White papers for a green transition
SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION
Creating green liveable cities 2 Foreword 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is estimated that 9 billion people will inhabit the planet by 2050 – 70% of these will SUSTAINABLE URBAN TRANSPORTATION live in cities. The increasing urbanisation will be a challenge to cities all over the world Creating green liveable cities and the demand for new innovative solutions within urban mobility is growing. Version 1.0 Printed in June 2016 By integrating different modes of transportation, urban planning can address climate and environmental issues such as private car use and congestion, for instance through Front page photo increased public transportation and facilitating greener alternatives, which saves Urban transportation at Dronning Louises Bro in Copenhagen both time and cost for people and society. Photo: State of Green An integrated approach to mobility management Editor in Chief The key to successful mobility management is to incorporate several levels at the State of Green same time where collaboration between both public and private actors is necessary. Intermobility and a flexible transportation system enables people and goods to move Steering Committee around more easily by combining alternative modes of transport. Also, the large Cycling Embassy of Denmark Andrew Tøttrup Maddock, [email protected] share of renewable energy in the Danish electricity system can play an important role Danish EV Alliance Søren Jakobsen, [email protected] through smart thinking and big data monitoring in an integrated system. Danish Transport Federation Rune Noack, [email protected] Green liveable cities Contributors to White Paper Cities must be built for people in order to be sustainable, healthy and liveable. Arriva Danmark Morten Nissum Larsen, [email protected] Targeted policy-making to ensure that the residents of the city are invited to walk Banedanmark Christina Dahrup-Andersson, [email protected] and bike as much as possible in connection with their daily activities is a strong City and Commuter Bike Foundation* Iben Keller, [email protected] reinforcement of these objectives. The key is to acknowledge the importance of city City of Aarhus* Claus Nickelsen, [email protected] space and city life as an attractive, informal and democratic meeting place for the City of Aarhus* Pablo Celis, [email protected] residents in the 21st century. City of Copenhagen* Marie Kåstrup, [email protected] COWI* Ole Kveiborg, [email protected] The world’s best country for cyclists Danish Cyclists’ Federation* Trine Bielefeldt Stjernø, [email protected] Denmark has for many years been a frontrunner within urban mobility planning and we Danish Road Directorate* Zofia Jagielska, [email protected] hold a strong tradition for people from all layers of society to bike and it has become an DSB* Karin Borberg, [email protected] integral part of the Danish story. In fact, more than 60% of the people who live and work Gehl Architects* Andreas Røhl, [email protected] in Copenhagen commute by bike every day. The Danish companies and municipalities Gottlieb Paludan Architects* Sten Sødring, [email protected] therefore have the perfect conditions for testing and developing state of the art bicycle HOE360 Consulting* Niels Hoé, [email protected] infrastructure solutions. Leapcraft August Ussing, [email protected] Movia Karen Nielsen, [email protected] This white paper provides insight into the solutions that Denmark has to offer within Rambøll* Helle Huse, [email protected] urban sustainable transportation. We hope you will be inspired. Secretariat for Cycle Superhighways* Line Kildegaard Groot, [email protected]
*Member of The Cycling Embassy of Denmark
For more information To order copies of this white paper or receive information about other related publications, please contact State of Green at [email protected]
Copyright State of Green 2016 4 FOREWORD INDEX 5
SHARING SOLUTIONS INDEX
FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN 1 Historical perspective on alternative green transportation...... 6 Developing cities for people improve the quality of urban life TRANSPORTATION 2 Policy making for sustainable mobility...... 8 Heading for smart and comprehensive solutions
3 Collaboration for a transition to sustainable transportation...... 10 Creating synergies and exploiting opportunities through collaboration between different stakeholders
Denmark’s experience shows that integrated and sustainable 4 Creating green liveable cities...... 12
transportation can reduce CO2 emissions and be turned into an The human dimension in sustainable city planning opportunity to create greener and more liveable cities. 5 Integrated transportation systems...... 14 Combining modes of transportation can lead to more flexible Chair at the KR Foundation and former European Commissioner for Climate Action (2010 – 2014). and cost-efficient transportation systems
6 Alternative modes of transportation create socio-economic benefits...... 16 Our cities are growing and the need to are introducing alternative fuels to the Danish solutions to global challenges Measuring the socio-economic benefits of alternative modes of transportation focus on urban transportation is increas- market, research is developing new ways The best examples on urban mobility ing. It enables trade, which is essential to make transport more energy-efficient, projects succeed in solving more than 7 Smart Mobility with car sharing and electric vehicles...... 18 for societal growth and development. But thus saving costs, and a strong focus on one problem at the time. Such holistic A smart approach to urban transportation with renewable energy according to the European Commission urban mobility planning is enabling a de- solutions, however, often calls for close the transport sector accounts for almost a crease in congestion in the larger cities. In collaboration between the governments, 8 Innovative solutions in urban transportation...... 20 quarter of CO2 emissions in the EU. Almost Danish urban areas, bicycles are now pre- regions, cities, private companies, and 95 % of the energy consumption in the ferred, which carries a positive effect on individuals. Denmark has a long tradition Developing new solutions to solve multiple challenges transport sector derives from oil and oil- public health. of such collaboration and we are eager to based products. Any country striving to share our experiences and lessons learned The Cycling Embassy of Denmark...... 22 reduce the CO2 emissions must therefore However, investments in sustainable with other countries. prioritise sustainable transport in order to transportation has to be planned over meet their goals. long term. Decisions taken over the next State of Green...... 23 few years will define the landscape for Investing in green transport decades. Congestion costs Europe 1 % of Denmark has been able to decouple the its GDP, so investments that make better transport sector emissions from the in- use of the infrastructure, create less con- crease in the overall transport demand, but gestion and ensure a better traffic flow will transformation of the transport sector will all contribute to reducing CO2-emissions not happen overnight. New technologies from transport. 6 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ALTERNATIVE GREEN TRANSPORTATION 7
1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON ALTERNATIVE GREEN TRANSPORTATION Developing cities for people improve the quality of urban life
Klaus Bondam, CEO, Danish Cyclists’ Federation
In the first half of the 1900s, Danish cities grow hand in hand in the cities of Denmark public stakeholders in the transport sector became cities of bicycles, but like the rest – the Danish tradition for urban planning. contributes to the ongoing development of of the developed world, the cars slowly As early as 1947, a visionary urban plan for a transport system fitted for safe, secure, took over in the 1950s and 1960s. Areas in the region of Copenhagen was published; and active mobility all over Denmark. So cities that are car-free today were charac- the so called ‘Finger Plan’. The principles safe, that 50% of Danish school children terised by dense traffic and car parks in the were that the distance between housing, use the bike every day. 1960s. jobs, and green areas should be as short as possible and reachable by public transport. Combinations of bicycle and public trans- To an extent, the history of several Danish port play a more and more crucial role in cities unfolded in parallel with the car-ori- “History has proven that Denmark. Collaboration between various entation found in many other western me- strategic and visionary urban stakeholders helps secure smart and effec- tropolises. But environmental movements planning has made the Danish tive commuter behaviour, with intermobil- and the oil crisis greatly helped to shake ity not reliant on an individual car-culture, the dust off the cycling culture, which in cycling culture flourish along combining various modes of transportation the 1970s again began to appear in a pos- with public transport and road for the greenest, fastest, and healthiest itive light in Denmark. infrastructure in the second commute. This flexibility makes it easy to use the bike for the first or last mile of daily Gradually it became clear to most people half of the 1900s. Today, trips and as a result 50% of the cycled kilo- that the solution to the problems had to Danish cities are among the metres in Denmark are either to work or be found through city planning that gave most liveable in the world.” education. We call it ‘everyday cycling’. space to bicycles, pedestrians and public transport. The Danish model, with its ex- Today, Danish cities are some of the most In Denmark we have learned from the tended network of segregated cycle lanes liveable and best planned cities in the motor vehicle congestion suffocating cities along the roads, grew out of this realisa- world with a unique interaction between throughout the world: The solution is not tion, which still continues to be further urban planners and politicians willing and more room for cars, but less. Innovative developed adding an extensive network of courageous enough to make the necessary and sustainable urban mobility planning Super Cycle Highways. But another impor- strategic choices. But also an efficient co- will in time pay for itself tenfold – bigger tant factor made mobility and liveability operation between the many private and highways do not.
Investing in cycling infrastructure projects have been co-funded by the scheme. As a result, the For the past 8 years the Danish Road Directorate has administered scheme has stimulated investments of more than DKK 2 billion a subsidy scheme of DKK 1 billion known as the “Cycling Fund.” The on cycle-promotion as the Cycling Fund covers 40% of the total goal of the Cycling Fund is to facilitate projects that can improve project costs. With support from the fund, the municipalities are conditions for cyclists so that the bicycle becomes a more attrac- able to make long-term planning and thereby facilitate the inte- tive, widespread, and safe form of transport for both commuting gration of new initiatives in planned projects in relation to the and leisure all over the country. The national government can strategy. thereby stimulate and support local initiatives through the subsidy scheme. The fund has also fostered long term strategies and fi- Tentative evaluation results show that there has been a 24% Photo: Erik Petersen, Polfoto nancing of cycle projects. increase in cyclists on the new cycle tracks funded by the scheme. One of the busiest shopping streets in Denmark, Strøget, has gone through significant changes in the past 60 years. Back in the 1950s cars There has been a tremendous interest for the scheme; more than The Danish Road Directorate dominated the street and pedestrians had to settle with narrow pavements. In 1962 the city council temporarily banned cars from the 1,000 applications have been submitted and 340 different cycling street causing an outcry from the local shop owners. However, despite of protests, the car free zone became a great success and was made permanent a few years later. Today, 50,000-80,000 people stroll Strøget every day. 8 Photo: Ursula Bach POLICYMAKING FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY 9
2. POLICY MAKING FOR SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY Heading for smart and comprehensive solutions
Morten Kabell, Mayor for Technical and Environmental Affairs, City of Copenhagen
Cities across the world experience more Integrated approach to planning resources, to extend the time horizon and and more traffic, and everything indi- Enabling more liveable cities demands a to adjust the goals accordingly. The City cates that it will continue to increase in smart and comprehensive approach to sus- of Copenhagen applies green accounts to the future. This means more congestion, tainable mobility with cooperation across keep track on their progress. These tools limited space and, thereby, decreased mo- various sectors, policy areas and levels of facilitate a constructive dialogue and offer bility of goods and people. To combat these government as well as dialogue with citi- valuable knowledge for qualifying deci- challenges and create sustainable liveable zens and other stakeholders. sions. It allows an overview of the overall cities, synergies between political visions, vision and understanding of the linkages The Bicycle Account: Copenhagen - City of Cyclists The Bicycle Account serves as an important tool in the City of plans and assessments are needed. Experience shows that when planning between the goals. Since 1996 the Bicycle Account has been published biannually as it Copenhagen’s efforts to make Copenhagen an even more bicy- is combined with a continuous dialogue has become a very useful tool for citizens, politicians, the admin- cle-friendly city. It provides a clear indication of needs, demands Ambitious goals with long among the politicians, the administration “Political visions guide the istration and the press. The Bicycle Account is an assessment of and tendencies that strengthen policy-making, investments and perspectives and various private stakeholders in an city development by setting the cycling development in the City of Copenhagen. The Account green initiatives. A number of Danish cities are starting to develop Policy making for sustainable mobility iterative manner, a dynamic development ambitious goals, followed systematically surveys the city’s cycling initiatives, analyses similar accounts in order to measure the effects of investments can play a key role in solving some of the of achieving the goals of the vision is by plans, strategies and Copenhageners’ rating of Copenhagen as a bicycle-friendly city, over time. current and future traffic challenges. In facilitated. and discusses other factors having impacts on the cycling devel- Denmark, transport planning takes place assessments. In Copenhagen opment. The Bicycle Account relies on telephone interviews with City of Copenhagen on national, regional and municipal levels, In contrast to traditional transport plan- our vision is to be a liveable, approximately 1,000 randomly selected Copenhageners comple- and on each level ambitious goals with long ning, urban mobility planners are increas- responsible city with an edge.” mented with other figures and data from e.g. the transport habit perspectives are essential. ingly focusing on coordinating policies studies carried out by the Technical University of Denmark. between several sectors such as land use, Creating liveable cities with sustainable As an example, the political goals are clear environment, social policy and transport. urban mobility solutions depends on a in the City of Copenhagen. Copenhagen When sustainable mobility planning results combination of long-term visions, an inte- strives to become a more liveable city to in integrated solutions for urban areas, grated approach to planning and continu- Company mobility plan leads to better transport habits Ramboll focused on internal communication with information improve the quality of life for its citizens synergies between several sectors can be ous assessments of the progress, where Mobility Management entails companies to be involved and affect about the different options in order to make them easy and acces- through pursuing the ambitious goal of be- made. collaboration across multiple stakeholders, the way employees travel during work time, to and from work and sible as it affects the choice of transportation. coming carbon neutral in 2025. The overall sectors and government levels is key. in their spare time. visions for Copenhagen are adopted by the Assessing the progress More employees in Ramboll in Ørestad use bus, train and bike to politicians and pave the way for dedicated To ensure the necessary progress towards The engineering and consulting company Ramboll work actively work after the move than before. Although the average commut- with mobility management. ing distance was increased by six km, the overall CO emissions long term plans and strategies of how the achieving the goals, it is crucial to decide 2 goals can be complied with. whether and when to allocate more remained unchanged as employees swapped their cars for public In connection with a relocation to a new headquarters in Ørestad in transport or cycling. Copenhagen, transport options were decisive for the choice of lo- cation. The new location provides great accessibility, green trans- Working with mobility ensures the company to maintain focus portation options and good cycling facilities. on the employees’ transportation habits in order to continuously improve and adapt to the needs of employees. In connection with the relocation, Rambøll developed a mobility plan with focus on motivating the employees to change their transpor- Rambøll tation habits and promote sustainable means of transportation. COPENHAGEN GREEN MOBILITY GOALS FOR 2025 75% of journeys in Copenhagen are done on foot, by bike or by public transport
50% of all journeys to work or education in Copenhagen are done by bike
20% more passengers using public transport compared to 2009
Public transport is carbon neutral
20-30% of all light vehicles use new fuels
30-40% of all heavy vehicles use new fuels
Source: Copenhagen Carbon Neutral by 2025 10 COLLABORATION FOR A TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 11
3. COLLABORATION FOR A TRANSITION TO SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION Creating synergies and exploiting opportunities through collaboration between different stakeholders
Claus Nickelsen, Head of Environment and Energy, City of Aarhus
When people travel, geographical borders More and more Danish cities have ambitious The goal of these partnerships is to make are crossed and modes of transportation plans to be CO2 neutral in the near future. it attractive and profitable for the private are often combined. Danish experience To achieve the goals, the cities are focusing companies and big public organisations to Business Park Skejby which seeks to give the area an attractive green profile and shows that collaboration across borders more and more on collaborations across get involved. In return they need to share The business area in Skejby north of Aarhus houses 100 com- happier, satisfied and healthy employees. When the light rail opens and between different stakeholders the borders of the municipality as well as knowledge and work together with each panies, academic institutions and a hospital with about 20,000 in 2017, the business park will offer an extensive network of cycling can create valuable synergies resulting on extended public-private partnerships. other and the city on demonstration pro- people working there every day. To reduce congestion in the area, paths interlinked by bus stops and light rail stations, a bicycle in greener and more liveable cities. The jects where the return on investment is not the companies and institutions teamed up with the City of Aarhus. library where employees can borrow different types of bicycles, Danish approach to collaboration with “Public-private climate here and now, but in the future. an accreditation scheme as cyclist friendly company and distribu- public and private parties is rooted in partnerships are a win-win. First, the partners conducted a transportation survey among the tion of a cycling promoting magazine. Other elements include easy employees to map the potential for reducing single car use and access to information and short cuts for cyclist, as well as a cargo the Danish history where collaboration The private partners make a Within transportation the city of Aarhus has been widespread within a number of took the climate partnership to a new level have people carpool, use public transportation or bike to work bike service for smaller deliveries. sectors and across municipalities. The profit and the City of Aarhus in 2011 when they teamed up with 9 com- instead. collaboration approach is challenged by gets the benefits of a green panies in an industrial area in Skejby in the City of Aarhus, Aros Kommunikation the number of different stakeholders and demonstration project.” North of the city and became facilitator for The initiative led to the establishment of “Business Park Skejby”, og Weinreich Mobility interests, but has also given room for new a network of companies, working together solutions for better cycling conditions, In Denmark’s second largest city, Aarhus, to find new ways to reduce congestion in such as the Cycle Superhighways that pass climate partnerships have been created and around the business area. The Cycle Superhighways region. A secretariat facilitates the coordination between the through more than one municipality. within a variety of different themes: The Cycle Superhighways is an inter-municipal cooperation aimed municipalities. The collaboration ensures a common Fossil free energy, transportation, water By applying cross-border collaboration and at creating a strong net of bike paths across the Capital Region of high quality standard for commut- & climate adaption, intelligent energy engaging in public-private partnerships, Denmark. The goal is to provide better conditions for bike commut- With a realisation of the 28 Cycle Superhighways there is a po- ers passing through more systems, buildings & housing, and export. the municipalities, companies, and insti- ers and encourage people to choose to commute by bike through tential to reduce the number of sick days by 34,000 annually, and than one municipality At the moment, the city has teamed up tutions were able to create synergies and new and innovative solutions. reduce car rides during rush hour by 1.4 million. on their way to job or with over 40 climate partners from a wide exploit the different strengths of the part- other daily businesses, range of different areas and backgrounds. ners at the same time. The Cycle Superhighways could potentially increase the number of The Cycle Superhighways have a socio-economic return of 19% - making commuting by bike commuters in the capital region by more than 30% compared far above the Ministry of Finance’s requirement of a return of 5% bike an easier choice. to today, making the project a key factor in the overall develop- for investments in projects on infrastructure. In comparison, the ment of sustainable mobility. We have already experienced a 52% Danish Metro City Circle Line has a return of 3.1%. At full potential, increase in the number of bike commuters on the Farum route since the socio-economic surplus of the Cycle Superhighways is estimat- the opening back in 2012. ed to be EUR 978 million over a 50 year time plan from 2012.
Behind the project is a unique, inter-municipal partnership between Secretariat for Cycle Superhighways the Capital Region of Denmark and 23 municipalities within the
52% INCREASE IN BIKE COMMUTERS SINCE 2012 12 Photo: Ole Malling CREATING GREEN LIVEABLE CITIES 13
4. CREATING GREEN LIVEABLE CITIES The human dimension in sustainable city planning
Jan Gehl, Birgitte Bundesen Svarre and Andreas Røhl, Gehl Architects
A common feature of almost all cities is healthy cities has become a general and that fulfills the aims of social sustainability that the people who use city space in great urgent desire. All these four objectives can and an open and democratic society. numbers have been increasingly poorly be strengthened immeasurably by increas- treated. Limited space, obstacles, noise, ing the concern for pedestrians, cyclists Cities by people and for people pollution, risk of accident and generally and city life in general. A unified citywide What is remarkable about the development disgraceful conditions are typical for city political intervention to ensure that the in Denmark the last decades as well as dwellers in most of the world’s cities – re- residents of the city are invited to walk and cities such as New York City in recent years gardless of global location, economic via- bike as much as possible in connection with is that it reflects a growing understanding bility and stage of development. This turn their daily activities is a strong reinforce- that cities must be designed to invite city of events has not only reduced the oppor- ment of the objectives. life. These cities want people to walk in tunities for pedestrianism and cycling as a city space, they recognise the importance The new Nørreport Station - a busy urban plaza needs at the most convenient place and to create an inviting and form of transport, but also placed the social “For decades the human of pedestrian traffic and bicyclists for sus- coherent urban space. and cultural functions of city space under dimension has been an tainability and health in society, and they By putting cyclists and pedestrians first, conditions for all 250,000 siege. Fortunately, now more and more acknowledge the importance of city space daily visitors to Denmark’s busiest transport hub have been im- overlooked and haphazardly The new station buildings feature curved, glazed facades and cities realise the value of putting humans and city life as an attractive, informal and proved dramatically. The transformation has turned the once addressed urban planning green roofs with PV solar panels while the 2,100 bicycle parking first in order to create more liveable cities democratic meeting place for their resi- crammed and untidy station area into an open, liveable and mul- spaces are set 40 cm below the surrounding paving. In this way, and hereby increase quality of life for the topic in most cities. dents in the 21st century. ti-functional urban plaza. bikes are kept accessible and visible while ensuring unobstructed inhabitants. Fortunately, more and more The design is inspired by the studies of people-flows across the views across the square. cities now realise the value of Planning with human beings as the point of A necessary new planning dimension departure – and not the number of cars, the square and has resulted in an open, safe and legible urban space Gottlieb Paludan Architects, Cobe Architects, After years of neglect of the human di- putting humans first in order number of square meters or technical spec- - without a traditional station building or main entrance. Instead, Sweco, Bartenbach Lichtlabor mension, here at the beginning of the to create more lively, safe, ifications of different transport systems the new station area boasts a number of clearly designated station functions, evenly distributed across the square to serve peoples’ 21st century we have an urgent need and sustainable and – can create more sustainable cities, en- growing willingness to once again create vironmentally as well as economically and cities for people. New global challenges healthy cities.” socially. underscore the importance of far more Cities must therefore urge urban planners The City Bridge - Reconnecting the city A bicycle bridge, based on cyclists’ movements, gradients and targeted concern for the human dimen- and architects to reinforce pedestrianism The text is adapted from the book Jan Gehl, In Odense a new bridge has improved mobility for cyclists and train curves - and a footbridge, optimised for pedestrians with wide sion. Urban planning with a human dimen- and cycling as an integrated city policy to Cities for People (2010), Washington DC: passengers; stitching together two separated urban areas, and stairs and direct access to station platforms. Above the tracks the sion demands focuses on the needs of develop liveable and healthy cities. It is Island Press. creating two new squares as well as a new landmark for the city. two bridges come together as one, while they split in two at the the people who use cities. The vision of equally urgent to strengthen the social The railway lines running through the city have long served as abutments, providing the best possible ‘landing’ for the two types ensuring more lively, safe, sustainable and function of city space as a meeting place a barrier between the harbour and the city centre, so in 2015 a of users – creating a more connected and accessible city for the bridge was established over the track area. inhabitants.
The bridge is a piece of very functional design, intended to simply Gottlieb Paludan Architects, NIRAS, ES Consult, extend Odense’s large network of cycle lanes, catering to cyclists’ Bartenbach Lichtlabor, Artist Anita Jørgensen demands. Thus the bridge was really designed as two bridges:
Photo: Gehl Architects 14 INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 15
5. INTEGRATED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS Combining modes of transportation can lead to more flexible and cost-efficient transportation systems
Michael Svane, CEO, Danish Transport Federation
Urbanisation causes increasing problems transported by both truck, train, ship and system allows free transfer between each with traffic congestion leading to reduced vans before reaching its final destination. mode and increasing the convenience mobility and rising CO emissions from road Commuting and transportation of freights for the users. Delivering post and parcels 2 Photo: Ursula Bach traffic. needs to be effective, flexible, cheap, and to the last destination is often done by environmentally sustainable. bicycle. Congestion in one street can often be “Focusing on sustainable New Urban e-Mobility Most of the Bycyklen stations are located close to a train, metro or measured throughout a city’s transpor- Planning for the future is about planning Bycyklen in Copenhagen and Frederiksberg is the world’s first elec- bus station to facilitate easy use and journey integration. tation network, and even slight changes for intermobility, combining the best qual- integrated transportation tric smart bike-share system. It is the new generation of transport in overall travel time can result in massive ities of various modes of transportation in systems allows for a reduction for the urban traveler combining state-of-the-art mobility, touch- Through a partnership with City of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg and socioeconomic surpluses or deficits due to the different parts of the cities. Building in traffic congestion in screen-computing and GPS navigation. DSB, Bycyklen has been able to implement a solution designed to its effect on businesses’ productivity. a convenient and time-saving transport the cities, secures more suit different types of users with a flexible pricing model depend- system makes it possible for people to Bycyklen is the “fourth leg” in the public transport, which comple- ent on the type of use, through an easy-to-use solution. 8% of trips in the Greater Copenhagen move seamlessly between bike, bus, train, reliable travel times for the ments the already extensive infrastructure in the Danish capital, Area are integrated transport trips, where car, and metro services. When planning mo- passengers and decreases allowing users to travel by rail, metro and bus hassle-free. City and Commuter Bike Foundation the traveller uses a combination of bus, rail, bility, focus should therefore be on the first car, or bicycle. The fact that many Danes in and last mile of the journey, as much as on valuable time lost when Furthermore, it saves CO2 emissions and gives commuters and tour- urban areas use a combination of train and the main choice of transportation. commuting, benefitting both ists the opportunity to connect the first and last mile to their journey. bicycle is very visible near most stations, the environment and the where the number of parked bicycles far Facilities for bikes and cars exceeds the capacity for bicycle parking. Railway stations in the big cities in society.” Denmark allow great accessibility and easy Interconnected public transportation op- Køge Nord Station - A landmark for green mobility contribute significantly to meeting the transport requirements Focus on intermobility transfer by providing both bikes and cars timises the use of urban space in a very In Køge, south of Copenhagen, Banedanmark, Køge Municipality, of the future by significantly improving the timetable with more In Denmark, one of the solutions to the with parking facilities. When leaving the effective way. Focusing on moving com- and DSB are building Køge Nord Station. The station will be a frequent departures and by reducing the travel time to and from challenges of congestion has been a focus car at the station and reaching their stop muters from single use of cars into other new gateway to Copenhagen for the more than 100,000 people Copenhagen considerably. on intermobility through an integrated in the city, commuters have the possibili- more sustainable modes of transportation passing through the area daily, and a significant step on the transportation system where people and ty to change to one of the many modes of thereby allows for a reduction in traffic commute for the expected 8,000 daily users of Køge Nord Station. The station will stand as a characteristic landmark for green mobil- freights are moved effectively. Today, com- transportation available to them – includ- congestion in the city, secures more reli- The station will function as a hot spot for the entire Copenhagen ity and strengthen Køge’s position as a regional business develop- muters choose between different modes ing electric city bikes with GPS navigation, able travel times for the passengers, and region and a transport hub for people travelling by car, bus, train, ment hub. of transport and are no longer viewed indi- reliable and recurrent bus routes, rentable decreases valuable time lost in commuting and bicycle. The project consists of a 225 meter long pedestrian vidually as a single type of commuter – be electric cars, or simply bringing your bike time. bridge, a new train station and an associated park and ride facil- Banedanmark, Køge Municipality, DSB, it cyclists, pedestrians, drivers, or users on the train and taking the final part of your ity. The station is a part of a new electrified high speed railway COBE, DISSING + WEITLING, COWI of public transportation. Goods are often journey by bike. An integrated payment line running from Copenhagen to Ringsted via Køge. The line will
Bringing the bike along for the commute One of the reasons for this is that the trains have been designed to The Danish State Railways (DSB) offer commuters the possibility accommodate the bikes and that the customers have become used to bring bikes on the trains in Copenhagen for free. By redesigning to making room for the bikes and showing consideration. the carriages with a one-way system for easy entry and exit with bikes, DSB have created a very popular mode of daily commuting. The flexibility in being able to bring your bike with you when taking the train enables commuters to avoid using the car when travel- Making room for bikes did not take place at the expense of the ling over longer distances, causing less congestion in the city and other passengers, as the red Copenhagen trains transported a easier and faster transit for the travellers. record 114 million customers and has not affected the timeliness, which was 99 percent in 2015. DSB
Photo: COBE & DISSING+WEITLING 16 ALTERNATIVE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION CREATE SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS 17
6. ALTERNATIVE MODES OF TRANSPORTATION CREATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS Measuring the socio-economic benefits of alternative modes of transportation
Lars Green Lauridsen, Senior Vice President, COWI Photo: Danish Cyclists’ Federation
Choosing mode of transportation has to commuting by bike instead of by car. For people. The added health benefits can be significant socio-economic impact for so- example, for every kilometre commuted by measured on municipalities’ bottom line, Encouraging children to bike through effective campaigns The main benefits of the campaign are that more children are cieties all over the world. Nowadays com- bike instead of by car, society saves around as less sick days in companies reduces pro- The annual All Children Cycle campaign has been assessed by COWI physically active giving positive health effects and a reduction in muters are increasingly making a choice 1 EUR per km. In a city like Copenhagen, duction losses, in turn positively impacting and The Danish Cyclists’ Federation using the socio-economic car use. between different kinds of transportation people use their bike so much that it com- the economic growth of cities. methodology and the unit costs developed for cycling projects. in order to arrive at their destination in the pares to 31 times around the world every The campaign aims to make school children change their mode of The socio-economic return is more than EUR 60,000 in net present most efficient way. Therefore, there is a single day. Cities with less developed “Denmark is known as one transport to and from school from being driven by their parents to value from an investment of EUR 330,000. This leads to a return on need for more advanced socio-economic cycling infrastructure can potentially save of the best cycling countries using their bike for a two week period. the campaign costs of 18%, which is more than twice the return on e.g. the fixed Fehmarnbelt tunnel return on investment. tools to calculate the benefits of these an even greater amount on costs, if they of the world, and our cycling initiatives. manage to change mobility patterns of The campaign costs are very low and achieve very high impacts. even a small percentage of the citizens. infrastructure is among the The number of participants are approximately 136,000 children, COWI In Denmark there are well developed finest in the world. Why do where a substantial part of these are ‘new’ bike users. This leads to standards measuring the benefits of trans- The socio-economic effect of these initi- we do it? Because substantial more than 600,000 additional bike kilometers and a reduction of 340,000 km in the parents’ car use. port infrastructure projects to identify the atives leads directly to an improved pro- benefits can be harvested socio-economic value. These assessments ductivity because less time is spent on the include various variables such as construc- daily commute. and measured throughout tion and maintenance costs, travel time, the society when choosing The Cycle Serpent – a creative cycling solution count shows that there are more than 11,500 cycle journeys across accidents, public health, and of course en- The single most expensive part about tra- alternative transportation.” that benefits the city and the people the Cycle Serpent every day – 15% more than expected by the City vironmental effects such as air quality and ditional car based mobility is the expenses The “Cycle Serpent” in Copenhagen is a great example of a costly of Copenhagen. The bridge makes up a missing link in the network
CO2 emissions. used by municipalities, regions and the Policymaking promoting alternative mo- yet effective cycling solution in Copenhagen. The project had of cycling routes in Copenhagen. Every cyclist saves 1 minute by state, on maintaining and providing infra- bility will be the correct path for cities a cost of EUR 5 million and was partly financed by national funds not having to use the stairs, which amounts to almost EUR 2000 a Promoting active and environmentally structure for an extremely ineffective mo- throughout the world who wish to increase and by the City of Copenhagen. The new bridge was inaugurated day – more than EUR 0.7 million a year in socio-economic benefits. friendly mobility has socio-economic ben- bility choice. As a result, promoting alter- the quality of life for their citizens, while at in 2014 and made up the final link between Vesterbro and Islands That gives a payback time of 7 years and is thereby a great benefit efits that can be quite substantial. The native mobility and intermobility can cause the same time supporting projects directly Brygge. Before it was built, cyclists had to stop and haul their to society. potential benefits are perhaps most sig- significant socio-economic benefits such beneficial to the city’s economy. bicycle down two sets of stairs in order to reach the little older nificant when changing mobility patterns as less congestion, pollution and healthier (from 2006) bicycle and pedestrian bridge “Bryggebroen”. A 2014 City of Copenhagen
1 km by car moved to bicycle = 1 EUR in socio-economic benefit
Bene ts Costs
Time
Vehicle operation Car Health
Accidents
Air pollution and climate
Noise Bicycle Congestion
Other e ects
Total socioeconomic cost
EUR -1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
A cost-benefit analysis of a 1 km cycle journey at a speed of 16 km/h in Copenhagen rush hour shows a socioeconomic benefit of 0.22 EUR per km. In comparison, the socio-economic loss of a 1 km car journey at a speed of 50 km/h corresponds to 0.70 EUR. The total saving in cost therefore corresponds to EUR 1 per travelled km. (Source: Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2014) Photo: Ursula Bach 18 SMART MOBILITY WITH CAR SHARING AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES 19
7. SMART MOBILITY WITH CAR SHARING AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES A smart approach to urban transportation with renewable energy
Lærke Flader, Managing Director, The Danish Electric Vehicle Alliance
As more and more people move to urban increase safety for both vehicular traffic of electricity. Electrical vehicles play a key areas, commuting and transportation of and bicycles. role in providing flexibility to an energy goods will increasingly challenge the trans- system with even larger shares of renew- port system and as a consequence increase Transportation in a sharing economy able energy, since charging the electrical congestion and emissions. At the same By providing a wide range of different car vehicle can be moved outside of peak time politicians and citizens are asking for sharing programs in combination with hours, without reducing the comfort of the more “liveable cities” with greener spaces, public transportation citizens’ transporta- consumer. This brings several socio-eco- cleaner air, biking lanes taking up space tion needs are likely to be covered, without nomic benefits due to a cheaper electricity CITS – Copenhagen Intelligent Traffic Solutions The dashboard can help categorise traffic, look for patterns and from roads, etc. having to own a car. As a result, fewer cars production and energy savings for the end The CITS project is an innovative smart city project to improve identify long term behavioural tendencies amongst the road users. will take up valuable space in the city for consumer. traffic flow, reduce emissions and increase safety for the -cit The data can be explored and analysed historically, presented in izens by using big data. The objective is to enable city officials to real-time or serve as a basis for a variety of simulations that can To many, the answer is Smart Mobility, parking. Many car sharing programs depend “Danish municipalities have where existing and future technology lead on the municipalities reducing parking fees both monitor traffic conditions in real-time and run a variety of predict future traffic behaviour. The system makes it possible to to more integrated and strategic ways of and/or creating dedicated parking lots, taken their first steps into the simulations. plan and test new traffic scenarios for city planners, build cause-ef- mobility management – including big data hereof also dedicated parking lots for elec- future of smart mobility with a fect relationship, optimise traffic light timings and much more. CITS monitoring, sharing economy, self-driv- trical vehicles, which contributes to an im- variety of sustainable mobility The CITS platform draws data from a network of wifi access points bring depth and richness to traffic data like never before. ing cars and e-mobility. This changes how provement of air quality in the city. that have the capability of geo-locating wifi enabled devices on we get around and makes transportation management initiatives the streets without compromising privacy. The data is aggregat- Leapcraft, Citelum, Technical University of Denmark, more efficient, cleaner and less space de- The flexibility potential causing less congestion and ed, anonymised and then fed back into a cloud based software Cisco, City of Copenhagen manding. These are not only visions for the of electric vehicles easier accessibility through dashboard. future. Cities can take the first steps today. Electric vehicles also play a key role in the greening of the transportation sector. Not the city.” Several municipalities in Denmark have, only do electric vehicles encourage smart With a smart approach to urban transpor- Fully electrified car sharing about weather, events and the “rhythm” of the city is compiled as part of their green city initiatives, em- mobility. They also enable the realisation tation where renewable energy is part of Copenhagen serves at test platform for technologies and innova- into data, which are used to identify hotspots and positioning of barked on different strategic intelligent of an intelligent energy system with in- the solution, the future challenges can be tive business models. This has been proved many times before. the infrastructure needed for charging. All in all to make a public traffic solutions. Advances in intelligent creasing amounts of fluctuating power. met. DriveNow, in Copenhagen, is the first fully electric free floating car infrastructure suitable for use for both the car sharing scheme and communication technologies and trans- sharing scheme in the world, to be integrated with public transpor- the daily use of private owned electric cars. The electric car assists port monitoring systems have for example Today, wind power accounts for more than tation. This is indeed also a test platform to measure how electric as a modern platform, by integrating to an online travel planner made it possible to build traffic models 40% of the Danish power generation and cars can affect the patterns and behaviour of the passengers last and providing the possibility of using the nationwide travel card as based on large scale data gathering in Denmark therefore has a strong focus on mile, from bus stop to their door steps. The system conducts in- key for entering the system. This will change the intermobility of order to reduce congestion, emissions and enhancing flexibility on the demand-side formation about the usage and utilisation of the cars, compared Copenhagen. with public transportation and where people live and work. Details Arriva Danmark & DriveNow 20 INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION 21
8. INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION Developing new solutions to solve multiple challenges
Niels Hoé, CEO, HOE360 Consulting
If we want the cities worldwide to adapt and city development and at the same time that cater for the cyclists’ needs is another to a future with increasing urbanisation involving the local citizens in creating a example of using familiar solutions, but in causing massive problems with both con- more liveable city. a new context. Green waves have been gestion and decreasing air quality, alter- used in order to make the traffic flow more native modes of transportation is required “Innovation in an urban easily, but now, specific bicycle friendly and getting people to adapt to these alter- context is key to create “green light waves” have been implement- natives is necessary. sustainable cities of the ed to follow the flow from cyclists, not cars, Photo: Mikkel Østergaard thereby increasing the effectiveness when Political courage and a more holistic ap- future, involving both city travelling by bike. Innovations in urban mo- proach to innovative solutions are required development, local growth bility does not always have to be technical Small innovations to show the city cares By counting people who ride bicycles and showing it on a bicycle to create the necessary momentum and and citizen involvement.” and complicated, often small simple new In Copenhagen, a special effort has been made towards making counter display, the city sends a signal that “every cyclist efficiency to keep up with future needs. elements can have a large effect. the cyclists feel welcome in the city by offering them “a little counts”, thereby encouraging the choice of transport. In central This involves both public and private stake- Existing solutions can be used to test new extra”. Small innovative solutions that make the bicycle ride more Copenhagen, the yearly count accumulates to the equivalent of holders as well as knowledge institutions technology, such as the public transpor- Cycling is an element in creating the smart enjoyable and prove that your city cares have been implemented the Danish population passing by twice. to be able to create truly innovative and tation that is an ideal opportunity to test city and with the many years’ knowledge city-wide, such as footrests at intersections that makes waiting at meaningful smart urban solutions. alternative fuels. Also, implementation and experience gathered from a long tradi- red-light easy, tilted litterbins made cycling friendly, by facing the HOE360 Consulting, City of Copenhagen of sensors creating real-time data on con- tion for cycling, the Danish companies are cyclist making it easy to get rid of your empty coffee cup without Live test and demonstration gestions and air quality can help to foresee able to develop new innovative solutions stopping, and green waves that fits the speed of cyclists and makes in the city and solve concrete challenges. Even small that can be integrated in different contexts the traffic flow more easily are just a few examples. The city is the perfect demonstration site everyday-innovations can support the and solve multiple challenges. When inno- to test new innovations to meet the needs people in the city to make the smarter vating for urban mobility, it is important to of the growing cities and at the same time and more sustainable choice in regards to maintain a holistic view, considering the Technical experiments mature the industry and accelerate based on slaughterhouse waste, and both 7 and 12 meter nightly support the citizens in adapting to new transportation. environment and purposes of the city in the green transition charged electric busses. Currently, Movia is planning tests with 12- modes of transportation. The innovative general. In an attempt to ensure environmental sustainability and the meter electric busses charged in the urban area in 2016. Overall, projects are often developed in collabora- Using familiar solutions green transition in the public transport industry, Movia has facili- these technologies reduce harmful pollutants such as CO , NOx, tion between private companies and the in new contexts 2 tated test with new technology and green solutions for busses for particles and noise among others. municipalities creating both local growth Implementing new features around the city many years. There is a need for public transport authorities to take an active role by facilitating technical tests in order to support the And tests make a difference. Many of the tested technologies are maturing of the industry and to help uncovering risks and costs. in operation today, e.g. numerous lightweight busses, eco-driving
The knowledge gained through tests is shared with the private op- and busses using CO2-free slaughterhouse waste. The many tests erators, enabling them to offer environmentally sound solutions at and trials enable a faster transition from fossil to renewable fuel to a more reasonable price than otherwise possible. the benefit of passengers, citizens living along the routes and the environment as such. In the past five years, Movia has commenced tests with hybrid busses, gas busses, lightweight busses, midi-busses, eco-driving, Movia different forms of biofuel for example 100% synthetic biodiesel
Photo: Troels Heien 22 23
THE CYCLING EMBASSY DENMARK – THE STATE OF GREEN
OF DENMARK Denmark has a long tradition for cycling helping customers and stakeholders reach well as an overview of the combined Danish and alternative transportation modes in highly efficient and ‘smart’ solutions, while story within energy, climate, water and re- the cities. In order to meet the challenges in turn developing their ability to profit sources. Danish representatives act as of an increased urbanisation, sustainable from that knowledge. We see great oppor- hosts that both inspire and inform delega- The Cycling Embassy of Denmark (CED) is The expertise of the CED is extremely mentioned activities in Denmark but they transportation must be an integrated part tunity for mutual benefits in the transfer of tions before they move on to on-site visits. a comprehensive network of cycling pro- wide-spread as the CED include members can also be found all over the world giving of city planning. A flexible and smart ap- knowledge, spurring growth in both part- For more information about House of fessionals from private companies, local in public administration (on both a local, lectures and consulting to a wide range of proach to commuting and transportation ners’ businesses – holistically, with healthy Green, please visit houseofgreen.dk authorities, and non-governmental organ- regional and national scale), some of the professionals. of goods is necessary to meet the ambi- respect for different perspectives and izations working together since 2009 to world’s most renown architecture firms, tions of Denmark becoming independent agendas, as well as for the environment. Experience implemented promote cycling and communicate cycling innovative NGOs, and possibly the world’s In addition the CED awards the Leadership of fossil fuels by 2050. green solutions – live! solutions and know-how. The members of best consultants in the field of everyday Award for Cycling Promotion each year, to Explore, learn and connect online A cornerstone of the Danish vision is to CED represents the latest knowledge of bicycling. an individual or organization in acknowl- Denmark knows smart and sustaina- State of Green gathers all the leading inspire others and demonstrate how a all areas related to cycling be it planning edgement of their work to promote cycling. ble urban transportation players within sustainable transportation green society is both possible and profita- Our activities bicycle and people-friendly cities, creating The award has previous been given to In Denmark we believe that knowledge is in Denmark. Stateofgreen.com is the offi- ble – and we invite people to come see for synergy between cycling and public trans- CED assists with the coordination of mas- Mayors, CEO´s and cycling advocates from power. To ensure that the transition to a cial platform for Denmark’s green solutions themselves. Through State of Green Tours port, building safe infrastructure for cy- terclasses, study tours, lectures, and all over the world. greener economy is a good investment, and knowhow. The web portal is an online we offer commercial and political decision clists like cycle tracks and bicycle bridges, guided bike tours in various Danish cities. renewable energy resources must be intel- entry point for all relevant information makers and journalists from around the developing successful campaigns and mu- Our services target professional planners All in all the over 40 organisations in CED ligently integrated into the energy system about Danish companies and institutions world a chance to take advantage of the nicipal policies that motivate people of all in public administrations and private com- are all working together to create more and used as alternative fuels. This requires and their expertise within Denmark’s ten lessons learned by leading Danish com- age groups to cycle, designing urban furni- panies, local and national policy makers, re- liveable and bikeable cities around the more flexibility in the system and integrat- green strongholds. panies and institutions within the fields ture like bicycle pumps, bike counters, and searchers, and civil society organisations. world. ed in the urban planning. of energy, water, climate adaptation and bicycle parking facilities, and much more. CED receives over 100 foreign delegations Come visit us in House of Green environment, and to experience Danish every year – who come to Denmark to study For more information about the Cycling Since the 70s, Danish governments have House of Green is an interactive visitors’ green solutions – live. For more information The goal of CED is to encourage cycling cycle infrastructure and planning solutions Embassy of Denmark, please visit addressed the country’s limited natural and exhibition centre located in the heart about State of Green Tours, please visit throughout the world and share the know- in leading Danish cities. The members con- www.cycling-embassy.dk resources, concentrating on using them of Copenhagen. House of Green uses a stateofgreen.com/tours how that have made Denmark one of the stantly work to share their knowledge and wisely, pushing energy efficiency meas- combination of guided storytelling and most cycling friendly nations in the world. know-how internationally – through the ures. As a nation we are known for our self-exploration to showcase green Danish ability to collaborate and our expertise is in integrated solutions and scenarios, as
About State of Green State of Green is a public-private partnership founded by the Danish Government, the Confederation of Danish Industry, the Danish Energy Association, the Danish Agriculture & Food Council and the Danish Wind Industry Association. H.R.H. Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark is patron of State of Green.
As the official green brand for Denmark, State of Green gathers all leading players in the fields of energy, climate, water, and environment and fosters relations with international stakeholders interested in learning from the Danish experience. Connect through: www.stateofgreen.com Photo: Mikkel Østergaard Learn more about Danish solutions in sustainable transportation, find more cases from around the world and connect with Danish expertise at: www.stateofgreen.com/sustainable-transportation
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