Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation HARITA Quarterly Report: July 2011–September 2011 Contents

RURAL RESILIENCE SERIES Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 Contents

Executive summary……………………………………………………1 Status summary ………………………………………………………3 Accomplishments this quarter………………………………………4 Enrollment results 2011………………………………………………6 Conclusion…………………………………………………………… 12 Appendix I: HARITA partners and institutional roles…………… 13 Appendix II: R4 press release on Clinton Global Initiative Commitment—September 2011………………………………… 14 Appendix III: Rural Resilience Event Series …………………… 16 Appendix IV: Media citations and resources…………………… 17

Cover: Woman carrying tree seedlings to plant near Hade Alga as part of insurance-for-work activity. Eva-Lotta Jansson / Oxfam America Alemu Tadesse, 30, with Executive summary sleeping son in lap, and (from left to right) neighbor Birhane For the 1.3 billion people living on less than a dollar a day who depend on agriculture for their Gessesew and her children livelihoods, vulnerability to weather-related shocks is a constant threat to security and well-being. Reda Alemu and Goitetom Alemu at Tadesse’s home in As climate change drives an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, the chal- Hade Alga, Ethiopia. lenges faced by food-insecure communities struggling to improve their lives and livelihoods will Eva-Lotta Jansson / also increase. The question of how to build rural resilience against weather-related risk is critical Oxfam America for addressing global poverty. In response to this challenge, in 2007, Oxfam America, together with local and international partners,1 launched a pilot program called HARITA, or Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation, to work with farmers on building their resilience to climate change. Today, the program has grown to become Oxfam’s Rural Resilience Initiative, or R4 (http://www.oxfamamerica.org/issues/insurance/). Initiated as a result of the partnership with the United Nations World Food Programme announced at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference, R4 builds upon the highly successful growth of the multiyear HARITA pilot in Ethiopia. HARITA, in its three years of delivery in Ethiopia’s northernmost state of Tigray, has shown promising results for replication. More than 1,300 households participated in HARITA in 2010, up from 200 in its first year. In the 2011 agricultural season, HARITA expanded its outreach by 10 times with more than 13,000 farmers in 43 villages signing up for insurance.

1 See Appendix I on HARITA partners and institutional roles.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 1 In addition to the progress in Ethiopia, in September 2011, Oxfam America and the World Food Programme, with the support of Swiss Re and the US Agency for International Development (USAID), respectively, announced the expansion of the HARITA model to Senegal through the R4 partnership. This innovative partnership will enable poor farmers in Senegal to strengthen their food and income security by managing risks through a four-part approach—improving natural resource management (community risk reduction), accessing microcredit (“prudent” risk taking), gaining insurance coverage (risk transfer), and increasing savings (risk reserves).2 In this report we share project updates and key accomplishments of the July–September 2011 quarter, and provide detailed information on the results of the third annual offering of weather insurance in Ethiopia.

2 See Appendix II on R4 press release on Clinton Global Initiative Commitment—September 2011.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 2 Status summary

This agricultural season marked the expansion of HARITA to 13,195 households in 43 villages,3 reaching nine districts4 in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. The team prepared for enrollment by con- ducting a series of financial literacy trainings in the villages, including educational workshops and risk simulation game sessions. Festive events were held in the villages on enrollment day, when farmers registered their interest in the risk management program. The weather index insurance options for farmers included short-cycle crops (teff and beans) and long-cycle crops (maize, wheat, barley, and sorghum). The insurance options were delivered by two Ethiopian insurance companies, Africa Insurance Company and Nyala Insurance Share Company. The planting for long-cycle crops ended in May and that of short-cycle crops ended in July. Farmers who paid for insurance premiums with their labor conducted risk reduction activities in their communities, including improved irrigation capabilities and soil management practices. The harvest—which is effectively insured against potential drought—occurs in the fall. The HARITA team has been closely following the rainfall in the project villages in the wake of the severe drought that has struck areas of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. The index insurance contract period for all the policies ended on September 30. In our next quarterly report, we will share the results of the harvest season and risk reduction activities.

Table 1. HARITA timeline for 2011 season

2010 2011 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Status

 Planning Needs  assessments  Financial education and outreach  Financial package development  Enrollment  Risk reduction activities

Note: The above chart represents only the activities related to 2011 enrollment and does not cover overlapping activities that occurred for 2010 enrollment.

3 This report uses the word “village” to refer to the Ethiopian term tabia, or subdistrict. Tabia is the Tigrigna language name for kebele, that is, the smallest administrative unit of the Ethiopian federal government (UN Emergency Unit for Ethiopia, 2003). Ethiopia’s administrative unit structure hierarchy follows: region (e.g., Tigray) > zone (e.g., Eastern Tigray) > woreda/district (e.g., Kola Tamben) > tabia/subdistrict (e.g., Adi Ha) > kushet. 4 The word “district” here refers to the Ethiopian term woreda. It is approximately equivalent to a district in other countries (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2010).

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 3 Accomplishments this quarter

Metrics from the field

The metrics below outline financial literacy and risk reduction activities conducted in the reporting period.

• Approximately 6,200 farmers in 43 project villages received financial literacy training.

• Some 42 run-off diversion structures in 42 villages were developed by constructing 21,000 meters of diversion canals, which irrigated 930 hectares of land and directly benefited 1,884 farmers.

• Approximately 2,875 female-headed households prepared vegetable garden plots.

• A total of 2,875 compost-making pits were prepared in 43 villages.

• To reduce erosion of farmlands’ fertile soil, 57 kilometers of deep trench (1 meter wide, 1 meter high, and 4 meters long) were constructed on degraded communal catchments. This activity will contribute to improved productivity of 30 hectares of land.

• Thirty-six square kilometers of land have been reclaimed by treating 29 gullies (earth cracks caused by severe erosion, which can damage productive land).

• A total of 43 extension agents and 86 cooperative and village administration leaders were trained in compost-making practices.

The HARITA monitoring and evaluation team5 completed the study for the 2010 project activities. The evaluation report will soon be published. In September, at the Clinton Global Initiative, Oxfam America and the World Food Programme, with the support of Swiss Re and the US Agency for International Development (USAID), respectively, announced the expansion of the HARITA model to Senegal through the R4 partnership. Oxfam America, Swiss Re, Relief Society of Tigray (REST), and the World Food Programme (WFP) jointly organized a conference on “Climate Risk Transfer Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture in Ethiopia” on July 19-20 in Addis Ababa to have a dialogue among key stakeholders in the agriculture sector in Ethiopia on the viability of index-based products and how these products can be used effectively to mitigate risk. The conference brought together policy experts and representatives from government, insurance companies and microfinance institutions (MFIs), farmer cooperatives, agribusinesses, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The HARITA/R4 regional program coordinator of Oxfam America, Sophia Belay, participated in a panel discussion on “Reforming Aid: Transforming the World” hosted by Global Washington on August 30 in Seattle. The panel consisted of NGO representatives and policy makers who shared their views on effective foreign assistance in light of the severity and the urgency of the crisis in the Horn of Africa and the famine in Somalia. This event was featured in the Global Washington blog in an article titled “Reforming Aid: Transforming the World.”

5 The HARITA monitoring and evaluation team consists of members from IRI and Mekelle University.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 4 Oxfam’s Senior Global Microinsurance Officer David Satterthwaite spoke at a conference organized by USAID and Market Access Collaborative Research Support Program (AMA CRSP) on “Building Resilience and Assets for Food Security: Evidence and Implications for Feed the Future.” He mod- erated the session on “Productive Social Protection.” The event was held in Washington, DC, on September 29-30. HARITA/R4 partners convened a working group on Index Insurance to evaluate HARITA insurance products from a market perspective while ensuring that farmers’ risk management needs are met. The group consists of members from IRI, Swiss Re, and Oxfam America, and experts from Weil, Gotshal & Manges, a New York–based legal firm. A three-minute animation video titled R4: The Rural Resilience Initiative was developed by Oxfam America with the support of its partner the World Food Programme. The video was screened during a Climate Week event in New York in September and will be screened during UNFCCC COP17 events in Durban, South Africa, in December. An eight-minute segment about HARITA was featured in a documentary titled Africa’s Last Famine, co-produced by Oxfam America and Link TV. The documentary investigated solutions to chronic hunger. A communications team from Oxfam America conducted its second visit to Ethiopia in August to develop diachronic stories, images, and media6 about HARITA. During this visit, the team spent a full day with the same farmers who the team had visited in August 2009 to understand how the project has affected their lives and livelihoods. .

6 See Appendix III for a full list of media citations and resources.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 5 Women planting seedlings Enrollment results 2011 in Tigray, Ethiopia. Eva-Lotta Jansson / Oxfam America Background

With an aim to strengthen farmers’ long-term food and income security, in 2009 a pilot of the HARITA model was conducted in Adi Ha, a village in Ethiopia’s northern Tigray region. The pilot offered a robust risk management package that integrated disaster risk reduction and affordable insurance. An index-based weather insurance product was designed to insure farmers’ teff crops. In 2010 this model was expanded to four additional villages, and several adaptations were implemented based on design discussions with farmers. Two additional crops, wheat and barley, were covered. In response to requests for a more frequent payout option, HARITA experimented with offering farmers two different index options: dry7 and very dry.8 The majority of farmers (93 percent) purchased the dry (and more expensive) option, which offered them more frequent payouts. In its third year of delivery, HARITA was expanded to 43 villages covering 13,195 households.

7 The dry (and more expensive) option would have had payouts about one-third of the time in the past 15 years. 8 The very dry option (based on the index established in 2009) would have had payouts about one-fifth of the time in the past 15 years.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 6 This section discusses project adaptations and enrollment results for the 2011 season, using data col- lected immediately following enrollment, and does not reflect final outcomes, which are being studied by the HARITA monitoring and evaluation team.

Project adaptations As the project expanded in 2011, adaptations were implemented based on the outcome of working with focus groups within each of the 43 villages. The following adaptations were made to the HARITA model to improve farmers’ risk management decisions. • The insurable crops were expanded from teff, wheat, and barley to include maize, sorghum, and bean (see Table 2). • Because of farmers’ high interest in insuring both long-cycle crops and short-cycle crops, the design team, with the support of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), developed two separate index contracts to insure against the two dominant drought perils of late onset and early end of rainfall. The Early Index targets weak or late onset of rainfall, which affects sowing and the establishment of long-cycle crops, like sorghum and maize. The Late Index targets weak or early end of rainfall, which affects flowering and grain filling of all crops. The option to purchase both the Early Index and Late Index was available for farmers growing a crop that is vulnerable to both late onset and early end of rainfall (e.g., long-cycle sorghum, maize, or wheat/ barley), whereas the option to purchase only the Late Index was available to farmers growing crops that are vulnerable only to early end of rainfall (e.g., teff, bean). • The contracts for long-cycle crops (sorghum, maize, or wheat/barley) were designed to result in a payout approximately once in three or four years, whereas the contracts for more drought-resistant short-cycle crops (e.g., teff, bean) are designed to result in a payout approximately once in five years. • Oxfam partnered with a second Ethiopian insurance company, Africa Insurance Company, which delivered the index product alongside Nyala Insurance Share Company to farmers in expansion villages.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 7 Table 2. Districts, District Villages Crops insured villages, and crops Adwa Bethans Wheat, teff insured Debre GenetA Sorghum, teff

Enda Bagerima Wheat, teff

Gendebta Wheat, teff

Mariam Shewito Wheat, teff

Seloda Maize, teff

Tahtay Legomti Sorghum, teff

Wedikeshi Sorghum, teff

Ahferom Lelay Megaria Tsebri Tef f

Alamata Kulu Gizelemiem Tef f

Atsbi Barka Adiswha Wheat and barley mixed, bean

Habees Wheat and barley mixed, bean

Golgolemalee Wheat and barley mixed, bean

Ruba Felege Wheat and barley mixed, bean

Felege Wayane Wheat and barley mixed, bean

Kinte Awelo Nagash Wheat and barley mixed, teff

Abraha Atsbaha Wheat and barley mixed, teff

Adi Kisandid Wheat and barley mixed, teff

Aynalem Wheat and barley mixed, teff

Genfel Wheat, teff

Kihen Wheat, teff

Mahbere Weyane Wheat, teff

Mesanu Wheat and barley mixed, teff

Kola Tembien Adi Ha Tef f

Awet Bikalsi Tef f

Debre GenetK Maize, teff

Begashek Maize, teff

Getski Milesiley Maize, teff

Raya Azebo Geneti Tef f

Hade Alga Tef f

Saesatsaeidaemba Hadush Adi Wheat, teff

Agazi Wheat, teff

Asmena Wheat, teff

Guemse Agamet Wheat, teff

Hadush Hiwet Barley, teff

Hangoda Wheat, teff

Sendada Wheat, teff

Sinkata Wheat, teff

Tanqua Abergele Agbe Sorghum, teff

Imba Rufael Sorghum, teff

Lemlem Sorghum, teff

Mearey Sorghum, teff

Shekatekli Sorghum, teff

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 8 Take-up rates

A distinctive aspect of HARITA is that farmers who participate in a government-run food-for-work initiative, the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), which serves 8 million chronically food- insecure households, were able to pay for the insurance through labor. Thanks to this innovation, HARITA’s take-up rate is already reaching levels close to those of microcredit programs, which have been offered much longer and have had more time to evolve to meet households’ need.

Figure 1. 13,195 14,000 Goal Number of Actual households 12,000 10,000- enrolled, 13,000 compared 10,000 with goal 8,000

6,000

4,000

1,308 2,000 700 100 200 0

2009 2010 2011

Gender

Households in Tigray are vulnerable to drought that can directly affect the size of their harvests and their livelihood. Women are much more vulnerable to the vagaries of weather because of their roles in society. Special care is being taken to understand gender dynamics and ensure inclusion of ap- propriate gender strategies in program activities.

In 2011, of the 13,195 households that purchased insurance within the 43 villages, 27.3 percent were female-headed and 72.6 percent were male-headed. (See Figure 2.) This distribution between household heads has changed by about 11 percent from 2010; in that year, 38.8 percent of the 1,308 participant households were female-headed and 61.2 percent were male-headed. The ongo- ing monitoring and evaluation study will inform how the program is affecting women over time by using multiple seasons of data.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 9 Figure 2. 80 Female-headed Percentage of 72.6 households female-headed 62.5 Male-headed 61.2 households and male-headed 60 households enrolled 37.5 38.8 40

27.3 20

2009 2010 2011

Cash versus labor

A distinct aspect of HARITA is the ability to purchase insurance through labor. Oxfam America has been monetizing labor for insurance; that is, farmers are paying the same amount of premium through labor that one would pay to buy the product commercially. One of our hypotheses is that the portion of cash-paying farmers in a given area will grow as a commercial market is established.

Over the past three years there has been an overall increase in the percentage of farmers paying with labor and corresponding decrease in the percentage of farmers paying with cash. However, this trend may be affected by initial enrollment in new villages. More interesting are the varying cash-labor ratios in the five villages that had access to insurance for two years in a row, where some villages in 2011 had an increased number of cash-paying enrollees and other villages had a decreased number of cash-paying enrollees. In order to understand how the cash-labor ratio plays out over time, additional data for subsequent growing seasons will be essential.

Figure 3. 100 Cash Percentage 91.4 82.8 Labor of households that purchased 75 insurance with 65 cash or labor

25 17.2 8.6

2009 2010 2011

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 10 Figure 4. 80 Number of 72 2010 households 2011 58 60 that purchased 60 insurance with cash 49 52 in villages where insurance was 37 40 offered in both 2010 31 and 2011 28 17 20 20

Adi Ha Awet Bikalsi Geneti Hade Alga Hadush Adi

Figure 5. 500 Number of households 397 that purchased 400 insurance with 2010 labor in villages 2011 276 where insurance 300 was offered in both 351 2010 and 2011 242 234 209 211 200 161

108 85 100

Adi Ha Awet Bikalsi Geneti Hade Alga Hadush Adi

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 11 Medhin Reda crosses a river Conclusion with seedlings she is going to plant in Adi Ha, Ethiopia. Eva-Lotta Jansson / HARITA is a new model for sustainable development that is founded on the principles of collabora- Oxfam America tion and mutual support by public and private sector organizations, communities, and governmental ministries. The long-term vision of HARITA and R4 is to achieve rural resiliency by enabling adaptation to climate risk through a community-oriented, risk-management-focused, and market-based approach that supports the most vulnerable people to graduate from food insecurity and escape the poverty trap.

Project expansion in Ethiopia is a first step toward developing a sustainable insurance market for poor populations, an essential factor in ensuring farmers’ livelihoods and food security over the long term. While the project is moving toward accomplishing the demonstration effect in Ethiopia in partnership with the Relief Society of Tigray, Oxfam America and the World Food Programme (WFP) with their recent R4 partnership are expanding the project’s reach to small-scale farmers in other countries.

By combining HARITA’s successful model for participatory design and capacity building, with WFP’s global capacity and Swiss Re’s innovative risk transfer solutions, R4 will help accelerate the scale-up and testing of this innovative approach while expanding grassroots capacity to new communities in Ethiopia and other countries.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 12 Appendix I: HARITA partners and institutional roles

Our local partners • Local communities: Central participants in the design of the pilot. • Local farmers cooperative: Primary organizing body for farmers in the community.

Our national and regional partners • Africa Insurance Company: Private insurer in Ethiopia operating in the Tigray, Amhara, and Oromiya regions. • Dedebit Credit and Savings Institution (DECSI): Second-largest microfinance institution (MFI) in Ethiopia with nearly comprehensive coverage of Tigray. Named by Forbes magazine as one of the top 50 MFIs in the world. • Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency (NMA): Agency offering technical support in weather and climate data analysis. • Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD): Research organization dedicated to sustainable farming practices. • Mekelle University: Member of National Agricultural Research System providing agronomic expertise and research. • Nyala Insurance Share Company: Private insurer in Ethiopia with a strong track record of interest in agricultural insurance. • Relief Society of Tigray (REST): Local project manager for HARITA, responsible for operating the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) in six districts of Tigray and overseeing all regional coordination. Established in 1978. Working with Oxfam since 1984 on development issues. Largest nongovernmental organization in Ethiopia (and one of the largest in Africa). • Tigray Regional Food Security Coordination Office: Office with oversight of the PSNP in the pilot area. • Tigray Cooperative Promotion Office: Office responsible for helping organize farmers at the village level.

Our global partners • Goulston & Storrs, and Weil, Gotshal & Manges: Law firms providing pro bono legal expertise. • Index Insurance Innovation Initiative (I4) at University of California, Davis (UC Davis): Research partnership on index insurance between academia and development organizations, with UC Davis, the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Labour Organization, and the US Agency for International Development. • Swiss Re: Global reinsurer and leader on climate change advocacy with funding and technical expertise. • The International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI): Member of Columbia University’s Earth Institute offering research and technical expertise in climate data and weather index design for rural farmers. • The Rockefeller Foundation: Foundation that funds strategies that help communities build resilience to the impacts of current and imminent climate change.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 13 Appendix II: R4 press release on Clinton Global Initiative Commitment—September 2011

World Food Program and USAID join together with Oxfam America and Swiss Re in public-private partnership

Published 19 September 2011 NEW YORK, NY – The United Nations World Food Program (WFP) and Oxfam America, supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and Swiss Re respectively, today committed at the Clinton Global Initiative to expand their ground-breaking “R4 Rural Resilience Initiative” to help the rural poor to protect their crops and livelihoods from the impacts of climate variability and change, including drought. This innovative public-private partnership will be expanded from Ethiopia to Senegal over the next five years. It empowers farmers and food-insecure rural households with integrated risk management tools to develop long-term resilience. “For the 1.3 billion people living on less than a dollar a day who depend on agriculture for their livelihoods, natural disasters are a constant threat to their food security. The most vulnerable people in the world are being hit by more frequent and intense climate-related disasters. The world knows how to do this: Proven tools have broken the cycle of emergency hunger for millions, building resilience in the face of repeat disasters,” said WFP Executive Director Josette Sheeran. R4 will enable poor farmers in Senegal to strengthen their food and income security by managing risks through a four-part approach—improving natural resource management (community risk reduction), accessing microcredit (“prudent” risk taking), gaining insurance coverage (risk transfer), and increasing savings (risk reserves). USAID has just announced a new $8 million award to WFP to support the expansion of R4 to Senegal and the global development of the initiative. “We are pleased to help take this innovative program to the next level, scaling it up to reach thousands of farmers,” said USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah. “We see this as a promising approach to tackling hunger and climate vulnerability in an integrated way that will deliver real results for rural communities.” Swiss Re is supporting the R4 initiative as the exclusive insurance sector partner and will lead the design and implementation of risk transfer solutions. These innovative solutions form part of a comprehensive risk management program that will give thousands of poor, small-holder farmers the means to manage weather vulnerability and enable the risk-taking essential to economic development. Swiss Re will contribute $1.25 million to the initiative. “Insurance is a cornerstone of economic growth and stability, and we are proud to contribute our expertise to this project which allows the poorest farmers and their families to cope when crops are ruined by drought, flood or other climate related impacts. Through the pilot in Ethiopia, we have seen that even farmers with no monetary income can build a better future by trading labour for insurance, in ways that also help to strengthen their communities. We are pleased that the model which began with just 200

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 14 households in Ethiopia three years ago, has been successfully scaled up and will now be replicated as R4 in other countries, including Senegal, to help thousands more,” said Michel Liès, Chairman Global Partnerships, Swiss Re. R4 builds upon the highly successful growth of a multi-year pilot in Ethiopia known as the Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation (HARITA) project, which involved a network of global and local partners including Oxfam America, Swiss Re, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Relief Society of Tigray, Dedebit Credit and Savings Institution, Nyala Insurance Company, Africa Insurance Company and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University. In its three of years of delivery this pilot, HARITA, has scaled up from 200 enrolled households in one village in 2009 to over 13,000 enrolled households in 43 villages in 2011. “Expansion to Senegal will allow Oxfam to build upon our success in Ethiopia and test this model in a new country. Having insurance will make it easier for poor people to access credit on better terms, so that farmers can buy the tools and the drought-resistant seeds needed to grow bigger and better crops and poor families can protect their savings in tough times” said Raymond C. Offenheiser, President of Oxfam America. The R4 Rural Resilience Initiative is a strategic collaboration between the World Food Programme and Oxfam America, with no co-mingling of funds. Each partner has its own sponsors: WFP is sponsored by USAID, and Oxfam America by Swiss Re.

How it works Gebru Kahsay is a 52-year-old farmer in the Adi Ha area of Tigray in northern Ethiopia, who depends on rain to grow teff, a staple grain. In 2009, rains came late to Adi Ha, but Kahsay had a backup plan if the rain didn’t cooperate: weather insurance. “According to my belief, this insurance is important to protect us from migrating in a drought in search of food,” says Kahsay. In the absence of functioning financial markets in most rural areas, poor households adopt conservative risk taking stances and cope with disasters in ways that often compromise their livelihoods resulting in long term negative consequences. To survive, households are often forced to reduce food consumption, remove children from school, or sell productive assets. Through R4, farmers will be able to pay for their insurance premiums through labor in food-and-cash-for work programs. Their labor will contribute to community projects such as irrigation or forestry to reduce the impacts of climate change on their villages. More prosperous farmers will pay their insurance premiums in cash. Over time, as the poorest farmers become more prosperous, they can “graduate” from the need to pay through labor, and begin paying in cash, helping to ensure the project’s commercial viability and long-term success. Over the next five years, Oxfam America and WFP plan to scale up and evaluate the R4 approach in 4 countries. In addition to continuing efforts in Ethiopia and the new work in Senegal, this will include two additional countries as the initiative progresses.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 15 Appendix III: RuralAppendix Resilience Event Series (fall 2011) Institute (I3) 2011 Insurance Industry Research Agenda” Risk: Toward a Strategic Related Agricultural Managing Climate- “Index Insurance for I4 CCAFS Workshop: Fund (GEF) Global Environment HARITA project at the Presentation on the of the Hunger Challenges Generation: Confronting Symposium: “The Next International E. Borlaug Norman World Food Prize the Future” Implications for Feed Security: Evidence and and Assets for Food “Building Resilience Transforming the World” “Reforming Aid: Annual Meeting Clinton Global Initiative: Event name Tomorrow”

speaker David Satterthwaite, speaker Stephane de Messieres, REST,manager at presenter microinsurance project Mengesha Gebremichael, interpreter Tigray (REST), Society of the Relief manager at microinsurance project Mengesha Gebremichael, HARITA, presenter; of Ha village and participant community leader from Adi a Silas Samson Buru, Protection” on “Productive Social formoderator the session David Satterthwaite, coordinator, speaker R4 regional program Sophia Belay, HARITA/ in attendance Satterthwaite to Senegal; David the HARITA model of announced the expansion World Food Programme, the executive director of with Josette Sheeran, Oxfam America, together of Ray Offenheiser, president and role participation Oxfam America (FDCC) Counsel & Corporate Defense Federation of Security (CCAFS) and FoodAgriculture Change and Climate Innovation Initiative (I4) Index Insurance Global Environment Fund Foundation The World Food Prize (AMA CRSP) Program Support Collaborative Research and Market Access USAID and Assets Global Washington Clinton Global Initiative Organizer

globalization of the claim environment. the claim of globalization privacy, of from breaches and the and policyholders both insurers protecting privilege, the challenge of the attorney-client of preservation the federal at level,in regulation the the legal environment: the increase in change significant is occurring To discuss four broad areas where index insurance. for gaps and challenges in research To develop agenda to address a strategic experiences. To present HARITA and share field security and nutrition. To address cutting-edge issues in food improve to the world's poor. their reach more effective,programs and how to protection programs, ways to make these social results on the impacts of research To showcase the most up-to-date foreign aid cuts. proposed overthe concern the impact of Africa and severe of crisis in the Horn the foreign assistance in the wake of effective To of discuss the importance build partnerships. discuss the most effective solutions, and To analyze pressing global challenges, Focus and various legal firms. US-based insurance companies, Financial Services, of Department New YorkInsurance Association, Global Corporate, American from Swiss Re, Zurich Experts insurance. index in the field of Leaders team. The Global Environment Fund from more than 65 countries. more than 1,000 participants on global agriculture.” It attracted premier conference in the world The event has been called “the leaders. research international Development,International and for Bank and Department Representatives from the World Representative Adam Smith. Security, USAID; and US administrator, Bureau for Food Weisenfeld, assistant to the policy makers, Paul including NGO representatives and around the world. from and nonprofit directors state, business leaders, Heads of speakers/attendants panel/ Expert I3%20Trifold1.pdf. thefederation.org/documents/ Open to public. See http://www. New York, November 16–18. Attendance by invitation only. Washington, DC, October 27–28. Attendance by invitation only. Washington, DC, October 19. Attendance by invitation only. Des Moines, October 10–15. social_protection.html. www.basis.wisc.edu/events_ama/ 29–30. Open to public. See http:// Washington, DC, September invitation only. Seattle, August 30. Attendance by Attendance by invitation only. New York, September 20-22. and location Event date

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 16 Appendix IV: Media citations and resources

In the news • Newsweek, “Coping With Climate” (December 30, 2008). • Catherine Brahic, “An Insurance Plan for Climate, Change Victims” New Scientist (July 1, 2009). • Jeff Tollefson, “Insuring Against Climate” Nature (July 22, 2009). • Guardian, “Climate Insurance: What Kind of Deal Can Be Made in Copenhagen?” (July 24, 2009). • “Swiss Re, Oxfam America, Rockefeller Foundation, and Columbia’s IRI Expand Joint Risk Initiative in Tigray, Ethiopia,” Swiss Re press release (September 25, 2009). • Evan Lehmann, “Africa Experiments With Climate Insurance—for $5 a Year,” The New York Times (September 30, 2009). • James F. Smith, “World’s Poorest Farmers Now Offered Insurance,” The Boston Globe (October 13, 2009). • New England Cable News, “Oxfam Provides Farm Insurance in Africa” (November 6, 2009). • Pablo Suarez and Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, “Micro-Insurance for Local Adaptation,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change (March 12, 2010). • Anne Chetaille and Damien Lagrandré, “L’assurance indicielle, une réponse face aux risques climatiques?” Inter-réseaux Développement rural (March 31, 2010). • Lloyd’s News and Features, “Microinsurance to Mitigate Climate Change Impact” (June 4, 2010). • Deborah Kerby, “Climate Covered,” Green Futures (July 2010). • MicroRisk, “Swiss Re Climate-Linked Crop Insurance Takes Off” (July 2010). • Evan Lehmann, “Supporters of Global Insurance Program Hope to Rebound After Dreary Copenhagen Summit,” ClimateWire (August 4, 2010). • “Global Insurance Industry Statement on Adapting to Climate Change in Developing Countries,” ClimateWise, in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative, the Geneva Association, and the Munich Climate Insurance Initiative (MCII) (September 2010). • IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, “Ethiopia: Taking the Disaster Out of Drought” (November 24, 2010). • Tina Rosenberg, “To Survive Famine, Will Work for Insurance,” The New York Times (May 12, 2011). • Reuters, “Swiss Re Joins Ethiopian Micro-Insurance Project” (June 10, 2011). • Alertnet, Index Insurance in East Africa, a video produced by the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (September 2011): http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/video-and- audio/detail.dot?mediaInode=c0c49387-0d72-4b40-b985-0270b6cecd6b. • Alertnet, “Scaling Up Innovative Climate Change Adaptation and Insurance Solutions In Senegal” (September 19, 2011). • Global Washington blog, “Reforming Aid: Transforming the World” (September 8, 2011): http://glo- balwa.org/2011/09/reforming-aid-transforming-the-world/. • DesMoinesRegister.com, “Crop insurance can pay off for small African” (October 13, 2011): http:// blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2011/10/13/crop-insurance-can-pay-off-for-small- african-farms/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+GreenFiel ds+%28Green+Fields+Blog%29. • Lisa Jones Christensen, “Case study: Swiss Re and Oxfam,” The Financial Times (November 1, 2011): http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8a4b33b0-f41f-11e0-8694-00144feab49a.html#axzz1cSULnHKP.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 17 In academic journals and publications • Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer et al., “Drought Insurance for Subsistence Farmers in Malawi,” Natural Hazards Observer 33:5, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado (May 2009). • Molly E. Hellmuth, Daniel E. Osgood, Ulrich Hess, Anne Moorhead, and Haresh Bhojwani, “Index Insurance and Climate Risk: Prospects for Development and Disaster Management,” International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia University (2009). • Peter Hazell, Jamie Anderson, Niels Balzer, Andreas Hastrup Clemmensen, Ulrich Hess and Francesco Rispoli, “Potential for Scale and Sustainability in Weather Index Insurance for Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods,” International Fund for Agricultural Development and World Food Programme (March 2010). • Marjorie Victor Brans, Million Tadesse, and Takeshi Takama, “Community-Based Solutions to Climate Crisis in Ethiopia,” Climate Change Adaptation and International Development: Making Development Cooperation More Effective, JICA Research Institute (December 2010).

Stories “With insurance, loans, and confidence this Ethiopian farmer builds her resilience” “In Northern Ethiopia, weather insurance offers a buffer against drought” “Weather insurance offers Ethiopian farmers hope—despite drought” “Medhin Reda’s best asset is her own hard work” “Gebru Kahsay relies on rain but has the security of insurance” “Selas Samson Biru faces uncertainty with the seasons”

Videos/multimedia “R4: The Rural Resilience Initiative” “A tiny seed and a big idea” “A new tool for tackling poverty”

Photography Project photos are available upon request. See examples of photos in the enclosed quarterly reports.

Other reports • Million Tadesse and Marjorie Victor, “Estimating the Demand for Micro-Insurance in Ethiopia,” Oxfam America (2009). A report commissioned by the International Labour Organization and United Nations Capital Development Fund. • Woldeab Teshome, Nicole Peterson, Aster Gebrekirstos, and Karthikeyan Muniappan, “Microinsurance Demand Assessment in Adi Ha” (2008). A study commissioned by Oxfam America. • Nicole Peterson and Conner Mullally, “Index Insurance Games in Adi Ha Village, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia” (2009). A study commissioned by Oxfam America. • Nicole Peterson, “Livelihoods, Coping, and Microinsurance in Adi Ha, Tigray, Ethiopia” (2009). • Tufa Dinku et al., “Designing Index-Based Weather Insurance for Farmers in Adi Ha, Ethiopia,” IRI (2009). Report to Oxfam America. • “HARITA Project Report: November 2007–December 2009,” August 2010.

Oxfam America | HARITA quarterly report: July 2011–September 2011 18 Forty percent of the people on our planet—more than 2.5 billion—now live in poverty, struggling to survive on less than $2 a day. Oxfam America is an international relief and development organization working to change that. Together with individuals and local groups in more than 90 countries, Oxfam America saves lives, helps people overcome poverty, and fights for social justice. To join our efforts or learn more, go to oxfamamerica.org. For more information about the Rural Resilience Event Series, please contact Oxfam America Senior Global Microinsurance Officer David Satterthwaite at (617) 728-2590 or [email protected].

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