; Member, School of Mathematics Members’ Seminar F Direct and Dual Information Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Bottleneck Frameworks for Deep Learning F Naftali Counting Embedded Curves in Symplectic Seminar II F Proofs, Circuits, Communication, and Tishby, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 6-Manifolds F Aleksander Doan, Columbia Lower Bounds in Complexity Theory F Robert University Robere, Member, School of Mathematics

43 Analysis Seminar F “Observable Events” and Analysis Seminar F Constancy of the Dimension for Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F “Typical Trajectories” in Finite and Infinite Non-Smooth Spaces with Ricci Curvature Bounded Packing and Squeezing Lagrangian Tori F Richard Dimensional Dynamical Systems F Lai-Sang below via Regularity of Lagrangian Flows F Elia Hind, University of Notre Dame Young, New York University; Distinguished Bruè, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Visiting Professor, School of Mathematics and March 10 Natural Sciences Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Twisted Calabi-Yau Algebras and Categories F Your Brain on Energy-Based Models: Applying and Symplectic Dynamics/Geometry Seminar F Inbar Klang, Columbia University Scaling EBMs to Problems of Interest to the Machine Classification of N-Component Links with Khovanov Learning Community Today F Will Grathwohl, Homology of Rank 2N F Boyu Zhang, Princeton March 3 University of Toronto University Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F What Noisy Convex Quadratics Tell Us about Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics February 25 Neural Net Training F Roger Grosse, Seminar II F Introduction to High Dimensional Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F University of Toronto; Member, School of Expanders F Irit Dinur, Weizmann Institute Learning from Multiple Biased Sources F Clayton Mathematics of Science; Visiting Professor, School of Scott, University of Michigan Mathematics Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Seminar II F An Introduction to Boolean Function March 11 Seminar II F Is the Variety of Singular Tuples Analysis F Dor Minzer, Member, School of Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F of Matrices a Null Cone? F Viswambhara Mathematics Improved Bounds on Minimax Regret under Makam, Member, School of Mathematics Logarithmic Loss via Self-Concordance F Blair March 4 Bilodaeu, University of Toronto February 26 Mathematical Conversations F Rationality of Mathematical Conversations F Euler Flow with Algebraic Varieties F Alexander Perry, Member, March 12 Odd Symmetry F Hyunju Kwon, Member, School of Mathematics Joint IAS/Princeton University Number School of Mathematics Theory Seminar F An Explicit Realization of Workshop on Machine Learning, Theory and Stable L-Packets on (Split) Classical Groups F February 27 Method in the Social Sciences David Soudry, Tel Aviv University Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Seminar F A p-adic Monodromy Theorem March 5 Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge for De Rham Local Systems F Koji Shimizu, Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Member, School of Mathematics Theory Seminar F Euler System, Eisenstein Congruences and the p-adic Langlands March 16 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Correspondence F Eric Urban, Columbia Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Preference Modeling with Context-Dependent Salient University Seminar I F Feature Purification: How Adversarial Features F Laura Balzano, University of Training Can Perform Robust Deep Learning F Michigan; Member, School of Mathematics Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Yuanzhi Li, Carnegie Mellon University Understanding Deep Neural Networks: From Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Generalization to Interpretability F Gitta March 17 Theory Kutyniok, Technische Universität Berlin Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Seminar II F Sharp Thresholds and Extremal Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Combinatorics F Dor Minzer, Member, Institute Seminar II F Spectral Independence in High- Theory for Advanced Study Dimensional Expanders and Applications to the Hardcore Model F Kuikui Liu, University of Workshop on Machine Learning, Theory and March 19 Washington Method in the Social Sciences Working Seminar on Nonabelian Hodge Theory February 28 Workshop on Machine Learning, Theory and Analysis - Mathematical Physics F Dimerization Method in the Social Sciences/Alternate March 23 and Néel Order in Different Quantum Spin Chains Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics through a Shared (Classical) Loop Representation F March 9 Seminar I F Optimal Tiling the Euclidean Space Michael Aizenman, Princeton University F Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Using Symmetric Bodies F Mark Braverman, Rectifiability Is Necessary and Sufficient F Svitlana Seminar I F Learning from Censored and Princeton University Mayboroda, University of Minnesota Dependent Data F Constantinos Daskalakis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; March 24 March 2 Member, School of Mathematics Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Seminar II F High Dimensional Expansion and Seminar I F An Improved Cutting Plane Method for Members’ Seminar F Towards a Mathematical Agreement Testing F Irit Dinur, Weizmann Convex Optimization, Convex-Concave Games and Model of the Brain F Lai-Sang Young, New Institute of Science; Visiting Professor, School of Its Applications F Zhao Song, Member, School York University; Distinguished Visiting Mathematics of Mathematics Professor, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences March 26 Members’ Seminar F Lower Bounds in Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Complexity Theory, Communication Complexity, Analysis Seminar F Higher Order Rectifiability and Theory Seminar F Wiles Defect for Hecke and Sunflowers F Toniann Pitassi, University Reifenberg Parametrizations F Silvia Ghinassi, Algebras That Are Not Complete Intersections F of Toronto; Visiting Professor, School of Member, School of Mathematics Chandrashekhar Khare, University of Mathematics California

44 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics April 16 Margins, Perceptrons, and Deep Networks F Matus Seminar II F Primality Testing F Andrey Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Telgarsky, University of Illinois Kupavskii, Member, School of Mathematics Theory Seminar F Local-Global Compatibility in the Crystalline Case F Ana Caraiani, Imperial March 27 Number Theory Working Group F Some Spectral College Symplectic Seminar F Fragmentation Pseudo- Questions over R and Qp F Jan Vonk, Member, Metrics and Lagrangian Submanifolds F Octav School of Mathematics Workshop on New Directions in Optimization, Cornea, Université de Montréal Statistics and Machine Learning F Deep April 9 Equilibrium Models via Monotone Operators F March 30 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Zico Kolter, Carnegie Mellon University F Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Theory Seminar F On the Kudla-Rapoport Do Simpler Models Exist and How Can We Find Seminar I F CSPs with Global Modular Conjecture F Chao Li, Columbia University Them? F Cynthia Rudin, Duke University F Constraints: Algorithms and Hardness via Polynomial Modularity, Attention and Credit Assignment: Representations F Sivakanth Gopi, Microsoft Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Efficient Information Dispatching in Neural Research Meta-Learning: Why It’s Hard and What We Can Computations F Anirudh Goyal, University Do F Ke Li, Member, School of Mathematics of Montreal F Steps towards More Human-Like March 31 Learning in Machines F Josh Tenenbaum, Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Mathematical Conversations F Consequences of Massachusetts Institute of Technology F The Some Recent Insights on Transfer Learning F Delays and Imperfect Isolation in Epidemic Control F Peculiar Optimization and Regularization Challenges Samory Kpotufe, Columbia University; Lai-Sang Young, New York University; in Multi-Task Learning and Meta-Learning F Member, School of Mathematics Distinguished Visiting Professor, School of Chelsea Finn, Stanford University and Google Mathematics and Natural Sciences AI F Tradeoffs between Robustness and Accuracy F Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Percy Liang, Stanford University Seminar II F High Dimensional Expansion and April 10 Agreement Testing F Irit Dinur, Weizmann Symplectic Seminar F Geometry of Quantum April 17 Institute of Science; Visiting Professor, School Uncertainty F , Tel Aviv IAS/PU-Montreal-Tel-Aviv Symplectic of Mathematics University Geometry Seminar F Equivariant Quantum Operations and Relations between Them F Number Theory Working Group F p-adic April 13 Nicholas Wilkins, University of Bristol Modular Forms F Koji Shimizu, Member, Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics School of Mathematics Seminar I F Legal Theorems of Privacy F Kobbi April 20 Nissim, Georgetown University Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics April 2 Seminar I F Structure vs Randomness in Complexity Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Analysis Seminar F Flows of Vector Fields: Theory F Rahul Santhanam, University of Theory Seminar F Density Conjecture for Classical and Modern F Camillo De Lellis, IBM Oxford Horizontal Families of Lattices in SL(2) F Mikolaj von Neumann Professor, School of Mathematics Fraczyk, Member, School of Mathematics Analysis Seminar F A Variational Approach to the April 14 Regularity Theory for the Monge-Ampère Equation F Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Number Theory Working Group F Dedekind Felix Otto, Institute Leipzig Learning Controllable Representations F Richard Sums, Lattice Point Counting and K2 F Akshay Zemel, University of Toronto; Member, Venkatesh, Robert and Luisa Fernholz April 21 School of Mathematics Professor, School of Mathematics Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Assumption-Free Prediction Intervals for Black-Box April 3 April 15 Regression Algorithms F Aaditya Ramdas, Symplectic Seminar F The Simplicity Conjecture F Workshop on New Directions in Optimization, Carnegie Mellon University Daniel Cristofaro-Gardiner, Member, Statistics and Machine Learning F Evaluating School of Mathematics Lossy Compression Rates of Deep Generative Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Models F Roger Grosse, Member, School of Seminar II F Non-Commutative Optimization: April 6 Mathematics F Generative Modeling by Estimating Theory, Algorithms and Applications (Or, Can Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Gradients of the Data Distribution F Stefano We Prove P≠NP Using Gradient Descent) F Avi Seminar I F Borrowing Memory That’s Being Ermon, Stanford University F Interpretability Wigderson, Herbert H. Maass Professor, Used: Catalytic Approaches to the Tree Evaluation for Everyone F Been Kim, Google Brain F School of Mathematics Problem F James Cook, University of Toronto Iterative Random Forests (IRF) with Applications to Genomics and Precision Medicine F Bin Yu, Number Theory Working Group F Discrete Members’ Seminar F The Palais-Smale Theorem University of California, Berkeley F Towards Series Representations and L2-Cohomology F and the Solution of Hilbert’s 23 Problem F Karen Robust Artificial Intelligence F Pushmeet Kohli, Mikolaj Fraczyk, Member, School of Uhlenbeck, The University of Texas at Google F A Snapshot of Few-Shot Classification F Mathematics Austin; Distinguished Visiting Professor, School Richard Zemel, University of Toronto; of Mathematics Visitor, School of Mathematics April 22 Mathematical Conversations F Sullivan’s Clock: April 7 Mathematical Conversations F Vignettes about ’s Counter-Example to the Periodic Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Pure Mathematics and Machine Learning F Jordan Orbit Conjecture F Richard Schwartz, Brown Interpolation in Learning: Steps towards Ellenberg, University of Wisconsin-Madison University Understanding When Overparameterization Is Harmless, When It Helps, and When It Causes Harm F Anant Sahai, University of California, Berkeley

45 April 23 Analysis Seminar F Exponential Mixing of 3d May 13 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Anosov Flows F Zhiyuan Zhang, Université Mathematical Conversations F The Simplicity Theory Seminar F Symmetric Power Functoriality Paris 13 Conjecture F Daniel Cristofaro-Gardiner, for Holomorphic Modular Forms F Jack Thorne, University of California, Santa Cruz; von University of Cambridge May 5 Neumann Fellow, School of Mathematics Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Boosting Simple Learners F Shay Moran, Google May 14 Deep Generative Models and Inverse Problems F Brain; Visitor, School of Mathematics Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Alexandros Dimakis, University of Texas Theory Seminar F A Geometric View on Iwasawa at Austin Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Theory F Mladen Dimitrov, Université de Seminar II F Recent Progress on Cutting Planes Lille April 24 Proofs F Noah Fleming, University of Toronto IAS/PU-Montreal-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Geometry Seminar F The Geography of Immersed Number Theory Working Group F Local Mathzero, the Classification Problem, and Set- Lagrangian Fillings of Legendrian Submanifolds F Langlands Correspondence for GL(2) F Anna Theoretic Type Theory F David McAllester, Lisa Traynor, Bryn Mawr College Szumowicz, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago

April 27 May 6 May 15 Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Mathematical Conversations F Discrepancy IAS/PU-Montreal-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Seminar I F Graph and Hypergraph Sparsification F Theory and Randomized Controlled Trials F Daniel Geometry Seminar F Reflections on Cylindrical Luca Trevisan, Bocconi University Spielman, Yale University Contact Homology F Jo Nelson, Rice University April 28 May 7 Analysis Seminar F Ellipses of Small Eccentricity Joint IAS/Princeton University Number May 18 Are Determined by Their Dirichlet (Or, Neumann) Theory Seminar F On Triple Product L Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Spectra F Steven Morris Zelditch, Functions F Jayce Robert Getz, Duke Seminar I F The Non-Stochastic Control Problem F Northwestern University University Elad Hazan, Princeton University

Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Analysis Seminar F Square Function Estimate for Seminar II F A Framework for Quadratic Learning Probability Distributions; What Can, the Cone in R3 F Hong Wang, Member, School Form Maximization over Convex Sets F Vijay What Can’t Be Done F Shai Ben-David, of Mathematics Bhattiprolu, Member, School of Mathematics University of Waterloo May 19 Number Theory Working Group F Runge’s May 8 Number Theory Working Group F Density Method for Finding Solutions to Certain Diophantine IAS/PU-Montreal-Tel-Aviv Symplectic of Arithmetic Representations of Function Fields F Equations F Raphael Steiner, Member, School Geometry Seminar F Spectral Characterizations Hélène Esnault, Freie Universität Berlin, of Mathematics of Besse and Zoll Reeb Flows F Marco Visiting Professor, School of Mathematics Mazzucchelli, École normale supérieure April 29 de Lyon Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Mathematical Conversations F Musings about a Neural SDEs: Deep Generative Models in the 10-Year Collaboration with Biological Morphologists, May 11 Diffusion Limit F Maxim Raginsky, University or How to Make Biologists Comfortable with Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Fiber Bundles F , Duke Seminar I F Using Discrepancy Theory to Improve University the Design of Randomized Controlled Trials F May 20 , Yale University Mathematical Conversations F Conley’s April 30 Fundamental Theorem of Dynamical Systems F Joint IAS/Princeton University Number May 12 , University of Chicago Theory Seminar F Eulerianity of Fourier Number Theory Working Group F Homology Coefficients of Automorphic Forms F Henrik Stability for Unitary Groups over S-Arithmetic May 21 Gustafsson, Member, School of Mathematics Rings F Rohit Nagpal, Member, School of Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Mathematics Theory Seminar F and Bloch- Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Kato Conjecture for Unitary Groups F Xin Wan, Latent Stochastic Differential Equations for Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Chinese Academy of Sciences Irregularly-Sampled Time Series F David Generative Modeling by Estimating Gradients of the Duvenaud, University of Toronto Data Distribution F Stefano Ermon, Stanford Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F University Forecasting Epidemics and Pandemics F Roni May 1 Rosenfeld, Carnegie Mellon University IAS/PU-Montreal-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Analysis Seminar F Quantitative Decompositions of Geometry Seminar F Zoll Contact Forms Are Lipschitz Mappings F Guy C. David, Ball State May 22 Local Maximisers of the Systolic Ratio F Alberto University IAS/PU-Montreal-Paris-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Abbondandolo, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Geometry Zoominar F Mirrors of Curves and Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Their Fukaya Categories F Denis Auroux, May 4 Seminar II F Convex Set Disjointness, Distributed Harvard University Computer Science/Discrete Mathematics Learning of Halfspaces, and Linear Programming F Seminar I F Local Statistics, Semidefinite Shay Moran, Google Brain; Visitor, School of May 25 Programming, and Community Detection F Prasad Mathematics Analysis Seminar F An Application of Integers of Raghavendra, University of California, the 12th Cyclotomic Field in the Theory of Phase Berkeley Transitions F Alik Mazel, AMC Health

46 May 26 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F June 26 Number Theory Working Group F Efficient On Langevin Dynamics in Machine Learning F IAS/PU-Montreal-Paris-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Primality Tests F Avi Wigderson, Herbert H. Michael I. Jordan, University of California, Geometry Zoominar F Distinguishing Monotone Maass Professor, School of Mathematics Berkeley Lagrangians via Holomorphic Annuli F Ailsa Keating, University of Cambridge May 27 June 12 Mathematical Conversations F Emerging IAS/PU-Montreal-Paris-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Symmetries in Statistical Physics Systems F Hugo Geometry Zoominar F Floer Cohomology and School of Natural Sciences Duminil-Copin, Université de Genève, Institut Arc Spaces F Mark McLean, Stony Brook des Hautes Études Scientifiques University ASTROPHYSICS ACTIVITIES May 28 June 16 September 9 Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Number Theory Working Group F A Gentle Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Theory Seminar F Joint Equidistribution of Adelic Introduction to Anabelian Geometry F Remy van University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch Torus Orbits and Families of Twisted L-Functions F Dobben de Bruyn, Princeton University; Discussion Colloquium F Reconstruction of Farrell Brumley, Université Sorbonne Paris Veblen Research Instructor, School of Cosmological Fields in Forward Model Framework - Nord Mathematics Intensity Mapping & Galaxy Clustering F Chirag Modi, University of California, Berkeley May 29 Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F On IAS/PU-Montreal-Paris-Tel-Aviv Symplectic Learning in the Presence of Biased Data and Strategic September 10 Geometry Zoominar F Duality for Rabinowitz- Behavior F Avrim Blum, Toyota Technological Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Floer Homology F Alex Oancea, Institut de Institute at Chicago University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Mathématiques de Jussieu-Paris Rive Gauche Teasing Out the True Milky Way F Alyssa June 17 Goodman, Harvard-Smithsonian Center June 1 Mathematical Conversations F Infinite for Astrophysics Analysis Seminar F Winding for Wave Maps F Dimensional Hamiltonian Systems: When Hard Max Engelstein, University of Minnesota Problems Become Harder F Gigliola Staffilani, September 12 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Electromagnetic June 2 Jets and the Black Hole Shadow F Roger Number Theory Working Group F The Kottwitz June 18 Blandford, Kavli Institute for Particle Counting Formula for Abelian Varieties F Mark Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford Goresky, Visitor, School of Mathematics Seminar F Independence of ℓ for Frobenius Conjugacy University Classes Attached to Abelian Varieties F Rong June 3 Zhou, September 17 Mathematical Conversations F Mathematics Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Formalization for Mathematicians F Patrick Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Massot, Université Paris-Sud The Challenges of Model-Based Reinforcement The Galactic Center: A Laboratory for the Study of Learning and How to Overcome Them F Csaba the Physics and Astrophysics of Supermassive Black June 4 Szepesvári, University of Alberta Holes F Tuan Do, University of California, Los Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Theory Angeles Seminar F Dynamical Generalizations of the Prime June 19 Number Theorem and Disjointness of Additive IAS/PU-Montreal-Paris-Tel-Aviv Symplectic September 19 and Multiplicative Actions F Florian Richter, Geometry Zoominar F Exotic Symplectomorphisms Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Circumplanetary Northwestern University and Contact Circle Action F Igor Uljarevic, Disk Dynamics in the Isothermal and Adiabatic University of Belgrade Limits F Jeffrey Fung, Member, School of June 5 Natural Sciences IAS/PU-Montreal-Paris-Tel-Aviv Symplectic June 23 Geometry Zoominar F Three Short Research Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F September 24 Talks F Morgan Weiler, Joé Brendel, Generalizable Adversarial Robustness to Unforeseen Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Abror Pirnapasov, University of California, Attacks F Soheil Feizi, University of Maryland University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Berkeley; University of Neuchâtel; Ruhr Breaking Through to the Other Side of Gravitational University Bochum June 24 Waves F Rana Adhikari, California Institute of Mathematical Conversations F Knot Concordance Technology June 9 and 4-Manifolds F Lisa Piccirillo, Brandeis Number Theory Working Group F Motives F University, Massachusetts Institute of September 26 Pierre Deligne, Professor Emeritus, School of Technology Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Optimization Mathematics Ideas, Algorithms, Tools, and Some Astro-Related June 25 Examples F Robert Vanderbei, Princeton Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F Seminar on Theoretical Machine Learning F University; Member, School of Natural Sciences What Do Our Models Learn? F Aleksander Instance-Hiding Schemes for Private Distributed M dry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Learning F Sanjeev Arora, Princeton ą October 1 University; Distinguished Visiting Professor, Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton June 11 School of Mathematics University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Joint IAS/Princeton University Number Finding Gravitational Waves from the Early Theory Seminar F New Constraints on the Galois Universe F Eiichiro Komatsu, Max Planck Configurations of Algebraic Integers in the Complex Institute for Astrophysics Plane F Vesselin Dimitrov, University of Toronto

47 October 3 November 4 December 3 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Long-Period Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Eclipsing Systems from Kepler Data F Kento University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Masuda, Member, School of Natural Sciences Neutrino Mass and Cosmic Flows F Hongming Dynamics of Black Holes and Gravitational Waves F Zhu, University of California, Berkeley F Low-z Hyung Mok Lee, Korea Astronomy and Space October 8 BAO Cosmology with HIRAX F Benjamin Science Institute Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Saliwanchik, Yale University University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F December 5 Cosmic Collisions – Progress in Gravitational-Wave November 5 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Studying Astronomy F Patrick Brady, University of Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton the Magnetic Field of the Diffuse ISM in 3D F Wisconsin-Milwaukee University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Gina Panopoulou, California Institute of Discovery Frontiers in the New Era of Time- Technology October 10 Domain Multi-Messenger Astrophysics F Raffaella Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Universal Margutti, Northwestern University December 10 Interferometric Signatures of a Black Hole’s Photon Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Ring F Alex Lupsasca, Harvard University November 7 University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Addressing the Surprising Impacts of Gravity Waves F Jim Fuller, October 15 Initial Patch Problem of F Leonardo California Institute of Technology Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Senatore, Stanford University University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F December 12 The Continuing Search for Planet Nine F Matthew November 12 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Probing Holman, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Microphysics of the Hot Intracluster Medium F Astrophysics University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F Irina Zhuravleva, University of Chicago CHIME: The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity October 17 Mapping Experiment F Kendrick Smith, December 16 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Mid-band Perimeter Institute Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Atomic Gravitational wave Interferometric Sensor University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F (MAGIS) F Peter Graham, Stanford November 14 CMB Lensing Tomography to Z~2 with Galaxies University Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Star Cluster from the unWISE Catalog F Alex Krolewski, Populations: The Link Between Star Formation University of California, Berkeley F New October 21 and Galaxy Formation F Michael Fall, Space Statistical Descriptions for Non-Gaussian Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Telescope Science Institute Cosmology F Erwan Allys, École Normale University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F Supérieure Extreme Emission Line Galaxies (EELs) as a November 18 Platinum Sample for Galaxy Clustering Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton January 30 Measurements with LSST F Adam Broussard, University Early Universe/Cosmology Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Quadruply Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Lunch F The Likelihood for Large-Scale Structure F Lensed Quasars, Extreme Deblending and LIGO- Giovanni Cabass, MPA F , mass Primordial Black Holes F Paul Schechter, October 22 Bifurcations and Curvature in Multi-Field Inflation F Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Evangelos Sfakianakis, Nikhef Amsterdam University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F February 6 Red Supergiants: New Perspectives on Dying Stars F November 19 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Imaging Black Emily Levesque, University of Washington Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Holes: Beyond the Shadow F Jason Dexter, University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F University of Colorado Boulder October 24 Generation I Planets F Yanqin Wu, University Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Characterizing of Toronto February 13 Star-Planet Systems with Precision Spectroscopy F Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Extracting Megan Bedell, Flatiron Institute, Center for November 21 Information from AGN Variability F Michael Computation Astrophysics Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Non- Vogeley, Drexel University; Member, School Gaussianity & the Spectral Tilt F Daniel Green, of Natural Sciences October 28 University of California, San Diego Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton February 20 University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F November 26 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F When Stars Mapping the Magnetic Interstellar Medium in Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Attack! Near-Earth Supernova Explosions Revealed Three Dimensions Over the Full Sky with Neutral University Joint Astrophysics Colloquium F by Deep-Ocean and Lunar Radioactivity F Brian Hydrogen F Susan Clark, Member, School How Do You Solve a Problem Like (Photometric) Fields, University of Illinois of Natural Sciences F Decorrelation from the Supernovae? F Renée Hložek, University of 3D ISM F Brandon Hensley, Princeton Toronto February 27 University Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Exploring our December 2 Heliosphere from Inside-Out: Voyagers’ Journey October 31 Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton through the Solar Wind and Beyond F Jamie Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Solar Interiors, University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F Rankin, Princeton University; Princeton Helioseismology and Neutrinos F Aldo Serenelli, Analytic Covariance of the Redshift-Space Galaxy Plasma Physics Laboratory Institute of Space Sciences, Spain Power Spectrum F Digvijay Wadekar, New York University F Interpolating the Cosmological March 2 with Machine Learning F Yin Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Li, Flatiron Institute, Center for Computational University Early Universe/Cosmology Astrophysics Lunch F Galaxy Correlation Function Estimators

48 and Probabilistic F Humna Awan, May 4 September 25 Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey F Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Physics Group Meeting F Cardy Formula and AdS Constraining Cosmology from Galaxy Surveys: University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F Black Holes F Joonho Kim, Member, School of Combining Full-Shape and BAO Analyses F Oliver A New Halo Model Formalism for the Cosmic Natural Sciences Philcox, Princeton University Infrared Background (CIB) and its Correlation with the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect (tSZ) F September 27 March 5 Abhishek Maniyar, New York University High Energy Theory Seminar F Aspects Astrophysics Informal Seminar F The Origin of of Scattering Amplitudes and Moduli Space Multiphase Galaxy Outflow F Evan Schneider, May 11 Localization F Sebastian Mizera, Member, Princeton University Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton School of Natural Sciences University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F March 12 What Can the Frontiers of Clusters Teach Us About September 30 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Black Hole the Dark Sector? F Omar Contigiani, Leiden High Energy Theory Seminar F General Entropy and Quantum Information F Juan University F-theory Models with SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) / Z6 Maldacena, Carl P. Feinberg Professor, School Symmetry F Andrew Turner, Massachusetts of Natural Sciences May 18 Institute of Technology Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton March 16 University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F October 2 Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Probing the Tensor Consistency Relation with the Physics Group Meeting F Hawking Radiation University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F CMB Bispectrum F Adri Duivenvoorden, at Strong Coupling: A Case for Braneworld Black Effects of Overlapping Sources in Cosmic Shear Princeton University F Predicting Gas into Holes F Jorge Santos, Junior Visiting Statistical Noise F Javier Sànchez, Fermilab -only Simulations F Leander Thiele, Professor, School of Natural Sciences; University Princeton University of Cambridge March 17 Astrophysics Informal Seminar F Study of White June 1 October 9 Dwarfs and Black Holes Through Astrometric Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Physics Group Meeting F Black Hole Images and Microlensing F Kailash Sahu, Space Telescope University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F the Photon Ring F Daniel Kapec, Member, Science Institute FlowPM: Distributed TensorFlow Implementation of School of Natural Sciences the Cosmological N-body Solver F Chirag Modi, March 23 University of California, Berkeley October 14 Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton High Energy Theory Seminar F Entanglement University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F June 8 Wedge Reconstruction and the Information Paradox F Early Dark Energy Does Not Restore Cosmological Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Geoff Penington, Stanford University Concordance F Colin Hill, Columbia University University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch October 16 March 30 June 15 Physics Group Meeting F Matrix Models Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton and Minimal Liouville Gravity F Baurzhan University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch Mukhametzhanov, Member, School of Blinded Challenge for Precision Cosmology with Natural Sciences Galaxy Surveys F Mikhail Ivanov, New York June 22 University; Marko Simonović, CERN Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton October 23 University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch Physics Group Meeting F The Geroch Group F April 6 Robert Penna, Member, School of Natural Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton June 29 Sciences University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Perfectly Parallel Cosmological Simulations Using University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch October 25 Spatial Comoving Lagrangian Acceleration F High Energy Theory Seminar F Correlation Florent Leclercq, Imperial College HIGH ENERGY THEORY Functions in AdS3/CFT2 F Lorenz Eberhardt, Member, School of Natural Sciences ACTIVITIES April 13 Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton October 28 September 11 University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F High Energy Theory Seminar F Dynamical Physics Group Meeting F Introductory Group Description of Galaxy Distribution on Large Scales Constraints on RG Flows and Cosmology F Tom Meeting F Juan Maldacena, Carl P. Feinberg Utilizing the Equivalence Principle F Zvonimir Hartman, Cornell University Professor, School of Natural Sciences Vlah, CERN October 30 September 16 April 20 Physics Group Meeting F Topological Holography F High Energy Theory Seminar F The Holographic Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Nafiz Ishtiaque, Member, School of Natural Dual of Strongly-deformed N=4 SYM Theory F University Early Universe/Cosmology Lunch F Sciences Amit Sever, CERN Dark Matter Waves F Lam Hui, Columbia University November 1 September 18 High Energy Theory Seminar F High-Energy Physics Group Meeting F A Brief Review of some April 27 Conformal Bootstrap and Tauberian Theory F work on BPS States, Wall-Crossing, Hyperkahler Institute for Advanced Study/Princeton Baurzhan Mukhametzhanov, Member, Geometry, Hitchin Systems, etc. F Greg Moore, University Early Universe/Cosmology School of Natural Sciences Lunch F Intensity Mapping with CO and CII as Probes of Primordial Non-Gaussianity F Azadeh Moradinezhad, University of Geneva

49 November 6 December 11 April 15 Physics Group Meeting F Disordered Electronic Physics Group Meeting F Towards Optimal Physics Group Meeting F Pseudorandomness in Systems: Some Illustrative Vignettes F Ravindra Asymptotic Spectral Gap in 2D Unitary CFT F Black Hole Evaporation F Edward Witten, Bhatt, Member, School of Natural Sciences; Sridip Pal, Member, School of Natural Charles Simonyi Professor, School of Natural Princeton University Sciences Sciences

November 15 December 13 April 17 High Energy Theory Seminar F Deforming High Energy Theory Seminar F Topological High Energy Theory Seminar F A Tutorial Holomorphic Chern-Simons at Large N F Si Li, Quantum Phases F Alexei Kitaev, Distinguished on Entanglement Island Computations F Raghu Member, School of Natural Sciences; Tsinghua Visiting Professor, School of Natural Sciences; Mahajan, Member, School of Natural Sciences University Caltech April 22 November 18 February 3 Physics Group Meeting F Continuum Quantum High Energy Theory Seminar F TMF and High Energy Theory Seminar F X-ray Search for Field Theories for Fractons F Nathan Seiberg, SQFT F Theo Johnson-Freyd, Perimeter Axions from Nearby Isolated Neutron Stars F Ben Professor, School of Natural Sciences Institute Safdi, University of Michigan April 27 November 20 February 10 High Energy Theory Seminar F Twisted M-theory Physics Group Meeting F On a Quantum Penrose High Energy Theory Seminar F An Effective Field and Holography F Davide Gaiotto, Perimeter Inequality F Adam Levine, Member, School of Theory of Quantum Black Hole Horizons F Walter Institute Natural Sciences Goldberger, Yale University May 1 November 25 February 14 High Energy Theory Seminar F A Quantum High Energy Theory Seminar F Perspectives High Energy Theory Seminar F Reparametrization Circuit Interpretation of Evaporating Black Hole on the Generally-Relativistic Two-Body Problem Modes in CFTs & Applications F Felix Haehl, Geometry F Ying Zhao, Member, School of from Double Copy & EFT F Radu Roiban, Member, School of Natural Sciences Natural Sciences Pennsylvania State University February 24 May 6 December 2 High Energy Theory Seminar F Conformal Physics Group Meeting F JT Gravity at Finite High Energy Theory Seminar F Lorentz Fishnet Theory F Vladimir Kazakov, Ecole Cutoff F Luca Iliesiu, Princeton University Symmetry Fractionalizations and Dualities in (2+1) Normale Supérieure d F Po-Shen Hsin, Caltech May 13 February 28 Physics Group Meeting F Divergences in String December 3–4 High Energy Theory Seminar F λ ϕ4 in dS F Perturbation Theory F Lorenz Eberhardt, Workshop on Qubits and Spacetime F Complex Victor Gorbenko, Member, School of Natural Member, School of Natural Sciences SYK Model F Alexei Kitaev, California Sciences Institute of Technology F Hypergraphs as May 15 Applied to Quantum Information F Ning Bao, March 16 High Energy Theory Seminar F Entanglement Brookhaven National Lab/University of High Energy Theory Seminar F Covariant Entropy in Flat Holography F Wei Song, California, Berkeley F A Canonical Purification for with Boundaries F Daniel Harlow, Member, School of Natural Sciences; Tsinghua the Entanglement Wedge Cross-Section F Thomas Massachusetts Institute of Technology University Faulkner, University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign F Black Hole Coarse Graining, March 25 May 20 Connes-Cocycle Flow and its Bulk Dual F Raphael Physics Group Meeting F Euclidean Wormholes F Physics Group Meeting F Matrix Ensembles with Bousso, University of California, Berkeley F Juan Maldacena, Carl P. Feinberg Professor, Global Symmetries and ’t Hooft Anomalies from 2d Replica Wormholes and the Black Hole Interior (Part School of Natural Sciences Gauge Theory F Daniel Kapec, Member, School I) F Douglas Stanford, Stanford University F of Natural Sciences Replica Wormholes and the Black Hole Interior March 27 (Part II) F Geoffrey Penington, Stanford High Energy Theory Seminar F Solving Random May 27 University F Toy Models for Evaporating Black Matrix Models with Positivity F Henry Lin, Physics Group Meeting F Effective Field Theory Hole F Xiaoliang Qi, Stanford University F Princeton University of Dissipation in Hydrodynamics F Felix Haehl, Replica Wormholes and the Entropy of Hawking Member, School of Natural Sciences Radiation F Ahmed Almheiri, Long-term March 30 Member, School of Natural Sciences F High Energy Theory Seminar F Geometry and June 3 Holographic Negativity F Xi Dong, University 5d N=1 QFTs F Lakshya Bhardwaj, Harvard Physics Group Meeting F Asymptotic Symmetries of California, Santa Barbara F The First Law of University in $(d+2)$-dimensional Gauge Theories F Prahar Complexity F Alice Bernamonti, University Mitra, Member, School of Natural Sciences of Florence F Random Quantum Circuits, Phase April 1 Transitions and Complexity F Aram Harrow, Physics Group Meeting F 3d and June 10 Massachusetts Institute of Technology F Treelike String Theory F Shota Komatsu, Member, Physics Group Meeting F Scrambling-Assisted Geometries and Fast Scrambling from Nonlocal School of Natural Sciences Wormhole Teleportation Microscopics F Alexandre Spin Models F Gregory Bentsen, Princeton Streicher, Member, School of Natural University F Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction April 8 Sciences; Perimeter Institute for Theoretical in Infinite-Dimensional Hilbert Spaces F Monica Physics Group Meeting F A Nilpotency Index of Physics Jinwoo Kang, California Institute of Conformal Manifolds F Petr Kravchuk, Member, Technology F Beyond the Ensemble: Return of the School of Natural Sciences Baby F Henry Maxfield, University of California, Santa Barbara

50 June 24 of Science F Therapeutic Ablation of Gain-of- February 26 Physics Group Meeting F Generalized Global Function (GOF) Missense Mutant p53 Identifies The Simons Center for Systems Biology Symmetries, the Weak Gravity Conjecture, and it as Critical Anti-Tumor Target F Ute Moll, Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ the Completeness Hypothesis F Tom Rudelius, Renaissance School of Medicine F Regulating Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Member, School of Natural Sciences p53 activity: the Ups and Downs F Guillermina Seminar) F Stochastic Dynamics Applied Lozano, MD Anderson Cancer Center F to Biological Systems F Nicolas Lenner, July 15 Session III: Systems Biology at IAS F Li-Fraumeni Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self- Physics Group Meeting F Rotations of an Axion Syndrome Tumorigenesis F Chang Chan, Rutgers Organization, Göttingen, Germany Field in the Early Universe F Keisuke Harigaya, Cancer Institute of New Jersey F Harnessing Member, School of Natural Sciences Immune Interactions to Predict Cancer Evolution F March 4 Marta Luksza, Mount Sinai F Stemness The Simons Center for Systems Biology July 20 Genes in Prostate Cancer, a Systems Approach F Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ High Energy Theory Seminar F Non-perturbative Elke Markert F Institute of Cancer Sciences, Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Studies of JT Gravity and using Glasgow University F Session IV: Convergence Seminar) F Mathematics of Small Neural Minimal Strings F Clifford V. Johnson, Research F What is Not Self? F Benjamin Networks F Carina Curto, The Pennsylvania University of Southern California Greenbaum, Mount Sinai F The Pandemic State University Arnie F Raul Rabadan, Columbia University F July 22 Duality of the T Cell Receptors F Mickey Atwal, March 23 Physics Group Meeting F Reconstructing the Black Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory F Session V: The Simons Center for Systems Biology Hole Interior with Modular Flow F Yiming Chen, Cancer Research and the Future F The Effects of Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ Princeton University the EMT Program on Carcinoma Biology F Robert Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Weinberg, Whitehead Institute, MIT F Cancer Seminar) F A Bottleneck Method of Extracting July 24 Stem Cell Types and the Order of Mutations Impact Relevant Information from Redundant Signals F High Energy Theory Seminar F Many Body Scars the Age of Onset of Cancers F Arnold J. Levine, Naftali Tishby, Hebrew University of as a Group Invariant Sector of Hilbert Space F Kiryl Professor Emeritus, School of Natural Sciences Jerusalem Pakrouski, Princeton University November 19 March 24 August 10 Joshua Lederberg – John von Neumann The Simons Center for Systems Biology High Energy Theory Seminar F Stellar Basins Symposium: Towards Quantitative Biology Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ of Gravitationally Bound Particles F Ken Van (at The ) F Primary Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Tilburg, KITP, University of California, Santa Productivity of the Planet F Paul Falkowski, Seminar) F A Bottleneck Method of Extracting Barbara Rutgers Energy Institute, Rutgers University F Relevant Information from Redundant Signals F The Biomass Distribution on Earth F Ron Milo, Naftali Tishby, Hebrew University of August 17 Weizmann Institute of Science F Structure and Jerusalem High Energy Theory Seminar F Enhanced Dynamics of Microbial Ecosystems in Sediment F Corrections to the Page Curve near Holographic Alexander Petroff, Clark University F Tigers March 25 Entanglement Transitions F Xi Dong, University in the 21st Century: Survival or Extinction? F Uma The Simons Center for Systems Biology of California, Santa Barbara Ramakrishnan, National Centre for Biological Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ Sciences; Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance F Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual August 24 Biodiversity Change During the Anthropocene F Seminar) F Collective Behavior of Bacteria and High Energy Theory Seminar F An Update on Mark Vellend, Université de Sherbrooke Robots in Complex and Dynamical Environments F Exact WKB and Supersymmetric Field Theory F Trung Phan, Princeton University Andy Neitzke, Yale University December 6 The Simons Center for Systems Biology April 1 August 28 Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ The Simons Center for Systems Biology High Energy Theory Seminar F Partition Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ Functions of the Tensionless String F Lorenz Seminar) F Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Eberhardt, Member, School of Natural and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy Seminar) F Collective Behavior of Bacteria and Sciences production in the United States F Gidon Eshel, Robots in Complex and Dynamical Environments F Bard College Trung Phan, Princeton University

THE SIMONS CENTER FOR February 5 April 8 SYSTEMS BIOLOGY ACTIVITIES The Simons Center for Systems Biology The Simons Center for Systems Biology Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ September 12–13 Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Arnie at 80! Birthday Celebration. Session I: Seminar) F Associative Memory of Structured Seminar) F Detecting stimulus dimension, sequences, Highlights from a Career at Four Institutions F Knowledge F Julia Steinberg, Harvard and topology of neural activity F Vladimir Itskov, Epigenetic Regulation in Development and Disease F University The Pennsylvania State University Rudolf Jaenisch, Whitehead Institute F Human Satellite II RNA Supports the Replication February 10 May 7 of Human Cytomegalovirus F Thomas Shenk, The Simons Center for Systems Biology The Simons Center for Systems Biology Princeton University F and Cancer F Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ Informal Talks on Abstract/Conceptual/ , The Rockefeller University F Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual Quantitative Aspects of Biology (Virtual F Biology at the IAS – the Arnie Era Harlan Seminar) F Kinetic Uncertainty Relations for the Seminar) F Mathematical modeling of ageing and , Adaptive Biotechnologies F Session II: Robins Control of Stochastic Reaction Networks F Jiawei depression F Omer Karin, Weizmann Institute p53 F Functional States of p53: You Lose Some, You Yan, Harvard University Gain Some F Moshe Oren, Weizmann Institute

51 June 18 October 7 November 4 Cancer Convergence Education Network Social Science Seminar F Unpayable Debts, Social Science Seminar F Autochthony, Line (Virtual Conference). Progress in Emancipatory Debts. The Political and Moral Systems and State Building in Nigeria F Jeremiah Immunotherapy F A role and rationale for Economies of Women’s Debt and Women’s Bodies F O. Arowosegbe, University of Ibadan; neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in cancer Isabelle Guérin, Institut de Recherche pour Member, School of Social Science therapy F Suzanne Topalian, Johns Hopkins le Développement, Paris; Member, School of Medicine F How does checkpoint blockade change Social Science November 6–7 the repertoire and genetic programming of neoantigen- Workshop on Social and Ethical Challenges in specific T cells? F Drew Pardoll, Johns Hopkins October 8 Machine Learning F Organized by Sanjeev Medicine F Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Credit and Finance Working Group Arora, Princeton University; Distinguished Therapy: New insights into therapeutic mechanisms F Visiting Professor, School of Mathematics, James Allison, University of Texas, MD October 14 Didier Fassin, James D. Wolfensohn Anderson Cancer Center F From the Clinic to Social Science Seminar F Of Other Brotherhoods: Professor, School of Social Science, Jacob the Lab: Investigating Mechanisms of Response Mafia, Freemasons, and the Changing Gates Foster, University of California, Los and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Therapy F Criminalization of Ritual Relationships in Sicily F Angeles, and Marion Fourcade, University of Padmanee Sharma, University of Texas, Naor H. Ben-Yehoyada, Columbia California, Berkeley; Visiting Professor, School MD Anderson Cancer Center F Decoding the University; Member, School of Social Science of Social Science cellular adaptive immune response to cancer F Harlan Robins, Adaptive Biotechnologies October 16 November 6 Economy and Society Seminar F From the Welfare Public Lecture F Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and August 12 State to the Debtfare State F Readings curated by Society: A Cross-Disciplinary Conversation F Pedro CCEN Virtual Meeting F Using evolutionary Lena Lavinas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Domingos, University of Washington, and theory to gain insights into clonal haematopoiesis Janeiro, and Chloe Thurston, Northwestern Mary Gray, Microsoft and Harvard University; and blood cancer risk F Jamie Blundell F University; Members, School of Social Science moderated by Alondra Nelson, Harold F. Synonymous mutations reveal genome-wide driver Linder Professor, School of Social Science mutation rates in healthy tissues F Gladys Poon F October 18 Pregnancy Specific Glycoproteins talk F Arnold J. Guest Seminar United Nations Workshop F November 11 Levine, Professor Emeritus, School of Natural Private Debt and Human Rights F Juan Pablo Social Science Seminar F The Ethical Stance Sciences F Description of New Convergence Bohoslavsky, Office of the UN’s High and the Possibility of Critique F Webb Keane, Teams Project F Arnold J. Levine, Professor Commission on Human Rights University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Member, Emeritus, School of Natural Sciences School of Social Science October 21 Social Science Seminar F In the Margins of Medical Credit and Finance Working Group F A Political School of Social Science Evidence: Expert Witnessing and State Violence Anthropology of Finance: Studying the Distribution in Turkey F Başak Can, Koç Üniversitesi; of Money in the Financial Industry as a Political September 20 Member, School of Social Science Process F Horacio Ortiz, East China Normal Social Science Orientation Session University; Member, School of Social Science October 28 Social Science Welcome Party Social Science Seminar F Credit from the State, November 13 Credit to the State F Sarah Quinn, University of Economy and Society Seminar F Reparative September 23 Washington; Member, School of Social Science Justice as Historical Redress F Readings curated Social Science Seminar F Invoking Healing, or by Naor H. Ben-Yehoyada, Columbia How to Think Therapeutically F Ed Cohen, Guest Seminar F Rights, Reform, and Contestation: University, Robert Karl, Institute for Advanced Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Land Dispossession, Gender, and Alternative Models Study, and Latif Tas, SOAS University of Member, School of Social Science for Justice F Souad Eddouada, Ibn Toufail London; Members, School of Social Science University, Morocco September 30 Economy and Society Film Series F Valley of Social Science Seminar F Hope for a Cure: AIDS October 30 Saints, directed by Musa Syeed; post-screening Activists, Beautiful Lies, and the World’s First Current Issues Seminar F Başak Can, Koç discussion led by Z. Fareen Parvez, University “Edited” Children F Eben Kirksey, Deakin Üniversitesi, and Latif Tas, SOAS University of of Massachusetts, Amherst; Member, School of University; Member, School of Social Science London; Members, School of Social Science Social Science, and Nafeesa Syeed, Director’s Visitor, Institute for Advanced Study October 2 Economy and Society Seminar F Resistance and Economy and Society Seminar F Boom, Redemption: On Debt, Finance, and Mobilization F November 15–16 Doom, Gloom F Readings curated by Readings curated by Benjamin Lemoine, Crisis and Critique Workshop F Organized by Benjamin Braun, Max-Planck-Institut für Université Paris-Dauphine, and Z. Fareen Axel Honneth, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Gesellschaftsforschung, and Sarah Quinn, Parvez, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; and Columbia University, and Didier Fassin, University of Washington; Members, School of Members, School of Social Science; screening of James D. Wolfensohn Professor, School of Social Social Science scenes from documentary filmBricks, directed Science by Quentin Ravelli; post-screening discussion Economy and Society Film Series F The Big led by Quentin Ravelli November 18 Short, directed by Adam McKay; post-screening Social Science Seminar F Reinventing Oneself discussion led by Benjamin Braun, Max- November 2 during the Crisis. Autonomy and Dependencies Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, and Joint Workshop F Gene Editing and Hope for between Conflict and Solidarity F Susana Sarah Quinn, University of Washington; an HIV Cure F Organized by Eben Kirksey, Narotzky, Universitat de Barcelona; Member, Members, School of Social Science Deakin University; Member, School of Social School of Social Science Science, and Myles W. Jackson, Professor, School of Historical Studies

52 November 25 Développement, Paris, and Federico Neiburg, February 24 Social Science Seminar F Wealth Regimes: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Social Science Seminar F Gate of Tears: Migration The Political Economy of Asset Management F Members, School of Social Science and Impasse in Yemen and the Horn of Africa F Benjamin Braun, Max-Planck-Institut für Nathalie M. Peutz, New York University Gesellschaftsforschung; Member, School of January 27 Abu Dhabi; Member, School of Social Science Social Science Social Science Seminar F The Carceral Colony: Prison before the Penitentiary in North America F February 26 November 26 Wendy Warren, Princeton University; Current Issues Seminar F Focus on Sudan F Economy and Society Seminar F Framing Member, School of Social Science Alden H. Young, University of California, Los Economic Lives F Readings curated by Isabelle Angeles; Member, School of Social Science Guérin, Institut de Recherche pour le January 29 Développement, Paris, Susana Narotzky, Current Issues Seminar F Focus on Brazil F Lena Economy and Society Seminar F Money, Universitat de Barcelona; and Federico Lavinas and Federico Neiburg, Universidade Circuits, and Social Relations F Viviana Zelizer, Neiburg, Universidade Federal do Rio de Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Members, School of Princeton University; readings curated by Janeiro; Members, School of Social Science Social Science Marion Fourcade, University of California, Berkeley; Visiting Professor, School of Social December 2 Economy and Society Seminar F Global Monetary Science, Federico Neiburg, Universidade Social Science Seminar F Market Logics, Minority Hierarchies F Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Member, School Rights, and American Political Development F University of California, Berkeley; readings of Social Science, and Frederick F. Wherry, Chloe Thurston, Northwestern University; curated by Benjamin Braun, Max-Planck- Princeton University; Visitor, School of Social Member, School of Social Science Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Horacio Science Ortiz, East China Normal University, and December 9 Alden H. Young, University of California, Los March 2 Social Science Seminar F The Crystalline Medium: Angeles; Members, School of Social Science Social Science Seminar F Ordinal Citizenship F Computation and Its Consequences F Alexander Marion Fourcade, University of California, R. Galloway, New York University; Member, February 3 Berkeley; Visiting Professor, School of Social School of Social Science Social Science Seminar F Suspects’ Appearance, Science Origin, and DNA in France. Elements for a Political December 10 Conception of Privacy F Joëlle Vailly, Centre March 4–5 Credit and Finance Working Group F The National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris; Workshop on Machine Learning, Theory, and Missing Movement: Credit, Debt Relief, and the Member, School of Social Science Method in the Social Sciences F Organized Limits of Anti-Discrimination Politics F Chloe by Sanjeev Arora, Princeton University; Thurston, Northwestern University; Member, February 10 Distinguished Visiting Professor, School School of Social Science, Emily Zackin, Johns Social Science Seminar F #Help: The Digital of Mathematics, Didier Fassin, James D. Hopkins University, and Marion Fourcade, Transformation of Humanitarianism and the Wolfensohn Professor, School of Social Science, University of California, Berkeley; Visiting Governance of Populations F Fleur Johns, Jacob Gates Foster, University of California, Professor, School of Social Science University of New South Wales, Sydney; Los Angeles, and Marion Fourcade, Member, School of Social Science University of California, Berkeley; Visiting December 11 Professor, School of Social Science Economy and Society Seminar F Power of the February 11 Digital, Digital Powers F Readings curated by Credit and Finance Working Group F Sex Debt: March 4 Horacio Ortiz, East China Normal University; Coerced Bodies, Desiring Bodies in Rural South Public Lecture F Re-Imagining the Social Member, School of Social Science, and Marion India F Isabelle Guérin, Institut de Recherche Sciences in the Age of AI: A Cross-Disciplinary Fourcade, University of California, Berkeley; pour le Développement, Paris; Member, School Conversation F Elizabeth Bruch, University of Visiting Professor, School of Social Science of Social Science Michigan, and Thomas Griffiths, Princeton University; moderated by Jacob Gates Economy and Society Film Series F Graduation, February 12 Foster, University of California, Los Angeles directed by Cristian Mungiu; post-screening Economy and Society Seminar F Temporalities discussion led by Naor H. Ben-Yehoyada, of Economy and Society F readings curated by March 9 Columbia University and Virag Molnar, The Herbert Docena, University of the Philippines Social Science Seminar F The Debt Economy in New School; Members, School of Social Science Diliman, Fleur Johns, University of New Urban India F Z. Fareen Parvez, University South Wales, Sydney, and Virag Molnar, The of Massachusetts, Amherst; Member, School of December 16 New School; Members, School of Social Science Social Science Social Science Seminar F Class Trips Beyond Borders: State-Sponsored Heritage Tourism and Economy and Society Film Series F People’s March 11 Ethnic Nationalism F Virag Molnar, The New Republic of Desire, directed by Hao Wu; post- Economy and Society Seminar F International School; Member, School of Social Science screening discussion led by Horacio Ortiz, East Migrations, Gender and Economy F Anne-Claire China Normal University; Member, School Defossez, Institute for Advanced Study and January 21 of Social Science, and Julia Chuang, Boston Ravi Kanbur, Cornell University; Visitors, Social Science Seminar F What is Sudanese College; Visitor, School of Social Science School of Social Science, and Didier Fassin, Political Economy?: Reflections on the Crises of James D. Wolfensohn Professor, School of Social the 1970s F Alden H. Young, University of February 18 Science California, Los Angeles; Member, School of Social Science Seminar F The Rise of Venture Social Science Capital, the Return of Inequality, and the Demise From this point on, the seminars took place online with of Innovation in the United States, 1936–1982 F virtual participation via Zoom. Credit and Finance Working Group F Searching Julia Ott, The New School; Member, School Life in Economy and Ethnography F Isabelle of Social Science Guérin, Institut de Recherche pour le

53 March 25 May 5 October 20 Economy and Society Seminar F Religion and Credit and Finance Working Group Princeton Symphony Orchestra Chamber Moral Economy F Readings curated by Webb Series F Music for Oboe and Strings Keane, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor May 11 and Nathalie M. Peutz, New York University Social Science Seminar F ‘We are not October 25 Abu Dhabi; Members, School of Social Science, beggars’: Recognition, Resentment, and the Rise of Public Lecture F Primes and Knots F Akshay and Justin Stearns, New York University ‘Market-based’ Global Environmental RegulationF Venkatesh, Robert and Luisa Fernholz Abu Dhabi; Member, School of Historical Herbert Docena, University of the Professor, School of Mathematics Studies Philippines Diliman; Member, School of Social Science October 31 March 30 Institute Community Halloween Party Social Science Seminar F Parallel State Economy and Society Seminar F Race and and Governmentality: Kurdish Response to Capitalism F Michael C. Dawson, University November 1 Authoritarianism F Latif Tas, SOAS University of Chicago, and Megan Ming Francis, Friends Talk F Black Metaphors: How Modern of London; Member, School of Social Science University of Washington Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking—and Why It Matters F Cord Whitaker, Wellesley March 31 May 12 College; Member, School of Historical Studies Credit and Finance Working Group F Credit and Finance Working Group Discussion of readings by Benjamin November 15 Lemoine, Université Paris-Dauphine; May 13 Edward T. Cone Concert Series F Conrad Tao Member, School of Social Science Social Science Seminar F The New Technocrats: Science and Ethics in the Obama Administration F November 16 April 6 Alondra Nelson, Harold F. Linder Professor, Edward T. Cone Concert Series and Talk F Social Science Seminar F The Digitalization of School of Social Science Conrad Tao Money in China F Horacio Ortiz, East China Normal University; Member, School of Social May 18 November 20 Science Social Science Seminar F Beveridgean S.T. Lee Public Lecture F Architecture in Two Unemployment Gap F Pascal Michaillat, Dimensions: The Case for and Against Drawing F April 13 Brown University; Member, School of Social Alina Payne, Harvard University Social Science Seminar F From Rights to Science Entitlements to Assets: The Warping of Welfare November 21 Regimes F Lena Lavinas, Universidade Federal May 19 Friends Circle Dinner F Spolia F Nora Okka, do Rio de Janeiro; Member, School of Social Credit and Finance Working Group Director’s Visitor Science June 2 November 22 April 7 Credit and Finance Working Group Friends Lunch with a Member F The Road Credit and Finance Working Group to Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems F Juliette Kennedy, University of Helsinki; Visitor, April 20 Director’s Office Events School of Historical Studies Social Science Seminar F Embedded (and dis- embedded) Sovereignty. Government Debt, New York September 23 November 24 Law and Financial Order F Benjamin Lemoine, Member Welcome Reception Princeton Symphony Orchestra Chamber Université Paris-Dauphine; Member, School of Series F Marc Uys and Friends Social Science September 28 Member Family Barbeque December 4 April 22 Friends Public Lecture F What Is the Value of the Social Science Seminar F Writing History from October 4 Humanities? How We Read (and Write) Today F Colombia’s Alcatraz F Robert Karl, Institute Edward T. Cone Concert Series F Meredith Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Professor, School for Advanced Study; Member, School of Social Monk and Company of Historical Studies Science October 5 December 13 April 22 Edward T. Cone Concert Series and Talk F Institute Community Reception Celebrating Economy, Society and Covid-19: Collective Meredith Monk and Company Freeman J. Dyson’s 96th Birthday Project around the Pandemic F Planning Meeting October 11 December 19 Friends Dinner with a Member F The Story Institute Community Holiday Party April 27 of Trigonometry: Revolutions in the Heavens, and on Earth F , Social Science Seminar F Life, Economy and Glen Van Brummelen January 17 Quest University Canada; Member, School of Economic Emergencies F Federico Neiburg, Friends Lunch with a Member F Credit from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Historical Studies the State, Credit to the State F Sarah Quinn, Member, School of Social Science University of Washington; Member, School of October 19 Social Science May 4 Family Science Talk F Einstein’s Dream F , IAS Director and Leon Social Science Seminar F Sexual Violence and the Robbert Dijkgraaf January 29 State: A Racial History of Legal Castration in North Levy Professor Friends Talk F Eliot and Women F Lyndall America F Greta LaFleur, Yale University; Gordon Member, School of Social Science

54 January 31 March 6 Digital Scholarship@IAS Edward T. Cone Concert Series F Vicki Ray Friends Dinner with a Member F Global Hunger/ and Flux Quartet Scientific Solutions? A “Universal” Solution to End November 21 World Hunger F Gabriela Soto Laveaga, Digital Scholarship Conversations F A Digital February 1 Member, School of Historical Studies Information System for the History of Astral Sciences Edward T. Cone Concert Series and Talk F (DISHAS): Why, and How? F Matthieu Vicki Ray and Flux Quartet Events after March 6 were conducted remotely. Husson, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL

February 5 May 8 December 18 Impact of the Past Lecture F Anti-Semitism—Past Friends Lunch with a Member F Math, Shadows, Digital Scholarship Conversations F Egyptology and Present F Karina Urbach, Visitor, School of and Digital Sundials F Silvia Ghinassi, in the Digital Age F Verena Lepper, Princeton Historical Studies; Daniel Finkelstein; Julie Member, School of Mathematics University Gottlieb, University of Sheffield; Deborah Lipstadt, Emory University May 15 February 27 Friends Lunch with a Member F Will I Have to Digital Scholarship Conversations F The Aramaic February 19 Mortgage My House? Reflections on Gene Therapy, Online Project—methods and challenges in creating Institute Community Reception Celebrating Innovation, and Inequality F Eben Kirksey, a Neo-Aramaic literary language F Shabo Talay, Enrico Bombieri’s Crafoord Prize Deakin University; Member, School of Social Freie Universität Berlin Science February 21 Friends Lunch with a Member F A Tale of Two May 22 Camps: Yemeni Refugees and Ethiopian Migrants Friends Lunch with a Member F Victorian Fiction in the Horn of Africa F Nathalie Peutz, New and the Location of Experience F Adela Pinch, York University Abu Dhabi; Member, School University of Michigan; Visitor, School of of Social Science Social Science

February 22 May 29 Midwinter Party for Faculty, Members, and Friends Lunch with a Member F Sudan in a Time Staff of Revolution F Alden H. Young, University of California, Los Angeles; Member, School of February 28 Social Science Artist-in-Residence Special Presentation F Farmhouse/Whorehouse: an Artist Lecture July 16 by Suzanne Bocanegra Starring Lili Taylor F Friends Talk F Atomic Spy: The Dark Lives of Suzanne Bocanegra; Lili Taylor Klaus Fuchs F Nancy Greenspan

55 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ( for the year ended June 30, 2020)

Each year, researchers from around the globe convene at IAS to pursue new questions in their fields of study and col- laborate with colleagues to build a deeper understanding of our world and the human experience. This is only possible with the support of an international network of visionary philanthropists. We are extremely grateful to the donors listed below for their contributions. In Fiscal Year 2019–20, new commitments to the endowment and IAS Fund for operating support totaled more than $30 million.

$100,000+ John and Laura Overdeck Jonathan Nelson and Maya Stendhal Nancy B. Peretsman and Robert W. Scully Persian Heritage Foundation Anonymous (3) Jörn Rausing Shelby White Afsaneh and Michael Beschloss Schmidt Futures Goldman Sachs Gives Simons Foundation $25,000+ at the request of R. Martin Chavez Charles and Lisa Simonyi DA Fund for Arts Neil Chriss and Natasha Herron Chriss and Sciences Edward and Kiyomi Baird The Griffin-Cole Fund Space Telescope Science Institute Michael and Victoria Bershadsky Centro de Estudios Europa Hispánica The Ruth Stanton Foundation Carnegie Corporation of New York at the request of Vartan Gregorian Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. and Tang Research Foundation Annette L. Nazareth Carnegie Mellon University United States Department of Energy Luisa and Robert Fernholz Citadel The University of Maryland Foundation, Heising-Simons Family Fund at Fidelity Inc. The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation Charitable Sir James† and Elaine† Wolfensohn Carl and Toby Feinberg John and Maureen Hendricks Charitable Mark Heising and Elizabeth Simons Foundation $50,000+ Barry and Connie Hershey Jeanette Lerman-Neubauer and Cynthia and Robert Hillas Joseph Neubauer Georg Albers-Schonberg Irving Lavin† and Marilyn Aronberg Lavin Gerard B. Lambert Foundation in memory of Ernst Albers-Schonberg Sarah and Martin L. Leibowitz Nancy and Duncan MacMillan American Council of Learned Societies The Lunder/Ezekowitz Family Fund of the Annette Merle-Smith Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Ayco Charitable Foundation The Ambrose Monell Foundation Vincent Della Pietra and Barbara Amonson Tamara and Kevin MacMillan National Aeronautics and Space Ford Foundation Bruce R. McCaw Family Foundation Administration Fowler Merle-Smith Family Charitable Sandra E. Peterson National Endowment for the Humanities Lead Trust Daniel and Joanna S. Rose National Science Foundation The Fribourg Family The John and Barbara Vogelstein Nelson Family Foundation Gerda Henkel Stiftung Foundation Stavros Niarchos Foundation David and Lori Marquardt Trust NOMIS Stiftung Narayana Murthy † Deceased

Left: Professor SUZANNE AKBARI’s first IAS public lecture, titled “What Is the Value of the Humanities? How We Read (and Write) Today,” was sponsored by the Friends of the Institute for Advanced Study. Center: The Anti-Matters, captained by Professor MYLES W. JACKSON, squared off against Winning is Relative for the second annual Thanksgiving flag football game.Right : While the coronavirus pandemic forestalled in-person events programming, current and former scholars presented virtual talks on topics ranging from computation and black holes, to the evolution of viruses, to racism and democracy.

56 PHOTO CREDITS, L TO R: DAN KOMODA, ANDREA KANE $10,000+ Stephen Tracy and June Allison U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation in honor of Freia Habicht Lauren and John Veronis Victoria and Hank Bjorklund Stephen Tracy and June Allison Stephen and Diane Volk Blavatnik Family Foundation Tom and Mila Tuttle Family Fund at Loeb, Block & Partners LLP Rita and Charles Bronfman Vanguard Charitable Lulu and Anthony Wang R. Martin Chavez and Ben Rothschild John and Louise Wellemeyer Mary and Jeff Zients Ashvin B. Chhabra and Marina and Robert Whitman Daniela Bonafede-Chhabra Milton Wruble Foundation Philanthropic $2,500+ Harry and Helen Cohen Charitable Fund of the Jewish Communal Fund Foundation Mr. Brian F. Wruble and Frank Accetta Morton and Donna Collins Ms. Kathleen W. Bratton Ashley and George Aitken-Davies James Del Favero/Ardea Cares Fund at Peter and Angela Yianilos Stephen Anderson and Clara F. Richardson Schwab Charitable Robert J. Aresty† $5,000+ Daniel R. Grayson Victor Barnett in memory of Vladimir Voevodsky Vicky and Dick Bergman Johnson & Johnson Anonymous in memory of Julie Weill Landau Len and Laura Berlik Landon and Sarah Jones in honor of Robbert Dijkgraaf Ken Baron Bruce Boman † John K. Kim and Ashley Lyu Elizabeth Harkins Baughan Harold Broitman † † M. Klein and Company Mrs. Ann Lee Saunders Brown Dr. Steve and Mrs. Denise Call in memory of Charles L. Brown Estate of George Labalme, Jr. Drs. Bobbi and Barry Coller in memory of Felix Gilbert Jennifer Chayes and Christian Borgs Michael R. Douglas Charitable Fund at Dr. and Mrs. Spiro J. Latsis Raffaella Cribiore Fidelity Charitable Larry Leeds Stephen F. DeAngelis, Beverly Brossoie and The Arthur and Janet Eschenlauer Mia Brossoie Charitable Fund at Vanguard Charitable David Li Kwok-Po Charitable Foundation Audrey and David Egger Charitable Fund Carmela Vircillo Franklin The David and Catherine Loevner Family at the Jewish Community Foundation of Fund at Vanguard Charitable Ann Damsgaard and Lee Gladden Greater Mercer Loews Corporation Chad Goerner Stuart Feldman Deborah R. Lunder and Alan Ezekowitz Rachel Gray and Joel Studebaker Fishman Family Fund, an advised fund of The Honorable and Mrs. Chuck Hagel Elinor Lunder the Brooklyn Community Foundation James R. Hamilton, Hamilton & Company Mack-Mulligan Family Charitable Fund of Mikhail Grinberg Giving Account at the American Endowment Foundation Fidelity Charitable Archer and Tom Harvey in honor of Dr. Arnold Levine Rosanna Webster Jaffin Carolyn and John Healey Jane and Robert MacLennan Jane James Charity Fund of the Princeton H. James and Carol Herring Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation Area Community Foundation Jamie and Kathy Herring Mariner Investment Group, LLC Landon and Sarah Jones Paul and Josefin Hilal Math For America The Honorable and Mrs. AJ Hildebrand Charles W. McCutchen†/The McCutchen Henry A. Kissinger Steven Holl Architects Foundation Mikhail Kogan Gregory and Lisa Hopper The New York Community Trust Jonah and Amy Lansky Bob and Lynn Johnston JQW Fund/James Whitman and Glen and Cheryl Lewy John J. Kerr, Jr. and Nora Wren Kerr Sara McDougall David and Cynthia Lippe Helene and Russell Kulsrud Valerie and Jim McKinney John McGoldrick Yuki Moore Laurenti and Jeffrey Laurenti Microsoft Matching Gifts Program Robert and Ann McKeehan Richard J. and Neil Ann S. Levine Professor Klaus Nehring and Dr. Yang-Ro Yoon Richard and Ronay Menschel Jingyi Li in honor of Mr. and Mrs. William and Geniva Martin Elena Petronio James D. Wolfensohn Anoop and Sangeeta Prasad Reba K. Orszag Bethany and Robert B. Millard in memory of Steven A. Orszag Raging Capital Management, LLC Nancy and Morris W. Offit William and Mary O’Shaughnessy John Rassweiler in honor of James D. Wolfensohn Elizabeth and Josh Pepek Philip W. Riskin Charitable Foundation Andrew P. Ogg Inc. Deborah and Alan Poritz Philip B. Papier, Jr. and Norma K. Papier Carla Volpe Porter and Tim Porter Rita Allen Foundation PNC Foundation at the direction of Robbert Dijkgraaf and Ann Reichelderfer and Douglas H. Blair Pia de Jong Doraiswamy Ramachandran Sherri Rossoff, Rock Creek in memory of Dr. Geetha Ramachandran Jeannie Tseng and Colin Rust Charitable William M. and Joan E. Rue Fund at Vanguard Charitable Sarvary Charitable Trust at Fidelity Charitable Carolyn and George Sanderson The Seligsohn Foundation Richard and Ann Solomon in honor of George Calhoun Harold T. and Vivian Shapiro Marissa and Jesse Treu Peter Svrcek Stevens & Lee Shirley Tilghman York and Lingfang Tsuo

57 $2,500+ (continued) Kahn Family Philanthropic Fund at the Ralph R. Widner Jewish Community Foundation of Greater Craig and Susu Wilson Université Libre de Bruxelles Mercer Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Zatta Mr. and Mrs. James R. Utaski Allen H. Kassof Giving Fund at Fidelity Charitable Varadero Capital LP $1,000+ in memory of Arianne Laura and Roscoe White Steve and Shirley Kern Zegar Family Fund Robert and Marta Adelson Joseph and Lorraine Koffman Zhou Zou Albourne Partners Gail Kohn Anonymous (4) $1,750+ Ann and Kurt Kovalick Anonymous Sam and Casey Lambert in honor of Alexander and Helen Ackley Harry and Ellen Levine Anonymous Stephen Adler and Sarah Brett-Smith Fund Paul G. and Linda Levy in memory of Albert Hirschman and at TIAA Charitable Derek and Diana Lidow Clifford Geertz Dr. Jeffrey T. Apter Denis and Howard Lieberman Anonymous in honor of Avi Wigderson and in memory of Lorraine and David Atkin Donald and Nancy Light Vladimir Voevodsky Jill M. Barry Hung Ling and Gigi Hsu/Alicia Ling Anonymous Eric and Chaitra Baum Maya Ling in honor of Enrico Bombieri and Robert and Susan Beckman Walter H. Lippincott , and in memory John and Marsha Beidler Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Loughlin of Irving Lavin Elisabeth A. Bish Yvonne Marcuse Celia Applegate and David Blackbourn Dennis Block Professor James Marrow and James Arthur Marcia E. Bossart Dr. Emily Rose Gurinder Singh “Mickey” Atwal Drs. Susan and Stephen Boughn Fouad J. Masrieh in memory of Balram Singh Atwal Randy Breitman and Julie Hagan Cecilia and Michael Mathews Fernande Auslander in memory of Louis Auslander Meg Brinster Michael Susan G. Anable and Jack McCarthy, III Professor Alison I. Beach and Professor Jennifer Bryson Scott McGoldrick and Linda Noel David A. Jaeger James and Pernilla Burke Hella and Scott McVay Dan and Etsuko Chamby Karl F. and Anne C. Morrison Robert Bryant and Réymundo Garcia Dr. and Mrs. Paul H. Chew Mary J. Norton Eugenio and Giuliana Calabi in memory of David Fate Norton Lucinda and Charles Clark Professor Sir David Cannadine Dr. Ferris Olin Jessica Pieters and Mark Coleman Bernard Costello/Costello Foundation at Stanley and Regine Corngold Peter Ozsváth Fidelity Charitable Jan and Elly de Boer Dr. and Mrs. C. Papastephanou Mark Cruse Peter Dougherty and Elizabeth Hock John Polking Charles W. Curtis Marlene and Aiden Doyle Ludmilla G. Popova-Wightman H.A. and Kathleen Drake The Barbara and Gerald Essig Charitable Preston Family Charitable Fund at Schwab Bruce S. Eastwood Fund at Vanguard Charitable Charitable in memory of Marshall Clagett Ruth Fath Arnold B. Rabson and Barbara Barnett Ruth† and Murray Gerstenhaber Courtney and Thomas Fennimore Anne D. Reeves Tina and Bill Greenberg Donatella Giacometti Richard K. Rein and Nell Whiting Andrea Mitchell Colleen Goggins Charlie Rippin in honor of Jim Wolfensohn Fred and Selma Goldstein Ted and Jane Boyer Koichiro Harada Dr. and Mrs. Milton H. Grannatt Paul Rorem and Kate Skrebutenas Toru Hashimoto Joan and John P. Hall, Jr. Kathleen and Louis Russo in honor of Jim Wolfensohn Sigurdur Helgason Jan and Lois Safer Rush Holt and Margaret Lancefield Fund in memory of Professor Harish-Chandra Bernard Saint-Donat of the Princeton Area Community Foundation Christie and Fred Henry Sybil Shainwald Joshua T. Katz Ronald J. and Sharon M. Stern David R. and Kristina H. Hill in honor of Heinrich von Staden Sturges Giving Account at Fidelity Nancy Hingston Samuel H. Kress Foundation Charitable G. John Ikenberry and John Kwan Lidia Usami Ikenberry Miyuki Kaneko and Brian P. Sullivan William E. Lang Laurie Jacobs Christopher and Susan Tarr Fund of the in honor of the Archive Department at IAS Princeton Area Community Foundation François Maniquet in memory of Jean Bourgain Alexander Jones and Catherine Haines Gail M. Ullman Albert Marden Christopher P. Jones Ewine F. van Dishoeck Matteo Family Charitable Fund at Schwab Drs. Welmoet and Daniel P. Van Kammen Bruce Jordan and Jeanne Perantoni Charitable Erik Vanmarcke and Lynne Durkee Douglas and Anne Kabay Joe and Tamera Matteo Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan D. Weiner

58 $1,000+ (continued) William and Susan Lampe Joel Hass and Abby Thompson/ Rachel Mandelbaum Hass Family Fund of the Jewish Dr. Erika Michael Jeffrey E. Mandula Community Foundation of the West in memory of Professor Ernest A. Michael in memory of John Bahcall Mary Calabro and William Hery The Myhrvold and Havranek Family The Steven A. Mansbach and Julia E. Frane Charitable Fund at Schwab Charitable Charitable Fund of the Goldman Sachs Charitable Fund at Schwab Charitable Camden and Robert Hillas Philanthropy Fund Gerard Misiolek J. Robert Hillier, LhD, FAIA Tetsushi Okamoto Catharine Newbury Rush Holt in memory of Kiyosato Okamoto Richard T. Rapp in honor of Elaine and Jim Wolfensohn Alan Patricof Colleen Robles Dr. Seva Joukhovitski Gillian and Scott Reeder Martin Kern and Keiko Ono in memory of Jon Horner Yiannis Sakellaridis Dr. Freydoon Shahidi Michael Klompus Gerald Rosenfeld and Judith Zarin Mihail Kolountzakis Robert Russell Shawangunk Valley Conservancy (Helena and Peter Bienstock) in memory of Paul J. Cohen SCA-Quatrain, Brian Hunter Karlheinz Spallek Rob Kusner and Denise Kim Andy Sieg Xiaodong Sun Michael Licitra Karen Vogtmann and John Smillie Noel Swerdlow Ming-Chit Liu Eugene R. Speer The Troy-De Wit Family Charitable Fund Andrew MacFadyen Laurence R. Taylor of the Jewish Communal Fund John Marincola Peter and Lynn Wendell Walsh Charitable Fund of the Ayco in honor of Angelos Chaniotis John Wermer Charitable Foundation George F. Meierhofer Kenneth B. Wolf Howard D. Weinbrot Govind Menon Hung-Hsi Wu Robert Lee Wilson Carlos Julio Moreno York-Peng E. Yao and Cynthia C. Yao William Mulligan $500+ in memory of Theresa Dargan $250+ Andrea Piras and Francesca Tagliatesta William Abikoff in memory of Patricia Crone in memory of William Harvey Israel Tzvi Abusch Martin J. Powers Anonymous (2) Anonymous (7) Michael C. J. Putnam George and Linda Bauer Anonymous Evelyn S. Rawski in memory of Irving Lavin in memory of Oleg Grabar Peter Redfield Martha I. Beach Giles Auchmuty Juhyung Rhi in honor of Alison I. Beach Professor H. Baltussen Catherine J. Ross and Jonathan Rieder Regina F. Bendix in honor of Professor Heinrich von Staden in memory of Freeman Dyson Gail W. Berry MD Paul Benacerraf Alan E. Shapiro in honor of Brian F. Wruble Henry and Leigh Bienen Michael Singer David Bjelajac James J. Bono Robert C. Sleigh, Jr. Jo and Phoebe Bovy Catherine and Cornelius Borman in memory of Morton White James Cantrell Dr. Constance Brittain Bouchard Neal Jay Snyderman Joan Breton Connelly Daniela L. Caglioti Robert Socolow Fund of the Jewish Angela N.H. Creager Communal Fund in honor of Heinrich von Staden Alejandro Cañeque Garcia Jessica Cattelino Harold M. Stark Charitable Fund at Loyal and Bernice Durand Fidelity Charitable Roger Chickering Robert Edwards John B. Sullivan Glenn and Sara Ellison Clement Cottingham and Dorothy S. Lewis Winnifred Fallers Sullivan Harold and Catherine Falk The Harold G. and Nancy A. Diamond John E. Talbott Jürg M. Fröhlich Gifts Fund of the T. Rowe Price Program in memory of Felix Gilbert Alison Games for Charitable Giving William G. Thalmann Christopher Glover Laurence Dickey Daniel and Ryoko Goldston in memory of Claire Dickey Thomas Wallnig Paul A. Hanle John Dillon Arthur Wasserman in memory of John Bahcall in memory of Homer Thompson in memory of James Kister Gil Holder Walter Dittrich Marit Werenskiold Ron and Gail Irving Dale Eickelman Jennifer Widner Steve Israel in memory of Clifford Geertz Don Wyatt Peter and Meredith Kellner Giovanni Felder Toichiro Kinoshita Francesc Fité Up to $249 Joseph Kiskis Bruce W. Frier Alan Adolphson Plamen Krastev Chaim Gans in memory of Freeman Dyson and Edward J. Groth III AmazonSmile Foundation John Bahcall Erich Gruen James S. Amelang

59 Up to $249 (continued) Octav Cornea Mauro Guillen in memory of Irina and Paul Cornea Robert Guralnick Susan Ames Professor Justin Michael Curry Diane and Moris Guvenis Anonymous (24) in memory of Michael Loyd Curry Blaine Paxton Hall Anonymous Joseph E. Davis Dr. Bruno Harris in memory of Edward Dawidowicz Professor Randolph C. Head Elizabeth “Betsy” (Williams) Schein John M. de Figueiredo Susanna Hecht Anonymous in memory of Rui J.P. de Figueiredo, Sr. Douglas C. Heggie in honor of Professor Alondra Nelson Alex Himonas Anonymous Michael Diener and Lisa Bennett Morris W. Hirsch in honor of Xutao Paul DiMaggio Lawrence Horwitz Robert J. Antony Lajos Diósi Professor Bulent Atalay in memory of Emil and Rose Horwitz Mark Dittmer Robert C. Howell John Ball in memory of Herb Roth Danian Hu Matt Banks Robert S. Doran Claude Bardos in honor of Ramesh Gangolli James E. Humphreys Marisa Anne Bass Pierre du Prey Hermann Hunger Steve Batterson in memory of Irving Lavin Susan Huntington Greg Bayer Richard S. Dunn Luc Illusie Brigitte M. Bedos-Rezak Kathleen McDermott Eastman John Imbrie in memory of Natalie Roberts McDermott Glynn Behmen Gary Irvine in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Glynn E. Behmen, Patrick Eberlein Howard Jacobson Sr. Family Margaret Readdy and Richard Ehrenborg Katherine L. Jansen Alan E. Bernstein in honor of Michelle Huguenin Matthew Jenkins in memory of R. William Weisberger Professor Christiane Eisenberg Goro C. Kato Jonathan W. Best Dyan Elliott Mary and Peter Katzenstein Thomas N. Bisson Joanne Elliott Dennis Kehoe in memory of Caroll Bisson Donald K. Emmerson Eugene Kerner John P. Bodel Bill Epstein Jinah Kim in memory of Silvio Panciera Ahmad Farzad Allan King and Helen Burke Professor Hartwin Brandt Phyllis and Dave Feinblum Dale Kinney William Nielsen Brandt Alex J. Feingold Julius Kirshner Ward Briggs Franz Felten John R. Klauder Christer Bruun Robert C. Figueira Julianne Kmiec Nicholas Buchdahl in memory of Olivia Remie Constable in memory of Catriona Alexis Buchdahl Karin Knorr Cetina Nancy Johnson and Larry Filler in memory of Franz Moehn Glenn R. Bugh Carter V. Findley in memory of Christian Habicht Linda A. Koch Gary Alan Fine in memory of Irving Lavin Ron Cacciola Carole Fink Michael Konetschnik Professor Dr. Claude Calame Gerald B. Folland Antoni A. Kosinski Vicki Caron John Freed Ron and Sunny Kraemer Gerald and Annemarie Carr in memory of Irving Lavin and Oleg Grabar David and Donna Gabai Lloyd Kramer in honor of Peter Paret Vincent Carretta Kim Gallagher Robert Krasny Thomas E. Cecil Mort and Debbi Gasner Yu-chih Lai Filippo Cesarano Frederick J. Gilman Christopher Freeland and Joselle Lamoutte John Whiteclay Chambers II Jane Piore Gilman Paul Langacker Kalyan Chatterjee James Glogowski, Ph.D. in memory of Dr. Kumkum Chatterjee Carol Gluck Abby and Menachem Lazar Hoi Fung Chau Dr. and Mrs. Peter B. Golden James Lepowsky Susan Chiarulli Roe Goodman Leonard Maleson Levie in memory of John A. Lewis Sue Goodman Marsha Levin-Rojer Professors R. Sekhar Chivukula and Cameron Gordon Ji Li Elizabeth H. Simmons Robert Goulding Harry Liebersohn Anne L. Clark Patricia Graham, MD Eric M. Linn Susan Clark in honor of John and Odessa Cernetich Brandon C. Look James W. Cogdell Bruce Grant George J. Losoncy Forrest D. Colburn Edward Greaney Michèle Lowrie Kathleen Coleman Husson Groenenboom Michael Maas Drs. Maria and Bruno Coppi in memory of Abraham Groenenboom Wilferd Madelung

60 Up to $249 (continued) Dr. and Mrs. David Gilman Romano Leslie L. Threatte, Jr. in memory of Irving Lavin Ward Titus and Dr. Elena Taratuta Rex Martin Jonathan L. Rosner Lisa Traynor Clint McCrory Professor John C. Rouman Stuart Turner Patrick McGuinn in memory of Soteria Rouman in honor of Karen Uhlenbeck Sarah McPhee James Rovnyak Mar tin Tweedale in memory of Irving Lavin Stuart Samuel and Jennifer Sun Michael McVaugh Patrick Sänger Frans van Liere and Katherine van Liere in memory of Marshall Clagett Winfried Scharlau Neil Vance Brigitte Meijns Gordon Schochet in honor of Charles Giffen Professor John R. Melville-Jones in memory of Clifford Geertz and Robert Varley Eugenio Menegon Albert Hirschman Vignan Velivela in honor of Nicola di Cosmo John Schrecker Alexander A. Voronov Robert Meyerhoff and Novelle DuPen Jennifer C. Schultens Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. Meyerhoff Stuart B. Schwartz Jonathan and Deborah Wahl Philanthropic Joel Samuel Migdal in memory of Albert Hirschman Fund of the Jewish Community Margaret M. Miles Joshua Seftel/Smartypants Pictures Foundation of Durham-Chapel Hill David H. and Katherine S. Miller Fareed, Noreen, Sana, and Sami Shaikh Barbara B. Walker Joseph Minahan Joel A. Shapiro in memory of Freeman Dyson Rick Miranda Ping Sheng Jeff Walz Toshitsune Miyake Israel Michael Sigal David Weinberg and Lisa Florman Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs Allan J. Silberger Raymond O. Wells, Jr. Calvin C. Moore Robert Willig and Ginny Mason Y. Jack Ng Amy Singer W. Stephen Wilson Yong-Geun Oh Malcolm Skolnick James R. and M. Lucy Wiseman Takashi Ono in memory of Hans Bethe and Philip Morrison in honor of G.W. Bowersock Peter Orlik Dr. Karen Ann Sobel Lojeski Professor Mark L. Witten Sherry B. Ortner Alexandre Sogicami in memory of Polly Ann Witten in memory of Clifford Geertz in honor of Betty and Gordon Moore and in Isser Woloch memory of Isaac Asimov Tari Pantaleo Charles Sommerfield Gift-in-Kind Donors François Paschoud Aravind Srinivasan Jogesh Pati in memory of Mr. P. R. Srinivasan Diane Cole Ahl Charles Payne Dr. Ross E. Staffeldt Dr. Abdulrahman al-Salimi Michael G. Peletz Rosemary Stanfield-Johnson Robert J. Antony Leon and Nancy Petelle in memory of Patricia Crone Eric Batterman and James V. Peters Jim Stasheff Catherine Schaeder Batterman Carl Forbes Petry in memory of Lauren Benton Krzysztof Pilch George Sterman and Elise Frank Paul Bernard Leon Plantinga Columba Stewart Mark E. Bonds Jay Plett in honor of Patrick Geary Constance Brittain Bouchard Randall A. Poole András Stipsicz Dan Burt Jeremy D. Popkin Phyllis Stoolmacher Melanie and John Clarke in memory of John A. Lewis Gerald J. Porter Mayke de Jong Susan Mosher Stuard William L. Pressly Zbigniew T. Fiema Matthew Sudano Lt. Col. (Ret.) R. Ramaswamy Google Inc. R. Richard Summerhill, Ph.D. in memory of Malathi Ramaswamy Julian Grant and Peter R. Lighte John Sutton M. M. Rao Andrea Guidi in memory of Professor Arne Beurling Alexander Sze James W. Hankins Earl J. Taft Quoc Hung Nguyen Terr y Reed Richard J. Talbert Murad Idris in memory of Amber Marie and in honor of Carol P. Tate Clifford Geertz in memory of John T. Tate, Jr. Sandy Isenstadt Theodore Reff Alexandra Tatnall Paulin Ismard P.J. Rhodes Mark Tauger Professor Emeritus Jonathan I. Israel Matthias L. Richter Naod Melaku Tegegne John J. Kerr, Jr. and Nora Wren Kerr Peter William Riola Donna M. Testerman George Anton Kiraz in memory of Martha S. Riola and in honor of Jean Thomas Paul Kroll Diana Whitecross Kelly Devine Thomas Hubert Lang James B. Rives and John L. Johnston Yuki Moore Laurenti and Jeffrey Laurenti

61 † Gift-in-Kind Donors (continued) Giles Constable Hamish Maxwell Dr. John W. Dawson, Jr. Loris and Bruce McKellar The Professors Marilyn and Irving† Lavin Hedwig Dekker† Valerie and Jim McKinney Christian Lentz in memory of Professor Jacob C.E. Dekker Annette Merle-Smith Hartmut Leppin The Estate of Elizabeth C. Dilworth† Ms. B.F. Graham and Mr. Ted S. Meth† Ohad Nachtomy Willis Doney† Calvin C. Moore Gerda S. Panofsky Professor William Doyle, FBA Dorothy and Lloyd Moote† Professor Peter Paret† Robert Edwards Alexander P. Mourelatos Patrick Sänger Masaaki Eguchi Jael Nathan† Nadja Schafer The Estate of Albert Einstein† Albert Nijenhuis Tomasina Pia Schiro Janet and Arthur Eschenlauer Sherry B. Ortner Joan W. Scott Carl Faith† Chuu-Lian Terng and Richard S. Palais W. Anthony Sheppard Ky Fan† Elena Petronio Massimiliano Tomba Georgio Petronio† Professor Heinrich von Staden Carl and Toby Feinberg George and Els Placzek† Thomas Wallnig Dr. Cloudy (Klaus-Dietrich) Fischer Gerald J. Porter James L.A. Webb, Jr. Dr. Paul Forman Alfred L. Putnam† Lor and Mike Gehret Doraiswamy Ramachandran Legacy Society Peter and Helen Goddard Susan E. Ramirez Rachel D. Gray John H. Rassweiler The Legacy Society was established in 1995 Ed Greaney Evelyn S. Rawski to honor those who have made a planned gift Tina and Bill Greenberg Theodore Reff to the Institute for Advanced Study, or have Phillip A. Griffiths Millard M. Riggs† informed the Institute of a bequest intention, Robert M. Guralnick Barbara Heard Roberts IRA roll-over, or other provision in their estate Ralph E. Hansmann† Daniel H. Saracino plans. Legacy Society members include Trustees, Daphne Hawkes Patricia Sato Faculty and Faculty Emeriti, Friends, former James F. Hawkins Alice T. Schafer† Members and Visitors, staff, and other private Sigurdur Helgason † donors. These gifts have a meaningful impact on Richard Donald Schafer James Scott Hill† the Institute’s work. Tomasina Pia Schiro Susan L. Huntington Martin E. Segal† Anonymous (4) Marianne Iceland† Harold T. and Vivian Shapiro Anonymous† (3) Mr. Charles L. Jaffin† Robert J. Sibner Lorraine and David Atkin Rosanna W. Jaffin N. J. Slabbert Michael L. Barnett† Landon and Sarah Jones Carolyn B. Snider† Robert and Susan Beckman Akio Kawauchi Grace Marmor Spruch† Frank Beggs† Michael Keevak Jack Steinberger† Elisabeth A. Bish Dr. Suzanne Keller and Dr. Charles Haar† The Estate of Frank E. Taplin, Jr.† Victoria and Hank Bjorklund Tatsuo Kimura Chuu-Lian Terng and Richard S. Palais Richard B. Black Paul Oskar Kristeller† Franklin K. Toker Enrico Bombieri George Labalme Jr.† Grazia Tonelli Addie and Harold Broitman† Dr. Florian Langenscheidt Marilyn and Scott Tremaine Ann Lee Brown† and Charlie Brown† Robert and Charlotte Langlands Professor and Mrs. V.S. Varadarajan Robert Butow† Joseph Lehner† Professor C. Franciscus Verellen and Claude Calame Walter H. Lippincott Mrs. Isabelle M. Verellen Ruth Cherniss† Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Loughlin Morton G. White† Helen† and Martin Chooljian Jane and Robert MacLennan Sally S. Whiteman† Edward T. Cone† Robert MacPherson and Mark Goresky Donald Wilson† Gretzel M. Cohen Steve Mariotti Brian F. Wruble

62 PRESENT AND PAST DIRECTORS (in order of service as of June 30, 2020)

Abraham Flexner · Frank Aydelotte J. Robert Oppenheimer · Carl Kaysen · Harry Woolf Marvin L. Goldberger · Phillip A. Griffiths · Peter Goddard · Robbert Dijkgraaf

PRESENT AND PAST FACULTY (2019–20 Faculty and Faculty Emeriti are in black)

Stephen L. Adler · Suzanne Conklin Akbari · James W. Alexander · Andrew E. Z. Alföldi

Danielle Allen · Nima Arkani-Hamed · Michael F. Atiyah · John N. Bahcall · Arne K. A. Beurling

Yve-Alain Bois · Enrico Bombieri · Armand Borel · Jean Bourgain · Glen W. Bowersock

Caroline Walker Bynum · Luis A. Caffarelli · Angelos Chaniotis · Harold F. Cherniss · Marshall Clagett

Giles Constable · Patricia Crone · José Cutileiro · Roger F. Dashen · Camillo De Lellis · Pierre Deligne

Nicola Di Cosmo · Freeman J. Dyson · Edward M. Earle · Albert Einstein · John H. Elliott

Didier Fassin · Patrick J. Geary · Clifford Geertz · Felix Gilbert · James F. Gilliam · Peter Goddard

Kurt Gödel · Hetty Goldman · Peter Goldreich · Oleg Grabar · Phillip A. Griffiths ·Christian Habicht

Harish-Chandra · Jonathan Haslam · Ernst Herzfeld · Albert O. Hirschman · Helmut Hofer · Lars V. Hörmander

Piet Hut · Jonathan Israel · Myles W. Jackson · Ernst H. Kantorowicz · George F. Kennan · Robert P. Langlands

Irving Lavin · Tsung-Dao Lee · Stanislas Leibler · Arnold J. Levine · Elias A. Lowe · Robert MacPherson

Juan Maldacena · Avishai Margalit · Eric S. Maskin · Jack F. Matlock, Jr. · Millard Meiss

Benjamin D. Meritt · John W. Milnor · David Mitrany · Deane Montgomery · Marston Morse · Alondra Nelson

J. Robert Oppenheimer · Abraham Pais · Erwin Panofsky · Peter Paret · Tullio E. Regge

Winfield W. Riefler· Dani Rodrik · Marshall N. Rosenbluth · Peter Sarnak · Sabine Schmidtke

Joan Wallach Scott · Nathan Seiberg · · Kenneth M. Setton · Carl L. Siegel · Thomas Spencer

Walter W. Stewart · James Stone · Bengt G. D. Strömgren · Richard Taylor · Homer A. Thompson · Scott Tremaine

Francesca Trivellato · Michail Tsodyks · Kirk Varnedoe · Oswald Veblen · Akshay Venkatesh · Vladimir Voevodsky

John von Neumann · Heinrich von Staden · Michael Walzer · Robert B. Warren · André Weil · Hermann Weyl

Morton White · · Avi Wigderson · · Edward Witten

Ernest Llewellyn Woodward · Chen Ning Yang · Shing-Tung Yau · Matias Zaldarriaga

63 FOUNDERS, TRUSTEES, AND OFFICERS OF THE BOARD AND OF THE CORPORATION, 2019–2020

Founders Lorraine Daston Jörn Rausing Professor, Committee on Social Thought Non-Executive Director Louis Bamberger University of Chicago Tetra Laval Group Board Caroline Bamberger Fuld Director Emerita London, United Kingdom Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Board and Corporate Officers Professor Emeritus of Cosmology Berlin, Germany and Astrophysics Charles Simonyi Robbert Dijkgraaf Astronomer Royal and Fellow of Chair of the Board Director and Leon Levy Professor Trinity College Nancy B. Peretsman Institute for Advanced Study University of Cambridge Vice Chair of the Board Princeton, New Jersey Cambridge, England

Neil A. Chriss Mario Draghi David M. Rubenstein Treasurer of the Corporation Former President, European Central Bank Co-Founder and Co-Executive Chairman Frankfurt, Germany Janine M. Purcaro The Carlyle Group Assistant Treasurer of the Corporation Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. Washington, D.C. President and Chief Executive Officer, TIAA Eric E. Schmidt Nancy S. MacMillan New York, New York Secretary of the Corporation Former CEO and Chairman E. Robert Fernholz Google Elizabeth Boluch Wood Founder, INTECH Mountain View, California Assistant Secretary Princeton, New Jersey Through May 2, 2020

Mark Heising Charles Simonyi The Board of Trustees Managing Director Technical Fellow Ann-Kristin Achleitner Medley Partners Management LLC Microsoft Corporation Distinguished Affiliated Professor San Francisco, California Redmond, Washington Technical University of Munich Peter Svennilson Munich, Germany Jeanette Lerman-Neubauer Trustee, Neubauer Family Foundation Founder and Managing Partner From October 26, 2019 Principal, JP Lerman & Co. The Column Group Afsaneh Beschloss Philadelphia, Pennsylvania San Francisco, California Founder and Chief Executive Officer Nancy S. MacMillan Shirley M. Tilghman RockCreek President Emerita Washington, D.C. Publisher, Princeton Alumni Weekly Princeton, New Jersey Professor of Molecular Biology and Public Manjul Bhargava Affairs R. Brandon Fradd Professor of Mathematics David F. Marquardt Princeton University Princeton University Founding Partner, August Capital Princeton, New Jersey San Francisco, California Princeton, New Jersey Ewine F. van Dishoeck Victoria B. Bjorklund Narayana Murthy Professor of Molecular Astrophysics Retired Partner Founder and Partner Leiden University Founder, Exempt-Organizations Group Catamaran Ventures LLP Leiden, The Netherlands Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP Founder, Infosys Limited Bangalore, India New York, New York Trustees Emeriti Jonathan M. Nelson R. Martin Chavez Richard B. Black Senior Director Founder and Chief Executive Officer Martin A. Chooljian Goldman Sachs Providence Equity Partners, LLC Vartan Gregorian New York, New York Providence, Rhode Island Peter R. Kann Neil A. Chriss John Overdeck Helene L. Kaplan Co-Chair, Two Sigma Investments, LP Omnis Quantitative Spiro J. Latsis New York, New York A Millennium Platform Company Martin L. Leibowitz New York, New York Nancy B. Peretsman David K.P. Li Managing Director Christopher Cole Ronaldo H. Schmitz Chairman, Ardea Partners LP Allen & Company LLC Harold T. Shapiro Princeton, New Jersey New York, New York James H. Simons Sandra E. Peterson Michel L. Vaillaud Veena Das Operating Partner, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice Shelby White Krieger-Eisenhower Professor of Anthropology Former Group Worldwide Chairman, Marina v.N. Whitman and Adjunct Professor of Humanities Johnson & Johnson Johns Hopkins University James D. Wolfensohn, Chair Emeritus New York, New York Baltimore, Maryland deceased November 25, 2020 Brian F. Wruble

64 ADMINISTRATION, 2019–2020

Robbert Dijkgraaf Library Administration Computing, Director and Leon Levy Professor Telecommunications, Emma Moore and Networking Carolyn Pritchett Librarian, Mathematics and Natural Sciences Administration Executive Assistant to the Director Marcia Tucker Jeffrey Berliner Librarian, Historical Studies and Social Science Chief Information Officer Janine M. Purcaro (also Coordinator of Information Access Chief Operating Officer and Associate for Computing, Telecommunications, and Brian Epstein Director for Finance and Administration Networking Administration) Chief Information Security Officer Information Technology Manager Mark Baumgartner Network and Security Chief Investment Officer School Administration Kevin Kelly Michael Ciccone Information Technology Manager Chief Administrative Operations Officer Nicole Maldonado School of Mathematics Computing Administrative Officer William Grip School of Mathematics Dario Mastroianni Chief Facilities Officer Information Technology Manager Donne Petito Media Technology Services Michael Klompus Administrative Officer Chief Human Resources Officer School of Social Science Christopher McCafferty Through November 4, 2019 Information Technology Manager Danette Rivera Databases and Integration Mary Mazza Administrative Officer Comptroller and Chief Fiscal Officer School of Historical Studies Jonathan Peele Information Technology Manager Michel Reymond Michelle Sage Information Technology Group Chef Administrative Officer School of Natural Sciences James Stephens Jennifer Richardson Information Technology Manager Chief Human Resources Officer/ Suzanne P. Christen School of Natural Sciences Computing Title IX Coordinator Executive Director and Administrator From January 2, 2020 The Simons Center for Systems Biology School of Natural Sciences

Elizabeth Boluch Wood Chief Engagement Officer and Associate Director for Development and Programs Strategic Partnerships Arlen K. Hastings Mary Boyajian Director of External Projects Assistant Director for Capital Projects Michelle Huguenin Karla Cosgriff Administrative Program Manager Director of Annual Giving Women and Mathematics Kelly Devine Thomas David Lang Director of Editorial and Content Strategy Artist-in-Residence Through January 10, 2020 Rafe Mazzeo Pamela Hughes Director Director of Friends and Stewardship Programs IAS/Park City Mathematics Institute Susan Olson Margaret Readdy Director of Events Academic Program Manager Maurie Perl Women and Mathematics Senior Director of External Relations and Strategic Communications

65 66 Institute for Advanced Study— Louis Bamberger and Mrs. Felix Fuld Foundation

Financial Statements June 30, 2020 and 2019 (With Independent Auditors’ Report Thereon)

67 Independent Auditors’ Report

The Board of Trustees Institute for Advanced Study–Louis Bamberger and Mrs. Felix Fuld Foundation:

We have audited the accompanying financial statements of the Institute for Advanced Study–Louis Bamberger and Mrs. Felix Fuld Foundation, which comprise the statements of financial position as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the related statements of activities and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements. Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with U.S. ­generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditors’ Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors’ judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presen- tation of the financial statements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. Opinion In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Institute for Advanced Study–Louis Bamberger and Mrs. Felix Fuld Foundation as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, and the changes in its net assets and its cash flows for the years then ended, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

October 30, 2020

68 INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY – LOUIS BAMBERGER AND MRS. FELIX FULD FOUNDATION

STATEMENTSStatements OF of FINANCIALFinancial Position POSITION JUNEJune 30, 2020 andAND 2019 2019

Assets 2020 2019

Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,814,747 5,129,094 Accounts receivable and other assets 3,933,664 2,958,222 Grants receivable 2,050,628 2,406,574 Contributions receivable, net 7,612,551 15,951,133 Mortgages receivable 5,244,841 5,806,101 Funds held by bond trustee 886,567 872,355 Beneficial interest in remainder trust — 1,968 Land, buildings and improvements, equipment, and rare book collection, net 134,365,491 130,257,646 Investments 806,966,477 790,125,348 Total assets $ 964,874,966 953,508,441

Liabilities and Net Assets Liabilities: Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 10,880,698 9,433,853 Deferred revenue 10,330,177 7,353,781 Liabilities under split-interest agreements 1,333,720 1,516,049 Postretirement benefit obligation 24,618,666 19,584,782 Asset retirement obligation 1,198,947 1,172,363 Bond swap liability 3,323,339 2,788,944 Long-term debt, net 83,825,749 88,020,789 Total liabilities 135,511,296 129,870,561 Net assets: Net assets without donor restrictions: Undesignated 210,745,901 223,454,839 Designated for specific purposes 133,883,663 132,573,325 Total net assets without donor restrictions 344,629,564 356,028,164

Net assets with donor restrictions: Purpose restricted 225,473,040 208,663,563 Endowment fund corpus 259,261,066 258,946,153 Total net assets with donor restrictions 484,734,106 467,609,716 Total net assets 829,363,670 823,637,880 Total liabilities and net assets $ 964,874,966 953,508,441

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

69 INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY – LOUIS BAMBERGER AND MRS. FELIX FULD FOUNDATION

STATEMENTStatement ofOF Activities ACTIVITIES YEARYear ENDED ended June JUNE 30, 2020 30, 2020

Without donor With donor restrictions restrictions Total

Operating revenues, gains, and other support: Private contributions and grants $ 52,000 25,804,143 25,856,143 Government grants — 5,237,232 5,237,232 Investment income, net 19,932,768 24,119,369 44,052,137 Auxiliary activity 3,986,852 — 3,986,852 Net assets released from restrictions— satisfaction of program restrictions 38,036,354 (38,036,354) — Total operating revenues, gains, and other support 62,007,974 17,124,390 79,132,364 Operating expenses: School of Mathematics 11,411,097 — 11,411,097 School of Natural Sciences 12,672,231 — 12,672,231 School of Historical Studies 9,432,277 — 9,432,277 School of Social Science 3,975,617 — 3,975,617 Libraries and other academic 4,550,307 — 4,550,307 Administration and general 16,993,017 — 16,993,017 Auxiliary activity 10,082,297 — 10,082,297 Total operating expenses 69,116,843 — 69,116,843 Change in net assets from operating activities (7,108,869) 17,124,390 10,015,521 Nonoperating activities: Change in fair value of bond swap liability (534,395) — (534,395) Gain on sale of plant assets 326,989 — 326,989 Other components of net periodic pension cost (4,082,325) — (4,082,325) Total nonoperating activities (4,289,731) — (4,289,731)

Change in net assets (11,398,600) 17,124,390 5,725,790

Net assets—beginning of year 356,028,164 467,609,716 823,637,880

Net assets—end of year $ 344,629,564 484,734,106 829,363,670

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

70 INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY – LOUIS BAMBERGER AND MRS. FELIX FULD FOUNDATION

STATEMENTStatement ofOF Activities ACTIVITIES YEARYear ENDED ended June JUNE 30, 201930, 2019

Without donor With donor restrictions restrictions Total

Operating revenues, gains, and other support: Private contributions and grants $ 52,000 19,897,538 19,949,538 Government grants — 6,563,183 6,563,183 Investment income, net 14,644,933 17,452,485 32,097,418 Auxiliary activity 4,402,459 — 4,402,459 Net assets released from restrictions— satisfaction of program restrictions 43,213,445 (43,213,445) — Total operating revenues, gains, and other support 62,312,837 699,761 63,012,598 Operating expenses: School of Mathematics 11,266,618 — 11,266,618 School of Natural Sciences 12,163,326 — 12,163,326 School of Historical Studies 9,787,655 — 9,787,655 School of Social Science 3,703,414 — 3,703,414 Libraries and other academic 6,241,792 — 6,241,792 Administration and general 18,591,030 — 18,591,030 Auxiliary activity 10,696,058 — 10,696,058 Total operating expenses 72,449,893 — 72,449,893 Change in net assets from operating activities (10,137,056) 699,761 (9,437,295) Nonoperating activities: Change in fair value of bond swap liability (472,494) — (472,494) Gain on sale of plant assets (259,957) — (259,957) Other components of net periodic pension cost (475,595) — (475,595) Total nonoperating activities (1,208,046) — (1,208,046)

Change in net assets (11,345,102) 699,761 (10,645,341)

Net assets—beginning of year 367,373,266 466,909,955 834,283,221

Net assets—end of year $ 356,028,164 467,609,716 823,637,880

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

71 INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY – LOUIS BAMBERGER AND MRS. FELIX FULD FOUNDATION

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

2020 2019

Cash flows from operating activities: Change in net assets $ 5,725,790 (10,645,341) Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation 6,955,181 6,528,737 Contributions restricted for endowment and plant (6,458,360) (11,281,481) Net appreciation on investments (46,980,004) (34,259,323) Change in fair value of bond swap liability 534,395 472,494 Gain on sale of plant assets (326,989) (259,957) Amortization of debt issuance costs 58,034 62,253 Amortization of bond discount 21,926 23,861 Changes in assets/liabilities: Receivables and other assets (58,236) (213,704) Contributions receivable 8,338,582 8,155,060 Beneficial interest in remainder trust 1,968 1,064,498 Accounts payable and accrued expenses 1,446,845 (1,515,336) Deferred revenue 2,976,396 (2,169,207) Postretirement benefit obligation 5,033,884 1,275,830 Asset retirement obligation 26,584 30,327 Net cash used in operating activities (22,704,004) (42,731,289) Cash flows from investing activities: Proceeds from sale of plant assets 1,489,392 973,386 Purchase of plant assets (12,225,429) (15,329,104) Proceeds from sale of investments 292,127,469 258,562,949 Purchase of investments (261,988,594) (205,246,160)

Net cash provided by investing activities 19,402,838 38,961,071 Cash flows from financing activities: Contributions restricted for endowment and plant 6,458,360 11,281,481 Decrease in liabilities under split-interest agreements (182,329) (303,893) Principal payments on long-term debt (4,275,000) (4,105,000)

Net cash provided by financing activities 2,001,031 6,872,588

Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (1,300,135) 3,102,370

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of year 6,001,449 2,899,079

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of year $ 4,701,314 6,001,449 Supplemental data: Interest paid $ 3,073,691 3,271,097 Reconciliation of total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the statements of financial position that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown above: Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,814,747 5,129,094 Funds held by bond trustee 886,567 872,355

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown above $ 4,701,314 6,001,449

See accompanying notes to financial statements. 72 NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS JUNE 30, 2020 AND 2019

(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Organization The Institute for Advanced Study–Louis Bamberger and Mrs. Felix Fuld Foundation (the Institute), an independent, private institution devoted to the encouragement, support, and patronage of learning, was founded in 1930 as a community of scholars where intellectual inquiry could be carried out in the most favorable circumstances. Focused on mathematics and classical studies at the outset, the Institute today consists of the School of Historical Studies, the School of Mathematics, the School of Natural Sciences, and the School of Social Science. Each school has a small permanent faculty, and some 190 fellowships are awarded annually to members visiting the Institute from other research institutions and universities throughout the world. The Founders’ original letter to the first trustees described the objectives of the Institute as follows: “The primary purpose is the pursuit of advanced learning and exploration in fields of pure science and high scholarship to the utmost degree that the facilities of the institution and the ability of the faculty and students will permit.”

(b) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying financial statements, which are presented on the accrual basis of accounting, have been prepared to focus on the Institute as a whole and to present net assets and revenues, expenses, gains, and losses based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions. Accordingly, net assets and changes therein are classified as follows: • Without Donor Restrictions—Net assets not subject to donor-imposed stipulations. Net assets without donor restrictions may be designated for specific purposes by action of the Board of Trustees. • With Donor Restrictions—Net assets subject to donor-imposed restrictions that will be met either by actions of the Institute or the passage of time. Also included in this category are net assets subject to donor-imposed restric- tions to be maintained permanently by the Institute, including gifts and pledges wherein donors stipulate that the corpus of the gift be held in perpetuity and that only the income be made available for specific purposes. Other restricted items in this net asset category include annuity and life income gifts for which the ultimate purpose of the proceeds is subject to donor-imposed restrictions. Revenues are reported as increases in net assets without donor restrictions unless use of the related asset is limited by donor-imposed restrictions. Expenses are reported as decreases in net assets without donor restrictions. Expiration of donor-imposed restrictions that simultaneously increase net assets without donor restrictions and decrease net assets with donor restrictions are reported as net assets released from restrictions. In the statements of activities, the Institute includes in operations all revenue and expenses that are an integral part of its program and supporting activities. Change in the fair value of bond swap liability, gain on sale of plant assets and other components of net periodic pension cost are recognized as nonoperating activities.

(i) Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less, except for those managed as a component of the Institute’s investment portfolio.

(ii) Mortgages Receivable The Institute regularly offers first mortgages on primary residences to full-time faculty and senior adminis- trative employees who have met certain requirements stipulated by the Board of Trustees.

(iii) Investments Investments in marketable securities are reported in the financial statements at fair value based on published market quotations. Investments in limited partnerships and hedge funds are reported in the financial state- ments at estimated fair value using net asset value (NAV) or its equivalent as a practical expedient, based upon values provided by external investment managers or general partners, unless it is probable that all or a portion of the investment will be sold for an amount different from NAV. The Institute reviews and evaluates the

73 values provided by external investment managers and general partners and agrees with the valuation methods and assumptions used in determining the fair value of funds. These estimated fair values may differ signifi- cantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for these securities existed. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Institute had no plans or intentions to sell investments at amounts different from NAV. The statements of activities recognize unrealized gains and losses on investments as increases and decreases, respectively, in net assets without donor restrictions unless their use restricted by explicit donor stipulation or law. Gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are calculated using the specific-identification method.

(iv) Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maxi- mize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows: • Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities • Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities • Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the asset or liabilities. Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on available market information and judgments about the financial asset, including estimates of timing, amount of expected future cash flows, and the credit standing of the issuer. In some cases, the fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to inde- pendent markets. In addition, the disclosed fair value may not be realized in the immediate settlement of the financial asset and does not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time an entire holding of a particular financial asset. Potential taxes and other expenses that would be incurred in an actual sale or settlement are not reflected in amounts disclosed. NAV is used as a practical expedient for certain commingled funds, privately held investments, and securities held in partnership format for which a readily determinable fair value is not available, unless the Institute believes such NAV calculation is not measured in accordance with fair value. These values may differ significantly from values that would have been used had a readily available market existed for such investments, and that difference could be material to the change in net assets of the Institute.

(v) Plant Assets and Depreciation Proceeds from the sale of plant assets, if there are no donor-imposed restrictions, are transferred to operating funds or, if subject to donor-imposed restrictions, to amounts with donor restrictions for plant acquisitions. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets on a straight-line basis (buildings and capital improvements 20–40 years, equipment 3–6 years).

(vi) Split-Interest Agreements The Institute is the beneficiary of various unitrusts, a pooled income fund, and a gift annuity fund. The Institute’s interest in these split-interest agreements is reported as a contribution in the year received and is calculated as the difference between the fair value of the assets contributed to the Institute and the estimated liability to the beneficiary. This liability is computed using actuarially determined rates and is adjusted annually to reflect changes in the life expectancy of the donor or annuitant, amortization of the discount, and other changes in the estimates of future payments. The assets held by the Institute under these arrangements are recorded at fair value as determined by quoted market prices and are included as a component of investments.

(vii) Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs Debt issuance costs represent costs incurred in connection with debt financing. Amortization of these costs is provided on the effective interest method extending over the remaining term of the applicable indebtedness.

74 (viii) Asset Retirement Obligation The Institute recognizes the fair value of a liability for legal obligations associated with asset retirements in the period in which the obligation is incurred if a reasonable estimate of the fair value of the obligation can be made. When the liability is initially recorded, the Institute capitalizes the cost of the asset retirement obligation by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. The liability is accreted to its present value each period and the capitalized cost associated with the retirement obligation is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the obligation, any difference between the cost to settle the asset retirement obligation and the liability recorded is recognized as a gain or loss in the statements of activities.

(ix) Contributions Contributions, including unconditional promises to give, are recognized initially at fair value as revenues in the period received. Conditional promises to give are not recognized until they become unconditional, that is when the conditions on which they depend are met. Contributions of assets other than cash are recorded at their estimated fair value. Pledges of contributions to be received after one year are discounted at a risk­- adjusted discount rate. The discount rates range from 0.16% to 1.94%. Amortization of discount is recorded as additional contribution revenue in accordance with donor-imposed restrictions, if any, on the contributions. The inputs to the fair value estimate are considered Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Contributions of long-lived assets are reported as unconditional contribution revenue. Contributions ­restricted for the acquisition of grounds, buildings, and equipment are reported as revenue with donor restrictions. These contributions are reclassified to net assets without donor restrictions when the associated long-lived asset is placed in service. Included in contributions are gifts from members of the Board of Trustees which are received in the normal course of business.

(x) Grants The Institute receives grants from a number of sources including corporations, foundations and governmental agencies. Grants are evaluated as to whether they qualify as contributions or exchange transactions as defined by U.S. GAAP and to determine if there are any donor restrictions. Based on the Institute’s review of grants received, the granting agency does not receive commensurate value for the grant and therefore grant income is considered a voluntary, nonreciprocal transaction that meets the definition of a contribution. Each grant also has one or more barriers, which must be overcome which there- fore categorize them as conditional contributions for the Institute. Grant revenue with donor imposed condi- tions is recorded initially as deferred revenue (if the funds are received in advance) and is reported as revenue as the conditions are satisfied. At the same time, the Institute records net assets released from restrictions to match the expenses incurred in satisfying the donor restrictions.

(xi) Auxiliary Activity The Institute receives income and incurs expenses relating to the operations of a dining services facility and a housing complex on campus for the use by our community of scholars. The income and expenses are displayed on the statement of activities as Auxiliary Activity. The revenue streams include income from the sale of food and beverages, rental income, laundry income and pet registration fees. These revenue streams, except for rental income, are recognized at the point in time in which the service is provided. Rental income is recognized over a period of time since the tenants are simul- taneously receiving and consuming the benefit of the service provided. Auxiliary income is recognized in the fiscal year in which the service is delivered.

(xii) Functional Allocation of Expenses The costs of providing program services and support services of the Institute have been summarized on a functional basis in the statements of activities. These costs include direct and indirect costs that have been allocated, on a consistent basis, among the programs and administrative expenses. Natural expenses are accounted for on a direct cost basis to the school or department upon which the expenses is incurred. There are certain indirect costs that cannot be charged on a direct basis. The Institute allocates these costs (academic building expenses including costs to maintain the academic buildings, interest and depreciation) to the schools and supporting departments reported in the accompanying statement of activities on a square footage basis. Note 10 shows the relationship between the functional and natural classifications of expenses.

75 Fundraising expenses incurred by the Institute amounted to $2,265,661 and $3,131,077 for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. This amount is included in administration and general expenses in the accompanying statements of activities.

(xiii) Tax Status The Institute is exempt from federal income taxes pursuant to Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code) and is listed in the Internal Revenue Service Publication 78. The Institute has been classified as a public charity under Section 509(a) of the Code. There are certain transactions that could be deemed unrelated business income and would result in a tax liability. Management reviews transactions to estimate potential tax liabilities using a threshold of more likely than not. It is management’s estimation that there are no material tax liabilities that need to be recorded.

(xiv) Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabil- ities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Estimates also affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

(xv) New Accounting Standards Adopted In fiscal year 2020, the Institute adopted the provisions of the applicable Accounting Standards Updates (ASU), as follows: ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which changes how not-for-profit entities report specific cash flow issues. The significant requirements of the ASU relate to (1) debt prepayment or extinguishment costs, (2) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and (3) distributions received from equity method investees. The Institute performed an analysis of the provisions of the ASU and concluded that the adoption of this ASU did not significantly impact the Institute’s financial statements. ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash, which requires that the statement of cash flows explains the change in the total of cash, cash equivalents and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents for the fiscal year. The Institute applied these changes to the cash flow retrospectively.

(xvi) Reclassifications Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform with the current year presentation and as a result of the adoption of the new accounting standards.

(xvii) Future Accounting Standards The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which requires all lessees to recognize all leases, including operating leases, on-balance sheet via a right of use asset and lease liability, unless the lease is a short term lease. The Institute is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU and plans to adopt ASU 2016-02 for the year ending June 30, 2021. The FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which eliminate, modify and add additional disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The two main amendments of future ASU include (1) removal of the requirement to report the amount and reason for transfer between Level 1 and Level 2 investments, and (2) remove the requirement to disclose the valuation process for Level 3 fair value measurements. The Institute is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU and plans to adopt ASU 2018-13 for the year ending June 30, 2021. The FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (Subtopic 715-20), which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans. The ASU eliminates requirements for certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial, requires new disclosures that the FASB considers pertinent and clarifies certain disclosure requirements. The Institute is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU and plans to adopt ASU 2018-14 for the year ending June 30, 2021.

76 (2) Contributions Receivable Contributions receivable at June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows: 2020 2019 Amounts expected to be collected: Less than one year $ 3,050,000 5,450,000 One to five years 4,650,000 11,719,901 7,700,000 17,169,901

Discount for present value (0.16%–1.94%) (87,449) (1,218,768)

Total $ 7,612,551 15,951,133

At June 30, 2020, 97% of gross contributions receivable and 7% of contributions revenue are from one donor. At June 30, 2019, 97% of gross contributions receivable and 21% of contributions revenue are from four donors. During fiscal year 2011, the Institute received two conditional pledges totaling $100 million to enhance the Institute’s endowment fund. The pledges were conditioned on the Institute raising an additional $100 million in cash or pledges from third-party donors in the period January 1, 2011 through June 30, 2015, which have been met. The conditional pledge payments began in June 2011 and the last payment was received in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Institute has recorded revenue totaling approximately $100.5 million relating to these conditional pledges.

(3) Liquidity and Availability of Resources Resources available to the Institute to fund general expenditures have seasonal variations during the year attributable to a concentration of contributions received at calendar and fiscal year-end and transfers from the endowment. The Institute actively manages its resources to align its cash inflows with anticipated outflows, including approving the endowment draw rate in accordance with policies approved by its Board of Trustees. As further described in note 8, the Institute has lines of credit which may be drawn on, if needed, to manage cash flows. Financial assets and liquidity resources available within one year for general expenditures, such as operating expenses, sched- uled principal and interest payments on debt, and capital constructions costs not financed with debt, at June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows: 2020 2019 Financial assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,814,747 5,129,094 Accounts receivable due less than 1 year 311,883 69,949 Mortgage receivable due less than 1 year 280,982 561,260 Contributions receivable due less than 1 year, net 3,050,000 5,450,000 Endowment appropriated for expenditure—operations 44,643,800 47,557,100 Total financial assets available within one year 52,101,412 58,767,403 Liquidity resources: Lines of credit 50,000,000 50,000,000 Total financial assets and liquidity resources available within one year $ 102,101,412 108,767,403

(4) Investments, Funds Held by Bond Trustee, and Beneficial Interest in Remainder Trust

(a) Overall Investment Objective The overall investment objective of the Institute is to invest its assets in a prudent manner that will achieve a long- term rate of return sufficient to fund a portion of its annual operating activities and capital preservation. The Institute diversifies its investments among various managers and investment opportunities. Substantially all of the investments are pooled with each individual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the market value per unit,

77 determined on a quarterly basis. Major investment decisions are authorized by the Board’s Investment Committee, which oversees the Institute’s investment program in accordance with established guidelines.

(b) Allocation of Investment Strategies The Institute may hold shares or units in traditional institutional funds, traditional stocks and fixed-income securities. as well as in alternative investment funds involving hedged strategies, private equity, and real asset strategies. Hedged strategies involve funds whose managers have the authority to invest in various asset classes at their discretion, ­including the ability to invest long and short. Funds with hedged strategies generally hold securities or other financial instruments for which a ready market exists and may include stocks, bonds, put or call options, swaps, currency hedges, and other instruments and are valued accordingly. Private equity funds employ buyout and venture capital strategies and focus on investments in turn-around situations. Real asset funds generally hold interests in public real estate investment trusts or commercial real estate through sole-member entities. Private equity and real asset strate- gies therefore often require the estimation of fair values by the fund managers in the absence of readily determinable market values. Because of the inherent uncertainties of valuation, these estimated fair values may differ significantly from values that would have been used had a ready market existed, and the differences could be material. Such ­valuations are determined by fund managers and generally consider variables such as operating results, comparable earnings multiples, projected cash flows, recent sales prices, and other pertinent information and may reflect ­discounts for the illiquid nature of certain investments held. The following tables summarize the Institute’s investments and other assets at fair value by major category in the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2020 and 2019, as well as related strategy, liquidity, and funding commitments:

2020 Investment Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 at NAV

Investments: Hedge funds—onshore: Emerging markets $ 469,055 — — — 469,055 Multiple strategies 45,665,352 — — — 45,665,352 Hedge funds—offshore: Structured credit 12,497,447 — — — 12,497,447 Distressed/high-yield 881,523 — — — 881,523 Emerging markets 4,392 — — — 4,392 Equities—long bias 46,341,332 — — — 46,341,332 Equities—long/short 29,101,146 — — — 29,101,146 Fixed income arbitrage 15,981,337 — — — 15,981,337 Multiple strategies 158,723,859 — — — 158,723,859 Quantitative/CTA 66,419,641 — — — 66,419,641 Insurance 38,516,308 — — — 38,516,308 Bio tech/healthcare 18,938,505 — — — 18,938,505 Discretionary macro 12,835,007 — — — 12,835,007 Energy trading 43,988 — — — 43,988

Total 446,418,892 — — — 446,418,892

Limited partnerships 252,517,353 — — — 252,517,353 Exchange-traded funds 6,168,474 6,168,474 — — — Cash equivalents 98,473,417 98,473,417 — — — Other investments: Assets held under split-interest agreements: Cash equivalents 118,700 118,700 — — — Fixed income securities 3,269,641 — — 3,269,641 —

Total investments $ 806,966,477 104,760,591 — 3,269,641 698,936,245 Other assets: Funds held by bond trustee: Cash equivalents $ 886,567 — 886,567 — —

Total other assets $ 886,567 — 886,567 — —

78 2019 Investment Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 at NAV

Investments: Hedge funds—onshore: Emerging markets $ 494,770 — — — 494,770 Multiple strategies 45,728,879 — — — 45,728,879 Hedge funds—offshore: Structured credit 16,218,967 — — — 16,218,967 Distressed/high-yield 990,139 — — — 990,139 Emerging markets 10,934 — — — 10,934 Equities—long bias 17,934,730 — — — 17,934,730 Equities—long/short 31,279,081 — — — 31,279,081 Fixed income arbitrage 25,040,305 — — — 25,040,305 Multiple strategies 194,744,214 — — — 194,744,214 Quantitative/CTA 70,983,674 — — — 70,983,674 Insurance 35,780,986 — — — 35,780,986 Bio tech/healthcare 32,841,186 — — — 32,841,186 Discretionary macro 16,280,036 — — — 16,280,036 Energy trading 152,313 — — — 152,313

Total 488,480,214 — — — 488,480,214

Limited partnerships 216,388,962 — — — 216,388,962 Exchange-traded funds 9,882,000 9,882,000 — — — Cash equivalents 71,685,551 71,685,551 — — — Other investments: Assets held under split-interest agreements: Cash equivalents 55,761 55,761 — — — Fixed income securities 3,632,860 — — 3,632,860 —

Total investments $ 790,125,348 81,623,312 — 3,632,860 704,869,176 Other assets: Beneficial interest in remainder trust $ 1,968 1,968 — — — Funds held by bond trustee: Cash equivalents 872,355 — 872,355 — — Total other assets $ 874,323 1,968 872,355 — —

The following tables present the Institute’s activities for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 for investments classified in Level 3: 2020 Assets held under split-interest agreement Fixed income Level 3 roll forward securities Fair value at June 30, 2019 $ 3,632,860 Dispositions (254,046) Net appreciation (realized and unrealized) (109,173)

Fair value at June 30, 2020 $ 3,269,641

79 2019 Assets held under split-interest agreement Beneficial Fixed income interest in Level 3 roll forward securities remainder trust Total Fair value at June 30, 2018 $ 3,797,307 1,066,466 4,863,773 Dispositions (267,729) (1,025,173) (1,292,902) Net appreciation (realized and unrealized) 103,282 (41,293) 61,989 Fair value at June 30, 2019 $ 3,632,860 — 3,632,860

The Institute’s accounting policy is to recognize transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy on the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no transfers between investments classified as Level 1 and Level 2 for the years ended June 30, 2020 or 2019. For the year ended June 30, 2019, the beneficial interest in remainder trust investment transferred out of Level 3 and into Level 1. There were no transfers in or out of investments classified as Level 3 for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Private equity and venture capital investments are generally made through limited partnerships. Under the terms of such agreements, the Institute may be required to provide additional funding when capital or liquidity calls are made by fund managers. These partnerships have a limited existence, and they may provide for annual extensions for the purpose of disposing portfolio positions and returning capital to investors. However, depending on market conditions, the inability to execute the fund’s strategy or other factors, a manager may extend the terms of a fund beyond its originally anticipated existence or may wind the fund down prematurely. The Institute cannot anticipate such changes because they generally arise from unforeseeable events, but should they occur, they could reduce liquidity or originally anticipated investment returns. Accordingly, the timing and amount of future capital or liquidity calls in any particular future year are uncertain. As of June 30, 2020, the Institute is obligated under certain limited partner­ship agreements to advance additional funding in the amount of $111,426,871, which is anticipated to be called over the next 10 years. Investment liquidity as of June 30, 2020 is aggregated below based on redemption or sale period:

Investment fair values Investment redemption or sale period: Daily $ 104,641,890 Monthly 78,428,577 Quarterly 100,869,322 Semiannually 44,613,763 Annually 64,310,253 Subject to rolling lock ups or other restrictions 147,224,982 Illiquid 266,877,690 Total as of June 30, 2020 $ 806,966,477

(c) Funds Held by Bond Trustee Funds held by bond trustee represent funds held for debt service payments to be made for the various bond indentures. These funds are being held in trust by U.S. Bank.

(d) Redemption Restrictions­—Hedge Funds At June 30, 2020, the Institute had hedge fund investments of approximately $446,419,000, of which approximately $95,504,900 was restricted from redemption for lock-up periods. At June 30, 2019, the Institute had hedge fund investments of approximately $488,480,000, of which approximately $67,692,000 was restricted from redemption for lock-up periods. Some of the investments with redemption restrictions allow early redemption for specified fees.

80 The terms and conditions upon which an investor may redeem an investment vary, usually with the majority requir- ing 30 to 180 days’ notice after the initial lock-up period. The expirations of redemption lock-up periods are summarized in the table below:

Amount Fiscal year: 2021 $ 19,562,100 2022 26,995,600 2023 and thereafter 48,947,200 Total $ 95,504,900

(e) Redemption Restrictions—Limited Partnerships At June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Institute had limited partnership investments of approximately $252,517,200 and $216,389,000, respectively, which were restricted from redemption for lock-up periods. Some of the investments with redemption restrictions allow early redemption for specified fees. The terms and conditions upon which an investor may redeem an investment vary, usually with the majority requiring 30 to 180 days’ notice after the initial lock-up period. The expirations of redemption lock-up periods are summarized in the table below:

Amount Fiscal year: 2021 $ 26,616,300 2022 32,594,700 2023 8,052,000 2024 15,209,100 2025 38,717,600 2026 and thereafter 131,327,500 Total $ 252,517,200

(5) Investment Return and Endowment Spending Policy Investment return consists of interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments. Each year, the Institute includes a portion of its endowment return in its operating budget, with the amount of such planned support determined using its spending policy. The policy of the Institute is to distribute for current spending a percentage of the fair value of pooled investments, which is determined by the Board of Trustees annually. The budgeted spending rate for operating and capital purposes was 6.64% and 6.84% for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The actual spending rate for operating and capital purposes was 5.97% and 5.96% for 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following tables summarize the investment return and its classification in the statements of activities for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019: 2020 Without donor With donor restrictions restrictions Total Investment income, net of investment expenses $ (901,203) (2,026,664) (2,927,867) Net appreciation (realized and unrealized) 20,833,971 26,146,033 46,980,004 $ 19,932,768 24,119,369 44,052,137

81 2019 Without donor With donor restrictions restrictions Total Investment income, net of investment expenses $ (791,049) (1,370,856) (2,161,905) Net appreciation (realized and unrealized) 15,435,982 18,823,341 34,259,323 $ 14,644,933 17,452,485 32,097,418

(6) Endowment The Institute’s endowment consists of approximately 120 individual funds established for a variety of purposes including both donor-restricted endowment funds and funds designated by the Board of Trustees to function as endowments. Net assets associated with endowments, including funds designated by the Board of Trustees to function as endowments, are classified and reported based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions.

(a) Interpretation of Relevant Law The Institute has interpreted the New Jersey-enacted version of the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA) as allowing the Institute to appropriate for expenditure or accumulate so much of a donor-­ restricted endowment fund as the Institute determines is prudent for the uses, benefits, purposes, and duration for which the endowment fund is established, subject to the intent of the donor as expressed in the gift instrument. Unless stated otherwise in the gift instrument, the assets in a donor-restricted endowment fund are donor-restricted assets until appropriated for expenditure by the Board of Trustees of the Institute. As a result of applicable accounting guidance, the Institute classifies as net assets with donor restrictions (a) the original value of gifts donated to the permanent endowment, (b) the original value of subsequent gifts to the permanent endowment, and (c) the accumu­ lations to the permanent endowment made in accordance with the direction of the applicable donor gift instrument at the time the accumulation is added to the fund. The remaining portion of the donor-restricted endowment fund that is not classified as endowment fund corpus within the net assets with donor restrictions is classified as net assets with donor purpose restrictions until those amounts are appropriated for expenditure in a manner consistent with the standard of prudence prescribed by UPMIFA. From time to time, the fair value of assets associated with individual donor-restricted endowments may fall below the original corpus the fund included in net assets with donor restrictions due to unfavorable market fluctuations subsequent to the investment of the gift. Under the provisions of UPMIFA, spending from such endowment funds with deficiencies would be permitted. Deficiencies of this nature, which are reported in net assets with donor restrictions, totaled approximately $2,127,800 and $2,086,000 at June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Subsequent gains that restore the fair value of the assets of the donor-purpose restricted endowment fund are classified as an increase in net assets with donor restrictions. Below is a schedule which represents the composition of the Institute’s endowment funds and funds designated by the Board of Trustees to function as endowments by type of fund as of June 30, 2020 and 2019:

2020 Without With donor restrictions donor Original Accumulated restrictions gift gains Total Undesignated $ 195,167,670 — — 195,167,670 Specific purpose designated funds 133,883,663 — — 133,883,663 Donor—purpose restricted funds — 28,936,721 167,170,268 196,106,989 Endowment fund corpus — 259,261,066 — 259,261,066 $ 329,051,333 288,197,787 167,170,268 784,419,388

82 2019 Without With donor restrictions donor Original Accumulated restrictions gift gains Total Undesignated $ 207,880,560 — — 207,880,560 Specific purpose designated funds 132,573,325 — — 132,573,325 Donor—purpose restricted funds — 10,836,804 166,145,736 176,982,540 Endowment fund corpus — 258,946,153 — 258,946,153 $ 340,453,885 269,782,957 166,145,736 776,382,578

Changes in the Institute’s endowment funds and funds designated by the Board of Trustees to function as endowments for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

Without With donor restrictions donor Original Accumulated restrictions gift gains Total Net assets, June 30, 2018 $ 352,072,272 261,973,214 171,021,471 785,066,957 Investment returns: Investment income, net (1,075,587) — (1,343,894) (2,419,481) Net appreciation (realized and unrealized) 15,435,982 — 18,842,518 34,278,500 Total investment return 14,360,395 — 17,498,624 31,859,019

Contributions 52,000 7,809,743 — 7,861,743 Appropriation for expenditure— operations (26,030,782) — (22,374,359) (48,405,141) Net assets, June 30, 2019 340,453,885 269,782,957 166,145,736 776,382,578 Investment returns: Investment income, net (1,559,997) — (2,015,900) (3,575,897) Net appreciation (realized and unrealized) 20,833,971 — 26,255,188 47,089,159 Total investment return 19,273,974 — 24,239,288 43,513,262

Contributions 52,000 18,414,830 — 18,466,830 Appropriation for expenditure— operations (30,728,526) — (23,214,756) (53,943,282) Net assets, June 30, 2020 $ 329,051,333 288,197,787 167,170,268 784,419,388

(b) Funds with Deficiencies From time to time, the fair value of assets associated with individual donor restricted “true” endowment funds may fall below the level of the donor or UPMIFA requires to be retained as a fund of perpetual duration. Deficiencies of this nature are reported in net assets with donor restrictions. As of June 30, 2020, eight funds with an original gift of $3,137,675 were “underwater” by $2,127,812. As of June 30, 2019, seven funds with an original gift of $3,087,675 were “underwater” by $2,086,798.

83 (c) Return Objectives and Risk Parameters The Institute has adopted investment and spending policies for endowment assets that attempt to provide a predictable stream of funding to programs supported by its endowment while seeking to maintain the purchasing power of the endowment assets. (d) Strategies Employed for Achieving Objectives The Institute manages its investments in accordance with a total return concept and the goal of maximizing returns within acceptable levels of risk. The Institute relies on a total return strategy in which investment returns are achieved through both capital appreciation (realized and unrealized) and current yield (dividends and interest). The Institute’s spending policy is designed to provide a stable level of financial support and to preserve the real value of its endowment.

(7) Physical Plant Physical plant and equipment are stated at cost at date of acquisition, less accumulated depreciation. A summary of plant assets at June 30, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

2020 2019

Land $ 373,738 373,738 Land improvements 3,041,804 3,013,115 Buildings and improvements 197,630,912 188,798,187 Equipment 39,804,806 38,261,197 Rare book collection 203,508 203,508 Joint ownership property 5,361,177 5,131,177 246,415,945 235,780,922

Accumulated depreciation (112,050,454) (105,523,276)

Net book value $ 134,365,491 130,257,646

(8) Long-term Debt A summary of long-term debt at June 30, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

2020 2019

2006 Series B—NJEFA $ 17,800,000 19,500,000 2006 Series C—NJEFA 13,700,000 14,300,000 2008 Series C—NJEFA 725,000 1,420,000 2012 Taxable 14,495,000 14,915,000 2015 Taxable 14,030,000 14,355,000 2017 Taxable 23,960,000 24,495,000 Long-term debt 84,710,000 88,985,000 Less: Unamortized bond discount (252,189) (274,115) Unamortized debt issuance costs (632,062) (690,096) Total long-term debt $ 83,825,749 88,020,789

Interest expense on long-term debt for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 was $3,011,400 and $3,207,818, respectively.

(a) 2006 Series B In July 2006, the Institute received proceeds of the New Jersey Educational Facilities Authority (the Authority) offering of $29,600,000 Revenue Bonds, 2006 Series B of the Institute for Advanced Study Issue. The 2006 Series B Bonds were issued to finance the advance refunding of the outstanding 1997 Series G Bonds, the partial advance refunding of the 2001 Series A Bonds, and to pay a portion of certain costs incidental to the sale and issuance of the 2006 Series B Bonds.

84 (b) 2006 Series C In March 2007, the Institute received proceeds of the Authority offering of $20,000,000 Revenue Bonds, 2006 Series C of the Institute for Advanced Study Issue. Proceeds are being used to finance the costs of construction, renovating, and equipping certain educational facilities of the Institute to fund capitalized interest on the 2006 Series C Bonds during the renovation and construction and to pay certain costs incidental to the sale and issuance of the 2006 Series C Bonds.

(c) 2008 Series C In March 2008, the Institute received proceeds of the Authority offering of $11,255,000 Revenue Bonds, 2008 Series C of the Institute for Advanced Study Issue. The 2008 Series C Bonds were issued to finance the advance refunding of outstanding 1997 Series F Bonds, the advance refunding of outstanding 1997 Series G, and to pay a portion of certain costs incidental to the sale and issuance of the 2008 Series C Bonds.

(d) 2012 Taxable In December 2012, the Institute received proceeds of $17,320,000 Taxable Bonds, 2012 Series of the Institute for Advanced Study Issue, which were issued at a discount of approximately $92,000. The 2012 Taxable Bonds were used to finance the advance refunding of outstanding 2001 Series A Bonds, to fund renovations to the Members Housing facility and the costs of renovation and equipping certain educational facilities of the Institute and to pay certain costs incidental to the sale and issuance of the 2012 Taxable Bonds.

(e) 2015 Taxable In November 2015, the Institute received proceeds of $15,300,000 Taxable Bonds, 2015 Series of the Institute for Advanced Study Issue, which were issued at a discount of approximately $80,000. The 2015 Taxable Bonds were used to fund capital projects at the Institute and for other corporate purposes of the Institute and to pay certain costs incidental to the sale and issuance of the 2015 Taxable Bonds.

(f) 2017 Taxable In November 2017, the Institute received proceeds of $25,000,000 Taxable Bonds, 2017 Series of the Institute for Advanced Study Issue, which were issued at a discount of approximately $84,000. The 2017 Taxable Bonds were used to fund capital projects at the Institute and for other corporate purposes of the Institute and to pay certain costs incidental to the sale and issuance of the 2017 Taxable Bonds.

(g) Interest Rates The 2006 Series B and C Bonds bear interest at variable rates. The bonds were issued in the weekly mode with weekly rates determined by Lehman Brothers Inc., as a Remarketing Agent and paid monthly. The maximum interest rate on the 2006 Bonds shall be twelve percent (12%) per annum. The 2006 bonds are subject to redemption at various prices and require principal payments and sinking fund installments through July 1, 2031 (Series B) and July 1, 2036 (Series C). The obligation to pay the Authority on a periodic basis, in the amounts sufficient to cover principal and interest due on the bonds, is a general obligation of the Institute. On September 18, 2008, the Institute entered into a contract with JPMorgan Chase Bank to take over as a remarketing agent, replacing Lehman Brothers Inc. The 2008 Series C Bonds bear interest at rates ranging from 3% to 5% per annum, payable semiannually, are subject to redemption at various prices and require principal payments and sinking fund installments through July 1, 2021. The obligation to pay the Authority on a periodic basis, in the amounts sufficient to cover principal and interest due on the bonds, is a general obligation of the Institute. The 2012 Taxable bonds bear interest at rates ranging from 0.388% to 3.892% per annum, payable semiannually, are subject to redemption at various prices and require principal payments and sinking fund installments through December 1, 2042. The obligation to make the interest payments on a periodic basis, in the amounts sufficient to cover principal and interest due on the bonds, is a general obligation to the Institute. The 2015 Taxable bonds bear interest at rates ranging from 0.906% to 4.394% per annum, payable semiannually, are subject to redemption at various prices and require principal payments and sinking fund installments through December 1, 2045. The obligation to make the interest payments on a periodic basis, in the amounts sufficient to cover principal and interest due on the bonds, is a general obligation to the Institute. The 2017 Taxable bonds bear interest at rates ranging from 1.713% to 3.732% per annum, payable semiannually, are subject to redemption at various prices and require principal payments and sinking fund installments through November 1, 2047. The obligation to make the interest payments on a periodic basis, in the amounts sufficient to cover principal and interest due on the bonds, is a general obligation to the Institute.

85 (h) Bond Swap Agreement On December 22, 2008, the Institute entered into a swap agreement with Wells Fargo Bank covering $28,900,000 of outstanding 2006 Series B Bonds that required the Institute to pay a fixed rate of 3.7702% to Wells Fargo Bank in exchange for Wells Fargo Bank agreeing to pay the Institute a variable rate equal to 67% of the USD-LIBOR- BBA rate with a term of three months, payable monthly, on an identical notional amount. The notional value of the 2006 Series B Bond is $22,300,000. The effective date of the swap was December 22, 2008, and the termination date of the swap agreement coincides with the maturity of the bonds, which is July 1, 2031. The Institute entered into this swap agreement with the intention of lowering its effective interest rate. At June 30, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swap was ($3,323,339) and ($2,788,944), respectively. The change in fair value recognized during the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 in the amount of ($534,395) and ($472,494), respectively, is reported in the statements of activities in change in fair value of bond swap liability. The swap agree- ment utilizes Level 2 inputs to measure fair value. The fair value of the interest rate swap was determined using pricing models developed based on the LIBOR swap rate and other market data. Under the swap agreement, the Institute may be required to post collateral to the counterparty if certain triggering events (rates and dollar thresholds) are met. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, there was no requirement to post collateral imposed by the swap counterparty. The bonds are repayable as follows at June 30, 2020:

Amount Year ending June 30: 2021 $ 4,325,000 2022 3,735,000 2023 3,965,000 2024 4,105,000 2025 4,145,000 2026 through 2048 64,435,000 Total $ 84,710,000

The 2006 Series B, 2006 Series C, and 2008 Series C bonds are secured by a pledge of revenues pursuant to the respective Loan Agreements.

(i) Lines of Credit As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Institute had unsecured loan agreements representing a line of credit. As of June 30, 2020 and 2019, the agreements provide for borrowings up to $50,000,000, of which $30,000,000 is ­available through June 2021 and $20,000,000 is available through March 2022. Interest payments are due on demand and interest accrues for the $30,000,000 line of credit at LIBOR rate plus 50 basis points, which is 0.98% as of June 30, 2020 and for the $20,000,000 line of credit at the LIBOR rate plus 90 basis points, which was 1.38% as of June 30, 2020. There were no borrowings in fiscal year 2020 or 2019 against the lines of credit. No interest expense was incurred for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019.

(j) Standby Bond Purchase Agreement On July 17, 2017, in connection with the substitution of the Standby Bond Purchase Agreements, the 2006 Bonds were subject to mandatory tender for purchase and were remarketed with an alternate liquidity facility on July 17, 2017. The 2006 Bonds continue to be in the Weekly Mode, with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC serving as a Remarketing Agent for the Bonds. Each Series of the 2006 Bonds are secured by a new Standby Bond Purchase Agreement issued by TD Bank, N.A.

(9) Pension Plans and Other Postretirement Benefits Separate voluntary defined-contribution retirement plans are in effect for faculty members and eligible staff personnel, both of which provide for annuities, which are funded, to the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and/or the College Retirement Equities Fund. Contributions are based on the individual participant’s compensation in accordance with the formula set forth in the plan documents on a nondiscriminatory basis. Contributions for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 totaled approximately $2,692,000 and $2,666,000, respectively.

86 In addition to providing pension benefits, the Institute provides certain health care and life insurance benefits for retired employees and faculty. Substantially, all of the Institute’s employees may become eligible for these benefits if they meet minimum age and service requirements. The Institute accrues these benefits over a period in which active employees become eligible under existing benefit plans. The components of net periodic postretirement benefit cost other than the service cost component are included in a line item in the nonoperating activities section of the statement of activities. The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in benefit obligation of the plan at June 30, 2020 and 2019. There are no plan assets at June 30, 2020 or 2019. 2020 2019 Postretirement benefit obligation: Retirees $ 6,957,427 6,494,495 Fully eligible active plan participants 4,628,169 3,012,837 Other active plan participants 13,033,070 10,077,450 Postretirement benefit obligation $ 24,618,666 19,584,782 Change in benefit obligation: Benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 19,584,782 18,308,952 Service cost 951,559 800,235 Interest cost 676,845 745,173 Benefits paid (426,711) (450,870) Actuarial loss 3,832,191 181,292 Benefit obligation at end of year $ 24,618,666 19,584,782 Components of net periodic benefit cost: Service cost $ 951,559 800,235 Interest cost 676,845 745,173 Amortization of net loss 3,832,191 181,292 . Net periodic postretirement benefit cost $ 5,460,595 1,726,700

2020 2019 Benefit obligation weighted average assumptions at June 30, 2020 and 2019: Discount rate 2.66 % 3.50 % Periodic benefit cost weighted average assumptions for the years ended June 30, 2020 and 2019: Discount rate 3.50 % 4.13 %

The healthcare trend rate is assumed to be 6.5% in fiscal 2020 and 6.5% in fiscal 2019, trending to an ultimate rate of 5.0% in 2030 and thereafter. The effects of a 1% increase or decrease in trend rates on total service and interest cost and the postretirement benefit ­obligation are as follows:

2020 2019 Increase Decrease Increase Decrease Effect on total service and interest cost $ 537,340 (374,994) 465,436 (334,858) Effect on the postretirement benefit obligation 5,333,882 (4,163,634) 4,924,714 (3,542,289)

87 Projected payments for each of the next five fiscal years and thereafter through 2029 are as follows:

Amount Year ending June 30: 2021 $ 506,000 2022 526,000 2023 553,000 2024 583,000 2025 614,000 2026 through 2030 3,849,000

The Institute funds claims as they are incurred. The Institute does not expect to contribute any amounts in fiscal year 2020 or 2019, except as needed to provide for benefit payments.

(10) Natural Allocation of Expenses The costs of providing program services and support services of the Institute have been summarized on a functional basis in the statement of activities. The following chart shows the relationship between the functional and natural classifications of expenses. Certain operating costs have been allocated among the functional categories as disclosed in note 1(b). Expenses by natural classification for the year ended June 30, 2020 consist of the following:

2020 Schools of Library Administration Natural Historical Social and other and Auxiliary Mathematics Sciences Studies Science academic general Activity Total

Salaries $ 2,886,231 4,505,316 3,630,502 1,098,726 1,528,996 9,663,125 1,783,160 25,096,056 Stipends 5,081,973 3,309,575 2,560,054 1,533,777 109,200 — — 12,594,579 Employee benefits and taxes 1,069,198 1,590,453 1,312,528 379,580 512,096 3,307,260 549,624 8,720,739 Materials and supplies 30,018 44,610 35,814 40,623 41,961 540,381 277,902 1,011,309 Conferences and travel 438,823 522,008 427,316 177,011 702,050 645,088 396,166 3,308,462 Insurance, legal and professional fees 38,803 140,329 161,115 — 535,122 2,302,334 167,060 3,344,763 Occupancy (inc. utilities and real estate taxes) — — — — — 957,715 1,443,666 2,401,381 Interest expense — — — — — 1,564,092 1,447,308 3,011,400 Books and periodicals 285 3,863 939 — 720,961 13,192 386 739,626 Other expenses 616,015 805,873 215,604 213,881 247,947 (208,875) 42,903 1,933,348 Depreciation 40,132 201,204 46,774 10,044 151,974 2,530,930 3,974,122 6,955,180

Subtotal 10,201,478 11,123,231 8,390,646 3,453,642 4,550,307 21,315,242 10,082,297 69,116,843

Academic building allocation 1,209,619 1,549,000 1,041,631 521,975 — (4,322,225) — —

$ 11,411,097 12,672,231 9,432,277 3,975,617 4,550,307 16,993,017 10,082,297 69,116,843

Expenses by natural classification for the year ended June 30, 2019 consist of the following:

2019 Schools of Library Administration Natural Historical Social and other and Auxiliary Mathematics Sciences Studies Science academic general Activity Total

Salaries $ 2,663,909 3,597,476 3,576,217 1,052,821 1,614,822 9,660,809 1,947,108 24,113,162 Stipends 5,069,737 3,612,469 2,451,392 1,328,841 138,950 — — 12,601,389 Employee benefits and taxes 1,057,075 1,389,777 1,355,750 385,194 545,894 3,454,253 588,689 8,776,632 Materials and supplies 39,831 98,981 40,315 44,193 84,766 817,788 455,854 1,581,728 Conferences and travel 506,039 535,660 493,234 152,048 1,809,252 1,112,078 653,273 5,261,584 Insurance, legal and professional fees 34,488 369,590 379,405 8,900 755,894 2,923,323 211,354 4,682,954 Occupancy (inc. utilities and real estate taxes) — — — — — 850,000 1,402,842 2,252,842 Interest expense — — — — — 1,690,559 1,517,259 3,207,818 Books and periodicals 127 3,533 1,396 333 741,664 10,904 794 758,751 Other expenses 644,251 882,720 388,021 193,394 410,863 129,432 35,615 2,684,296 Depreciation 14,484 89,462 36,990 4,042 139,687 2,360,802 3,883,270 6,528,737

Subtotal 10,029,941 10,579,668 8,722,720 3,169,766 6,241,792 23,009,948 10,696,058 72,449,893

Academic building allocation 1,236,677 1,583,658 1,064,935 533,648 — (4,418,918) — —

$ 11,266,618 12,163,326 9,787,655 3,703,414 6,241,792 18,591,030 10,696,058 72,449,893

88 (11) Net Assets

Net assets are comprised of the following at June 30, 2020 and 2019:

2020 2019 Net assets without donor restrictions: Undesignated $ 210,745,901 223,454,839 Designated for specific purpose funds: School of Mathematics 16,550,293 16,308,145 School of Natural Sciences 21,940,767 21,936,096 School of Historical Studies 17,511,076 17,251,781 School of Social Science 1,592,425 1,505,873 Libraries and other academic 71,394,109 70,895,415 Administration and general 4,894,993 4,676,015 Designated for specific purpose funds 133,883,663 132,573,325

Total net assets without donor restrictions $ 344,629,564 356,028,164 Net assets with donor restrictions and appropriation through endowment spending policy: Subject to expenditure for specific purpose: School of Mathematics $ 28,587,218 28,787,317 School of Natural Sciences 22,918,517 21,646,276 School of Historical Studies 36,239,165 36,675,554 School of Social Science 57,761,434 58,140,108 Libraries and other academic 7,227,021 6,624,038 Administration and general 72,739,685 56,790,270 Net assets with donor-purpose restrictions 225,473,040 208,663,563 Net assets held as endowed fund corpus to generate income for specified purposes 259,261,066 258,946,153 Total net assets with donor restrictions $ 484,734,106 467,609,716

(12) COVID-19 On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a public health emergency. In response, various governmental agencies mandated stringent regulations and guidelines to help organizations promote the health and safety of their communities. In connection with this event and restrictions by state and local governments, the Institutes members, faculty, and staff were transitioned to remote operations, which in some cases disrupted planned ­programmatic activity. The United States Congress passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act on March 27, 2020. The Institute recognized Employee Retention Credits through June 30, 2020 under the CARES Act of approximately $411,000. Those credits were used to offset a portion of the cost of keeping faculty and staff on payroll during the mandated shutdown. The Institute has been able to continue its academic mission to date but uncertainty around the breadth and duration of other business disruptions related to the pandemic could potentially impact operations in the future.

(13) Subsequent Events The Institute evaluated events subsequent to June 30, 2020 through October 30, 2020, the date on which the financial ­statements were issued, and determined there were no subsequent events required to be disclosed.

89