Vol. 9, No. 4 August 2002

GG Matters 9 Letter to Former Residents of Drohobycz, Boryslaw and Surroundings 2 Coordinator’s Column Dr. Shimon Barak Shelley Kellerman Pollero A call for action by the revitalized Association of Former A brief report on the Toronto IAJGS conference Residents of Drohobycz, Boryslaw and Surroundings 2 From the Editors’ Desks 10 Nach Galizien Edward Goldstein & Eva Rosenn A review of Martin Pollack’s book Edward Goldstein 5 Above and Beyond A list of individuals who contributed to Gesher 11 22nd IAJGS Conference: Preliminary Report Edward Goldstein 23 Gesher Galicia Steering Committee An listing of presentations of special interest to Galician Names and contact information researchers 24 Update to the Gesher Galicia Family Finder 12 Together and Apart in Brzezany Latest changes A review of Shimon Redlich’s recent book Towns Marco Carynnyk 14 The Center for Jewish History 3 Town Research Groups and Historians Rachel Fisher Shelley Kellerman Pollero A resource for Jewish genealogical researchers A compendium 16 Genealogy for Moral Support Feature Articles Edward Gelles 6 Oil in Galicia 17 Names from Meorei Galicia Valerie Schatzker Chaim Freedman Galicia was once one of the major oil producing areas in From the five-volume encyclopedia of Galician rabbinic the world. An adaptation of the history on the Drohobycz families by Rabbi Meir Wunder web site.

CD-ROM: Ten Years of The Galitzianer A Call for Volunteers We are planning to celebrate next year’s tenth anniversary of Gesher Galicia by making available, probably as a fund raiser, CD-ROMs containing all the issues of The Galitzianer ever published. The CD will be electronically searchable. Some of the older issues unfortunately do not exist in electronic form and will have to be reconstructed from the paper copies. This process will require planning, scanning, OCR processing, proofing and conver- sion to PDF format. With the work shared among a team of capable volunteers it should be fairly easy. If you have skills in any of these processes, and especially if you are willing to lead the project, please get in touch with me at [email protected]. Your reward, in addition to satisfaction, will be a free copy of the CD. Coordinator’s Column From the Editors’ Desks Shelley Kellerman Pollero Edward Goldstein and Eva Rosenn The IAJGS Conference in Toronto has just ended! Meet Our New Electronic Distribution Manager Galitzianers, welcomed by the warm and hospitable JGS More than 100 of our members now receive The of Toronto, enjoyed a fun-filled, informative week Galitzianer by electronic distribution. Back in May, learning, networking, and greeting friends and relatives. we called for volunteers to take over the job of Gesher Galicia (GG) members Peter Jassem, Florence emailing the PDF files to these members and Kellam, and Henry Wellisch were important players on handling any problems they may encounter. We the Toronto team that organized and directed the want to thank the five people who responded to that conference, anxious to please over 700 attendees. We thank them and their cadre of helpful volunteers for all call. their hard work. We were fortunate to have had an exceptionally GG activities were very well attended. At the SIG well-qualified individual among these volunteers. meeting, GG Steering Committee members Ed Gold- Edward Rosenbaum is the president of the JGS of stein, The Galitzianer (The G) Editor, Peter Zavon, Bergen County, New Jersey, the webmaster for the GGFF Editor, Sylvia Gordon, Treasurer, and Joyce Belarus SIG, and webmaster for the AGAD portion Field, Liaison to JewishGen/Yizkor Book Project, gave of JRI-. He has been researching his family updates. Mark Halpern, Coordinator of the JRI-Poland for almost 15 years, and has located over 4000 AGAD Indexing Project, shared the latest information ancestors dating as far back as circa 1690 Poland and later held a session on the Eastern Galicia AGAD and circa 1720 Belarus. When he is not researching records. We thanked Galicia Discussion Group Mod- his ancestors, he is a software developer in North- erator Beverly Shulster, Associate Editor of TheG, Eva ern New Jersey. Rosenn and retiring GGSC members Melody Katz, We welcome him as The Galitzianer’s new Research Coordinator, and Roni Seibel Liebowitz, At- Electronic Distribution Manager. Edward can be Large, for their dedicated service to GG. reached at [email protected]. Joyce Field reported the existence of a number of May Issue Problem Galicia files at Yad Vashem; as soon as we have a When our printer collated the May issue, an project coordinator and volunteers, the extraction of unknown number of copies ended up with four information and/or indexing of these records will get pages missing and another four pages duplicated. underway. One of these files consists of 4000 records of Only a handful of you complained, which sug- Galician doctors during the Holocaust. Contact Joyce. gests several possible explanations: (1) Only a Shelley reminded everyone of the Gesher Galicia handful of copies were affected (which I hope is 10th Anniversary Gala to be held at the DC conference true), (2) only a few of you actually read The in July 2003. Along with the Anniversary CD, we will Galitzianer (which I hope is not true), or (3) some have T-shirts, a video of member visits to Galicia, and a of you did not want to put us to any trouble. special GG luncheon or dinner. Contact Sam Eneman If you received one of the bad copies and have as soon as possible to contribute your videoclips or still not yet notified us, please do. Send an email to photos for the video. ([email protected]) [email protected] or snailmail to 24 Euston At our highly successful Galicia BOF session, over Street, Brookline, MA 02446, and we’ll get our 65 Galitzianers shared their surnames and towns, town printer to send you a brand-new copy. groups broke off into small groups in the room, and Peter Zavon helped people locate their towns on maps August Issue a Few Days Late of Galicia. You may have noticed that this issue arrived a few Very special congratulations to member Joyce Field days later than usual. That was because we held it who was awarded the IAJGS Achievement Award for open until the end of the Toronto conference. Outstanding Contribution to Jewish Genealogy for the Slight Format Change JewishGen Yizkor Book Project. Congratulations also to You will notice a little more white space on the Stanley Diamond, Jewish Records Indexing-Poland, pages of this issue. We just think it looks better and who received the IAJGS Lifetime Achievement Award. is easier to read. Thanks to perfect Toronto summer weather, friendly security police, and dedicated volunteers, the conference was a huge success!! See you in DC in 2003!!!

The Galitzianer, August 2002 2 Town Research Groups and Historians Shelley Kellerman Pollero Editor’s Note: Shelley compiled the information in this article for a hand-out at the JGS Toronto 2002 conference. Because of the information in it, we have decided to publish it in lieu of the usual town updates. We will resume their publication in the next issue of The Galitzianer. Gesher Galicia Town Research Groups and Town Historians collect and share information relating to families that once lived in their focus towns or administrative districts (A.D.). The groups acquire data and raise funds for the indexing of archival and other records and for the translation of records and Yizkor books. When costs are funded and databases are complete, these indices are searchable on the JRI-Poland, Yizkor Book, or Data- bases web sites on JewishGen. Several groups have already created websites for their towns of interest. New members are both welcomed and encouraged. To make a contribution, assist with a project, or for more infor- mation, contact the Coordinator or Town Historian of your town or A.D. Note: A.D. is the Administrative District where towns were located in 19th century Galicia. Town names appear as they were under the Austrian administration. Many of the towns in now use the Ukrainian spelling of their names.

Town Research Groups •Boryslaw: Index 1,539 records, B and D 1900-1901, M 1896-1901 (future) Bobrka •Drohobycz: Index 1,812 records, BMD 1900-1901 Town in Bobrka A.D. (Ukraine) (future) Coordinator: Beverly Shulster [email protected] •Yizkor Books in translation for Boryslaw and Droho- Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Bobrka/default.htm bycz Yizkor Book: www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/bobrka/bobrka.html Kolomea •Translation and listing of 887 entries on the Yizkor Towns: 83 towns and in Kolomea A.D. (Ukraine) Book website Kolomea Research Group (KRG); members in 68 •AGAD record indexes online: Births 1863-1899; countries worldwide Marriages 1866-1876 Coordinator: Alan Weiser [email protected] Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/kolomea/kolomad.htm Town in Brody A.D. (Ukraine) Projects: JRI-Poland AGAD Project Coordinator: Ben Solomowitz [email protected] •Birth indexes 1865-1880 now online at JRI-Poland Web Site: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Brody •Index remaining births through 1899 (in progress) Projects: ongoing •Index marriages and deaths and 1900-1902 Vital •Inventory of Brody holdings in the Archives Records (future) •Brody school records •Origin and meaning of member surnames •Holocaust memoirs •Accounts of life and lifestyles in Kolomea and Jewish •Brody section of 1897 Galicia Business Directory Cemeteries •Brody Land Tax Records – translation of typical column •Kolomea Holocaust Survivors Translations of German headings Documents Drohobycz/Boryslaw •Kolomea Surnames in Business Directories, Ghetto & All Towns in Drohobycz A. D. (Ukraine) Concentration Camps Coordinators: Carole Glick Feinberg [email protected] , Krakow Towns: Krakow in Krakow A.D. and Podgorze in Valerie Shatzker [email protected] and Alex Sharon Wieliczka A.D. (Poland) [email protected] Towns Leader/Kraków Archive Coordinator: Judie Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Drohobycz_District/ Goldstein [email protected] Discussion Gp: BDS&V www.jewishgen.org/listserv/sigs.htm Projects: JRI-Poland AGAD Indexing BMD Records and Web: www.jewishgen.org/jri-pl other projects Ongoing Projects: JRI-Poland Kraków Archives •Boryslaw (15,089 records) B 1878-1889, 1894-1899, D Indexing 1878-1899 (Jan. 2003) •Kraków (city) Index data entry for the years listed •Drohobycz (12,185 records) B 1877-1899, M 1877- below: 1899, exc 4 yrs (Sep. 2002) Births: 1861-1871, 1891, 1893, 1895, 1897-1898 •Drohobycz (13,564 records) D 1852-1899 (one year Marriages: 1889-1899 and Deaths: 1855, 1889-1899 missing) (Feb. 2003) •Photocopy /index records of Bochnia, Klasno, Ksiaz •Boryslaw Holocaust Era Water Bills (completed), soon Wielki, Nowy Wisnicz and Podgórze on JG Holocaust database •Boryslaw Holocaust Era Forced Laborers database (in progress)

The Galitzianer, August 2002 3 Krosno A.D. Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/rohatyn/rohatyn.htm All Towns in Krosno A. D. (Poland) including Krosno, Projects completed: Dukla, Korczyna and other towns (until other homes •Index of Vital Records: over 500 names from the 1800s can be found for them): Jedlicze, Jaslo, Domaradz, •Rohatyn Landsmanschaften; 1500 names in the Rohatyn Jasienica Rosielna, Haczow, Brzozow, Besko, Zarszyn, Landsmanschaften NY/NJ Cemetery Database Rymanow, Iwonicz-Zdroj, Chorkowka Rzeszow Coordinator: Phyllis Kramer [email protected] Towns: Rzeszow, Niebylec, Sokolow Malopolski, Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/krosno/krosno.htm Tyczyn in Rzeszow A.D. (Poland) Krosno Projects completed: Research Group Rzeszow (pronounced zhe-shov) •Photographs of Krosno's Cemetery Coordinator: Marian Rubin [email protected] •List of 3000 from Krosno, before/after World War Rzeszow Archive Coordinator: Eden Joachim II [email protected] •The Krosnoer Mutual Aid Societies, NYC Landsman- Rzeszow website: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Rzeszow schaften Projects: JRI-Poland Indexing (Polish State Archives •Jaslo: The Cemetery, the Synagogue and a wonderful, records) detailed story and description of life of "The •Birth records 1866-1900 (in progress) (18,000 records Jewish Community in Old Jaslo." so far, more in 2002) •Dubiecko—Excerpt from Yizkor Book, the Cemetery •Death records 1842-1883 (in progress); 1894-1901 and NY Landsmanschaften (future) Dukla Web: •Translation of the Rzeszow Yizkor book and index www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/zmigrod/zmigroddukla.htm Stanislawow/Ivano-Frankivsk (SIF) Dukla Projects completed: All Towns in Stanislawow A.D., now Ivano-Frankivsk •Dukla Cemetery and A Listing of Gravestone Names; (Ukraine): list of Dukla Holocaust victims Coordinators: Denise Azbill [email protected] and •Over 300 birth, death and marriage records from Dukla Susannah Juni •Records of Dukla trade membership certificates (1906- Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/stanislawow/ 1927) Member mailing list: [email protected] Ongoing: JRI-Poland AGAD indexing project, 19th Korczyna Web: century vital records www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/krosno/krosnokor.htm On-line: Births 1881-1892; In progress: AGAD births: Korczyna Projects completed: The Yizkor Book 1864-1874, 1877-1899 translation Future: AGAD marriages 1872-1876, 1889-1897, deaths Lwow/Lviv/Lemberg 1863-1887, 1890, 1896 Towns in Lwow A.D. (Ukraine) Strzyzow Coordinator: Errol Schneegurt [email protected] Towns in Strzyzow A.D. (Poland), including Frystak Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Lviv/Lviv.html Coordinator: Phyllis Kramer [email protected] Discussion Group: Lviv www.jewishgen.org/listserv/sigs.htm Strzyzow Web: Przemysl www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/strzyzow/strzyzow.htm Town in Przemysl A.D. (Poland) Frystak Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/frysztak/frysztak.htm Przemysl Networking Group (PNG) since 1998 – for Projects completed: Members of Gesher Galicia only •Sefer Strzyzow, the Yizkor Book: Table of Contents, Name Index Coordinator: Barbara Urbanska-Yeager and stories from the English version of the book at: [email protected] www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/strzyzow/ StrzyzowHolo.ht m#YIZ KOR •Listing of 109 gravestones in the cemetery (on the Przemysl Archive Coordinator: Roberta Jainchill website) [email protected] •Strzyzower Mutual Aid Society, a NYC Landsman- Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/przemysl schaften, information Projects: •Yizkor Book Translation Project – translators and Voynilov proofreaders needed Towns: Voynilov in Kalush A.D., Bolshovtsy and •Yizkor Book Surname Index on the web site nearby towns (Ukraine) •Przemysl Polish State Archives Project (with JRI- Coordinator: Jonathan L Eisenberg [email protected] Poland) to index Jewish records for Przemysl, Web: home.mn.rr.com/jleisenberg/Voynilov/Voynilov.html Oleszyce, Radymno, Jaroslaw, and . Projects: •Searchable Przemysl Surname Index on the web site •Networking among town researchers •Contacted Rabbi Kolesnik about his materials concern- Rohatyn ing Bolshovtsy All Towns in Rohatyn A.D. (Ukraine) , Stryy, •Jointly hire a researcher in Ukraine to locate records Peremyshlyany, Podkamien, , Striatyn, (future) Bobrka, Kalush, Bukowsko, Lipica Gorna Coordinator: Phyllis Kramer [email protected] The Galitzianer, August 2002 4 Zmigrod Suchostaw A.D. (Ukraine) Coordinator: Phyllis Kramer [email protected] Joan Baronberg Town located in Jaslo A.D. (Poland) Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/suchastov Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/zmigrod/zmigrod.htm Tarnobrzeg Tarnobrzeg A.D. (Poland) Projects completed: Gayle Schlissel Riley •Stories of life, postcards, prints of the town and its Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/tarnobrzeg synagogues Tluste Zaleszczyki A.D. (Ukraine) •Surname List, with over 750 Birth, Death and Marriage Renee Steinig [email protected] Certificates Web: •Over 200 Landsmanschaften Organizations in NY and NJ www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Suchostav/Tolstoye4850/Tolstoye4850. •The Holocaust in Zmigrod and Surrounds; lists of html victims and survivors Ulanow Nisko A.D. (Poland) Melody Katz [email protected] Town Historians Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/ulanow Zolynia Lancut A.D. (Poland) Buczacz Buczacz A.D. (Ukraine) Michael Miller [email protected] Norbert Porile [email protected] Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Suchostav/Buchach/buchach.html Projects: Yizkor Book translation in progress Brzesko Brzesko A.D. (Poland) Chrzanow Chrzanow A.D. (Poland) Anne Bernhaut [email protected] Dolina Dolina A.D. (Ukraine) Nowica Gorlice A.D. (Poland) Above and Beyond Landestreu Kalusz A.D. (Ukraine) We are grateful to the following members who have Zawadka Kalusz A.D. (Ukraine) made donations to Gesher Galica above their Sophie Caplan Contact Shelley Pollero, GG membership dues: Coordinator, [email protected] Asher Bar-Zev Frystak Strzyzow A.D. (Poland) Margaret Bayer Phyllis Kramer [email protected] Jeanette Bersh Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/frysztak/frysztak.htm Carole Gene Waldman Cohen Horodenka A.D. (Ukraine) Mervin A. Fahn Mark Heckman [email protected] Carole Glick Feinberg Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/gorodenka Susan Fifer Kolbuszowa Kolbuszowa A.D. (Poland) Mitchell P. Goldstein Susana Leistner Bloch [email protected] Carol Slutsky Hanig Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/kolbuszowa Martin Isserlis Lancut Lancut A.D. (Poland) Erik Hirschfeld Peter Jassem [email protected]: Linda Kamerman Web: Lancut ShtetLinks page to be developed; web Michael S. Kreindler, M.D. master and coordinator needed Norm D. St. Landau Lezajsk Lancut A.D. (Poland) Susan Leibenhaut Pruchnik Jaroslaw A.D. (Poland) Max Lazega Przeworsk Lancut A.D. (Poland) Sampson F. Metz Rozborz Lancut A.D. (Poland) Leo Reitner Leon J. Gold [email protected] Charlie Roberts Rozhnyatow Dolina A.D. (Ukraine) Gerrie Shapiro Tom Weiss Arlene Raab Shykind Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Rozhnyatov/Rozhome.html Projects: Yizkor Book translation in progress Jeffrey Silbiger Sambor Sambor A.D. (Ukraine) Pamela Weisberger Nadine Wagner Carole Glick Feinberg [email protected] Stryj Stryj A.D. (Ukraine) Bruce York Stan Ostern [email protected] Web: www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/stryy

The Galitzianer, August 2002 5 oil. His experiments inspired others. One was Oil in Galicia Abraham Schreiner (1810-1870), who had devel- Valerie Schatzker oped the candle industry using ozokerite in From the middle of the nineteenth century, the area Boryslaw. He also experimented with the distilla- around Drohobycz, Boryslaw, Tustanowice, tion of petroleum. (Leopold Held, The Tys'mienica Schodnica and other towns in the Drohobycz Still Flows, 1978) Ignacy Lukasiewicz (1822-1882), Administrative District became known as the a pharmacist in Lemberg (Lwów), and Johann Zeh Galician California. The discovery of black gold conducted further experiments around 1850: attracted hundreds of speculators and people The European oil industry was born on a dark night on seeking their fortunes just like the gold rush in July 31, 1853 when Lukasiewicz was called to a local California. But long before the derricks cluttered hospital to provide light from one of his lamps for an the landscape and the smell of oil permeated the air, emergency surgery. Impressed with his invention, the the oil that seeped into holes in the ground in hospital ordered several lamps and 500 kg of kerosene. Galicia had been noticed and used. Lukasiewicz enlisted the aid of a business partner and The in Poland abound in oil traveled to the Vienna, the capitol city of the Austro- seeps, and Carpathian oil, hand dipped from pits dug in Hungarian Empire, to register his distillation process with front of the seeps, was burned in street lamps, as early as the government on December 31, 1853.( San Joaquin the 1500s, to provide light in the Polish town of Krosno. Geological Society, The History of the Oil Industry) The seep oil was a dark, viscous liquid that stuck to By 1855 the hospital in Lemberg was lit with oil everything. It also burned with a foul smell and gave off lamps and soon, following the initial steps made in more smoke and soot than other lamp oils, most of which Galicia, many places throughout the Austro- were rendered from animal fat. (San Joaquin Geological Hungarian empire installed lamps lit with kerosene. Society, The History of the Oil Industry) By 1858 the north train station of Vienna was lit Peasants in the Drohobycz area would collect the with oil from Drohobycz. crude oil in wooden buckets and sell it in the market To provide oil for his kerosene business, Lukasiewicz in Drohobycz. The thick oil, called ropa, was used initially collected a thick, sticky crude from shallow, to lubricate wagon wheels, while thinner oil was hand-dug wells in the Gorlice region, an area in the used to treat leather. Although foul-smelling, it was Carpathians about 50 miles west of the Polish town of Bóbrka. The following year, he teamed up with Titus also used by quack healers in homemade medicines. Trzecieski and Mikolaj Klobassa to establish an "oil A related geological resource in the area was mine" in Bóbrka which pumped crude oil from hand- ozokerite, a natural byproduct of the crude oil drilled, 30- to 50-meter deep wells. Later, wells as deep cracking process found in relatively few places on as 150 meters were drilled that produced a lighter, better- earth. It was first discovered in Boryslaw by quality crude from which to distill kerosene. Other Abraham Schreiner, who used it for the manufac- entrepreneurs dug their own wells and a thriving Polish ture of candles. Ozokerite was more economical oil industry developed, which was followed in 1857 by than beeswax and soon large and small candle the drilling of wells at Bend, northeast of Bucharest, on the Romanian side of the Carpathians. A full two years factories began to be established in Boryslaw and later, Colonel Edwin Drake, who perhaps had knowledge Drohobycz, delivering their products as far as of the Polish developments, drilled his famous well in Vienna and Prague (Ibid.). Pennsylvania, an event wrongly labeled by many in the Rocks and soil extracted from the primitive industry as the drilling of the ‘first oil well’ (Ibid.). ozokerite mines were deposited in large hills, In 1858 Lukasiewicz moved to the town of Jaslo; in known in Polish as wysypy; since those days, the the town of Ulaszowice he built an oil refinery in manmade hills remain a characteristic of the town's 1859. landscape. After oil had been discovered in America, the Between 1810 and 1817, two men in Droho- product began to be shipped to Europe. Now the bycz, Joseph Hecker and Johann Mitis, attempted to search for oil began in earnest. Digging for oil create a business to distill oil for lamps from crude began in West Galicia but it was in East Galicia that oil. In 1817 the Town Council of Prague ordered a the largest fields were discovered. Lukasiewicz's large quantity from them for use in lighting the mines in Gorlice were the first to operate; then streets for the city; however, because of the poor wells in Schodnica were developed. But the largest state of the roads in Galicia, which made reliable oil fields were located in Boryslaw: delivery impossible, and the difficulty of finding The mines of Boryslaw stretch over 150 morgs [1 Morg investors, the business failed. = 5.985 sq m] in the area of Boryslaw and Wolanka. They In 1849 Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian ge- are in a broad valley closed off by forested hills, quite flat but broken here and there by small, rolling hills. This ologist, produced clear kerosene from smelly seep The Galitzianer, August 2002 6 whole valley is excavated in its length and breadth, has is raised to the surface by means of buckets and winches thousands of holes, and is filled with piles of stones and which are erected above the wells. The productive wells mud among which rise small wooden sheds which cover are protected from the elements by means of wooden the wells and the numerous distilleries which are lining barracks which allow the workers to extract the oil also the road to the neighboring Drohobycz. The atmosphere during the winter months. After a variable period of time, is filled with coal gasses. In the year 1873 this mining since some wells produce only for a few days and some area contained 12,000 oil derricks which exploited the oil weeks, the wells have to be dug deeper and some are and ozokerite (Slownik Geograficzny Krolestwa Pol- abandoned when further digging does not produce more skiego I Innych Krajow Slowianskich [Geographic oil. Some wells which are not adequately braced collapse Dictionary of the Polish Kingdom and other Slavic and some fill with water and the owners are forced to Countries] Wydany pod redakcja Bronislawa Chle- seek other places to dig. Thus the whole valley of bowskiego, Warszawa, 1892) Boryslaw is studded with productive wells as well as Drohobycz succumbed to oil fever as people rushed abandoned, half filled wells and depressions filled with in to find wealth and employment. At first, these water. The number of these abandoned wells is steadily enterprises were entirely in the hands of Jews. growing. The same method is used to get the wax out of Initially, the industry provided work for thousands the ground. The mines of Boryslaw produce currently more wax than oil. The softness of the wax as well as its of Jewish laborers, both men and women, who lived abundance causes it to ooze out of crevices and fall into in the Drohobycz/Boryslaw area or commuted from the wells. villages further away. The digging as well as the deepening of the wells is not In this early period, the enterprises were in the without danger. From the ground soaked with oil rise hands of many small entrepreneurs. They would toxic deadly gases. This has led to the introduction of buy small plots of land and dig for wax or oil by the ventilators or “the air-mills” to clean the air. The miners primitive means described above. Their labor was work in pairs. The one who is digging always fastens himself to a strong line which is tied to a post driven into not well rewarded and the appearance of Boryslaw, the ground next to the well. The other watches him above with its primitive houses and muddy streets, in order to pull the digger to safety should he loose reflected the poverty of the great majority. The consciousness. work was also very dangerous: Steam was first used in Poland in 1867 to drill a Many of these early wells were laboriously dug by well at Kleczany, 60 kilometers west of the Bóbrka hand. Others were drilled with spring poles, in which a field. Steam-powered drilling made its debut at springy wooden pole was stuck in the ground at an angle Bóbrka a few years later, some time between 1870 and a heavy metal drill bit attached by a cable to the head of the pole. Operators would bounce up and down on and 1872, and enabled operators to drill to about stirrups attached to the pole, causing the bit to literally 200 meters, much deeper than they had been able to chop a hole into the hard ground. The hole was cleaned previously. Within a few years virtually all oil by lowering into the hole a specially designed bucket, wells, in both the United States and Europe, were called a bailer, which was similarly bounced up and down being drilled mechanically. until it filled dirt and cuttings to be hauled to the surface. Mechanization increased oil fever. In 1873 (Peter Mackenzie-Brown, Gordon Jaremko, and David there were about 900 enterprises and about 12,000 Finch, The Great Oil Age) workers. Dr. N.M. Gelber described other methods. In the better, more mechanized mines which are They dug pits forty to seventy meters deep without worked by professionals, as for instance the Bobrecki safety devices and brought out the wax by lowering men mine, the deepening of the wells as well as digging in large buckets into the pits to dig and bring up whatever beyond certain depths is done by means of steam driven they found. Everything was done in a primitive manner, drills. The oil is not raised by means of buckets, but by without machinery or tools. The excavated rocks were steam driven pumps which deliver the oil by means of then dispersed on the ground and poor people would special conduits to large reservoirs. These mechanized extract wax from them. These [workers, who extracted and advanced means of extraction exist only where the wax from the stones] were called lepakys.. (Memorial to extraction of oil is plentiful over a wide area or where the the Jews of Drohobycz, Boryslaw, and Surroundings) installation belongs to a wealthy industrialist or a large Two excerpts from the above-cited Geographic concern which has the necessary funds for it. Such is the Dictionary describe the extraction of oil and natural Bobrecki mine. (Ibid.) wax around 1870 in even greater detail: It was, however, the so-called Canadian rig that The oil from the rocks is extracted here as well as in effected the greatest progress in the Galician oil other areas by the making of wells in areas which obvi- industry. A Canadian entrepreneur W.H. MacGar- ously allow the oil from the deep deposits to well up. These wells which measure between 1 and 2 meters in vey helped develop the rig in the 1860s or '70s that diameter, either fenced off or reinforced, are dug until oil made Canadian drilling technology and the Cana- is struck and gathers at the bottom of these wells. The oil dian driller famous around the world. MacGarvey The Galitzianer, August 2002 7 came to Galicia in 1883 and a year later was able to actively in the exploitation of the oil fields of bore holes of 700 to 1,000 meters. By 1904 there eastern Galicia. were thirty boreholes in Boryslaw of over 1,000 In 1918, when Poland became an independent meters. MacGarvey established a company called country, oil production was only 822,940 tons, or MacGarvey and Bergheim and made a fortune from 40% of the peak of production in 1909. The main his Galician properties. task of the Polish government in the 1920's was to By the end of the nineteenth century, the enor- conduct a serious and systematic geological survey mous economic potential of the oil industry had of the Carpathian region and establish new wells. become apparent throughout the world. Wealthy In 1939 the German army briefly occupied the interests and large British, Belgian and German area around Drohobycz and the Boryslaw oil fields companies moved into Galicia to invest in the but they left in late September 1939 when the industry. By 1884, the number of enterprises had Ribbentrop-Molotov non-aggression pact was shrunk from 900 to 484; by 1890, it had decreased signed in August, 1939. The Russians then confis- to 285 manned by 3,700 workers. However, the cated the oilfields from their owners. number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in Boryslaw native and JewishGen Town Leader 1880 to fifty-four in 1904. for Boryslaw Alex Sharon relates that in Israel in The great success and expansion of the industry the 70's he met an old Jewish chap, originally from inspired the establishment of training schools and Riga, Latvia. This man told him that, as a young university courses for oil workers and engineers engineer, he had arrived in Boryslaw in early throughout Galicia. In 1896 a mining school was October 1939 with the Soviet military and occupa- opened in Boryslaw. tion authorities to take possession of the newly By 1909 production reached its historic acquired "energy resources," such as the oil fields. peak—over 2 million tons or 4% of worldwide Some of the local technical specialists were sent to output. The oil fields of Boryslaw and nearby the work camps in the with Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the Polish and Jewish "bourgeoisie," that is rich national oil output of Austria. At the turn of the landowners, businessmen, intelligentsia and other century, Galicia was fourth in the rank of oil potential "enemies of the state.” producers of the world. The oil industry worked in full swing during the With the great profits to be earned from the Soviet occupation of 1939-1941. Because during mechanized industry and the consolidation of the the inter-war period Poland had introduced updated small enterprises, came a social upheaval that refining technology unknown in the Soviet Union, devastated the Jewish community. In his memorial many Russian specialists from the Baku and book, Dr. N.M. Gelber describes how the purchase Grozny oilfields came to Boryslaw to learn the of the tiny holdings by the large international firms latest technology. resulted in discriminatory hiring practices that When Germans occupied Boryslaw in June, robbed hundreds of Jewish workers of their liveli- 1941, many people managed to escape to the USSR. hood. The situation became so urgent that the In his book, Leopold Held writes about his life in international Jewish Community had to come to the Kazakhstan during the Second World War where rescue with aid and assistance for emigration to numerous specialists in drilling and refining Palestine. survived during the war. After 1910, the oil fields started to dry up and The Germans kept drilling and refining opera- production started to slow down. During the First tions throughout the war. Many Jews employed in World War, Imperial Russia invaded eastern this industry managed to survive the Holocaust, as Galicia and their forces occupied the oil fields. "workers needed for the defense industry of the Many Galicians, especially Jews, fled during this Third Reich." Dr. Berthold Beitz, a young German period to spend most of 1914 and 1915 in Vienna or engineer and director of the oil industry managed to safer zones of the Austrian Empire. It was during save the lives of many Jews under this regulation. this period that MacGarvey and his partners lost Dr. Beitz became chairman of Krupp Industries their business and their fortune. At end of war, the after the Second World War and was honored with newly independent country of Poland engaged the title of "Righteous among Nations" by the state of Israel.

The Galitzianer, August 2002 8 Following the war, the oil industry in the as petroleum engineers. His male cousins, his elder Boryslaw area was a priority of the Soviet Union brother and he himself also followed this profes- and continued to dominate life in this area. Alex sion. Sharon writes that as a young child he and the other During his childhood he remembers the Tys- children used to ski on the wysypy (man made hills mienica River and other small streams always full of tailings from the ozokerite mines) until they of the mazut, the crude oil leaking from the pipe- could ski in the mountains. His friends' parents lines in the oilfields and the piping systems of the worked in the ozokerite mines or drilling for oil in refineries. The rivers were virtually black without the Mraznica, Schodnica or Tustanowice oil fields. traces of fish or any life below the water or on the Local trade schools produced the artisans for the oil surface. and gas industry and the local technical college Today, the oil fields of Boryslaw are still ex- produced technologists for the oil fields and ploited. Recently Alex was working in the rich oil workshops serving the oil and gas industry. Many fields of the Komi Republic of Usinsk and was local Russian and Ukrainian high school graduates pleased to meet Ukrainian crews from the Boryslaw went to the Lwow (Lviv) Polytechnic Institute or oil fields. They shared many memories of the town, the Moscow Specialized Petroleum Technical schools, teachers, familiarity with the skiing hills, Institute (called the Kerosinka) to return to the town and the sports' personalities of the past. 25 June 2002 to the "old country." They kept close contacts with Dear friends and landspersons: the municipality of the towns, thus managing to

Letter to Former Residents of Drohobycz, Boryslaw and Surroundings Dr. Shimon Barak [email protected] A new Board of Directors has been elected for repair the falling fence around the cemetery, the Association of Former Residents of Drohobycz, arranging for a proper Remembrance plate in the Boryslaw and Surroundings, and they wish to open place where the Jewish Community Centers once their doors to anybody willing to take part in the stood and many other things. Association's activities, regardless of place of Now that young blood is being infused into the residence. For those who had no idea that such a Association, plans are being made for the revival of body even exists, let me tell a little bit about it. It part of these activities, in particular the reprint of was founded towards the end of the Shoah to help the Yizkor Book, and planning a World Reunion in in the absorption of former residents of these towns Drohobycz and Borislav (in the last few years that made Aliyah to Palestine and later Israel. activities were limited to an annual remembrance Although from the beginning it was an Israeli day for the martyrs on the anniversary of the Nazi institution, abiding by the judicial rules regarding Aktion in March). non-profit organizations in Israel, it always kept We in Israel are witnessing a revival of interest strong ties with landsmen abroad. Unfortunately, as by members of the second and third generation. A years went by, many of the ties were cut by the number of young third-generation B&D "landsper- death of relatives and childhood friends. Today the sons" (the undersigned among them) have taken the number of "first generation B&D Residents" is initiative to do something about it. small and their average age (tfu, tfu, tfu...) is The new Board wishes to create a new status of seventy five or more. "honorary member" or "overseas member" that will At its peak the Association was very active. allow on one hand to offer participation in the Among other activities, it published a Yizkor Book activities and receipt of information yet on the other (Memorial to the Jews of Drohobycz, Boryslaw, and won't clash with the rules of the Association and Surroundings, edited by Dr. N.M. Gelber, will not force, for example, the collecting of fees or www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/Drohobycz/Drogobych.html). It the attendance at meetings as a sine qua non repatriated ashes from the Nazi Extermination condition for membership. Camp of Belzec (were the majority of the B&D As a first step, please inform me by email if you Jews were murdered) for burial in Israel (see picture or any of your relatives would be interested in at drohobycz-boryslaw.virtualave.net/). They arranged joining. journeys with members of the "second generation" Dr Shimon Barak for Mr. Eithan Burg, President

The Galitzianer, August 2002 9 The description of the Drohobycz oil fields and Nach Galizien the conditions in which its workers, most of them Review of a Book by Martin Pollack Jewish, lived is appalling. Here is an excerpt from Edward Goldstein Among Jewish Proletarians, by Saul Raphael This book is available only in German (Nach Landau, cited in the book: Galizien) and Polish (Po Galicji). If you read either Among the 9,000 workers from Boryslaw more than of these languages, I suggest you do as I do and ask 6,000 are [Jewish]: men, girls and children—children as your local library to obtain it for you via their Inter- workers. Some live in nearby Drohobycz, from where Library Loan system. My German is somewhat they arrive on Monday mornings, to return on Thursday nights; others have made themselves at home in the rusty, as you will no doubt be able to deduce from village of Dzwiniaz, the rest in Boryslaw, where they the quality of the translations that follow, but the work all day and partly during the night. Boryslaw is, like effort was well worth it for me. I did wish, how- no other place in the entire world, the classic seat of ever, that the author had included an index. Jewish industrial laborers; their most typical representa- The full title of the book is To Galicia: Of Cha- tive is that old, broken Jew who for 35 years in one and sidim, Huzules, Poles and Ruthenians: An imagi- the same place turns a crank for 12 hours each day—for a nary journey through the vanished world of Eastern daily wage of 48 Kreuzers … Jewish industrial laborers Galicia and Bukovina. (Ruthenians and Huzules are also exist by the thousands in England and America, but nowhere are the wages so low, and therefore living so basically .) It describes an imagined trip, miserable, for such heavy, health afflicting, yes life- mainly by railroad, around the turn of the last threatening work; nowhere, nowhere carries a whole century, from Tarnow to Lemberg (I’m using place production process the stamp of laborious Jewish manual names as they appear in the book) via Przemysl, labor as here in Boryslaw. Drohobycz, Stryj, Stanislau, Zabie, Kolomea, (I tried to get an idea of what 48 Kreuzers Czernowitz, Brody and places in between. A quick would buy. The best I could come up with is that in look at the map will show you that this is far from a 1856 the first class postage for a letter within linear journey, involving as it does various side Austria was 9 Kreuzers.) trips. There is also humor, mostly somewhat grim. For each waypoint, the author draws on con- For example, here is a quote from the author Karl temporaneous accounts for lyrical and (sometimes) Emil Franzos on the subject of a meal in the not so lyrical descriptions of the lives of Jews, Poles restaurant at the Przemysl railroad station: and Ukrainians. The overall impression is of “a rich … I, myself, have eaten the most peculiar veal cutlet of land of poor people” (in the words of the title of my life in Przemysl. It was a stuffed veal cutlet and I another book by the same author). Among the found in it: one nail, strongly rusted, one steel pen nib and a bunch of hair. When I held the corpora delicti under poorest of these poor people are the majority of its the restaurateur’s nose, he responded with the greatest Jewish population. equanimity: “I don’t know why you are getting so ex- The following passage quoted in the book, ex- cited. Did I tell you you were supposed to eat the old cerpted from a description of an emigrant from iron? You’re supposed to eat the meat!” Dobromil to the USA, puts it as follows: The account goes on to tell about the law suit Gewen is das schtetl, in a tol, arumgeringlt mit schene filed and won by the restaurateur. hojche grine berg, mit fruchtn un blumen gertner, a But Pollack also describes the occasional bright schmekende gute frische luft. Nor ejn sach hot gefelt: spot. Here is an excerpt from a description of parnose. Stanislau, the town where I was born: (If your knowledge of isn’t quite up to Stanislau was the next largest town after Lemberg. translating from a transcription into German, here is There electric trains served the suburbs, there was the what this says: “There was a shtetl, in a valley, garrison of the 58th Infantry Regiment … The town surrounded by beautiful high green mountains, with looked like a doll house. There were beautiful multi-story fruit and flower gardens, delicious good fresh air. white houses and parks and gardens and flowers and tree- Only one thing was missing: a way to make a lined streets, a clean, large marketplace and rich business living.”) establishments; and in the evening there burned the But the author does not shrink from presenting electric lights, and it was bright as day, only much mer- rier. … [On the main street] the young folk met. Well some of the less pleasant aspects of Galicia, dressed pretty girls walked up and down with students including accounts of the grinding poverty of its and sharp officers, chattering and laughing. There were inhabitants and the squalid circumstances in which coffee houses with music and a shopping arcade where many of them lived. people met, and restaurants. There was wealth and mer-

The Galitzianer, August 2002 10 riment and laughing enthusiasm. There were dance halls and entertainment facilities .... 22nd IAJGS Conference Such was the impression of a baker’s appren- A Preliminary Report tice, Alexander Granach, when he first came to Edward Goldstein Stanislau from the backwaters. But, as Pollack In her column on page 2, Shelley reported on the points out, his enthusiastic description covered only Gesher Galicia aspects of the conference. In this a small part of the town. In the outlying districts, in short article, I want to give you a flavor of the the suburb of Halicz, “there burned no electric various topics of special interest to Galican research lights and there were no paved sidewalks, there the presented. filth reached above the ankles and garbage was just Presentations were offered in seven venues thrown from the doors of houses, into the gutters, from 8:15 in the morning to 6:15 in the late after- where the often raging sewage had drowned many a noon. In addition, there was Breakfast with the careless chicken. In October of the year 1911 an Experts, beginning at 7:15 am and evening pro- eight year old girl living in the suburb of Halicz fell grams and films. into the wide gutter in front of her parents’ house Presentations of special interest to Gesher and drowned miserably in the murky flood. The Galicia included: local Polish weekly newspaper wrote that it Ø Jewish Surnames in Galicia, by Dr. Alexander bordered on a miracle that someone would drown in Beider. a street in the middle of the town. In Stanislau such Ø Ukraine: Archive Holdings and Town Visits, by wonders were possible.” Miriam Weiner A few Jews tried to make a living by tilling the Ø 19th Century Jewish Life in Eastern Galicia, by soil. Here is Pollack: “Five kilometers south of Joel Kurtz and Sara Kelman Stanislau, on the road to Nadworna, there existed a The following presentations were scheduled, but small colony of Jewish peasants: Czerniejow. cancelled. We hope to report on their contents in a Smallholdings of two, three Hectares, a couple of future issue of The Galitzianer: animals, fruit gardens and a few vegetables, on Ø Sources for Jewish Genealogical Research in which the whole family labored in order to squeeze Western Galicia, by Dr. Leszek Hondo out the necessities of life. The Jewish peasants lived Ø Jewish Cemeteries in Western Galicia, by Dr. no better than their Ruthenian neighbors, the Leszek Hondo children were illiterate because they had no time to In addition, I was particularly interested in several go to school, and the fields so small that one could more general presentations of interest, including: barely turn the plow without the oxen trampling the Ø A Perspective on Polish Jewry: Changes and neighbor’s field. So one lived. But dogs live too, as Assimilation, by Dr. Julian Busgang the poor Jews used to say with resignation.” Ø Jewish Records Indexing - Poland, by Stanley One could go on quoting from this rich and Diamond varied volume, but the foregoing should give you Ø Genetic Genealogy: Another Tool in the an idea of its contents. Arsenal, by Bennett Greenspan (“Nach Galizien” by Martin Pollack, published by Ø Deadly Triangle: Ukrainians, Jews & Poles in Edition Christian Brandstätter, Vienna and Munich, the Summer of 1941, by Marco Carynnyk (see 1984. Apparently, only 3,000 copies were printed and the also his book review in this issue) book is now out of print. According to a communication Ø Three presentations/discussions of unusual from the author, a new edition is in preparation.) depth, totaling 5 1/4 hours, on the Millenium of Polish Jewry, with Dr. Piotr Wrobel, Dr. An- tony Polonsky, Dr. Franklin Bialystok and Dr. Agata Tuszynska We are looking forward to drawing on this exten- sive material for future issues of The Galitzianer.

The Galitzianer, August 2002 11 1980s young German scholars concluded that they Together and Apart: could turn their attention to the east. The studies of Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919–1945 the Holocaust in Galicia that they wrote are more A Review of Shimon Redlich’s Recent Book thorough than those in any other language. Marco Carynnyk The Ukrainians who fled to the West in 1944 Galicia, the land in the basin of the Dniester River never lost interest in their homeland. They pub- between the foothills of the Carpathians and the lished hundreds of memoirs and dozens of regional great plateau of Podillia. studies, one on almost every city and town in For Poles it was Malopolska Wschodnia, East- Galicia. None of these books found much room for ern Little Poland, or the kresy, the borderlands. It the Jews and Poles who had also lived there. had been part of the Polish realm since 1386. Polish For all their differences with the émigrés, So- poets wrote odes to the kresy. This land was viet Ukrainian historians colluded in the silence and not—never would be—anything other than Polish. busied themselves churning out treatises on the For Ukrainians it was Halychyna, but not Ost- benefits that the “golden September” of 1939 had galizien, Eastern Galicia, not a part of Poland. They brought: the number of schools and hospitals that had lived here for a thousand years; they had had been established, the tons of beets that collec- always constituted the majority of the population; tive farms were producing. their prince had founded the town of for Then in 1991 Ukraine became independent. which the land was named. Its destiny was to be Historians started documenting the war that the united with the “greater Ukraine” across the border. NKVD had waged against civilians for ten years Jews had lived in Galicia for half a millennium; after victory over fascism was proclaimed. They they had a religion and a language—in fact, two even made timid efforts to study the Holocaust. languages—of their own, but their relation to the On this continent, Irving Howe’s 1976 book land was more ambiguous, the choices more World of Our Fathers made genealogy and the old difficult. Bundists argued that Jews should develop country fashionable. Stories of how young Ameri- their community where they were. Assimilationists can Jews set off to learn what had happened to their urged them to become Austrians or Poles. Zionists ancestors’ shtetl became a staple of Sunday sup- said that they were a nation, a people, and could plements, books, and television documentaries. fulfill their destiny only in Eretz Israel. Free-lance researchers let it be known that they The Second World War swept away these co- would accept a few dollars for finding family nundrums of identity. The Jews of Galicia were records in the archives of Eastern Europe. annihilated. Galicia became what the Poles had But nobody talked about how Ukrainians, Jews, feared—“Western Ukraine,” a part of Soviet and Poles once lived side by side in every city and Ukraine and thus of the indivisible Soviet Union. town of Galicia. Nobody, that is, until an Israeli Population transfers—Poles to the west, Ukrainians scholar wrote a book about the Polish-Jewish- to the east—established an almost total ethnic Ukrainian town of his childhood. purity. The few Jews who survived the war fol- Shimon Redlich was born in Berezhany, eighty lowed the Poles to the new Poland and then went on kilometers southeast of Lviv, in 1935. His father to Israel and the Americas. and grandparents were killed there during the After the war, out of loyalty to its Soviet pro- German occupation. Shimon and his mother tector, the Polish regime forbade its citizens to survived because they were first assisted by a Pole express nostalgia for the kresy. Then Polish com- and then hidden by a Ukrainian woman. They left munism collapsed. Today every bookstore in for Poland in 1945 and five years later emigrated to Warsaw has shelves labeled “Kresy” and crammed Israel. Redlich did graduate work in the United with memoirs, guidebooks, and photo albums. States (his dissertation was on Jews under Soviet The nostalgia seeped across Poland’s western rule during the war) and now holds the Solly Yellin border. Germans had been settling in Galicia since Chair in Lithuanian and East European Jewry at the fourteenth century. Then came a hundred fifty Ben-Gurion University. He has produced articles on years of Habsburg rule. Every educated person Jewish-Ukrainian relations and books on the Jewish spoke German. All Galicians were Germanophiles. Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR. Today parts of the city still look more German than To write Together and Apart in Brzezany Red- Slavic. After the war the task for Germans was to lich drew on his own memories, interviews that he deal with the perpetrators among them. By the late conducted in Israel, Poland, the United States and

The Galitzianer, August 2002 12 Ukraine, and an impressive list of testimonies and them with sociological jargon. He calls integral depositions, books, articles, archival documents, nationalists “integrationist nationalists.” He throws and records of postwar German trials. The story that in “utraquistic” without explaining that it refers to he tells is fascinating, and the quotations from the bilingual education. testimonies and interviews that he weaves into it are The publisher and the copy editors must be held vivid and revealing. responsible for some of the failings. They do not One Polish interviewee told Redlich that Jews handle Polish, Ukrainian, and Russian references welcomed the Soviets and helped the NKVD. He well. They consistently capitalize “Gimnazjum,” recalled his uncle being arrested by “two NKVD which is like writing “the High School.” They omit officers accompanied by three young Jews wearing most (but not all) Polish diacritics and misspell the red armbands.” A woman expressed the Polish occasional Polish word. They give many Ukrainian prejudice against Ukrainians by insisting that only personal names in Russian forms. They cite Polish Ukrainians welcomed the Germans: “there was and Ukrainian titles in the original, but give Russian celebrating and shooting in the center of town for and Hebrew titles in English. And although Galicia twenty-four hours straight… Windows in Polish has not been Polish for more than sixty years, the and Jewish houses were shattered, and people book uses, without explanation, the Polish forms of feared for lives. Ukrainians celebrated and caroused place names. the whole night, imagining that they would finally The essential conflict in interwar Galicia was have their… independent Ukraine. From that between Ukrainians and Poles. Jews encountered moment on, they felt superior.” anti-Semitism, of course, and their opportunities for The Jews Redlich talked to had their own bi- education were restricted, but, as Redlich observes ases. One woman advised him not to present Poles about Berezhany—and this can be applied to all of too favorably “for the sake of our martyrs.” A man Galicia—“there was never a -like atmos- who was six years old in 1941 demonized Ukraini- phere.” ans by relating what he must have heard from his What changed during the war years? What elders: “The Ukrainian peasants were led into the brought about the enmity and slaughter? What town and opened up the prisons where Ukrainians shaped the charges that Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians had been incarcerated. They released those people have been exchanging ever since? from prison, and then they caught as many Jews as Redlich does not come to grips with these they could and massacred them. Then they caught questions. He offers his testimonies and interviews other Jews and forced them to bury the dead, for the most part without comment, and he seems apparently with their bare hands. It was so typically not to realize that we construct our memories, that Ukrainian. The Ukrainians don’t just kill, they want conscious and more often unconscious assumptions to have a good time.” shape the simplest account. Redlich’s Ukrainian witnesses vented their own Shimon Redlich has assembled evidence on an prejudices. A woman revealed her bad faith when important issue: how Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians she talked about the Jewish militia: “I was amazed have perceived each other. Now we will be waiting how people could do it to their own… I never saw for him to tell us what he makes of that evidence. Ukrainian militiamen arresting Jews.” A man Shimon Redlich. Together and Apart: Poles, Jews, declared that Jews were outposts for Soviet intelli- and Ukrainians, 1919–1945. Bloomington: Indiana gence and collaborated with the Soviets in University Press, 2002. xi, 191 pp. 1939–1941. Marco Carynnyk is a Toronto writer and editor of Scholars will question some of the factual state- Ukrainian background. His most recent publication (with ments in Together and Apart in Brzezany. In the one paragraph that he devotes to the Soviet depor- Karel C. Berkhoff) is “The Organization of Ukrainian tations Redlich repeats the old estimate that Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: 1,500,000 people were deported. Newer evidence Iaroslav Stetsko's 1941 Zhyttiepys.” With support from suggests a figure of 320,000. He states that the the Canada Council and the Memorial Foundation for arrests and deportations “affected mainly Poles and Jewish Culture in New York he has been working on a Ukrainians.” In fact, 52 percent of the deportees book entitled Furious Angels: Ukrainians, Jews, and were Poles, 30 percent Jews, and 18 percent Poles in the Summer of 1941. Ukrainians and Belarusians. Redlich’s writing is at times perfunctory. He strings together passive constructions and lards The Galitzianer, August 2002 13 The Center for Jewish History found at www.cjh.org (click on “Academic Resources Rachel Fisher and Archives”). Offline catalogs, such as the Guide to the YIVO Archives and the American Jewish Editor’s Note: Rachel Fisher is Director of the Historical Society card catalogs, can be consulted at Genealogy Institute of the Center for Jewish the Center. If you are unable to travel to the Center, History, located in New York City. (See the end of write to the Genealogy Institute at [email protected] and the article for address and contact information.) In someone will check the printed catalogs for you. this article, she describes the resources of the The Center is home to some expected and some Center, especially those relevant to Galician unexpected resources for those with ancestors from genealogy. Readers living near, or visiting, New Galicia. Many researchers with roots in Galicia are York City may find a visit to the Center worthwhile. no doubt familiar with the holdings of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, founded in Vilna in The Center for Jewish History opened officially in 1925. YIVO is devoted to the history, society, and October of 2000. It embodies a partnership of five culture of Ashkenazic Jewry, and the influence of major institutions of Jewish scholarship, history and that culture as it has developed in the Americas. In art: the American Jewish Historical Society, addition to its well-known landsmanshaftn collec- American Sephardi Federation, Leo Baeck Institute, tions, the YIVO Archives is home to record groups Yeshiva University Museum, and YIVO Institute with information about Galician communities, such for Jewish Research. The Center serves the world- as: wide academic and general communities with Ø Record Group 13. Ostrowo Jewish Community combined holdings of approximately 100 million Council, 1824-1919: Collection includes mate- archival documents, a half million books, and rials on communal leaders, marriage registers, thousands of photographs, artifacts, paintings and and birth records. textiles—the largest repository documenting the Ø Record Group 14. Krotoszyn Jewish Commu- Jewish experience outside of Israel. nity Council, 1824-1919: Partial community The Center and its partners created a family archives mainly concerning communal admini- history department, the Genealogy Institute, to stration. Includes some marriage and death re- assist family historians in identifying and accessing cords. relevant materials in the libraries and archives; to Other archival collections at YIVO include materi- educate the public about Jewish family history als from Galician towns, such as the Territorial research; and to create programming on family Photographic Collection, with photos from over 65 history and its connections to the broader sweep of countries, including Poland and Ukraine; the AJC Jewish history. Landsmanshaftn Department Collection, including The genealogical resources at the Center are too correspondence with landsmanshaftn in the U.S. vast to list here in entirety. To learn what is avail- regarding aid to hometowns in Europe; the Ger- able for genealogists, one can consult the collection shom Bader Collection, including source materials of Genealogy Institute fact sheets, available on the for his Hebrew lexicon of Jewish writers in Galicia Center’s website at www.cjh.org/family. Fact sheets list (the published work is mentioned below); and the the major genealogical resources at the Center and Joseph Tenenbaum Collection, including notes for provide answers to common questions about his memoir of Galicia (the published work is genealogical research, such as “How do I find my mentioned below). ancestral town?” On the website, you will also find Of course, many of these records are handwrit- a virtual exhibit of genealogical resources at the ten in Yiddish and other non-English languages, Center, a complete list of the Genealogy Institute and some may be fragile and not suitable for reference collection and electronic resources, and photocopying. The records are now preserved in answers to Frequently Asked Questions about optimal conditions in the stack space at the Center genealogical research at the Center. for Jewish History. To learn what resources are available at the The YIVO Library is justly famous for its col- Center, a researcher can also consult the catalogs of lection of yizkor books. But the library collection the partner organizations, a combination of online reaches well beyond yizkor books. Of course, there and printed catalogs. Online catalogs and finding are many scholarly works—even some in Eng- aids, including the full catalogs of the American lish—with contextual information that is relevant to Sephardi Federation and the Leo Baeck Institute, genealogists. These can be identified with the and a partial catalog of the YIVO Library, can be

The Galitzianer, August 2002 14 YIVO Library catalog on the Center’s website. A appreciation of the American Jewish experience and few examples of other books with relevance to serve as a national scholarly resource for research researchers with roots in Galicia: through the collection, preservation and dissemina- Ø Bader, Gershom. Medinah ve-Hakhameha. tion of materials relating to American Jewish Vienna: Appel and Co., 1934. An illustrated history, possesses the Bader and Tenenbaum books encyclopedia of noted Jewish personalities who mentioned above. AJHS also has a copy of a 1916 contributed to Galicia’s progress during its ex- report by the American Jewish Committee, entitled istence. In Hebrew. The Jews in the Eastern War Zone, which provides Ø Hodl, Klaus. Vom Shtel and die Lower East the context for what Galician ancestors may have Side: Galizische Juden in New York. Wien: experienced during WWI. Bohlau, 1991. A history of Galician Jewish All are welcome to visit the Center for Jewish immigrants on the Lower East Side of New History to use its electronic resources, libraries, and York. In German. archives, and to visit the exhibits of the partner Ø Sharvit, Uri. Chassidic Tunes from Galicia. organizations, including the Yeshiva University Jerusalem: Renanot, Bar Ilan University, 1995. Museum. Those who cannot visit are invited to use An overview and analysis of Hasidic music the online resources, which can be found at from Galicia. www.cjh.org. For genealogy, click on “family history.” Ø Wunder, Meir. Meore Galitsyah: Entsiklope- If you identify resources that may be relevant to dyah le-Hokhame Galitsyah. Yerushalayim: your research, you must visit the Center to do the Makhon le-Hantsahat Yahadut Galitsyah, 1978. research. You can also contact the relevant partner An encyclopedia of Galician rabbis and schol- organization to learn whether it is possible to obtain ars, including genealogical tables. In Hebrew, copies from afar. For assistance with researching with a table of contents in English. the printed catalogs, please e-mail the Genealogy Perhaps a less expected resource for those with Institute with the pertinent information and they roots in Galicia is the Leo Baeck Institute (LBI). will be happy to consult the catalogs for you. LBI was founded in 1955 to document the history Center for Jewish History and culture of German-speaking Jewry, a remark- Genealogy Institute able legacy that the Nazis sought to destroy. Its 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011 archives and library offer the most comprehensive (212) 294-8324 collection of documents, memoirs, photographs and [email protected] books dealing with the life and history of Jews in www.cjh.org/family German-speaking lands from earliest times until the For the contact information for each partner present. The materials are mostly in German, with organization, see the CJH website, www.cjh.org. some in Hebrew, and many in English. In the LBI archives, one finds the Przemysl Jewish Commu- nity Collection, consisting of 13 photos of the synagogue. The LBI library is home to memoirs and other books written by immigrants from Galicia, such as: Miller, Saul. Dobromil: Life in a Galician Shtetl, 1890-1907. A memoir in a series of letters written by Saul Miller to his youngest son. Tenenbaum, Joseph. Galitsiye, Meyn Alte Heym. Buenos Aires: Union Central Israelita Polaca el al Argentina, 1952. A Yiddish memoir of life in Galicia by an immigrant to Argentina. Many scholarly works in German on the Jews of Galicia can also be found in LBI, such as Darstellung der Gesetzlichen Verfassung der Galizischen Judenschaft, by Michael Stoeger (Lemberg: Kuhn und Millikowski, 1833). Even the American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS), whose mission is to foster awareness and

The Galitzianer, August 2002 15 Genealogy for Moral Support variety of secular pursuits. My family history is in a Edward Gelles way a microcosm of the Jewish contribution to the Editor’s Note: The following article has been story of Europe. Some positive aspects of this adapted from the author’s introduction to his contribution may not have been adequately recog- collection of genealogical sketches. Some of those nized. We have all been shaped by more than a sketches have appeared in previous issues of The thousand years of a common European culture, and Galitzianer. if a future is to be built on this foundation, it must be secured through a better understanding of our A study of lineage has been of importance to the roots. My old family tree had innumerable worthies Jewish people since biblical days; at different times who were unremarkable rabbis in distant provincial it appears to have assumed greater or lesser relig- towns, but every so often the tree bore remarkable ious and mystical significance. The 18th century fruit. From so many generations there remains enlightenment and gradual emancipation led many much to cherish and much can still be learnt. in succeeding generations to look towards assimila- When I determined to find out more about my tion as a way of escaping from their historical ancestry, I had just a couple of documents and a sufferings. They continued to remember their past, few fading childhood memories. I decided to record but they did not see family lineage as the moral my progress in the form of a series of short articles. support it could become in evil times. The after- It was my intention to demonstrate how I went math of the Chmielnicki massacres in the mid-17th about finding my forebears. At first, I made many century stimulated the need to study and cherish mistakes and traveled up more than one blind alley, one’s roots. So it is today after the catastrophes of an almost inevitable consequence of the dearth of the century which has just ended. primary source material. I grew up with only a dim awareness of my an- I have been concerned not only with the dis- cestry. It was perhaps inevitable that I should turn covery of ancestors and the methodology of sooner or later to a serious study of my family genealogical research, but with understanding the origins. This study has convinced me that I have connection between the fortunes of individuals and been shaped to a considerable degree by what my families and the great movements of European ancestors have passed down to me. It has also history, from the period the crusades, to the discov- strengthened my belief that it is the duty of suc- ery of the new world and expulsions from the ceeding generations to cherish their inheritance and Iberian peninsula, religious wars, Renaissance and to seek inspiration from it for their own lives. Reformation, the rise of modern states and money The rabbinical clans that emerged in the Middle economies, the Thirty Years War, the rise of Russia, the decline of the , the Ages inter-married for centuries to produce an elite th fitted for its tasks through breeding and education. consequences of the 18 century partitions of There is no doubt that it was this caste that held the Poland between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, Jewish people together for so long. They provided emancipation, assimilation, nationalism, modern spiritual guidance and leadership, and while there anti-Semitism and Zionism, two world wars and the was a measure of communal self-government, they Holocaust, a world-wide dispersion of the survivors were the interpreters of Jewish law and the guardi- and the creation of the State of Israel. ans of Jewish ethics. Dynasties that produced rabbis for centuries My ancestors wandered in Europe from Portu- exemplify the continuity of a great inheritance gal to France, Italy, Germany, Poland, and Austria- within a historically special environment. Equally Hungary. Their migrations, following on persecu- remarkable is the extraordinary resilience and tion, economic pressures, and periodic expulsions, adaptability of many families through countless are themselves an integral part of European history. persecutions and reversals. From the days of the biblical scholar Rashi of Troyes, who flourished in the 11th century, the network of descent has been so close-knit that a connection to any rabbinical family possessing an established pedigree opens up the possibility of tracing one’s ancestry back to the distant past. I have a rabbinical family background, but more of my forebears were inevitably involved in a

The Galitzianer, August 2002 16 The inhabitants of the towns and Jewish villages of Names from Meorei Galicia Galicia were loyal to the leadership of famous rabbis and Chassidic Rebbes, who perpetuated In the three pages following this introductory Jewish tradition from generation to generation. article (written by Chaim Freedman of Petah There was hardly a place that did not have a rabbi Tikvah, a noted Israeli genealogist and author), you or scholar. In the cities, famous Gaonim officiated will find the names contained in the index for whose reputations were recognized throughout Meorei Galicia, the five-volume encyclopedia of world Jewry. There was a relatively high proportion Galician rabbinic families. of rabbis amongst Galician Jewry compared to other Jewish centers. What is Meorei Galicia? The Chassidic movement took hold strongly in The full name of the five-volume set is Meorei Galicia and hundreds of Chassidic Rebbes held Galicia - Encyclopedia Lekhakhmei Galicia their courts in the towns of Galicia, where they [Encyclopedia of Galician Sages]. It was authored were supported by hundreds of thousands of loyal by Rabbi Meir Wunder of Jerusalem between 1978 adherents. Even in the business and manufacturing and 1997 and published by The Institute for world, many scholars found time from their daily Immortalization of Galician Jewry. Volumes may occupations to study and to write compositions of be purchased from the author (13 Panim Meiroth Jewish learning. Many of the authors of the treasury Street, Jerusalem 94423, Israel. Fax: 972-2- of Jewish literature left little or no information 5372014). about themselves, save their names as authors of the The volumes contain detailed genealogies of books. Galician rabbinical families. They are arranged The spiritual shepherds of Galicia were not alphabetically by surname. Most family sections systematically recorded in the annals of Jewish include a genealogical chart. For prominent rabbis history. The scholars of other communities such as of each family, biographical material is included, in Germany and Hungary had biographies written particular rabbinical compositions, responsa about them. Therefore there arose the need to fill correspondence, and photographs. There is updated the void by creating a tool which would be a guide information on generations contemporaneous to the and point of reference for all those who enquire writing of the book. Many sources are quoted for about Galician rabbis and their familial relation- each family and there is an extensive bibliography. ships. This scholarly work is the most extensive and Rabbi Wunder decided to include not only well- reliable source of rabbinical genealogy written in known rabbis who held important positions in the the twentieth century. rabbinate or who authored famous books would be The Author included, but every rabbi whose name was recorded Rabbi Meir Wunder was born in Haifa to a family somewhere among the sources, even if his name that originated in Jaroslaw, Galicia. He obtained alone was all that was known of him. Therefore rabbinic education at the Poneveiz Yeshiva in Bnei Meorei Galicia includes rabbis, dayanim (judges) Brak. He also qualified as a rabbinical lawyer. The teachers, maggidim (preachers), and heads of principal part of his career was spent as a senior yeshivas who officiated in any town or village in librarian at the National Library at the Hebrew Galicia (with the exception of Reform rabbis). So University. It was there that he had the essential would admorim (Chassidic leaders) of well known access to the sources for his rabbinical genealogical dynasties or of self-merited leadership, scholars research. who authored any book of scholarship in one or Since his recent retirement, Rabbi Meir Wunder other of the disciplines of Jewish learning, as well continues to engage in his scholastic pursuits in as publishers and editors of books. These were the Jerusalem, which include the compilation of many categories defined for inclusion in the work; if additions to the material presented in the five someone were famous but did not fall within these volumes of Meorei Galicia. categories, he was not included. The Work As well as those whose entire career was spent The following paragraphs are adapted from Rabbi in Galicia, those who were born in Galicia and then Wunder’s introduction to the first volume of the functioned elsewhere or who were born elsewhere work. and functioned in Galicia were included. The geographic understanding of the term Galicia was

The Galitzianer, August 2002 17 that territory which existed under the Austro- name, place name and bibliography. Whilst the text Hungarian Empire until the First World War. is in Hebrew, an English list of surnames is in- The sources used by Rabbi Wunder were prin- cluded although its order is according to the cipally those books written by the subjects of the Hebrew alphabet. A highlight of the book is the entries in Meorei Galicia themselves. These were many photographs and facsimiles of documents and considered to be the primary source of authentic handwritten letters which are dispersed throughout information. A secondary source was considered to the volumes. be those books or articles written about Galician A Sample Entry scholars or references to them in the Responsa The following example will give an idea of the kind (correspondence between rabbis in the form of of material provided in the five volumes. The questions and answers to Halakhic matters), various example shows the information for the most tables, introductions to books, Prenumeranten lists, eminent member of the family. Additional informa- and books about the Jewish communities in Galicia. tion, not shown here is provided for other know In addition, Rabbi Wunder conducted a wide survey members of the family. of the Jewish press and journals in many languages, as well painstaking searches through archives and Auerbach: The glory of the family was the Gaon libraries, including unpublished manuscripts. Rabbi Arye Leib Auerbach. Born about the year 5470 Countless conversations and correspondence with [1710], to his father Rabbi Mordekhai Mardush from people throughout the world were needed to realize Kremnitz, ABD Yazlowitz and Bamberg, son of Reb David ABD Rawa whose sister was the mother of Rabbi the author’s self-appointed mission over many David Oppenheim, son of Reb Avigdor, husband of the years. sister of the Ta”z, daughter of Reb Shmuel of Ludmir, The current Hebrew spelling of names of peo- son-in-law of Reb Yitskhak son of Reb Betzalel ABD ple and places is used as the primary access to Ludmir. The wife of Reb A.L. was Leah Dreizel, daugh- information. Alternative spelling in Yiddish or ter of Nekhameh-Neitshe who was the daughter of Rabbi other languages is included secondarily. The entries Arye Leib from Amsterdam, son-in-law of the Khakham are by surname, within which the order is that of Tsvi, and wife of Reb Moshe of Zolkiew Pu”m Lwow, personal names. Also included are those scholars father of Reb Mordekhai Zev father of Rabbi Yaakov Ornstein. Sheintsi the sister of Reb A.L. was the mother who either lived prior to the adoption of surnames of Rabbi Meir Margolis, who was a student of his uncle or whose surnames were not noted in the sources. and afterwards also his son-in-law. Of particular genealogical value are the details Close to the year 5500 [1740] he was accepted as rabbi included with the earliest entry for each family, of Buczacz, but he was aggravated by men of no values which often results in the inclusion of genealogical and did not remain there. Until the Holocaust in that city data going back hundreds of years. In many cases they used to point out the chain of disabilities which Rabbi Wunder strove to include genealogical charts struck those families who conspired against him, until to facilitate understanding of the relationships. eventually no remnant of them survived. Ten years he presided as rabbi of Stanislaw, and was called by its Where they are known, details are given of dates name. Died 10th (and some say 6th) Kheshvan 5510 and places of birth and death, positions held in the [1750]. Despite his young age he was considered as one rabbinate of communities, movements from place to of the Geonim of his generation, and the Nodah Biye- place, influence and allegiance to political or hudah refused to release a deserted wife if he did not religious movements, published books and articles, particicate with him (141, Even Haezer, 29). The Besht unpublished manuscripts where they were pre- used to always stay with him, and said that he had the served, biographical details of various stages and soul of Abaye. He left a manuscript of a book Beit Tzadikim on the Shas. Some of his innovations were events in the life of the scholar, details of the printed by his relatives in the book Meir Netivim, item 5, familial connections of the wife of the scholar, a list and in the book Zikaron Yehudah by his grandson Reb of their children and subsequent generations, often Yehudah Brod., His student the author of Meshiv Keha- down to the period contemporaneous with the lakhah refers to him as: “my uncle and teacher” in item 5, writing of the Meorei Galicia. For many of the 192, and the answer of Reb A.L. to him is there, item 6. entries detailed lists of all the responsa in which the He had a son Rabbi David Tsvi and daughters: Reizel particular scholar appears, as well as his inclusion the wife of Rabbi Meshullam Zalmen Ashkenazy ABD in Prenumeranten lists are included. Each entry is Pomeran, and when he died at the age of 25 she married Rabbi Tsvi Hersh Margolis ABD Lublin (and some say accompanied by a list of sources. Rabbi Betzalel Margolis ABD Ostroah, and there is a In addition to the individual entries, each vol- third opinion); the wife of Rabbi Naftali Herz Broda ume includes various indices by surname, personal ABD Mikolinitz; the wife of Rabbi Khaim ABD

The Galitzianer, August 2002 18 Slopkowitz son of Reb Uri of Zolkiew; and there are Kitvei Hageonim 53, 95; Eshkol, A, 849, 851; Melitsei those who say also the wife of Rabbi Nakhman of Horo- Esh, B Kheshvan, page 122-123; Sefer Buczacz, 51; Sefer denka. Busk, 83; Sha”y Agnon, Ir Umelo’oh, 304-309.

Names from the Index of Meorei Galicia Abend Bienstok Chodrow Erenberg Freiman Goldstoff Ackerman Billig Choiz/Choze Ermer Freindel Goldtzweig Adler Bindiger Cinnamon Ernsberg Freminger Goldwasser Adlersberg Binnenfeld Cohen/Kahan Etkes Frenkel Gotima Alster Binnenstock Cohen-Zedek Ettinger Frenkel-Thumin Gotlieb Altberg Birbrauer Cytran Even Freulich Gottesdiner Altein Birnbaum Dachner Faber Freund Gottesman Alter Bisliches Dam Falk Fried Gottfried Altfest Blandwein Damesek Falkenfeld Friedberg Green Altkern Blank Danzig Fallik Friedfeld Greenbaum Altman Blaugrund Darlich Farb Friedlender Greenberg Altstadt Blaustein Darshevitz Farber Friedman Greenfeld Amarant Blech David Farbiaz Friedrich Greenstein Amkraut Bleich Dembitzer Fass Frish Greher Antman Bleicher Deutsch Faust Frisherman Greisman Apfelbaum Bloch Deutscher Favel Frishwasser Greiver Apteiker Bloom Diamand Faver/Paver Fromer Griss Apter Blumenfeld Dichtwald Fecher Frowirth Grobin Aptowitzer Blumenkranz Dickman Feder Fruchthendler Gronick Arak Bochner/Buchner Dienstag Federbush Fuchs Grosfeld Asatanowicz Bodek Diller Feier/Feuer Fusman Gross Ashkenazy Bogen Dim Feigenbaum Fuss Grossman Auerbach Bombach Dinner Feingold Futernik Grosswax Auerbuch Bornstein Dixler Feirstein Galanti Grumer Aug Brachfeld Domb Feit Galler Gutstein Avigdor Braf Dominitz Felder Ganz Gutwein Babad Brand Dreifuss Feldman Gartenhaus Gutwillig Backal Brander Drilich Feldstein Gasenbauer Gutwirth Bader Brandes Drimmer Feller Gebert Haas/Hass Baer Brandris Drucker Felner Gebl Haber Bak/Beck Brandwein Duhl Felsen Gefen Haberman Balchover Braude Eberstark Felsker Geizler Hafter/Hefter Balmet Brauer Ebner Fenster Gelbard Hager Balsam Braunfeld Eckhaus Ferkouf Gelbwax Halberstam Banner Braunstein Eckner Fern Geldwort Halbertal Bannis Brawer Eckstein Fihrrer/Fuhrer Geldzeller Halbreich Barabash Brecher Edel Filler Gelerenter Halperin/Halpern/H Barb Breish Edelstein Filsh Gellis eilpern/Heilperin Barg Breit Ehrlich Filwahr Gemeiner Hamburger Baron Breitman Eibeshitz Fink/Funk Gerstel Hammer Basseches Brenner Eichenstein Finkel Gertler Hartman Baumgarten Bretshneider Eichhorn Finkler Gertner Hasenlauf Bauminger Brettszneider- Eiger Finsterbush Gewirtz Hasten Baumol Kassirer Einhorn Fish Gewirtzman Hauberger Baumwal Brezitzer Einlegir Fishbein Gintzig Hauptman/Hauftma Baurer Brill Eisen Fishels Gintzler n Becker Brinner Eisenbach Fisher Ginzburg Hauser Beer Brodman Eisenberg Fishler Glantz Hausman/Houseman Begon Bruckstein Eisenstadt Fishman Glantzberg Hebenstreit Berger Brumer Eisland Flachs Glantzer Hecht Berglass Buber Eisner Flam Glass Heilfur Bergman Burstein Elberg Flanzgraben Glatt Heilig Beri Buxbaum Elfenbein Fleisher Glazer Heiman/Hyman Bernfeld Cenzer Ellenberg Flug Glick Heiselberg Bernkopf Cenzor Ellenbogen Fogel Gold Heitner Bernstein Chachkes Elovitz Fogelman Goldbaum Heizler Bernzon Chajes/Chayes Engel Forchtgot Goldberg Held Berstein Chalfan/Halfan Engel-Horowitz Fortgang Goldes Helfenbein Bertram Chameides Engelmeir Frand Goldfeld Heller Bibelman Charak/Charag Engelstein Frank Goldfisher Hellman Bick Charap Englard Frankfurter Goldman Hemerling Biderman Charif Englender Franzos Goldreich Hendler Biegeleisen Cheshinower Episdorf Freiberg Goldsneider Hene/Hana Bieler Chiel/Chill Epstein Freier Goldstern Herbst The Galitzianer, August 2002 19 Herbstman Kahn Klein Kworgil Lichstein Meridik Herman Kaiser Kleinberg Labin Licht Merker Hermele Kalanda Kleiner Ladier Lichtenstein Merzel Hermelin/Harmelin Kalb Kleinhandler Lahr Lichtig Messer Herschtal/Hershtal Kalcheim Kleinikeit Lakman Lichtman Mesuse Hershfeld Kalech Kleinkaufman Lamdan Liebes Meth Hershkowitz Kalir Kleinkop Lamm Likover Mihlstock Hertz/Hartz/Herz Kalitzer Kleinkremer Lampin Lilinfeld Milch Hertzberg Kalk Kleinman Landau Lindenbaum Miller Herzog/Herzig Kalmankes Kleinzaler Lander Lindner Milzagi Heschel Kalter Klig Landman Linker Mindlish Hibner Kamelhar Kliger Landrer Lipiner Mintz Hiller Kamenetzky Klingberg Landsberg Lipowitzky Mintzberg Hirsch/Hirsh/Hersh Kaminker Kluger Langenauer Lippa Mischel Hirschfeld/ Kampf Klugman Langer Lipschitz Modlinger Hershfeld Kanarick Klyghaupt Langerman Litman Montner Hirschman Kanarvogel Knebel Langner Litvin Morgenstern Hirshhorn/ Kandel Kneller Langrock Londner Moser Hershhorn Kanengisser Knipel Langsam London Moses Hirshman/Hershman Kanner Knobler Lanzenberg Lorberbaum Moshtzisker Hirshprung Karger Knobloch Lanzman Lowe Moskowitz Hirshtal/Hershtal Karmel Knoll Lasser Lubasz Moss Hister Karniol Knoller Last Lubiner Motzner Hitter Karo Koler Laszchower Ludmer Mund Hochbaum Karp Kopel Lauber Luft Muschell Hochberg Karpin Kopilates Laufbahn Lusthaus Nacht Hochgelernter Karwan Kopler Laufer Lustig Nadel Hochner Kashe Korb Lauterbach Lustman Nartzizenfeld Hochstein Kasherwey Korn Lautman Lutvak Natal Hochwald Kastelman Kornbaum Lax Luvianiker Nathanzohn Hoffen Kastenberg Kornblit Laxner Lvuv Natowitz Hofner Kastenbrun Kornela Lebwohl Mach Nebenzahl Holeschitzer Katz Korngold Lechovitz Machler Neiger Hollech Katzbach Korngut Lederberger Madfes Neigershel Hollender Katzenelenbogen Kornitzer Lefcowitz Madn Neighbohr Holler Katzenelson Kornmehl Lehman Mahler Neihof Holles Katzian Kornreich Lehrer Maimon Neiman Holtzer/Holzer Kauf Kovler Leiband Malter Neimintz Horn Kaufman Kramer Leiberman Maltz Nemirover Hornberg Kaufteil Kramper Leiberwort Mandel Nemlich Hornik/Harnik Kaveh Krantz Leiberzon Manes Netzach Horodner/Orender Kegil Kraut Leiblein Mansfeld Neuberger Horowitz/Hurvitz Keller/Kaller Krauthammer Leibler Manson/Monzon Neuhaus Horshowsky Kellerman/ Kred Leiblich Mantel Neustat Hushpal Klahrman Kreimer Leibowitz Manuel Neuwirt Hutterer Kelman Kreisel Leichtag Marder Niestempower Huziger Kempler Kreiswirth Leichter Marfeld Nirnstein Igra Kenig Kreitner Leifer Margel Nottman Irom Kenigsberg Kreitstein Leiner Margolies Nusbrauch Isserles Kerner Kreizimla Leinvad Margoshes Nussbaum Ittinga Kernkraut Kremenitzer Leiser Marilles Nussenbaum Itzinger Kerstick Kremner Leisner Mark Nusskern Jaffe Kess Krengel Leistner Markshnit Orenstein Jakelesh Kessler Krieger Leiter Markus Orshitzer Jakubovitz Kezis Krill Lemberski Matish Oster Javetz Kiel Krim Lentz Matkiver Osterer Jeret Kimmel Kris Lerner Mazal Pack Jeruchem Kinderman Krischer Letner Mazor Packhouse Jetches Kinstlinger Kristianpoler Lev Mehr Padenhecht Johanes Kirschbaum Krochmal Levcovitz Mehudar Padwa Jolles Kirschberg Krohn Levertov Meier/Mayer Palibaum Josephsberg Kirschner Kronznick Levi/Lewi Meir Panet Juker Kirsh Kroushar Levinstein Meirson Panzer Jung Kirshenbaum Kuperberg Levinthal Meisel Paper Jungwirt Kislowitz Kuperman Levlovitz Meisels Papigaya Jupiter Kister Kupershmidt Lewin Meises Pardes Just Kitigorodesky Kuperstein Lezegeld Meitzel Parizer Juttes Kitzes Kurtz/Koretz Liber Melamed Parnes Kadish Klagsbrun Kurtzman Liberman Meller/Maler Pasberg Kahana Klahrfeld Kurzer Liberwort Meltzer Pasner Kahl Klang Kutten Liberzon Menkes Pasos Kahlenberg Klapholtz Kuzernick Liblich Mentchel Pasternak The Galitzianer, August 2002 20 Pasweg Reich Sandler Schneibalg Spandorf Teich Patishmacher Reichenberg Santer Schneider Sperber Teichberg Pechter Reichman Sapir Schneier Sperling Teicher Peltz Reif Sasover Schneiersohn Spiegel Teichner Pener Rein Schachner Schneiweis Spiegler Teichtahl Perl Reiner Schafornick Schnepf Spielman Teitelbaum Perlberger Reinhold Schafran Schnid Sprinner Teller/Tahler Perlman Reinman Schalit Schnirrer Spritzer Templer Perlmutter Reis Schalita Schnitz Sprung Tene Perlow Reiser Schamir Schnitzer Stampel Tenenbaum Perlstein Reisman Schamrat Schnur Stand Tenenhaus Pesler Reisner Schantzer Schock Starck Tenenzaft Pessel Reiter Schapira/Spiro Scholl Starckchahl Tenenzap Peterfreund Reitler Scharf Schorstein Starzgovski Tenzer Pfefer Reitzes Scharfberg Schos Steg Tepich Pferna Rezler Schatz Schostek Steger Terner Philiv Richter Schatzberg Schotland Steichel Tevuot-Shor Phillipp Ridling Schatzkes Schotz Stein Tifenbrun Piasker Rimalt Schauman Schotzwan Steinberg Tirer Pickholz Rinder Schecter Schraut Steiner Tirhaus Piltz Rineck Scheibel Schreiber Steinfeld Tirkel Piltzer Ringel Schein Schreier Steinger Tish Pinelles Rinstein Scheinbaum/ Schrenzel Steinhart Tisser Pinsker Rishel Scheinblum Schulzinger Steinkahl Titch Pinter Ritiner Scheindlinger Schusheim Steinmetz Tobias Plaster Ritterman Scheiner Schwadron Steinwurtzel Trau Podhortzer Robinson Scheinert Schwager Stempler Traub Pohrille/Pohorilles Rockach Scheinhorn Schwalb Stern Traugat Pollak Rocker Scheinman Schwarz Sternbach Treister Pomerantz Rogenfish Scheir Schwarzbach Sternberg Treiver Poppers Rohatyn Schenberg Schwarzbord Sternfeld Treller Posner Rok Schenckel Schwarzer Sternhel Treshnover Postol Roll Schencker Schwarzman Sternklehr Tropper Potasher Roller Schendorf Schwebel Sternzehr Tuchman Preger Rosanes Schenfeld Schweber Stetiner Tuchner Preis Rosemund Schengut Schweitzer Stieglitz Tumim Preszel Rosen Schenhut Schwerd Stier Turm Printz Rosenbach Scherlif Schwerdscharf Stikler Turman Prochnick Rosenbaum Scherman Scwab Stiler Turner Prost Rosenberg Schibber Segal Stimpler Twerksi Pshemish Rosenblatt Schickler Segel/Zegel Stippel Uhri Puderbittel Rosenblum Schif Seginer Stocker Ulman Pultrak Rosenfeld Schiffer Segner/Zegner Stockhammer Umanski Pundak Rosenheck Schifman Sehman/ See- Stockman Unger Punkas Rosenheim Schilia man/Zehman Stolper Wachs/Wax Pura Rosenkrantz Schilling Seidman/Zeidman Stoltzer Wachsberg Pustman Rosenreich Schimmel Setzinbaum Storch Wachskertz Raab Rosenstadt Schimonowitz Sheffer Stotzer Wachskerz Rabi Rosental Schindler Shoham Strasberg Wachsman Rabinowitz Rosenzweig Schissel Shor Strasfeld Wagner Rakower Rosner Schitler Siegel Straus Wagshal Ralles Rosset Schitz Silberberg/ Streisand Wahl Ramraz Rothfeld Schizzel Silverberg Strelisker Wahrhaftig Rand Rotner Schlaf Silberfarb/Silverfarb Strom Wahrman Rap Rotstein Schlager Silber- Strosnitz Wald Rappaport Rottenberg Schleicher man/Silverman Stub Waldberg Rath/Roth Rottenstreich Schleifer Silberschuetz Stubenhauz Walder Rathause Rottman Schlein Silberstein/ Sturm Waldman Rathauser Roze Schlesinger Silverstein Sturmlaufer Walkenfeld/ Ratz Rozes Schlichter Silver/Zilber Suchman Wolkenfeld/Wulkan Ratzer Rubin Schlissel Sim Suchostov Wallach Rauch Rubinfeld Schlomer Singer Suess/Ziss Wallerstein Ravner Rubinstein Schloser Sippel Sussman Waltuch Rawer Runes Schlosman Sitsamer Tabber Warschawer/ Rawicki Rupin Schmelkes Slutzker Tanis Warschower Rawitz Safran Schmelner Sobel Tappel Wasserman Rebhun Safrin Schmeltzer Sofer Tappet Weber Rechels Salat Schmerler Sokol Tartin Wechsler/Wexler Reches Salomon Schmerlinger Somerstein Taub Weg Recht Samborer Schmidt Sonnenschein Taubenfeld Weidberg Rechtshafen Sandhaus Schmirrer Sosesh Taubes Weiden Redlich Sandhedrai Schneh Spalter Tauster Weidenfeld The Galitzianer, August 2002 21 Weiger/Weger Weissbach Widawsky Wolowitz Zeliger/Seliger Zizner Weikslbaum/Wechs Weissbart/Weissbrot Wiederker Wolteich Zellenfre- Zlates elbaum Weissberg Wiederman Wolusky/Woloski und/Sellenfreind Zlatkes Wein Weissberger Wigler/Wegler Wrubel Zeller/Zahler Zoberman Weinberg Weissblum Wilf Wunder/Wander Zeltenreich Zomerstein/ Weinberger Weissburg Wilk Wurmbrand Zeltzer/Seltzer Sohmerstein Weindling Weisser Willer/Weiller Wurtzel Zemel/Semel Zuchman Weiner Weisshaus Willig Yagid Zetler Zucker Weinfeld Weissman Wilner Yampel Zicherman Zuckerberg Weingarten Weisstein Wind Yener Zieder Zuckerbrod Weinig Weiteles/Vitales Winkler Yugend Zieger Zuckerman Weinles/Weinlez Weitz Winter Zafrin/Safrin Ziegler/Siegler Zunz/Zins/Cinc Weinman Weitzen Wirt Zalet/Dzalet Zif Zuslack Weinreb/Weinryb Weitzenblum Witkover/Witkawer Zaller Zigler Zusman Weinreich Weinsel- Weitzenfeld Wittmeyer Zaltz/Saltz Zimmer Zuzmir baum/Wincelbaum Weitzman Woidnik Zanger Zimmerman Zweig Weitzner Wolf Zauchyk/Zeichick/ Zimmet Zwibel Weinstein Wenkert Wolfgang Saichek Zimmetbaum Zwikel Weinstock Werfel Wolfish/Wallfish Zeckler/Seckler Zindler Weintraub Wertheimer Wolfsberg Zeif Zinger Weiselberg Westreich Wolgelernter Zeiger Zisskind Weiser Wettstein Woller/Waller Zeinwirth Zitronenbaum Weiss Wexler Wolmuth Zeldowitz Zizler

The Galitzianer, August 2002 22 GG Steering Committee © 2002 by Gesher Galicia. The Galitzianer is Coordinator: Shelley Kellerman Pollero intended to provide a venue for the free exchange 549 Cypress Lane of ideas, research tips and articles of interest to Severna Park, MD 21146 Gesher Galicia members researching Jewish (410) 647-9492 family history in the communities that in 1872 [email protected] [email protected] were part of Galicia, a province of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. The Galitzianer welcomes Membership Chair: Leon Gold P.O. Box 31093 articles, lists, book reviews and other relevant Santa Barbara, CA 93130-1093 contributions from its readers, whether they are [email protected] members or not. Treasurer: Sylvia Gordon [email protected] The Galitzianer is published quarterly. Editorial Editor, The Galitzianer: Edward Goldstein deadlines are September 15, December 15, March 24 Euston Street 15 and June 15. Send submissions, preferably in Brookline, MA 02446 Word format, to Edward Goldstein, Editor. (617) 232-9166 [email protected] The newsletters of other genealogy societies may reproduce individual items from The Galitzianer Editor, Family Finder: Peter Zavon [email protected] provided that credit is given to The Galitzianer and Research Chair: Melody Katz to the authors of the reproduced material. All other [email protected] reproduction is prohibited without prior written Webmaster: Mark Heckman permission of The Galitzianer. [email protected] Change of address, phone, email: Send to Peter Yizkor Book/JewishGen Liaison: Joyce Field Zavon or Shelley Kellerman Pollero. [email protected] Family Finder Updates: Send to Peter Zavon. JRI-Poland Liaison: Peter Jassem Membership: $30 for addresses in US/Canada; $37 [email protected] for all others. To join, contact Leon Gold. You may At Large: Roni Seibel Liebowitz also print a membership form from our website. [email protected] Discussion Group: You may join at the website At Large: Barbara Krasner-Khait (www.jewishgen.org/listserv/sigs.htm). Or send a message to [email protected] [email protected] with the text: Subscribe galicia At Large: Nelson Pollack Yourfirstname Yourlastname. [email protected]

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