Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 143-160 2021 Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny polyphagus growth in pit culture at intertidal area of Akatariya (Mahuva) coast

Kotiya A.S.1*; Vadher K.H.1

Received: May 2020 Accepted: Ocetober 2020

Abstract In the present study, the fattening of mud Panulirus polyphagus in pit was carried out for 90 days at Aktariya village near Mahuva on the coast of Gujarat and find out the effect on growth and survival with feeding different types of fed material having uniform stocking density 20no/m2 in all treatment. The data revealed significant (p<0.05) difference among the feed treatments, maximum growth was recorded in molluscan meat (MM) with weight gain of 128.9±6.08g followed by all mixed meat (AMM) 126.4±2.28, white meat (WM) 117.5±2.68 and low growth in red meat (RM) 115.3±4.63g. Significant difference was recorded in survival was higher in MM (90±5.00%) followed by AMM (83.3±5.77%), WM (78.3±2.89%) and low in RM (61.6±2.89%). Lower FCR was recorded in treatment MM (0.80±0.0.07) and AMM (0.85±0.07) followed by RM (0.96±0.0.05) and WM (1.14±0.0.08). The results of SGR was non-significant among all the treatment with highest SGR in MM (4.07±0.16) followed by AMM (4.00±0.16), WM (3.75±0.06) and low in RM (3.66±0.18). Water quality parameters were all conducive throughout the fattening period. Results of the present study revealed that most preferred food matter for fattening lobster is molluscan meat feeding given fast growth, high ADG and low FCR.

Keywords: Pit culture, Growth, Survival, Mud Spiny Lobster, FCR, and SGR.

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ]

1- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries Science, Junagadh Agricultural University, Veraval, Gujarat, India. *Corresponding autor's Email: [email protected] 144 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

Introduction comprises 25 species (Radhakrishnan, Spiny Lobster (Panulirus polyphagus) 2008) from which three species are the culture is getting increasing attention in most suitable for farming in India like recent times due to the intense demand P. homarus of southwest and southeast for live and lobster tails in the coast, P. polyphagus of North West national and international market. coast and P. ornatus of southeast coast Culture-based growout of tropical spiny (Charles and Peter, 2003). Culture of lobster, is a emerging and unique the mud spiny lobster Panulirus industry that faces a number of polyphagus, based on the collection of challenges and opportunities Increasing early juveniles from the wild, has global demand, a high market value, become a profitable and flourishing and concern for the sustainability of aquaculture industry (Srikrishnadhas wild stocks have created significant and Rahman, 1995; Lovatelli, 1997; interest in the development of spiny Tuan et al.,2000). Previous studies have lobster aquaculture (Radford and shown that lobster above 60 g grows Marsden, 2005; Simon and James, faster than the smaller ones. About one 2007). fourth of the commercial lobster‟s Canada is the world‟s leading live catches comprise juveniles of about 60- lobster exporter with an annual export 90 g size, which fetch hardly US$ 0.2 level of 20,400 mt (Kalidas and Salim, per individual or about US$ 2-3 per kg. 2005). In 2004, countries in the Asia If they are grown to a marketable size and the Pacific region accounted for of about 200g, they will fetch US$ 3 per 91.5% of the production quantity and individual or about US$ 14- 15 per kg. 80.5 % of the value (Radhakrishnan, To avoid targeted fishing of juvenile 2008). High value lobsters and to protect the breeding production in 2004 was 7.4% with 16.3 stock, the Ministry of Commerce, % of the total value (Syda-Rao, 2008). Government of India has banned export Production in the cage-reared P. of undersized lobsters by a Gazette ornatus industry is estimated to exceed notification in July 2003 (Venkatesan, 3000 tonnes annually at an export value 2004). Lobster fattening is slowly of US$90 M (Williams, 2007). Annual getting commercialized in Kerala, landing of lobsters in India was 3000 t Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu and in 2005-06 (FAO, 2007) to which now in Gujarat state. Fattening of maximum landing of lobster were young ones caught from wild requires Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] reported from Gujarat (43.7%) followed only little inputs and technological by Maharashtra (25.4%) (Kalidas and application. However, recent awareness Salim, 2005). India has lost a of profitability by fattening lobsters to substantial amount of foreign exchange marketable size is changing the trend of by supplying juveniles to overseas the exporting juveniles for fattening. countries for farming (Charles and Fish meal include white and red meat Peter, 2003). Lobster fauna of India supplies the largest portion of dietary Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 145

protein in fish diets (Biswas et al., either overexploited and in decline or at 2007), high protein content and their maximum sustainable yield. favorable amino acid profile, is Commercially viable hatchery consistently available and reported to be technology is yet to be developed palatable to most species of fish (Lim (Williams, 2007). The present study and Akiyama, 1992). was carried out to compare the growth Aquaculture industry relies on and survival of mud spiny lobster feeding natural food items such as fresh Panulirus polyphagus fattening by fish, and molluscs to the utilizing different types of raw feed in lobsters. The use of this type of feed pit rearing at intertidal area of results in significant wastage and hence Akatariya (Mahuva) coast (Fig. 1). poor feed conversion ratios and consequential environmental Materials and methods degradation (Tuan et al., 2000). One of Experimental site the obstacles to sustainable aquaculture Experiments was carried out at Katpar of spiny lobsters is the lack of a fishing harbour (Lat. 210 2‟ 43”N and preferred feed that will enable juveniles Long. 710 48‟ 12”E) near light house to be reared economically to a located 10 km away from Mahuva in marketable size. In one of our Bhavnagar District, Gujarat, India (Fig. previously experiments, the protein 2). Experiment was taken up for 90 requirement of finfish account for about days in the year 2018-19 in the month 70% of the diet and shellfish the of September to December. remainder. The preferred fish, comprising 38% of all fish fed, was Pit specification lizardfish (Tuan and Mao, 2004). The Pits are dug parallel to the coast line development of environment eco- with hand tools as the bottom rock is friendly and cost effective feed has soft in nature. After digging and been recognized as one of the major leveling in the sides of the Pits, small constraints for large-scale culture of the holes of 0.15m were made so as to spiny lobsters (Williams, 2007). At provide hiding spot for the moulting present, it is not possible to achieve the lobster. The pits were covered with best growth and survival in spiny nylon nets (20 mm) to prevent the lobsters without the use of raw lobsters from escape or being washed molluscan flesh (Johnston et al., 2007; away by tidal waters. The nets are Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] Simon and James, 2007). Food fastened on rock using reapers and nails limitation induces nutrient deficiency (Fig. 3). Sea water enters the pit during and is an indicator of the utilization of high tide and hence water exchange nutrient reserves from body tissues takes place without any manual effort. (Sanchez-Paz et al., 2006). Currently, Pits are reported to be varying in size almost all global lobster production is from place to place, in general, two from capture fisheries, where stocks are sizes have been found to be popular the 146 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

“Virdas” or smaller Pits (Philipose, Pits are also partitioned using nylon 1994). The “Virdas” must be located at nets, so as to stock separate size groups, lower levels where flushing with tidal avoiding competition for food and waters occur twice a day. In some cases shelter. Pits ranging from 2x1x1m sizes were used for present experimental operation.

Figure 1: Growth performance of P. polyphagus lobsters in pit fed with different type of meat feeding for 90 days in pit.

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] Collection of lobsters and its collected through lobster traps, doll net acclimatization and “wada” (a similar technique to pen The juveniles of spiny lobsters are culture). The juveniles were collected available in abundance during the post from different potential sites along the monsoon months of August, September Mahuva coast, the most promising and October. Lobsters were either among them are Khera-Patva, Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 147

Chanchbundar, Uchha-Kotda, Datardi, harvest through trawl catch and lobster Doliya, Setarda, Gujarda, Kuda, traps. Collected lobsters were held in Visaliya and Siyalbet Bundar. Every pit area for acclimatization, which after day early morning during high tide two months, were selected for pit period at 5:00 to 9:00, the highly skilled fattening experiment. Lobsters which fishermen operate dragnet in and were physically good and healthy were around lobster shoal. The collected randomly selected were placed in 2m3 lobster were of size around 70 to 110g pits with total 20 no. of juvenile juvenile lobsters, captured by tidal lobsters/pit.

Figure 2: Map view of experimental area. Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ]

Figure 3: Pits covered with nets fixed on rock using reapers and nails. 148 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

Experimental design and experimental follows: site Red meat was collected from big eye A complete randomized design (CRD) tuna (Thunus thunus), skipjack tuna was employed in the present (Katsuwonus pelamis). investigation. Other details are as 1. White meat was collected from Seer under: No. of replication: Three, No. of fish (S. commersonii, S. guttatus), treatment: Four (Feed type). Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Catfish (Arius spp.), lizardfish (Saurida Treatment detail tumbil) etc. T1=Total 20 lobsters /m2 were stocked 2. Bivalve and Mussels meat in pit fed with white meat. Saccostrea cucullata, C. graphoides T2=Total 20 lobsters /m2 were stocked and Perna viridis and squid meat in pit fed with red meat (rarely). T3=Total 20 lobsters /m2 were stocked 3. Mixed meat: All the mixture in pit fed with molluscan meat. T1+T2+T3 containing 30-33% daily T4=Total 20 lobsters /m2 were stocked fed @ 5% of the body wt. this in Pit fed with all the above feed each bivalve were collected and stocked 33% (mixed type). in the tank, which were selected and Each lobster was fed by four break open, meat was expel from the different types of diet (red meat type, shell scar. white meat type, molluscan which include ((mussel and bivalve meat) and Growth monitoring and sampling all the above (mixed types) was given Five lobsters were randomly selected on survival base at 5% of their body from the Pits, for weighing and total weight and feed treatment detail is as length measurement (Fig. 4). Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ]

Figure 4: Length weight measurement of fattened lobster. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 149

Biometric observation P. polyphagus Final survival of P. polyphagus was The biometric observations were recorded on the 60th day of fattening of recorded from five randomly selected experiment with the formula given P. polyphagus from the three replicate below: pits of lobsters fattening. Survival Rate%=No. of live P. polyphagus at harvest*100/ No of Average wet weight gain (g) lobster at initial stocking. Randomly five P. polyphagus were collected by scooping from Pit and then Statistical analysis weighed by a physical balance, as per All data presented are expressed as Kemp and Britz (2008). The means ± standard deviation and was observations were recorded weekly. subjected to One Way Analysis of Wet weight gain (g) was recorded using Variance (ANOVA). Significance the formula given below. difference between means was Wet weight gain % ={Final weight (g) determined using Duncan‟s multiple- – Initial weight (g)} * 100/Initial wet range test (DMRT). The level of weight (g). significance was set up at p ≤ 0.05.

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) Results Weight of the feed fed to the The surface net was made up of nylon divided by the weight of animal growth. (20mm), hooked by nail over pit was i.e. Feed conversion ratio = weight of sealed from all sides, from where the feed fed (g)/ fish weight gain. lobsters can escape from the pit. The pit structure and side in the present study Specific growth rate (SGR) was found to be sturdy and secured. Growth rates were calculated as specific Lobsters were fed white meat (WM), growth rate (SGR)% body weight per red meat (RM), molluscan meat (MM) day was recorded by using formula as and all above mixed meat, altogether given below: having 30-33% proportion. The meat Specific Growth Rate (SGR)=100×(lnt. used for feeding the lobsters during FBW- lnt. IBW)/D fattening were categories like white Where, FBW is final body weight (g) meat, red meat, molluscan meat and (weight at the end of the time interval mixed meat include fishes (Table 1). studied) Most preferable feed type as per record Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] IBW is initial body weight (g) (weight is bivalve/ squid meat with compare to at the beginning of the time interval white and red meat whereas least eaten studied), was red fish meat with compare to D is number of days. white meat.

Survival (%) 150 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

Table 1: Proximate composition of feed utilized for lobster feeding. Feed Type Moisture % Fat % Protein% Ash% Reference Red meat (RM) Thunnus obsesus 72.89±0.63 2.06±0.57 23.72±0.16 1.77±0.33 Mahaliyana et K. pelamis 73.28±0.89 0.41±0.56 24.13±2.01 1.43±0.22 al., 2015 White meat (WM) Upeneus vittatus 73.6±2.61 0.8 ± 0.45 12.48± 0.59 4.12 ± 0.43 Sphyraena 70.6 ± 0.42 0.7 ± 0.27 26.61± 1.48 1.45 ± 0.18 Bijukumar et al., putnamae 2013 Arius tenuispinis 72.7 ± 0.99 1.1 ± 0.29 18.49 ± 1 5.69 ± 0.45 Mugil cephalus 75.27±0.12 2.42±0.21 17.56±0.22 1.15±0.09 Kumaran et al., 2012 Molluscan meat (MM) Saccostrea 75.87±0.81 8.51±1.51 9.69±1.60 2.02±0.82 Mitra et al., cucullata 2008 Perna viridis 89.32±0.52 1.27±0.04 7.14±0.07 1.42±0.03 Chakraborty et al., 2016 U. duvauceli 80.40±0.23 0.52±0.08 17.50±0.06 1.31±0.15 Remyakumari et al., 2018 Mixed type (AMM) T1+T2+T3 All the above meat will be mixed @ 30-33% each and fed to lobsters under fattening RM were not significantly different (p<0.05).

Average wet weight gain (g) as observed in the respective treatment Initial weight (g) of P.polyphagus is shown graphically in Figure 1. lobsters were Non significant (p<0.05), The highest SGR and ADG was after 90 days fattening, the result recorded in treatment MM (1.77±0.07), signifies among the treatment. There (0.44±0.07) and lowest was recorded in was significant difference among the treatment WM (1.59±0.08), (0.32±0.02) treatments (p<0.05). during the fattening. Statistical analysis The highest weight gain was found revealed that all treatment was Non- in molluscan meat (MM) (128.9±6.08) significant (p<0.05). The lobsters fed followed by (126.4±2.28), (117.5±2.68) with molluscan meat (MM) has SGR and low growth (g) was with and ADG (g/day) in pit was higher than (115.3±4.63) in the treatment all mixed all other treatment. The highest avg. meat (AMM), red meat (RM) and white growth (g) increment was recorded in meat (WM) respectively (Table 2). molluscan meat (MM) with 39.37±5.93 Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] With respect to avg. wet weight gain(g), followed by 37.01±5.46, 29.21±1.79 WM was significantly differed from and 27.17±1.79 in all mixed meat MM, whereas AMM and RM were not (AMM), white meat (WM) and red significantly different (p<0.05) among meat (RM) respectively at 90 days of the treatment. Avg. wet weight gain (g) fattening. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 151

Table 2: Mean weight gain of P. polyphagus lobsters (g) ±S.E in pit fed with different feeding matter. DOC Type of feed fed to lobsters White meat Red meat Molluscan meat All mixed meat 0 88.36±1.39a 88.18±2.03a 89.56±0.45a 89.40±3.37a 15 91.78±1.57a 92.45±2.24a 96.3±0.43a 95.14±3.72a 30 89.75±5.77a 98.48±3.97a 100.1±2.63a 99.04±7.02a 45 98.73±9.62a 105.9±1.47a 110.6±5.62a 105.3±7.97a 60 106.9±9.01a 111.09±1.40a 114.9±6.86a 116.1±2.14a 75 83.12±8.37b 116.6±2.04ab 123.2±5.74a 119.1±4.11a 90 117.5±2.68ab 115.3±4.63b 128.9±6.08a 126.4±2.28ab (Within Mean±SE column with different superscript letters in all treatments are statistically significant (One way ANOVA; p<0.05 and subsequently Post Hoc Test)

Biomass (kg) (2.11±0.15), RM (1.81± In the Maximum lobsters biomass (kg) treatment MM was significantly obtained after 90 days of pit fattening differed from WM, whereas AMM and was in molluscan meat (MM) 0.10) and low in WM (1.57±0.34) (2.32±0.23) followed by AMM (Table 3).

Table 3: Effect of different feed on growth and survival performance of lobster (P. polyphagus) fattened in pit with feeding different types for 90 days (±SD). Parameters Type of feed fed to lobsters n=5 White meat Red meat Molluscan meat All mixed meat Initial weight (g) 88.36±1.39a 88.18±2.03a 89.56±0.45a 89.4±3.37a Final weight (g) 117.5±2.68ab 115.3±4.63b 128.9±6.08a 126.4±2.28ab Net weight gain (g) 29.21±1.79a 27.17±4.27a 39.37±5.93a 37.02±5.46a SGR 1.63±0.03a 1.59±0.08a 1.77±0.07a 1.74±0.07a ADG 0.32±0.02a 0.30±0.05a 0.44±0.07a 0.41±0.06a FCR 1.06±0.17b 0.96±0.05ab 0.80±0.0.07a 0.85±0.07ab Survival (%) 66.66±11.5b 86.66±2.89ab 91.66±5.77a 85.0±10.0ab Biomass(Kg) 1.57±0.34b 1.81±0.10ab 2.32±0.23a 2.11±0.15ab (Within Mean±SE column with different superscript letters in all treatments are statistically significant (One way ANOVA; p<0.05 and subsequently Post Hoc Test).

Survival% significant difference among the The data for survival of P.polyphagus treatments (p<0.05). lobsters in the respective treatment are detailed (Table 3). The highest survival FCR

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] rate was found in MM (91.6±5.77%) Maximum feed intake and higher FCR followed by (86.6±2.89%), by lobsters were in the Pits fed with (85.00±10.0%) and low with molluscan meat (MM) (2.53±0.16), (66.6±11.55%), in the treatment RM, (0.80±0.07) followed by all mixed meat AMM and WM respectively. Statistical (AMM) (2.46±0.06), (0.85±0.07), Red analysis of survival (%) was carried at meat (RM) (2.34±0.18), (0.96±0.05) the end of fattening. There was and low in white meat (WM) 152 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

(2.30±0.18), (1.06±0.17). The data dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption of revealed that higher FCR was in the juvenile lobsters showed to increase treatments MM significantly differed exponentially with a wide range of from WM, whereas AMM and RM temperatures (5°C–21°C) (Crear and were not significantly different Forteath, 2002). Growth of crustacean (P<0.05). is directly affected with dissolved oxygen level in the culture medium. Discussion There are many factors that have been Acceptance of feed matter by lobsters found to affect the rate of oxygen during captivity condition depends consumption in spiny lobsters such as upon many intrinsic and extrinsic body weight, dissolved oxygen level, factors. P. polyphagus lobsters appetite salinity, temperature, activity, handling, revival was studied by (Loya-Javellana diurnal rhythm and feeding, such et al., 1995). Several factors are known studies have been conducted only for to affect appetite in fish including few species (Buesa, 1979; Crear and stomach fullness and rates of gastric Forteath, 2002; Díaz-Iglesias et al., evacuation (Colgan, 1973; Grove et 2002 ; Perera et al., 2005). Deposition al.,1978; Vahl,1979), temperature of waste material from pit culture (Elliot, 1975), animal size (Grove et results in organic accumulation and al.,1978), stocking density (Solanki et bacteria in sediment causing increased al., 2018), respiratory rate (Muir and sediment oxygen consumption. In some Niimi,1972), dietary energy content cases, this has led to anoxic bottoms, (Bromley, 1987), circulating with increased risk of generating metabolites and glucose metabolism. comprehensive negative ecological According to (Radhakrishnan, 2008) in changes (species shift, ecosystem Gujarat state, juveniles of P. functional changes etc). polyphagus (30-50g) were stocked in Lobsters have generally shown to intertidal pits (21x7x1m3) at 20 no/m2 tolerate high dietary levels of lipid attained 100-125g within 90days of (Tolomei et al., 2003; Barclay et al. fattening, the present study is 2006). Also, feeding of raw molluscan agreement with the above result with meat has been associated with higher weight whereas (Solanki et al., 2012) lipid content in the hepatopancreas stated that rearing juvenile lobster with (Ward and Carter 2009). According to stocking density of 20 lobster/ cage (Cox and Davis, 2006) feeding P. argus Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] (2x1x1m3) resulted with weight gain of juveniles spiny lobster rations of frozen 48.95%, Protein turnover can be clams, , squid and oysters at divided into its constituent processes, 100% of their body weight once daily at protein synthesis, protein growth and the onset of dusk resulted in protein degradation. Water parameters significantly better growth than those like temperature (Tong et al., 1997) and fed 50% of their body weight twice Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 153

daily. The fish meal digestibility is of mussel was about 5.5– 7.5% of wet lower for J. edwardsii (Ward et al., weight, while lipid was quite low at 2003) than the growth of lobsters fed 0.2–0.8% of wet weight. In the present fresh mussels (Crear et al., 2002; Ward study, protein content of molluscan et al., 2003), This statement is in meat range between 7.14±0.07 to agreement with the present study with 17.5±0.06%, lipid with 0.52±0.08 to molluscan meat total biomass (g) 8.51±1.51%. The protein content of 2.32±0.23 with lower FCR 0.80±0.07 mussel is much lower than fish with with compare to all other treatment. white and red meat, this experiment has Williams et al. (2004) stated that in demonstrated that co-feeding of mussel the laboratory with P. ornatus (and for and fish by-catch results in superior other crustaceans (Mackie, 1973; lobster growth than feeding fish meat Derby, 1984; Carr and Derby, 1986), alone. small soluble peptides and free amino Du et al., (2004) reported that the acids are potent feed attractants that organic matter at bottom layer of water induce strong feeding behavior in and sediment in lobster cages with crustaceans. Bivalve meat is rich in mussel co-culture was significantly amino acid, Feeding fresh bivalve lower than mussel co-culture, this is an indicates that more amino acids are agreement with present study, During available for protein synthesis. Since harvesting the lobsters pit altogether the hepatopancreas is an organ were loaded with 6 to 8 inch thick layer exhibiting high protein synthesis and of organic matter and clay, this may be degradation (Mente, 2002), the higher due to incoming turbid tidal water due free amino acid content in the clam fed to port of pipava and alang shipyard, group is an indication of a other than this incoming tidal fish, physiologically active hepatopancreas molluscan and crustacean larvae or and a healthy animal condition. This juveniles enters the pits and get settled, statement is in agreement with the which could have being consumed and present study, all moluscan meat fed so low FCR. Pits are prepared in porous lobster obtain higher survival and rock, in which lobster were reared for healthy lobsters at harvest whereas 90 days, it is because this coastal belt (Smith et al., 2003) reported that has porous rock all around. Porous rock juvenile P. ornatus lobsters growth rate provide shelter to many type of infauna and survival were low with the mussel organisms as feed matter. The Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] diet with 0.42 g/wk and 41±4.5%, substratum is mainly formed of rocks of respectively. miliolite and laterite stone providing Guillaume (1997) has suggested that altogether a different habitat to the the protein requirement of crustaceans intertidal population (Sarvaiya, 1977). spp can be met with diets providing Mare (1942) stated that infauna are from 25–55% DM protein. (Chinh et al. that live entirely within the 1997) reported that the protein content sediment. Meiofauna are infaunal 154 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

organisms that pass through a 500 pm bacterial diseases or mortality. Wastage sieve, but are retained in a 63 pm sieve. of feed matter within the pit, resultant Solanki et al. (2016) reported that the environmental pollution with organic intertidal marine fauna at Bhavnagar matter cause stress on cultured stock coastal like bivalve, gastropods, potentiates the outbreak and spread of sponges, polychaetes, worms small infectious disease (Evans and Brock, crustacean larvae and seaweed etc, 1994; Aguado and Bashirullah, 1996) which would be the best preferred feed, associated with increased susceptibility on which lobsters survive and hence to infection (Takahashi et al., 1995), FCR was recorded lowest in all the this statement is in agreement with treatment. present study in White meat and red The major factor affecting the live meat fed treatment pit has lower growth trading of lobster is the coloration. The and high mortality, may be due to fat ability to maintain and improve rancidity and feed wastage lead to coloration is an important consideration malodorous water. in live-holding of lobsters. Change of color over time in the exoskeleton of Conclusion captive decapod crustaceans has been From the experiments, it indicate that reported on several occasions (Howell the most preferable feed for rearing and Matthews, 1991; Menasveta et al., mud spiny lobsters in pits is molluscan 1993). The change in pigmentation is meat with compare to all mixed meat, usually due to lack of carotenoids level red meat and white meat feed. Lobsters in the diet as carotenoids are essential survival and growth was recorded for the pigmentation of the exoskeleton. higher in the pit were lobsters were fed In the present study, lobsters molluscan meat compare to all mixed maintained their coloration, possibly by meat, red meat and white meat feed. deriving carotenoids through The highest lobsters mortality was seen consumption of live dissected in white meat treatment compare to red molluscan meat or pits side where meat fed pit, all mixed type meat and infaunal organisms survive within the low in molluscan meat feed. Fatty fish crevices and interstitial space within the usually decomposed lead to rancidity, rock. which affect the lobsters and hence low Abraham et al. (1996) reported that survival and growth. Lobsters growth external infestations with fouling get suppress, when any lobsters die Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] organisms were common. Usually within the pit, directly affecting the elevation of seawater temperatures in other lobster stock of the pit. It is pit, and uneven tidal water flow leading advisable to carryout lobster fattening to locally poor water quality, with lower in pit by feeding molluscan meat. dissolved oxygen concentration and Whereas, experiment of lobster culture ammonia buildup, ultimately caused can be taken up in Pit rather than cage Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 155

which may show less expensive, good Biswas, K.A., Kaku, H., Ji, S.C., growth and survival in the same. Seoka, M. and Takii, K., 2007. Use of soybean meal and phytase for Acknowledgment partial replacement of fish meal in The authors are thankful to the Director the diet of red sea bream, Pagrus of Research, Junagadh Agricultural major. Aquaculture, 267, 284-291. University, Junagadh for constant Bromley, P.J., 1987. The effects of encouragement. They are also grateful food type, meal size and body to Dr. A. Y. Desai, Principal and Dean, weight on digestion and gastric Junagadh Agricultural University, evacuation in turbot, Scophthalmus Veraval for extending facilities and to maximus L. Journal of Fish Biology, Dr. G. S. Vala (Research Scientist) for 30, 501–512. offering valuable comments on the Buesa, R., 1979. Oxygen consumption manuscript. of two tropical spiny lobsters (Latreille, 1804) References and (Latreille, Abraham, T.J., Rahman, M.K. and 1804) (, Palinuridae). Joseph, M.T.L., 1996. Bacterial Crustaceana, 36-1, 99–107. disease in cultured spiny lobster, Carr, W.E.S. and Derby, C.D., 1986. (Linnaeus). Behavioral chemoattractants for the Journal of Aquaculture in the shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio: Tropics, 11, 187-192. identification of active components Aguado, N. and Bashirullah, A.K.M., in food extracts and evidence of 1996. Shell diseases in wild penaeid synergistic mixture interactions. in eastern region of Chem. Senses, 11, 49-64. Venezuela. Journal of Aquariculture Chakraborty, K., Selsa, J.C., Joseph, and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 1-6. D., Asokan, P.K. and Vijayan, Barclay, M.C., Irvin, S.J., Williams, K.K., 2016. Nutritional and K.C. and Smith, D.M., 2006. antioxidative attributes of green Comparison of diets for the tropical mussel (Perna viridis) from the spiny lobster : Southwestern Coast of India. astaxanthin-supplemented feeds and Journal of Aquatic Food Product mussel flesh. Aquaculture Technology, 25, 968–985. Nutritional, 12-2,117–125. Charles, M.J. and Peter, M., 2003. Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] Bijukumar, A., Philip, S., Ali, A., Lobster fattening and fishery in Sushma, S. and Raghavan, R., India. Infofish International, 3, 8 – 2013. Fishes of river Bhatathapuzha, 12. Kerala, India: diversity, distribution, Chinh, N., Nga, N.T. and Phuc, N.T., threats and conservation. Journal 1997. On some studies of the Threa. Taxa, 5-15, 4979-4993. nutrient content of mussel (Perna viridis Line) in Nha Phu Lagoon, 156 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

Khanhhoa province. Pp. 376–382 in lobster edwardsii. J. Exp. Mar. „Proceedings of the 1st National Biol. Ecol., 252, 129–147. Symposium on Marine Biology‟. Derby, C.D., 1984. Molecular weight Institute of Oceanography: Nha fractions of natural foods that Trang. stimulate feeding in crustaceans, Colgan, P., 1973. Motivational analysis with data from the lobster Hopmarus of fish feeding. Behaviour, 45, 38– americanus. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 66. 10, 273-282. Cox, S.L., and Davis, M., 2006. The Díaz-Iglesias, E., Báez-Hidalgo, M., effect of feeding frequency and Perera, E. and Fraga, I., 2002. ration on growth of juvenile spiny Respuesta metabólica de la lobster, Panulirus argus alimentación natural y artificial en (Palinuridae). J. of App. juveniles de la langosta espinosa Aquaculture, 18, 33-43. Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804). Crear, B.J., Thomas, C.W., Hart, Hidrobiológica, 12-2, 101–112. P.R. and Carter, C.G., 2000. Du P.T., Hoang D.H., Du H.T. and Growth of juvenile southern rock Thi V.H., 2004. Combined culture lobster is influenced of mussel: a tool for providing live by diet and temperature, whilst feed and improving environmental survival is influenced by diet and quality for lobster aquaculture in tank environment. Aquaculture, 190, Vietnam. In „Spiny lobster ecology 169-182. and exploitation in the South China Crear, B., Hart, P., Thomas, C. and Sea region: proceedings of a Barclay, M., 2002. Evaluation of workshop held at the Institute of commercial shrimp growout pellets Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, as diets for juvenile southern rock July 2004‟, ed. by K.C. Williams. lobsters, Jasus edwardsii: Influence ACIAR Proceedings No. 120, 57– on growth, survival, colour and 58. Australian Centre for biochemical composition. J. Applied International Agricultural Research: Aquacult., 12, 43-57. Canberra. Crear, B.J. and Allen, G., 2002. Guide Elliot, J.M., 1975. Number of meals in for the rock lobster industry. No. 1. a day, maximum weight of food Optimising water quality - oxygen. consumed in a day and maximum Tasmanian Aquaculture and rate of feeding for brown trout, Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] Fisheries Institute. 35pp. Salmo trutta. Freshwat. Biol., 5, Crear, B.J. and Forteath, G.N.R., 287–303. 2002. The effect of extrinsic and Evans, L.H. and Brock, J.A., 1994. intrinsic factors on oxygen Diseases of spiny lobsters. (Ed. B.F consumption by the southern rock Phillips, J.S Cobb, J. Kittaka), In: Spiny Lobster Management. pp. 461- Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 157

472, Blackwell Scientific Kumaran, R., Ravi, V., Gunalan, B., Publications, London. Murugan, S. and FAO, 2007. Present status of Lobster Sundramanickam, A., 2012. cage culture in Vietnam. Proceeding Estimation of proximate, amino of the ACIAR lobster ecology acids, fatty acids and mineral workshop. pp 21-25. composition of mullet (Mugil Grove, D.J., Loizides, L.G. and Nott, cephalus) of Parangipettai, Southeast J., 1978. Satiation amount, Coast of India. Advances in Applied frequency of feeding and gastric Science Research, 3-4, 2015-2019 emptying rate in Salmo gairdneri. J. Lim, C. and Akiyama, D.M., 1992. Fish Biol., 12, 507–516. Full-fat soybean meal utilization by Guillaume, J., 1997. Protein and amino fish. Asian Fish. Sci. 5, 181–197. acids. In: D‟Abramo L, Conklin D, Lovatelli, A., 1997. Status of Akiyama D (Eds) Crustacean aquaculture in Vietnam. Aquaculture Nutrition Advances in World Asia, 2, 18–24. Aquaculture, Vol. VI. World Loya-Javellana, G.N., Donald, R.F. Aquaculture Society. USA, pp: 24- and Malcolm, J.T., 1995. Foregut 61. evacuation, return of appetite and Howell, B.K. and Matthews, A.D., gastric fluid secretion in the tropical 1991. The carotenoids of wild and freshwater , blue disease affected farmed tiger quadricarinatus. Aquaculture, 134, shrimp (, 295-306 Fabricus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Mackie, A.M., 1973. The chemical 98B-2/3, 375-379. basis of food detection in the lobster Johnston, D., Melville-Smith, R. and . Mar. Biol. 21, Hendriks, B., 2007. Survival and 103-108. growth of western rock lobster Mahaliyana A.S., Jinadasa, B.K.K., (George) fed Liyanage, N.P.P., Jayasinghe, formulated diets with and without G.D.T.M. and Jayamanne, S.C., fresh mussel supplement. 2015. Nutrition composition of Aquaculture, 273-1,108–117. skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Kalidas, C. and Shyam S.S., 2005. caught from the oceanic waters Backyard Lobster Fattening Unit around Sri Lankae. J. of Food and Economic Feasibility Analysis. Nutrition, 3, 106-111. Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] Fishing Chimes, 24-11, 22-26. Mare. M.F., 1942. A study of the Kemp, J.O.G. and Britz, P.J., 2008. marine benthic community with The effect of temperature on the special reference to the micro- growth, survival and food organisms. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK., consumption of the east coast rock 25, 517-554 lobster Panulirus homarus, rubellus. Menasveta, P., Aquaculture, 280, 227-231. Worawattanamateekul, W., 158 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

Latscha, T. and Clark, J. S. 1993. night time feeding affect growth in Correction of black tiger juveniles spiny lobsters, Jasus (Penaeus monodon Fabricius) edwardii. J. World Aquacult. coloration by astaxanthin. Society., 36, 480-488. Aquacultural Eng., 12, 203-213. Radhakrishnan, E.V., 2008. Overview Mente, E., Coutteau, P., Houlihan, of lobster Farming. Winter school on D., Davidson, I. and Sorgeloos, P., Recent advances in breeding and 2002. Protein turnover, amino acid larviculture of marine finfish and profile and amino acid flux in shellfish. CMFRI Manual, 129- 138. juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus Remyakumari, K.R., Ginson, vannamei: effects of dietary protein J., Ajeeshkumar, K.K., Vishnu, source. J Exp Biol., 205, 3107–3122 K.V., Asha, K.K. and Mathew, S., Mitra A., Shibdas, B. and Kakoli, B., 2018. Biochemical profile and 2008. Seasonal variation in nutritional quality of Indian squid, biochemical composition of edible Uroteuthis duvauceli. International oyster (Sacostrea cucullata) from Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Indian Sunderbans. Fishery Studies, 6-3, 187-192. Technology, 45-2, 209-216. Sanchez-Paz, A., Garcia-Carreño, F., Muir, B.S. and Niimi, A.J., 1972. Muhlia-Almazan, A., Peregrino- Oxygen consumption of the Uriarte, A.B., Hernández-Lopez, euryhaline fish aholehole (Kuhlia J. and Yepiz-Plascencia, G., 2006. sandvicensis) with reference to Usage of energy reserves in salinity, swimming and food crustaceans during starvation: status consumption. J. Fish. Res. Board and future directions. Insect Biochem Can., 29, 67-77. Mol Biol. 36-4,241–249. Perera, E., Fraga, I., Carrillo, O., Sarvaiya, R.T., 1977. Studies on Díaz-Iglesias, E., Cruz, R., Báez, mollusca of Saurashtra Coasts-1. M. and Galich, G., 2005. Fish Technology. 1, 27–32. Evaluation of practical diets for the Simon, C.J. and James, P.J., 2007. Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus The effect of different holding argus (Latreille, 1804): effects of systems and diets on the protein sources on substrate performance of spiny lobster metabolism and digestive proteases. juveniles, Jasus edwardii (Hutton, Aquaculture, 244, 251–262. 1875). Aquaculture, 266-4, 166 – Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] Philipose, K.K., 1994. Lobster culture 178. along the Bhavnagar coast. Marine Smith, D.M., Williams, K.C., Irvin, fisheries Information Service, 130, 8- Simon, Barclay, M. and Tabrett, 12. S., 2003. Development of a pelleted Radford, C.A. and Marsden I.D., feed for juvenile tropical spiny 2005. Does morning opposed to lobster (Panulirus ornatus): response Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 159

to dietary protein and lipid. effects on growth, survival and Aquaculture Nutrition, 9, 231 - 237. feeding behaviour of juvenile Solanki, Y., Jetani, K.L. Khan, S.I. southern rock lobster, Jasus Kotiya, A.S., Makawana, N.P. and edwardsii. Aquaculture, 219–4, 303– Rather, Mohd A., 2012. Effect of 316. stocking density on growth and Tong, L.J., Moss, G.A., Paewai, M.M. survival rate of SpinyLobster and Pickering, T.D., 1997. The (Panulirus polyphagus) in cage effect of brine shrimp numbers on culture system. International Journal the growth and survival of early- of Aquatic Science, 3-1, 1-12. stage phyllosoma larvae of the rock Solanki, D., Jignesh, K., Imtiyaz, B. lobster Jasusedwardsii. Marine and and Bharatsinh G., 2016. Checklist Freshwater Research, 48, 935-40. of intertidal marine fauna in Tuan, L.A., Nho, N.T. and Hambrey, mangrove ecosystem, Ghogha coast, J., 2000. Status of cage mariculture Gulf of Khambhat, India. Journal of in Vietnam. In: Cage Aquaculture in Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4- Asia (Liao, I.C. and Lin, C.K. eds), 4, 1281-1284 pp. 111–123. Proceedings of the Solanki, Y.B., Vadher, K.H., Kotiya, First International Symposium on A.S., Jetani, K.L. and Patel, M.R., Cage Aquaculture in Asia, 318 p. 2018. Effect of Stocking density on Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, and growth and survival of spiny lobster World Aquaculture Society – (Panulirus poluphagus) in pit culture Southeast Asian Chapter, Bangkok, at intertidal area of Mahuva coast, Thailand. Gujarat, India. J. Exp. Zool. India, Tuan, L.A. and Mao, N.D., 2004. 21-2,719-725. Present status of lobster cage culture Srikrishnadhas, B. and Rahman, Md. in Vietnam. In: „Spiny lobster K., 1995. Growing spiny lobsters – a ecology and exploitation in the profitable venture. Seafood Export South China Sea region: proceedings J., 26, 13–17. of a workshop held at the Institute of Syda-Rao, G., 2008. An overview of Oceanography, Nha Trang, Vietnam, Global Aquaculture and Cage July 2004‟, ed. by K.C. Williams. Farming. Winter school on Recent ACIAR Proceedings No. 120, 21– advances in breeding and 25. Australian Centre for larviculture of marine finfish and International Agricultural Research: Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ] shellfish. CMFRI Manual, pp 1- 11. Canberra. Takahashi, Y., Itami, T. and Kondo, Vahl, O., 1979. An hypothesis on the M., 1995. Immunodefense system of control of food intake in fish. Crustacea. Fish Pathology/Gyobyo Aquaculture, 17, 221-229. Kenkyu, 30, 141-150. Venkatesan, R., 2004. Sea cage culture Tolomei, A., Crear, B. and Johnston, of lobsters and mud . National D., 2003. Diet immersion time: Institute of Ocean Technology. 1-16. 160 Kotiya and Vadher, Comparing the most preferred raw feed for Mud Spiny Lobster Panulirus ...

Ward, L.R., Carter, C.G., Crear, B.J. require high protein and moderate and Smith, D.M., 2003. Optimal lipid diets for optimal growth and dietary protein level for juvenile nutrient retention. Aquaculture southern rock lobsters, Jasus Nutrition, 10-2, 125-134. edwardsii, at two lipid levels. Williams, K.C., 2007. Nutritional Aquaculture, 217, 483-500. requirements and feeds development Ward, L.R., Carter, C.G., 2009. An for population in Torren Strait, evaluation of the nutritional value of Australia. Spiny lobster ecology and alternative lipid sources to juvenile post-larval spiny lobster: a review. southern rock lobster, Aquaculture, 263, 1-14. Jasusedwardsii. Aquaculture, 296, 292–298. Williams, K.C., Irvin, S. and Barclay, M., 2004. Polka dot grouper Cromileptes altivelis fingerlings

Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 14:12 +0330 on Thursday September 30th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.12 ]