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Pijblic Policy TheJoan Shorenstein Barone Center PRESS. POLITICS . PIJBLICPOLICY. HarrardUniversity JohnF. KennedySchool ofGovernment INrnooucrroN What a pleasureto write an introduction for mont, a writer and former New York Times cor- Linda fakobson'sDiscussion Paper!Though I respondentin Latin-America,will supervise, had known her father, Max fakobson,a distin- researchand write this report.) guished Finnish journalist and diplomat, for Becausein our overallresearch so much of many years,I had only met Linda in the sum- the spotlightwas focusedon American prcss '88 mer of during a trip to Helsinki. I was imme- coverageof Tiananmen,fakobson felt that hcr diately impressedby her engagingpersonality, papershould focus on the Chinesepress. Horr' intelligence - and dedication as a journalist to did it coverthe "democracymovement"i the story of China. She'djust beenthere for a Indeed,did it participatein the movementl year, and was soon to return for another. It was "Lies in Ink, Truth in Blood" is the impressive to be a fateful return. result of her effort. |akobson interviewed dozens |akobson was in Beijing in April, May and of Chinesejournalists, scholars and other Iune 1989,when the Chinesestudents left their observers,read and watchedthe Chinesepress classes,occupied the back streetsand Tian- coverage/produced a lot of freshinformation anmen Squareand defied the Communist and put it all in a Chinesesocial and political authorities in a stunning display of raw courage context.Her paperprovides special insights in the face of tyranny. Who can forget the into the Chinesepress, which, for a flickering picture of one man standing in the way of a tank moment in time, functioned"freely," reporting column? As Stanley Karnow, a veteran China the news,criticizing the leadership,writing watcher, observed,this was not the first time editorialsthat were not echoesof Communrst that the studentshad stoodup to the dictator- dogma and even joining in the pro-democracy ship of the Old Guard, but it was the first time demonstrationswith placardsthat extolled: that their defianceand their bloody repression "Freedomof the Press."Did they really know had been televised and faxed from one end of the what it meant? If they did, how had they come globe to another. It was to be a casestudy of the to that understanding?Why were the placardsin "How impact of the pressand television on a major English? was it possible,"|akobson asks, "that foreign policy crisis. the pressrid itself of its chains?"It was a Linda fakobsonspent the rest of the year in heady time, but it only lasted for a month or so. China and then in early February 1990,after just Then, on |une 3-4, 1989,when the tanks rolled a brief stop in Helsinki, she arrived in Cam- through Tiananmen Square,the curtain again bridge,where she took up her responsibilitiesas fell on the Chinesepress. a ResearchFellow at the foan Shorenstein Barone It is a sadbut illuminating and somehow Center on the Press,Politics and Public Policy inspiring story. On behalf of the Shorenstein in the spring semesterof the 1989-9Oacademic BaroneCenter, I take pleasurein presentingthis year. Becauseof her eyewitnessexperiences in paper.Linda |akobson would be eagerto get China, her knowledge of the languageand the your comments. So would I. strong likelihood that she would be returning to China as a journalist, she was immediately invited to contribute to a longterm fSB Center Marvin Kalb researchproject, sponsoredby the Ford Founda- Edward R. Murrow Professorof Press tion and devotedto a study of U.S.press cover- and Public Policy ageof foreign crises.The first study in this Director project has been devotedto presscoverage of the foan ShorensteinBarone Center on the Tiananmen massacreand its effect on American Press,Politics and Public Policy policy. |akobson'sparticipation sparkeda researchpaper of her own on the role and impact of the Chinese presson the events in Beijing. (The secondpart of this researchprolect will be a comparative study of presscoverage of the U.S.invasion of Panamain December1989. How did the US, Mexican, Spanishand West German presscover the invasion? Henry Ray- "LrEsw lrux, Tnurn IN BLooD:" THn Rorn AND Impecr oF THE Cnrvnsn Mnon DunrrucrHE Burruc SpnrucoF '89 On May l8th, 1989,Chinese tclcvision viewers that day'sPeople's Daily lRenmin Ribaol, the witnesseda scenethat no one could have official mouthpieceof thc Central Committee of 'Pravda'of imaginedseeing on state-runtelevision one the ChinescCommunist Party- the month earlier. The news broadcastshowed the China. A report with detailsof the Sovietleader GeneralSecretary of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev'smuch awaitedhistorical ZhaoZiyang, and the Prime Minister Li Peng, visit had beenpushed down into the lower "leading accompaniedby other comrades,"Qiao cornerof the front page,while coverageof the Shi, Hu Qili and Rui Xingwen,visiting defiant hungerstrike and demonstrations- six page- studentsat a Bcijinghospital. The students one articleswith photographs- dominatedthe were being trcatedafter fainting as a result of their hungerstrike at TiananmenSquare. After zoomingin on the Party Secretary "Save and Prime Minister hoveringover a few paticnt- the Students, demonstraters,thc l'lroadcastjumpcd to a ncw Savethe Children," sceneshowing Qiao Shi, Hu Qili and Rui pleadedone headline. Xingwen talking with a hospitalizedstudent. The studentsaid; "Wc must recstablishthc Party'sprestige among the people.If the Com- munist Party has hope, China will havehope. Right now, somepeople think thcre is no hopc. top part. "Savcthe Students,Save the Chil- They all feel that the country hasno hopc. Thc drcn," pleadedonc headline. I had alrcadyseen Communist Party has no hope." thc official English-speakingCfiin a Daily, wrth I watchedthe news broadcastin the its conspicuousfront pagebold text headline: companyof a few Chinesefricnds, who grinned "A million march in supportof students." and cheeredupon hearingthe student'scotn- Though the footage of Zhao Ziyang and Li ments. The studentcontinued: "Therefore,I Pengvisiting the hunger strikers in the hospital think that, like thc United States,we should was not the first time that the student demon- restorethe peoplc'sconfidence that the state stratorswere on the air, I shook my head in can do a good1ob. Do you agree?"Hu Qili and amazement. What could Chinese viewersbe the other leadersnodded their headsand said: thinking when they heard the country's leaders "the "We fully agreewith you."r listening to a 2o-year-oldtelling them that Thc mood in my friend'sapartment was Communist Party has no hope?" For 40 years exuberant,very similar to the atmosphcrc there hasn't been any other hope in China except which prevailedall over the capital. On strect for the CommunistParty, at least accordingto corners,in shopsand in factories,people were cvery officially sanctionedmedia report. talking about the hungerstrikers and about the Already on April30th, when the govern- sympathyand supportthat hundredsof thou- ment gavein to the students'demandsand sandsof citizensfrom all walks of life had orderedthe mayor of Bcijing,Chen Xitong, to expressedfor them. Time and again,while meet with studentrcpresentatives in a televised bicycling or strolling alongthe streetsof Beijing, session,I had watchedin utter disbeliefwhile I heardpeople speak with admiration of the the studentsdemanded to know his income. students,who were openly challengingthe They alsochallenged him about the mistakes authorities. Ordinary peoplcwere cluickto selze madewith rcgardto the educationsystem.2 the chanceto vent their frustrationabout the Never in the 4o-yearhistory of the People's ills of society a{fectingtheir everydaylives, most Republicof China had governmentofficials noticeably inflation and corruption. beenpublicly humiliated in such a way in front My friendsproudly showedmc a copy of of millionsof telcvisionviewcrs. Lindtt lakobson 1 Sincethe founding of the People'sRepublic Secondly,for approximately two weeks in the media has been controlled by the state. May, Chinese newspapers,radio and television News coverageis intended not so much to open carried stories about the demonstrationsand minds as to shapethem. Peoplehave been activities related to the pro-democracymove- taught that whatever the newspapersprint, and ment. Peoplein tens of cities around the whatever the evening news broadcastersays, is country marched to show their support for the in accordancewith the'ofiicial party line.' studentsbecause they perceivedthe movement When the state-run media started to openly to be officially sanctioned. The media helped to report on the student movement in the spring of mobilize the urban population in a way which 1989,it was interpreted by ordinary people to would not have been possibleif the presshad signify that the students had the authorities' not reportedon the students'actions.lJncen- approval. soredcoverage all over China reachedits peak in The Chinese pro-democracymovement of the days prior to May 20th, when martial law 1989,and particularly the imagesof the stu- was declaredin parts of Beijing. dents occupying the heart of Beijing, Tiananmen Why was the pressunleashed? Or rather, Square,caught the attention of millions of how was it possiblethat the pressrid itself of its peoplearound the world thanks to the presence chains? of the Western television cameras. Western In order to answer these questions and journalists were present in unusually large understandthe immense impact that the numbers becauseof the Gorbachevvisit and journalistshad
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