PHONETIC SYMBOLS

The phonetic symbols here used are those of the International Phonetic Alphabet.1

CONSONANTS [p] —peep [ 3 ] — vision [ b ] — bib [ t J ] — church [ t ] — toot [dgj— judge [d] — did [m] —maim [ k ] — cook [ n ] — noon [g]—gag [q] — sing [ ? ] — the glottal stop [ 1 ] —lull [f ] —fife [ L ] — milk (the 'uvular 1') [ v ] —- valve [h] — hail [0] — ether [ w ] — wail [ S ] — either [ m ] — whale [ s ] — cease [ j ] —young [ z ] — zones [ r ] — road, moral [ J ] — mission [ r ] — butter (the 'single flap r')

VOWELS [i]—beet [a] — custom, above [ I ] — bit, easy [a ] — custom, above, sofa [e] —bait, chaotic [ 3 ] — bird, further, perverse, as pro- [£] — bet nounced in Southern England [ze] — bat and parts of Eastern and South- [a]—Sc. cat; ask, as traditionally pro- ern America. nounced in Boston, [31] — bird, further, perverse, as pro- [a] — father, fodder nounced by the majority of Amer- [d] — sorry, fodder, as pronounced in icans, with a retroflexive or re- England and often in America, tracted central . [o] —law, horse [31] — further, perverse, as pronounced [o] — coat, notation by the majority of Americans, un- [u] — pull stressed retroflexive or retracted [u] — pool central vowel.

DIPHTHONGS [ai ] — ice, ride [au], [au], [aeu] — house (All these va- [ ju] — abuse, mute, use riants occur.) [ 3i ] — boy [ ei ] — day [ou] —go

1. Most of the key words are taken from Professor J. S. Kenyon's American Pronuncia- tion, 6th edition. X AMERICAN SPEECH

Other common diphthongal combinations which occur are [ia], [ea], [ea], [aea], [aa], [oa], [aa], [ua]; [ia1], [ea1], [ea-], [sea1], [aa-], [oa1], [33*], [ua1].

LENGTH, STRESS, MODIFIERS

: placed after a sound indicates that the sound is long, as in father ['fa:©?], you-all [ja:l]. It is not used except when a sound is definitely lengthened. The sign for the half-long sound is not used in this study. 1 indicates a full or main stress on the following , as in about [a'baut]. , indicates a secondary or half stress on the following syllable, as in book- shelf ['bukjelf], j. indicates a raised tongue, as in brag [brae-cg]. r indicates a lowered tongue, as in bonnet ['banrrt]. , under a symbol, indicates a syllabic , that is, a consonantal sound that forms a syllable either alone or with nonsyllabic sounds: middle ['midl], battled ['baetld]. indicates nasalization of the sound over which it is placed; as in mama ['mama]. n used under [n] and [1] to indicate a dental articulation as described under [5] in the chapter on : on the [an na]. • • placed above a symbol indicates that the sound is centralized. indicates a voicing of the consonant under which it is placed. v indicates falling intonation. Superior symbols are used to indicate a light pronunciation of the sound indicated by the symbol, e.g., carry ['kjaeri].