Fire Management Strategy

NSW National Park & NATIONAL PARKS AND Island Nature Reserves WILDLIFE SERVICE FIRE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

MYALL LAKES NATIONAL PARK & CORRIE ISLAND, JOHN GOULD, LITTLE BROUGHTON ISLAND, BOONDELBAH, STORMPETREL AND SEAL ROCKS NATURE RESERVES

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service November, 2003 Published by the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) November 2003

Copyright Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be addressed to the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW).

The National Parks and Wildlife Service is part of the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW)

Contact: National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hunter Region, Locked Bag 99, Nelson Bay Delivery Centre, NSW, 2315.

ISBN 0 7313 6735 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1. Scope and Purpose...... 1 1.2. Fire Management Objectives...... 1 1.3. Description of the Reserves...... 2 1.3.1. Location and Terrain...... 2 1.3.2. Fire Weather and History ...... 3 1.3.3. Natural and Cultural Heritage ...... 3 1.3.4. Capital Assets ...... 3 1.3.5. Recreational Use and Facilities ...... 4 1.3.6. Summary of Key Fire Issues ...... 4

2. BUSHFIRE RISKS (MAP 2)...... 5 2.1. Introduction ...... 5 2.2. Life and Property...... 5 2.3. Cultural Heritage ...... 6 2.4. Natural Heritage ...... 6

3. BUSHFIRE RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (MAP 3) ...... 7 3.1. Introduction ...... 7 3.2. Fire Management Zones ...... 7 3.2.1. Asset Protection Zones...... 8 3.2.2. Strategic Fire Management Zones...... 9 3.2.3. Heritage Management Zones...... 12 3.3. Radiation Zones and Strategic Fuel Breaks...... 18 3.4. Fire Management Trails and Roads...... 21 3.5. Other Fire Control Advantages...... 24 3.6. Education, Cooperation and Enforcement...... 24 3.7. Research and Monitoring...... 25

4. REFERENCES...... 26 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Scope and Purpose This document describes the strategies the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) plans to implement to meet its fire management obligations under the Rural Fires Act 1997, National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) in Myall Lakes National Park and Corrie Island, John Gould, Little Broughton Island, Boondelbah, Stormpetrel and Seal Rocks Nature Reserves (hereafter referred to as the reserves) between 2004 and 2009.

This strategy has been prepared in accordance with the policies and procedures detailed in the NPWS Fire Management Manual (NPWS, 2001), the NPWS Approach to Fire Management Planning (NPWS, in prep) and Myall Lakes National Park Plan of Management (NPWS, 2002).

This document is supported by: • Fire Management Works Schedules which are prepared annually and list the fire management strategies to be implemented each year. • Bushfire Suppression Maps which are prepared annually and identify natural, cultural and capital assets to be protected from bushfire each year and fire control advantages. • Hunter Region Incident Response Procedures which are prepared annually and detail general bushfire preparedness and response procedures.

This document is also supported by hardcopy maps and a Geographic Information System (GIS) database maintained at the NPWS Hunter Regional Office, Nelson Bay.

1.2. Fire Management Objectives Consistent with the statutory obligations and policies of NPWS, as defined in the NPWS Approach to Fire Management Planning (NPWS, in prep), the fire management objectives defined for the reserves are to:

• Reduce the occurrence of human caused unplanned fires in the reserves.

• Suppress unplanned fires occurring in the reserves.

• Minimise the potential for the spread of bushfires within, from or into the reserves.

• Protect from bushfires occurring in the reserves, persons and property in, or immediately adjacent to, the reserves.

• Manage fire regimes to avoid the extinction of all species which are known to occur naturally within the reserves.

• Protect from damage by bushfires all Aboriginal sites, historic places and culturally significant features which are known to exist within the reserves.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 1 Introduction

1.3. Description of the Reserves 1.3.1. Location and Terrain This strategy applies to the following Nature Reserves and National Parks: • Myall Lakes National Park (44 172 hectares including the Fame Cove and Yacaaba Head Sections of the Park), • Corrie Island (164 hectares), • John Gould Nature Reserve (26 hectares), • Little Broughton Island Nature Reserve (36 hectares), • Boondelbah Nature Reserve (9 hectares), • Stormpetrel Nature Reserve (8 hectares), and • Seal Rocks Nature Reserve (1 hectare).

In addition to the 44 416 hectares within the reserves, this strategy also considers fuels, assets and fire control advantages that are outside but continuous with, or adjacent to, those in the reserves.

The reserves are located within the Great Lakes Local Government Area on the lower north coast of NSW approximately 300 km North of and 60 km north of Newcastle (Map 1).

Topography within the reserves varies from the steep rocky slopes on Cabbage Tree Island, Boondelbah Island and Yacaaba Head, to undulating parallel dune systems along the coast to steep hills up to 490 meters high at Gorong Trig. The most dominant topographic feature in the reserves is the Myall Lakes System which consists of three fully enclosed lakes (the Bombah Broadwater, Boolambayte Lake and Myall Lake) which cover over 10 000 hectares.

Map 1: Location of Myall Lakes National Park and Corrie Island, John Gould, Little Broughton Island, Boondelbah, Stormpetrel and Seal Rocks Nature Reserves.

M y Wallingat National Park a Booti Booti National Park l l Wallis

R

i Lake v

e

r

he La T k es TH W EL AKE SW AY ay # Smiths Lake #Bungwahl B U C K E T T S W A $ Y Bulahdelah Myall Lake #Gorong Trig (490m) Myall Lakes National Park # Seal Rocks # Shelly Beach # Yagon Seal Rocks Nature Reserve #Violet Hill #Korsmans Landing

# Myall Shores Resort Nerong #

The Broadwater #Mungo Brush an ce O c fi ci a P N

0510Kilometres hway Stormpetrel Nature Reserve ig H ic cif Pa Little Broughton Island Nature Reserve

Corrie Island Nature Reserve $Hawks Nest Fame Cove Yaccaba Head John Gould Nature Reserve Port # NEWC ASTLE # SYDNEY Stephens Myall Lakes National Park Boondelbah Nature Reserve # Nelson Bay $ $

eserve T N ti l P k

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 2 Introduction

1.3.2. Fire Weather and History The reserves are located within a zone of transition between subtropical, summer maximum rainfall patterns to the north and temperate, winter maximum rainfall patterns to the south. Historically the combination of moderate temperatures, strong winds and comparatively low relative humidity during late winter and spring results in the most extreme fire weather. This is reflected in the reserves fire history with over 70% of all recorded bushfires occurring in spring. In most years, subtropical summer rainfall in January brings the fire season to an end. However, in some years the subtropical rains do not occur and the fire season lasts from August to March.

NPWS Fire history records for the reserves date back to 1968 but only the last 20 years of records are considered reliable. Bushfires have occurred in Myall Lakes National Park every fire season since 1968 and there have been >201 bushfires burning a total of >40 000 hectares. Some areas of Myall Lakes National Park have been burnt by bushfire 9 times since 1968 while large areas have been burnt 4 times, particularly in the area stretching north from the Broadwater to Seal Rocks on the eastern side of Myall Lake.

Significant fire seasons occurred in 1968/69 (>10 800 ha), 1980/81 (12 fires burning >5015 ha), 1990/91 (33 fires burning 5924 ha), 1997/98 (2 fires burning 4200 ha) and 2000/01 (8 fires burning 5876 ha). Bushfires starting in the reserves have caused considerable property damage, particularly to adjacent pine plantations, and have required the evacuation of adjacent towns or >2000 campers on at least three occasions. Suspected arson and unknown causes account for 81% of bushfires. Few bushfires have been started by lightening.

1.3.3. Natural and Cultural Heritage The reserves contain a large number of vegetation communities ranging from rainforest to coastal heathlands and sedgelands. The most common vegetation communities are highly flammable dry sclerophyll forest, swamp sclerophyll forest and heathlands/shrublands that together occupy over 60% (26590 ha) of the reserves (NPWS GIS Database). According to NPWS records, this range of vegetation communities provides habitats for 37 threatened flora and fauna species. Of particular significance is Gould’s Petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera) which is only known to breed in the gullies of John Gould (Cabbage Tree Island) and Boondelbah Nature Reserves (NPWS, 2000b).

The reserves have a long history of Aboriginal use and lie within the Worimi territory. Based on NPWS records, the reserves and surrounding area contain 61 known Aboriginal heritage sites. Most of these sites are concentrated along the coast and include open campsites, burial grounds, middens, scar trees and rock carvings.

Prior to their dedication, the reserves were extensively used for timber getting, farming, fishing, boat building and sand mining and contain 37 recorded historic heritage sites including isolated huts, remains of villages, jetties and sawmill sites (NPWS, 2001b).

1.3.4. Capital Assets The reserves surround the township of Nerong and immediately abut the townships of Seal Rocks and Bungwhal. The townships of Hawks Nest, Tea Gardens and Smiths Lake are all located within 2 km of the reserves as are a further 300 private and commercial buildings. The reserves contain a number of built structures including a NPWS depot, telecommunication facilities, camping areas, day use areas and licensed private huts. Of particular significance is Myall Shores Resort which occupies a NPWS lease in Myall Lakes National Park and contains holiday cabins, a kiosk and a camping area which frequently accommodate several hundred people per night.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 3 Introduction

1.3.5. Recreational Use and Facilities Based on NPWS records, the reserves get in excess of 250 000 visitor nights and 11 000 day use visitors a year. During the bushfire danger period there may be as many as 5 000 visitors per day within the reserves, mostly concentrated at Mungo Brush Camping Area, Myall Shores Resort and numerous other camping areas around the eastern foreshores of the Broadwater. Camping areas at Violet Hill, Shelly Beach and Korsmans Landing along the shores of Boolambayte and Myall Lakes receive smaller visitor numbers.

1.3.6. Summary of Key Fire Issues • The reserves contain large continuous areas of highly flammable vegetation which burns at high intensity under a wide range of weather conditions. • A large number of bushfires are ignited within the reserves, particularly by arson. • There are a large number of capital assets within and adjacent to the reserves and bushfires have seriously threatened or damaged a number of these assets in the past. • Several thousand people per day visit and camp in the reserves during the fire danger period, often in locations surrounded by highly flammable vegetation and where escape from a bushfire would be slow or difficult. • Fires and some fire management activities may impact on water quality which is significant given that it takes more than a year for water to pass through the lake system (NPWS, 2002).

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 4 2. BUSHFIRE RISKS (MAP 2)

2.1. Introduction The large number of assets within and around the reserves (see Section 1.3) means it is not possible to implement active fire management strategies to protect all assets that could be damaged by fire or inappropriate fire regimes. Bushfire risk analysis has been undertaken to identify those assets most at risk and therefore most in need of the application of active fire management strategies.

For the purpose of this plan, bushfire risk is defined as the chance of a bushfire or inappropriate fire regime occurring and causing damage to assets within or adjacent to the reserves. Assets include life and property, cultural heritage and natural heritage.

The bushfire risk analysis method described in the NPWS Approach to Fire Management Planning (NPWS, in prep) has been applied to classify all assets within and adjacent to the reserves into one of the following risk classes: low, moderate or high. All assets within and adjacent to the reserves that have been classified as being at high bushfire risk are illustrated in Map 2 and are listed in the following sections.

2.2. Life and Property There are 28 locations within and around the reserves where life and property is at high risk from bushfires (Map 2, Table 1).

Table 1. Locations within and around the reserves where there is a high bushfire risk to life and property (see Map 2). Map Location Tenure Map Location Tenure ID. ID. T1 Seal Rocks Township Private T15 1 house along Booral Road Private T2 Nerong Township Private T16 Houses in forest off Clarks Private Road T3 Myall Shores Resort NPWS Lease T17 Tamboy Huts NPWS T4 Treachery Camp Private T18 NPWS Depot Bombah NPWS Point T5 Mineral Deposits Facility Private T19 Nerong Radio Tower Private T6 Tea Gardens/Hawks Nest Private T20 2 houses off Burdekins Private Road T7 Mayers Point houses Private T21 1 house on Dans Hill off Private Booral Road in the Girvan Valley T8 AMP Sharpers Creek Private T22 Pine Plantation Private Eucalypt Plantation buildings T9 Australian Pines Myall Private T23 Bombah Point Eco Cabins Private River Pine Plantation T10 3 houses along the Private T24 2 houses along the western Private southern end of Lakes Road shore of Boolambayte Lake T11 1 house off the northern end Private T25 Mt Chapman Radio Tower Private of Lakes Road T12 University of NSW Field NPWS Lease T26 2 Buildings at Mayers Flat NPWS & Station Private T13 Mungo Brush and Banksia NPWS T27 A number of houses near Private Green Camp Sites the intersection of Violet Hill Rd and the Lakes Way. T14 3 Houses off Emu Crk Road Private T28 A single house at the Private southern end of Violet Hill Rd.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 5 410000 420000 430000 440000 450000 460000 470000 MAP 2: Locations within and around thereserveswherethereisahigh

bushfire risk to life and property, 6420000 cultural heritage and natural heritage 6420000 (see text for details). $T25 $% T7 $%HS3 $ HS6 T26 T12 T27$

T16$ $ T28 HS5% $ T1 6410000 $ T4 $% HS4 6410000 T24 T21 $ T15$ $T14 T11$ $ T24 T20 % $$ $ % T23 $ HS2 T10 $ $ T18 $ T2 $ T3 $ T8 T19 6400000

$ T13 N $ 6400000 HS1 % T17 0 5 10 Kilometres

T9$ Reserve Boundaries

Built Up Areas $ 6390000 T22 $ T5

6390000 Plantations

$ T6 T6 $ $ High Risk to Life and Property

% High Risk to Historic Heritage

High Risk to Biodiversity 6380000 (fire frequency too high) NELSON BAY 6380000 410000 420000 430000 440000 450000 460000 470000 Bushfire Risks

2.3. Cultural Heritage There are 6 Cultural Heritage Sites within and around the reserves at high risk from bushfires (Map 2, Table 2). All these sites are historic heritage sites.

Although there are a large number of known Aboriginal heritage sites within the reserves, there are none at high risk from bushfire. However, all Aboriginal heritage sites may be damaged by earthmoving machinery or hand line construction during bushfire suppression operations.

Table 2. Locations within and around the reserves where there is a high bushfire risk to cultural heritage (see Map 2). Map ID. Location Map ID. Location HS1 Tamboy Huts HS4 Mayers Point Cottages HS2 Boolambayte Lake House and Shed HS5 White Horse Timber Mill HS3 Clarks Bay Mill/Guesthouse HS6 Mayers Flat Cottage

2.4. Natural Heritage There is only one location where a high fire frequency is posing a high risk to biodiversity. This is in 4944 ha which stretches north from the Broadwater to Seal Rocks on the eastern side of Myall Lake (Map 2, Table 3). The reliable fire history for the reserves does not date back far enough to identify, with confidence, any significant areas where a low fire frequency is posing a high risk to biodiversity.

Table 3. Locations within the reserves where there is a high risk to biodiversity due to a high fire frequency (see Map 2). Location Communities Effected Area Effected (ha) North from the Broadwater to Dry Sclerophyll Forest 3466 Seal Rocks to the East of Myall Heathland/Scrubland 843 Lake. Sedgeland/Rushland 33 Swamp Sclerophyll Forest 525 Wet Heath 77

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 6 3. BUSHFIRE RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES (MAPS 3.1 to 3.4)

3.1. Introduction The fire management strategies illustrated in Maps 3.1 to 3.4 (see Figure 1 for a key to these maps) and described in the following sections will be implemented over the life of this document and have been designed to reduce the bushfire risk to assets within and adjacent to the reserves (as identified in Section 2). A fire management works schedule (listing which strategies will be implemented each year) will be prepared annually for the reserves.

Figure 1. A key to maps 3.1 to 3.4 used in this document.

3.2. Fire Management Zones The reserves and surrounding area have been divided into fire management zones according to the zoning system described in the NPWS Approach to Fire Management Planning (NPWS, in prep). As far as possible, the boundaries of fire management zones have been defined by fire control advantages including roads, water and areas of low bushfire behaviour potential. This has resulted in many fire management zones extending beyond the boundaries of the reserves onto other land tenures. The strategies proposed for other land tenures are suggested only and are not binding on neighbouring land owners/occupiers. However, as far as possible, NPWS will pursue the implementation of these strategies with neighbours because if they are not implemented it may result in assets remaining at high risk.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 7 410000 415000 420000 425000 6

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425000 426000 427000 410000 6404000 415000 420000 425000 Reserves 6404000 Radiation Zones & Fuel Breaks H7a Insert H9 Fire Management Zones Existing Asset Protection Proposed NERONG VILLAGE RADIATION ZONE Map 3.1 Map 3.2 Map 3.3

6403000 Strategic A1 Other Fire Control Advantages # Heritage 6403000 :θ Existing Helicopter Water Point S6 :ν Roads & Trails 8η Existing Helipad A1 Map 3.4 :ν Existing Vehicle Water Point # Existing Cat 1 η Proposed Helipad 6402000 Existing Cat 9

NERONG VILLAGE RADIATION ZONE EXTENSION ν Proposed Vehicle Water Point

6402000 Proposed Cat 1 H8 H8 Proposed Cat 9

425000 426000 427000 430000 435000 440000 445000 450000 6425000 Insert 1 Insert 2

KORSMANS LANDING CAMPING AREA RADIATION ZONE H38 BOMBAH POINT DEPOT RADIATION ZONE 8η 9

2

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H51 6420000 1 8 7 0 1 7 :θ

7 0 9 6420000 MT CHAPMAN RADIO TOWER RADIATION ZONE H50 :θ H12 MAYERS FLAT BUILDINGS RADIATION ZONE 3 :ν 3 0 0 :θ MAYERS POINT RADIATION ZONE H13 30 8 1 0 :ν 8 2 3 9 3 32

7 0 9 H14 9 32 :θ # 8 2 6 6415000 :ν 0 6 8η 3 H18 # 3 3 H15 :ν 2 0 :ν 1 72 :ν :ν 32 # :ν H20 :ν 6 8η 4 6 3η 0 :ν 2

6415000 :ν :θ 1 1 :ν 3 H16 # S12 1 :θ 3 9 A8 H19 3 LAKES ROAD HOUSES RADIATION ZONE 88 NERANIE CAMPING AREA RADIATION ZONE 3 1 H22 BOOLAMBAYTE CREEK HOUSES RADIATION ZONE

# # MYALL VIEW RADIATION ZONE :θ 1 8

67 6410000 7 4 :ν

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8 # :ν 7 H28 :θ 6 S11 :θ 7 5 H37 S7 :ν# ν η ν TAITS LINK FUEL BREAK 25 :ν H10 :ν H26 A2 # ν

:ν 6405000 Insert 1 6 H25 :θ 9 12 8η :θ 6

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S8 9 3 96 5 7 H27 H10a H38 8η N 6405000 1 7 :ν 5 H9 Insert:ν 2 2 :ν S9 37 :θ H29 :ν H43 :ν:ν :θ 02468Kilometres H8 TAMBOY RADIATION ZONE 4 6400000 :ν :ν Map 3.2: The fire management Insert 3 :θ # 8η strategies to be applied in the reserves. 6400000 8η H31 7

H32 4 Reserve Boundary # Radiation Zones & Fuel Breaks :θ Fire Management Zones Existing Proposed MUNGO BRUSH RADIATION ZONE Asset Protection

:ν# Strategic Other Fire Control Advantages # H30 A6 430000 435000 440000 Heritage 445000 450000 Map 3.1 Map 3.2 Map 3.3 :θ Existing Helicopter Water Point MUNGO BRUSH RADIATION ZONE EXTENSION Roads & Trails 8η Existing Helipad H31 8η Existing Cat 1 :ν Existing Vehicle Water Point H33 Existing Cat 9 η Proposed Helipad Insert 3 Map 3.4 Proposed Cat 1 ν Proposed Vehicle Water Point

Proposed Cat 9 450000 455000 460000

Map 3.3: The fire management strategies 32 to be applied in the reserves. N NE :θ HEARTS POINT RADIATION ZONE Reserve Boundary 3 2 3 3 6415000 :ν Fire Management Zones H20 :ν S17 :ν 0 Asset Protection 5

5 S12 :ν 1 # Strategic 6415000 8η η 15 UNSW RESEARCH STATION RADIATION ZONE Heritage # S12 :ν 23 NERANIE CAMPING AREA RADIATION ZONE # Roads & Trails SEAL ROCKS ROAD FUEL BREAK 3 Existing Cat 1 3 H21 :θ Existing Cat 9 Proposed Cat 1 H22 SEAL ROCKS VILLAGE RADIATION ZONE # Proposed Cat 9

1 Radiation Zones & Fuel Breaks 33

7 6 Existing H39 # 1 # 02 Proposed S13 η SEAL ROCKS CARAVAN PARK RADIATION ZONE 7 4 6410000 # Other Fire Control Advantages 3 A4 :ν 1 H40 :θ Existing Helicopter Water Point

8

0 6410000 H23 12 # 8η Existing Helipad ν A3 S11 H41 :ν Existing Vehicle Water Point #8η η Proposed Helipad 1 YAGON CAMPING AREA RADIATION ZONE ν Proposed Vehicle Water Point

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0123456Kilometres Map 3.4

:θ H32 7 H8 7

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3 5 DUCKHOLE FUEL BREAK :θ # H32 :ν 27 Map 3.4 H44 PIPERS CREEK FUEL BREAK ν 4

H52 H52 8 H42 9 5 S16 ν 5 6 5 # THE FENS FUEL BREAK 7 5 5 6 H52 :ν H46 4 8η # :ν 6390000 38 H45 :θ 81 :ν # LEMON TREE FUEL BREAK H52 5 1 # :ν S15 0 :ν 3 S14 BROUGHTON IS HUTS RADIATION ZONE 59

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H47 3 H48 :ν 8 Map 3.4: The fire management :ν H53 strategies to be applied in the reserves. :θ Insert Reserve Boundary Radiation Zones & Fuel Breaks 424000 425000 426000 H49 Fire Management Zones Existing # MYALL RIVER PINES FUEL BREAK 6390000

PIPERS CREEK FUEL BREAK Proposed S16 :ν # Asset Protection H53 6380000

6390000 Strategic :ν H46 S15 Other Fire Control Advantages Heritage :θ Existing Helicopter Water Point A5 # MINERAL DEPOSITS TRAIL 6389000 Roads & Trails 8η Existing Helipad S14 :ν # Existing Cat 1 Existing Vehicle Water Point

6389000 MINERAL DEPOSITS RADIATION ZONE Existing Cat 9 η Proposed Helipad

Proposed Cat 1 ν Proposed Vehicle Water Point

# Proposed Cat 9 424000 425000 426000

410000 415000 420000 425000 430000 435000 440000 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

3.2.1. Asset Protection Zones Eight asset protection zones have been defined within and around the reserves (Maps 3.1 to 3.4). The primary fire management objective in asset protection zones is the protection of life and property (see Section 1.2) which will be achieved by implementing the strategies described in Table 4. Note that the radiation zones described in Table 10 also serve an important role in protecting life and property.

Table 4. The specific fire management objectives and strategies to be applied in each asset protection zone (see Maps 3.1 to 3.4). Map Map/s Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Specific Objectives Strategies ID. Inside Outside Reserves Reserves A1 3.1 Nerong Village 39 5 • To protect Nerong village from bushfires approaching • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall from surrounding areas of Myall Lakes National Park. Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every • To help prevent fires ignited in Nerong village from 3-7 years). entering Myall Lakes National Park. • Maintain the Nerong Village Radiation Zone and encourage DLWC to construct the Nerong Village Radiation Zone extension as specified in Table 10. A2 3.2 Lakes Road 68 45 • To protect Bombah Point Eco Cabins and 3 houses along • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall Southern Lakes Road from bushfires approaching from Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every surrounding areas of Myall Lakes National Park. 3-5 years). • To help prevent fires ignited in the vicinity of Bombah • Encourage the construction of the Lakes Road Houses Radiation Point Eco Cabins from entering Myall Lakes National Zones as specified in Table 10. Park. A3 3.3 Treachery Camp 31 15 • To protect Treachery Head Camping Area from bushfires • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall approaching from the West and North within Myall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every Lakes National Park. 3-5 years). • To help prevent fires ignited in Treachery Head Camping • Encourage the construction of the Treachery Head Camping Area Area from entering Myall Lakes National Park. Radiation Zone as specified in Table 10. A4 3.3 Seal Rocks Village 83 25 • To protect Seal Rocks village from bushfires • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall approaching from within Myall Lakes National Park. Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every • To help prevent fires ignited in Seal Rocks village from 3 – 5 years). entering Myall Lakes National Park. • Encourage the construction of the Seal Rocks Caravan Park, Seal Rocks Village and Lighthouse Radiation Zones as specified in Table 10. A5 3.4 Mineral Deposits <1 11 • To protect the Mineral Deposits Facility from bushfires • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall approaching from the North and East. Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall 3-5 years). Lakes National Park. • Construct the Mineral Deposits Radiation Zone as specified in Table 10.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 8 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Map/s Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Specific Objectives Strategies ID. Inside Outside Reserves Reserves A6 3.2 South Mungo Brush 11 0 • To protect campers and their property from bushfires • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall approaching from the South. Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every • To provide a safe area for campers and fire fighters. 3-5 years). • To assist in controlling fires ignited in the vicinity of • Construct the Mungo Brush Radiation Zone Extension and Maintain Mungo Brush camping area. the Mungo Brush Radiation Zone as specified in Table 10. A7 3.2 Bombah Point 19 0 • In combination with the Bombah Point Depot Radiation • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall Depot Zone, to assist in protecting the Bombah Point Depot Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency every 3-5 from fire. years). A8 3.2 Violet Hill Rd 10 53 • To protect houses along the eastern side of Violet Hill • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Overall Houses Rd from bushfires in surrounding areas of Myall Lakes Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < High (estimated frequency once every National Park. 3-5 years). • To help prevent fires ignited in the vicinity of Violet Hill Rd from entering Myall Lakes National Park. 1 All areas generated by GIS and hence may differ slightly from gazetted areas.

3.2.2. Strategic Fire Management Zones Sixteen strategic fire management zones have been defined within and around the reserves (Maps 3.1 to 3.4). The primary fire management objectives in strategic fire management zones are to reduce the occurrence of human caused unplanned fires and to prevent the spread of fire within, from and into the reserves (see Section 1.2). Strategic fire management zones also contribute towards preventing the extinction of all species which are known to occur naturally within the reserves (conserving biodiversity) by affording some measure of control over the spread of unplanned fires which would otherwise result in fire regimes which may result in species extinctions. This will be achieved by implementing the strategies described in Table 5. Note that the fuel breaks described in Table 10 and fire management roads and trails described in Table 11 also serve an important role in preventing the spread of fire within, from and into the reserves.

Table 5. The specific fire management objectives and strategies to be applied in each strategic fire management zone (see Maps 3.1 to 3.4). Map Map/s Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Specific Objectives Strategies ID. Inside Outside Reserves Reserves S1 3.1 Girvan Valley 147 579 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at a frequency to be determined in National Park. consultation with affected neighbours but not more than once every 5 – 7 years. Burning to be undertaken co-operatively with neighbours.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 9 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Map/s Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Specific Objectives Strategies ID. Inside Outside Reserves Reserves S2 3.1 Booral Rd 90 0 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the National Park. Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% • To strengthen Booral Rd as a fire control advantage to assist in of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). preventing fires spreading between Crawford River and Nugra Heritage Management Zones. S3 3.1 Devils Elbow 269 0 • To strengthen Booral Rd as a fire control advantage to assist in • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the preventing fires spreading between Crawford River and Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% Nugra/Blue Gum Creek/Nerong Forest Heritage Management of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). Zones. S4 3.1 Emu Creek- 186 641 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at a frequency to be determined in Burdekins Gap National Park. consultation with affected neighbours but not more than once • To strengthen Peppermint Knob Rd and Redmans Trail as fire every 5 – 7 years. Burning to be undertaken co-operatively control advantages. with neighbours. S5 3.1 Boundary Road 120 15 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the National Park. Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). S6 3.1 West Nerong 166 7 • To assist in preventing fires crossing the Pacific Hwy by • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Village strengthening the Pacific Hwy as a fire control advantage. Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% • In combination with the Nerong Village Asset Protection of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). Zone, to protect buildings in Nerong from fires in Myall Lakes National Park. S7 3.2 Lakes Road North 35 191 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at a frequency to be determined in National Park. consultation with affected neighbours but not more than once every 5 – 7 years. Burning to be undertaken co-operatively with neighbours. S8 3.2 Lakes Road South 70 0 • In combination with the Sugar Point Strategic Fire • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Management Zone, to assist in containing fires burning in the Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% West Lakes Road Lower, Koolonock and Two Mile Lake of the zone (estimated frequency every 4-6 years). Heritage Management Zones before they reach the vicinity of Myall Shores Resort where they may damage property and cross the lake into the Boolambayte Lake Heritage Management Zone.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 10 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Map/s Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Specific Objectives Strategies ID. Inside Outside Reserves Reserves S9 3.2 Sugar Point 241 0 • In combination with the Lakes Rd South Strategic Fire • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Management Zone, to assist in containing fires burning in the Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% West Lakes Road Lower, Koolonock and Two Mile Lake of the zone (estimated frequency every 4-6 years). Heritage Management Zones before they reach the vicinity of Myall Shores Resort where they may damage property and cross the lake into the Boolambayte Lake Heritage Management Zone. S11 3.2 Big Gibber – 357 0 • To strengthen the Mining Road and One Horse Sands Fire • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Kataway Bay Link Trail as fire control advantages to help prevent fires spreading Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% between the Kataway/Moores Heritage Management Zones and of the zone (estimated frequency every 4-6 years). the Neranie – One Horse Sands/Middle Camp Heritage Management Zones. S12 3.3 Horse Point Road 64 8 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the National Park by strengthening Horse Point Rd as a fire control Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% advantage. of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). • To strengthen Seal Rocks Rd as a fire control advantage to assist in preventing fires spreading between Seal Rocks Rd North and Neranie – One Horse Sands Heritage Management Zones. S13 3.3 West Seal Rocks 1 50 • To assist in preventing fires crossing between the Seal Rocks • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the Road North/Seal Rocks Road South Heritage Management Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% Zones into the Seal Rocks Heritage Management Zone by of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). strengthening the Escarpment Fire Trail as a fire control advantage. • In combination with the Seal Rocks Village Asset Protection Zone, to protect properties in Seal Rocks from fire. S14 3.4 Southern Boundary 94 36 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the National Park. Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). S15 3.4 Viney Creek 68 0 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the National Park. Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% • In combination with the Mineral Deposits Asset Protection of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). Zone, to help protect the Mineral Deposits facility from fires in Myall Lakes National Park.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 11 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Map/s Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Specific Objectives Strategies ID. Inside Outside Reserves Reserves S16 3.4 Lower Myall River 390 44 • To assist in preventing fires exiting or entering Myall Lakes • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the West National Park. Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% • In combination with the Myall River Fire Trail, to help protect of the zone (estimated frequency every 4-6 years). the Myall River Pine Plantation and associated buildings from fires in Myall Lakes National Park. S17 3.3 Simons Point 69 0 • To reduce spotting distances to assist in preventing fires that • Prescribed burn at the frequency required to maintain the are burning in the Seal Rocks Road North Heritage Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) < Very High over > 70% Management Zone from spotting across the lake into the of the zone (estimated frequency every 5-7 years). settlement of Smiths Lake. 1 All areas generated by GIS and hence may differ slightly from gazetted areas.

3.2.3. Heritage Management Zones Fifty five heritage management zones have been defined within and around the reserves (Maps 3.1 to 3.4). The primary fire management objectives in heritage management zones are to prevent the extinction of all species which are known to occur naturally within the reserves (conserve biodiversity) and to protect Aboriginal sites, historic heritage sites and other culturally significant features from fire (see Section 1.2). Except where noted otherwise, these objectives will be achieved by: • suppressing bushfires and, where necessary, conducting prescribed burns to maintain fire regimes within the biodiversity thresholds specified in Table 6, and • implementing the threatened species and cultural heritage management guidelines specified in Tables 7 and 8 in locations where threatened species and cultural heritage sites are known or likely to occur.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 12 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Table 6. The biodiversity thresholds to be applied in the reserves (adapted from Bradstock et al. 1995 and Keith, 1996). These thresholds define a domain of acceptable fire regimes to conserve biodiversity. Fire regimes outside this domain are predicted to cause significant declines in species populations, particularly if they prevail over > 50% of the area of each community. Class Vegetation Communities Biodiversity Thresholds ID

a Dry Sclerophyll Forest • Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires, with each of the fires < 5 years apart. • Avoid inter-fire periods of > 30 years. • Avoid 2 or more successive fires that totally scorch or consume the tree canopy. • Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires of low intensity. b Heathland/Scrubland • Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires, with each of the fires < 8 years apart. Swamp Sclerophyll • Avoid 3 or more consecutive fires, with each of the fires > 15 years apart. Forest • Avoid inter-fire periods of > 30 years. Wet Heath • Avoid 2 or more successive fires that consume < 10 t/ha of surface fuel. c Wet Sclerophyll Forest • Avoid more than 1 fire every 30 years. • Avoid inter-fire periods of > 200 years. d Rainforest • Any fire occurrence (a limited recovery ability exists). Sedgeland/Rushland Mangrove/Saltmarsh Palm Forest Riparian Forest na Cleared • Not applicable. Sand/Rock/Bare Ground/Water Hardwood Plantation Pine Plantation

Table 7. The threatened species management strategies to be applied in the reserves (see Maps 3.1 – 3.4). These management strategies have been derived from NPWS (1999), NPWS (2000a), NPWS (2000b) and Hunter and Alexander (2000). ID Fire Management Strategies Species Status1 Flora: fl1 • Avoid interfire intervals of < 10 years in locations where Dillwynia tenuifolia Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Grevillea guthrieana Endangered • Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in locations where Melaleuca groveana Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Syzygium paniculatum Vulnerable • Avoid the use of retardant in locations where these species are known to occur. fl2 • As far as possible, exclude all fire from locations where these Chamaesyce psammogeton Endangered species are known to occur. • Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in locations where these species are known to occur. • Avoid the use of retardant in locations where these species are known to occur. Fauna: fa1 • Protect large and hollow bearing trees in locations where Phascogale tapoatafa Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Brush-tailed Phascogale Tyto novaehollandiae Vulnerable Masked Owl Pandion haliateus Vulnerable Osprey Petaurus australis Vulnerable Yellow-bellied Glider

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 13 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

ID Fire Management Strategies Species Status1 fa2 • Protect large and hollow bearing trees in locations where Calyptorhynchus lathami Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Glossy Black Cockatoo • Avoid interfire intervals of < 10 years in locations where Tyto tenebricosa Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Sooty Owl • Avoid high intensity fires that consume canopies and fallen Mormopterus norfolkensis Vulnerable logs in locations where these species are known to occur. Eastern Free-tail Bat Miniopterus australis Vulnerable Little Bent-wing Bat Dasyurus maculatus Vulnerable Spotted-tailed (Tiger) Quoll Neophema pulchella Vulnerable Turquoise Parrot Hoplocephalus stephensii Vulnerable Stephen’s Banded Snake Ninox strenua Vulnerable Powerful Owl fa3 • Avoid interfire intervals of < 10 years in locations where Macropus parma Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Parma Wallaby Pseudomys gracilicaudatus Vulnerable Eastern Chestnut Mouse Lophoictinia isura Vulnerable Square-tailed Kite Xanthomyza phrygia Endangered Regent Honeyeater fa4 • Habitat unlikely to be effected by fire. Dupetor flavicollis Vulnerable • Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in wetland habitats Black Bittern where these species are known to occur. Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Endangered • Avoid the use of retardant and foam in wetland habitats Black-necked Stork where these species are known to occur. Irediparra gallinacea Vulnerable Comb-crested Jacana fa5 • Habitat unlikely to be affected by fire. Sterna albifrons Endangered • Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in dunes where Little Tern these species are known to occur. Haematopus longirostris Vulnerable Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Vulnerable Sooty Oystercatcher

fa6 • As far as possible, exclude all fire from wetland habitats Litoria brevipalmata Green- Vulnerable where these species are known to occur. thighed Frog • Avoid the use of earth moving machinery from wetland Crinia tinnula Vulnerable habitats where these species are known to occur. Wallum Froglet • Avoid the use of retardant in wetland habitats where these Litoria aurea Endangered species are known to occur. Green and Golden Bell Frog Mixophyes balbus Vulnerable Stuttering Frog fa7 • Avoid high intensity fires which consume tree canopies. Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable Koala Miniopterus schreibersii Vulnerable Common Bent-wing Bat Ptilinopus magnificus Vulnerable Wompoo Fruit-dove fa8 • As far as possible, exclude all fire from locations where these Pterodroma leucoptera Endangered species are known to occur. Gould’s Petrel • Avoid the use of earth moving machinery in locations where Kerivoula papuensis Vulnerable these species are known to occur. Golden-tipped Bat Tyto capensis Vulnerable Grass Owl 1. As per the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 14 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Table 8. The cultural heritage management strategies to be applied in the reserves (see Maps 3.1 – 3.4). ID Fire Management Strategies Site Types Aboriginal Heritage Sites: ah1 • As far as possible protect site from fire. Scarred and Carved Trees • Do not cut down trees. • Use of foams, wetting agents and retardant is acceptable. ah2 • As far as possible protect site from fire. Stone arrangements, • Avoid all ground disturbance including the use of earthmoving machinery, ceremonial rings, rock handline construction and driving over sites. engravings, rock art, • Avoid water bombing which may cause ground disturbance. grinding grooves ah3 • Avoid all ground disturbance including the use of earthmoving machinery, Burials, artefact scatters, handline construction and driving over sites. middens • Avoid water bombing which may cause ground disturbance. • Site may be burnt by bushfire, back burn or prescribed burn without damage. Historic Heritage Sites hh1 • As far as possible protect site from fire. Flammable and structurally • Avoid all ground disturbance including the use of earthmoving machinery, unsound sites including handline construction and driving over sites. buildings with low • Avoid water bombing which may damage site. structural integrity. • Use of foams, wetting agents and retardant is acceptable. hh2 • As far as possible protect site from fire. Flammable but structurally • Avoid all ground disturbance including the use of earthmoving machinery, sound sites including handline construction and driving over sites. buildings, wooden fences, • Waterbombing and use of foams, wetting agents and retardant is acceptable. signs, stock rails etc. hh3 • Avoid all ground disturbance including the use of earthmoving machinery, Low flammability but handline construction and driving over sites. structurally unsound sound • Avoid water bombing. sites including dry stone • Use of foams, wetting agents and retardant is acceptable. walls. • Site may be burnt by bushfire, back burn or prescribed burn without damage. hh4 • Avoid all ground disturbance including the use of earthmoving machinery, Low flammability and handline construction and driving over sites. structurally sound sites and • Waterbombing and use of foams, wetting agents and retardant is acceptable. earthworks including stone • Site may be burnt by bushfire, back burn or prescribed burn without damage. foundations, aqueducts. hh5 • Site unlikely to be affected by fire or any fire management activities. Quarries

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 15 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Table 9 provides a description of each heritage management zone and the strategies to be applied in each zone.

Table 9. The fire management strategies to be applied in each heritage management zone (see Maps 3.1 to 3.4). Map Map Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Area (ha) by Biodiversity Threshold Threatened Cultural Strategies ID. Class1 (Table 6) Species Heritage Inside Outside a b c d na Guidelines Guidelines Reserves Reserves (Table 7) (Table 8) H1 3.1 Gorong 2156 971 1772 0 1278 77 0 fl1, fa3, fa7, - • Suppress bushfires and conduct fa2 prescribed burns as appropriate to H2 3.1 Upper Winns Creek 177 451 432 0 179 16 0 fa3 - maintain fire regimes within the H3 3.1 Crawford River 1262 66 860 0 420 39 9 fa2 - biodiversity thresholds specified in H4 3.1 Nugra 370 170 236 0 289 0 15 fa7 - Table 6. H5 3.1 Lower Winns Creek 219 451 318 0 320 30 0 - - • Implement the threatened species H6 3.1 Blue Gum Creek 554 0 449 0 105 2 0 fa8 - management strategies specified in H7 3.1 Nerong Forest South 1553 8 1468 0 87 4 2 fa2 - Table 7 as required. H7a 3.1 Nerong Forest North 1482 15 1390 28 79 0 0 - - • Implement the cultural heritage H8 3.1 Nerong Creek South 793 438 323 794 55 0 48 - - management strategies specified in 3.2 Table 8 as required. 3.4 H9 3.1 Upper Myall River West 1072 149 684 337 106 32 40 - ah3 3.2 H10 3.1 West Lakes Road Upper 432 18 188 218 0 0 34 fl1 - 3.2 H10a 3.2 West Lakes Road Lower 985 27 235 771 0 0 6 Fa2, fa8 - H11 3.2 O'Sullivans Gap 226 709 272 0 494 162 7 fa1, fa2, fa7 - H12 3.2 Mayers Range 592 39 136 0 353 98 45 fa1, fa2, fa7 - H13 3.2 Upper Boolambayte Creek 50 38 5 0 66 0 16 fa6 - H14 3.2 Stoney Creek 272 162 201 17 162 27 28 fa2 - H15 3.2 Mt Chapman 364 11 206 0 114 47 7 fa2 ah3 H16 3.2 Toms Hill 1440 112 906 60 375 151 58 fa2, fa7 - H17 3.2 Violet Hill 1052 0 460 78 453 26 18 - hh1, hh5 H18 3.2 Mayers Bay 81 18 25 62 3 0 5 - hh1, hh2 H19 3.2 North Myall Lake Shoreline 969 19 215 160 160 6 404 - hh1, hh2 H20 3.2 Neranie Bay 87 9 28 36 3 0 4 fa7 - H21 3.3 Seal Rocks Road North 1409 43 1094 224 10 68 55 fa2, fa3, fa6, ah3, hh2 fa7 H22 3.2 Neraine Head - One Horse Sands 725 0 583 85 0 55 0 fa2 hh1 3.3 H23 3.2 Middle Camp 2074 0 1871 89 0 0 119 fa2, fa7, fl1 ah3, hh2, hh4, 3.3 hh5

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 16 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Map Zone Name Zone Area (ha) 1 Area (ha) by Biodiversity Threshold Threatened Cultural Strategies ID. Class1 (Table 6) Species Heritage Inside Outside a b c d na Guidelines Guidelines Reserves Reserves (Table 7) (Table 8) H24 3.2 Kataway 1226 0 569 627 0 1 24 fa3 hh1,hh5 H25 3.2 The Moors 1681 0 474 1077 0 1 131 fa1, fa5, fa6 ah2, hh2 H26 3.2 Johnsons Hill 536 0 311 211 0 0 12 - hh3 • Suppress bushfires and conduct H27 3.2 Boolambayte Lake 476 0 323 150 0 0 0 - hh2 prescribed burns as appropriate to H28 3.2 Pigeon Point 390 0 278 110 0 0 0 - hh1 maintain fire regimes within the H29 3.2 Eurunderee Lagoon 961 0 355 496 0 14 96 fa1, fa6, fa7 hh2 biodiversity thresholds specified in H30 3.2 Mungo Brush 78 0 5 51 0 9 12 fa2, fl2 hh2, ah3 Table 6. H31 3.2 Brambles Green 741 0 122 537 0 62 2 fa7 ah3 • Implement the threatened species 3.4 management strategies specified in H32 3.2 Cherry Tree 1025 486 128 737 0 28 513 - hh2 Table 7 as required. 3.4 • Implement the cultural heritage H33 3.4 East Mungo Brush Rd 299 0 25 111 0 0 164 - hh1, hh2 management strategies specified in H34 3.2 Wears Bay 73 0 33 36 3 0 0 - - Table 8 as required. H35 3.2 Lower Boolambayte Creek 214 158 208 88 63 0 5 - hh2, hh4 H36 3.2 Koolonock 281 763 772 32 193 38 5 fa1 ah2, ah3 H37 3.2 Palmers Bay 248 0 109 139 0 0 0 fa7 hh4 H38 3.2 Two Mile Lake 175 0 33 123 0 0 9 fa2 hh1, hh3, ah3 H39 3.3 Seal Rocks Road South 674 31 701 3 0 0 1 fa1, fa2, fa7 - H40 3.3 Seal Rocks 39 6 19 18 0 0 8 fl1, fa2, fa7 ah2, ah3 H41 3.3 Treachery Beach 115 0 90 14 0 0 13 fl2, fa5 ah3 H42 3.4 Dark Point 397 0 37 135 0 0 226 fa3 ah3, hh2 H43 3.2 River Mouth 180 0 132 45 0 0 0 - - H44 3.4 Duck Hole 738 0 121 568 0 16 20 - - H45 3.4 Lemon Tree 103 0 0 76 0 0 27 - ah3 H46 3.4 Lower Myall River East 313 0 31 163 0 109 5 - - H47 3.4 Fame Cove 42 178 215 2 0 0 0 - - H48 3.4 Corrie Island 161 0 0 6 0 144 7 - - H49 3.4 Yacaaba Head 121 0 27 88 0 0 3 - - H50 3.2 Branch Creek 350 20 100 0 174 0 2 fa1, fa2, fa6, - fa7 H51 3.2 Bangalo Creek 194 7 54 0 129 0 2 fa1 - H52 3.4 Broughton Is Group 137 0 0 137 0 0 0 fa5, fa6 ah3, hh2 H53 3.4 Cabbage Tree & Boondelbah Is 45 0 0 32 0 13 0 fa8 - • As far as possible, exclude all fires to prevent damage to Gould’s Petrel Breeding Habitat. 1 All areas generated by GIS and hence may differ slightly from gazetted areas.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 17 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

3.3. Radiation Zones and Strategic Fuel Breaks Table 10 lists the specifications for radiation zones and strategic fuel breaks that will be maintained or constructed during the life of this strategy.

Table 10. The specifications for radiation zones and strategic fuel breaks that will be maintained or constructed during the life of this strategy (see Maps 3.1 to 3.4). Map/s Radiation Zone/Strategic Fuel Specifications Tenure Objective/Comment Break Name Existing Radiation Zones and Strategic Fuel Breaks to be Maintained: 3.4 Lemon Tree Strategic Fuel Break 10m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help prevent bushfires spreading between the Southern Boundary and Lemon Tree Fire Management as required Zones. 3.4 Pipers Creek Strategic Fuel Break 10m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help prevent bushfires spreading between the Viney Creek and Lower Myall River East Fire as required Management Zones. 3.4 The Fens Strategic Fuel Break 10m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help prevent bushfires spreading between the Lower Myall River East and Duck Hole, and Lemon as required Tree and Dark Point Fire Management Zones. 3.4 Duck Hole Strategic Fuel Break 10m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help prevent bushfires spreading between the Duck Hole and Brambles Green Fire Management as required Zones. 3.4 Myall River Pines Strategic Fuel 10m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help prevent fires spreading out of the Lower Myall River West Strategic Fire Management Zone Break as required Private and into the adjacent pine plantation. • To be maintained jointly by NPWS and the private property owner. 3.1 Nerong Village Radiation Zone 20m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help protect houses along the Eastern rural/urban interface of Nerong from bushfires. as required 3.2 Bombah Point Radiation Zone 20m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help protect the Bombah Point Depot from bushfires. as required 3.2 Mayers Point Radiation Zone 20m wide approx, slashed NPWS • To help protect the Mayers Point houses from bushfires. as required 3.2 Neranie Camping Area Radiation 10m wide approx around NPWS • To help protect facilities within Neranie Camping Area from bushfires. Zone campsites and facilities, • To provide a safe area for fire fighters and visitors in the event of fire. slashed as required 3.2 Violet Hill Camping Area Radiation 10m wide approx around NPWS • To help protect facilities within Violet Hill Camping Area from bushfires. Zone campsites and facilities, • To provide a safe area for fire fighters and visitors in the event of fire. slashed as required 3.2 Korsmans Landing Camping Area 10m wide approx around NPWS • To help protect facilities within Korsmans Landing Camping Area from bushfires. Radiation Zone campsites and facilities, • To provide a safe area for fire fighters and visitors in the event of fire. slashed as required 3.3 Yagon Camping Area Radiation Zone 10m wide area in centre of NPWS • To provide a safe area for fire fighters and visitors in the event of fire. camping area, slashed as required

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 18 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map/s Radiation Zone/Strategic Fuel Specifications Tenure Objective/Comment Break Name 3.2 Carters Radiation Zone > 10m wide around NPWS • To help protect buildings on Carters property from bushfires. buildings, slashed as Private • To provide a safe area in the event of fire. required 3.3 Lighthouse Radiation Zone Slashed as required around Private • To help protect the lighthouse and associated buildings from bushfires. house and other buildings • To be maintained by the operator of the lighthouse. 3.3 Seal Rocks Caravan Park Radiation >5m wide behind Private • To help protect caravans in the camping area from bushfires. Zone caravans, slashed as • To be maintained by caravan park owner. required 3.3 Hearts Point Radiation Zone > 5m wide around picnic NPWS • To provide a safe area in the event of fire and to protect picnic facilities facilities 3.2 Mayers Flat Houses Radiation Zone > 10m wide around NPWS • To help protect the Mayers Flat Cottage (NPWS) and one private residence from bushfires. buildings, slashed as Private • To be maintained by NPWS. required 3.2 Mungo Brush Radiation Zone >20m wide area in the NPWS • To provide a safe area for fire fighters and visitors in the event of fire. middle of the camping area Proposed Radiation Zones and Strategic Fuel Breaks to be Constructed: 3.4 Mineral Deposits Radiation Zone Constructed 10m wide NPWS • To protect the Mineral Deposits facility from bushfires. approx and slashed as • To be maintained jointly by Mineral Deposits LTD and NPWS. required 3.4 Pipers Creek Fuel Break Extension Constructed 10m wide NPWS • To link the current end of the Pipers Creek Fuel Break with the Myall River to help prevent bushfires approx and slashed as spreading between the Viney Creek and Lower Myall River East Fire Management Zones. required 3.4 The Fens Fuel Break Extension Constructed >1m wide and NPWS • To create a control line for backburning that links the current end of the Fens Fuel Break with the Myall maintained as required River to help prevent bushfires spreading between the Lower Myall River East and Duck Hole Fire Management Zones. 3.4 Duck Hole Fuel Break Extension Constructed >1m wide and NPWS • To create a control line for backburning that links the current end of Duck Hole Fuel Break with the maintained as required Myall River to help prevent bushfires spreading between the Duck Hole and Brambles Green Fire Management Zones. 3.1 Nerong Park Road Fuel Break Constructed 10m wide Private • To help prevent fires spreading between the Nerong Creek South and Cherry Tree Heritage 3.4 approx along Nerong Park Management Zones and into the Myall River Pine Plantation. Rd and slashed as required • NPWS to discuss construction and maintenance with landholders. 3.3 Seal Rocks Village Radiation Zone Constructed 1-20m wide NPWS • To protect houses along Kinka and Thomas Rds, Seal Rocks, from bushfires. In sections where it is not and slashed as required Private possible to construct a 20m wide break, a narrower break that can be used as a control line for backburning will be constructed (probably using handtools). • NPWS to construct and maintain sections within reserves and NPWS to encourage construction on other land tenures. 3.3 Seal Rocks Road Fuel Break Constructed by removing NPWS • To assist in preventing fires from spreading between the Seal Rocks Rd North and Seal Rocks Rd South the bush between Seal Heritage Management Zones. Rocks Rd and powerlines.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 19 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map/s Radiation Zone/Strategic Fuel Specifications Tenure Objective/Comment Break Name 3.2 Taits Link Fuel Break Constructed 10m wide and NPWS • To link Two Mile and Boolambayte Lakes to assist in preventing fires spreading between Boolambayte slashed as required. Lake and Pigeon Point Heritage Management Zones. 3.3 UNSW Research Station Radiation Constructed 10-20m wide Private • To protect buildings at the UNSW Research Station from bushfires. Zone around buildings and • To provide a safe area for fire fighters and visitors in the event of fire. slashed as required 3.2 Tamboy Radiation Zone Constructed >1m wide and NPWS • To be used as a control line for backburning to help protect the Huts at Tamboy from fires in the Cherry maintained as required Tree Heritage Management Zone. 3.2 Mungo Brush Radiation Zone 5m wide around each NPWS • To assist in protecting visitors property from fires. Extension campsite • To assist in controlling fires ignited within the camping area. 3.1 Nerong Village Radiation Zone As specified in Planning DLWC • To assist in protecting buildings along the Southern edge of Nerong from bushfires. Extension NSW (2001) • DLWC to construct and maintain. 3.1 Burdekins Road Houses Radiation As specified in Planning Private • To assist in protecting houses along Burdekins Road from bushfires. Zone NSW (2001) • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.2 Boolambayte Creek Houses Radiation As specified in Planning Private • To assist in protecting houses along Boolambayte Creek from bushfires. Zone NSW (2001) • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.1 Nerong Radio Tower Radiation Zone Constructed 20m wide and NPWS • To assist in protecting the Nerong Radio Tower from bushfires. slashed as required. Lease • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.2 Mt Chapman Radio Tower Radiation Constructed 20m wide and Private • To assist in protecting the Mt Chapman Radio Tower from bushfires. Zone slashed as required. • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.2 Tallawalla Radiation Zone As specified in Planning Private • To assist in protecting buildings on the Tallawalla property from bushfires. NSW (2001) • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.2 Lakes Road Houses Radiation Zone As specified in Planning Private • To assist in protecting houses along Lakes Road from bushfires. NSW (2001) • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.2 Myall Shores Resort Radiation Zone Removal of the NPWS • To assist in protecting buildings within the lease area from bushfires. understorey around all Lease • To provide a safe area in the event of bushfire. buildings and from within • Leasee to maintain. the camping area. 3.2 Myall View Radiation Zone Constructed 20m wide NPWS • To assist in protecting structures on the Myall View property from bushfires. around structures and Private • NPWS and land occupier to construct, land occupier to maintain. slashed as required. 3.3 Treachery Head Camping Area As specified in Planning Private • To assist in protecting buildings within treachery camp from bushfires. Radiation Zone NSW (2001) • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.1 Dans Hill House Radiation Zone As specified in Planning Private • To assist in protecting the house on Dans Hill from bushfires. NSW (2001) • NPWS to encourage owner to construct and maintain. 3.4 Broughton Island Huts Radiation 1-2m wide maintained by NPWS • To assist in protecting the huts on Broughton Island from bushfires (by providing a control line to Zone whipper snipping as backburn from). required. • NPWS to construct, hut lease holders and NPWS to maintain.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 20 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

3.4. Fire Management Trails and Roads Trails and roads provide access for fire fighting vehicles and may be used as control lines for low intensity fires or for backburning from to contain higher intensity fires.

Table 11 lists the fire management trails and roads that will be maintained or constructed during the life of this strategy. Roads and trails classified as ‘Category 1’ will be maintained to a standard sufficient to allow the passage of Category 1 fire tankers (4wd Heavy Tanker up to 3500 litre capacity) while roads and trails classified as ‘Category 9’ will only be maintained to a standard sufficient to allow the passage of Category 9 fire tankers (4wd Ute/Cab Chassis with up to 400 litre capacity). Many of the roads and fire trails illustrated in Maps 3.1 – 3.4 and listed Table 11 are for management purposes only and are not open for public use.

Table 11. The trails and roads that will be maintained or constructed in and around the reserves (see Maps 3.1 – 3.4). Map Maps Trail Name Tenure Comment ID Existing Trails/Roads to be Maintained: Category 1 1 3.2 Mining Road NPWS NPWS to maintain. 2 3.1 Boundary Road NPWS/SF NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access through State Forest. 3 3.4 Hole In The Wall Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 4 3.2 Mungo Brush Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public 3.4 authority. 5 3.4 Tea Gardens-Hawks Nest Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 6 3.1 Burdekins Rd Private/NPWS NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access across private property. 7 3.1 Nerong Park Road Private/NPWS NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and 3.2 negotiate access across private property. 3.4 8 3.2 Old Pacific Highway Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 9 3.1 Pacific Highway Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public 3.2 authority. 3.4 10 3.2 Sawpit Trail Private/NPWS NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access across private property. 11 3.4 Myall River Road Private NPWS to negotiate access across private property. 12 3.3 Yagon Road NPWS NPWS to maintain. 13 3.3 Thomas Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 14 3.1 Booral Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 15 3.3 Horse Point Rd (Part) Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 16 3.1 Nerong Rd NPWS/SF NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access through State Forest. 17 3.2 Lakes Road (Bombah Point Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public Road) authority. 18 3.1 Splityard Road NPWS/SF NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access through State Forest. 19 3.2 Clarks Road NPWS/SF NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access through State Forest. 20 3.2 Mayers Point Rd Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 21 3.2 Bangalow Road NPWS/SF NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access through State Forest.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 21 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Maps Trail Name Tenure Comment ID 22 3.1 Masonite Road SF/Private NPWS to ensure access through State Forest and negotiate access across private property. 23 3.2 Neranie Rd NPWS NPWS to maintain. 24 3.2 Wang Wauk Forest Way SF NPWS to negotiate access 25 3.2 Old Gibber Rd NPWS NPWS to maintain. 26 3.1 Markwell Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 27 3.4 Sand Pt Beach Access NPWS NPWS to maintain. 28 3.1 Cabbage Tree Forest Road SF NPWS to negotiate access 29 3.1 Crabby Road SF NPWS to negotiate access 30 3.2 Stoney Creek Forest Rd NPWS NPWS to maintain. 31 3.2 Violet Hill Rd Public To be maintained by the responsible public Road/NPWS authority. 32 3.2 The Lakes Way Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 33 3.2 Seal Rocks Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public 3.3 authority. 34 3.2 Korsmans Landing Road NPWS NPWS to maintain. 35 3.4 Duck Hole Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 37 3.2 River Mouth Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 38 3.4 Pipers Creek Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 39 3.1 Knob Road SF NPWS to negotiate access 40 3.2 Swan Point Rd (first 800m NPWS NPWS to maintain. only) 42 3.1 Taylors Road SF NPWS to negotiate access 43 3.1 Little Nugra Road NPWS NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and SF ensure access through State Forest. 44 3.2 Boolambayte Creek Trail Private NPWS to negotiate access across private property 45 3.1 Nugra Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 47 3.1 Girvan Valley Roads Private NPWS to negotiate access across private property 48 3.1 Crawford Road Various NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access across other land tenures. 49 3.1 Jarrah Road Various NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access across other land tenures. 50 3.3 Wamwarra Bay Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 51 3.1 Simmsville Road Various NPWS to negotiate access 52 3.1 Blue Gum Road Private/SF NPWS to negotiate access 53 3.4 Bundabah Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 54 3.4 Pindimar Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 55 3.1 Sour Ridge Road NPWS/SF To be jointly managed. 56 3.4 The Fens Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 57 3.4 Kore Kore Creek Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 58 3.4 Myall River Plantation Road Private NPWS to negotiate access 59 3.4 Tank Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 60 3.1 Emu Creek Trail Various NPWS to negotiate access across private property 61 3.2 Taits Road (part) NPWS NPWS to maintain. 62 3.2 Mungo Brush Access Roads NPWS NPWS to maintain. 63 3.4 Monkey Jacket Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 102 3.3 Kinka Road Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 104 3.1 Nugra Road - Boundary Road Private NPWS to negotiate access across private Link property

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 22 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Maps Trail Name Tenure Comment ID Category 9 15 3.3 Horse Point Road (Part) NPWS NPWS to maintain.

36 3.1 Sugarloaf Road NPWS/Private NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access across private property. 61 3.2 Taits Road (part) NPWS NPWS to maintain. 64 3.1 Bloodwood Gap Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 65 3.2 Tickerabil Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 66 3.2 Burraduc Fire Trail NPWS To be maintained by NPWS Private 67 3.2 Toms Hill Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 70 3.2 Stoney Crk - Bunts Pull Link NPWS NPWS to maintain. Rd 71 3.2 Bunts Pull Road NPWS NPWS to maintain. 72 3.2 Crafties Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 73 3.2 Hockings And Dees Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 74 3.3 Escarpment Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 76 3.3 Yagon Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 77 3.2 Clarks Road Fire Trail Various NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access across other tenures 78 3.2 Shortys Camp Forest Road SF NPWS to negotiate access. 79 3.2 Stoney Knob Road SF NPWS to negotiate access. 80 3.2 One Horse Sand Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 81 3.4 Myall River Trail Private NPWS to negotiate access 82 3.4 Fame Cove Trail Private NPWS to negotiate access 83 3.4 West Lower Pindimar Trail Private NPWS to negotiate access 84 3.1 Redmans Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 85 3.2 Paperbark Flat Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 86 3.1 Blue Gum Road SF/Private NPWS to negotiate access across private property. 87 3.2 Koolonock Trail SF NPWS to negotiate access 88 3.2 Postmans Ridge Trail SF NPWS to negotiate access 89 3.2 Taits Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 90 3.1 Purgatory Road NPWS/SF NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and negotiate access through State Forest. 91 3.1 Masons Bend Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 92 3.1 Blue Gum Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 93 3.1 Middle Basin Road SF NPWS to negotiate access 94 3.4 Bennetts Beach Access Trail Public Road To be maintained by the responsible public authority. 95 3.2 Broken Sand Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 96 3.2 Dunshea Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 103 3.4 Lemon Tree Access Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 105 3.2 Conglomerate Rd SF/Private NPWS to negotiate access 107 3.2 Mt Chapman North Fire Trail NPWS NPWS to maintain. 108 3.2 Mount Chapman Tower Fire NPWS NPWS to maintain. Trail 109 3.1 Peppermint Knob Rd NPWS NPWS to maintain. 112 3.1 Duncans Fire Trail NPWS/Private NPWS to maintain sections within reserves and 3.2 negotiate access across private property. Proposed Trails/Roads to be Constructed or Upgraded: Category 1 68 3.2 Shelly Beach Trail NPWS NPWS to upgrade from Cat 9 to Cat 1 and maintain. 69 3.2 Johnsons Beach Trail NPWS NPWS to upgrade from Cat 9 to Cat 1 and maintain. 97 3.2 Sawpit Trail NPWS NPWS to construct and maintain.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 23 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

Map Maps Trail Name Tenure Comment ID Category 9 98 3.2 Burraduc Fire Trl Extension NPWS/Private NPWS to negotiate regarding construction and maintenance. 99 3.4 Mineral Deposits Trail NPWS/Private NPWS to negotiate regarding construction and maintenance.

100 3.2 Tallawalla Trail Private NPWS to negotiate regarding construction and maintenance. 101 3.2 Taits Road NPWS NPWS to construct and maintain.

106 3.1 Rooty Crk Trail NPWS NPWS to upgrade existing route to Category 9 standard. 110 3.1 Double Circle Trail NPWS NPWS to upgrade existing route to Category 9 standard. 111 3.1 Jacks Creek Trail NPWS NPWS to upgrade existing route to Category 9 standard. 113 3.2 Violet Hill Rd Trail NPWS NPWS to upgrade existing route to Category 9 Private standard.

3.5. Other Fire Control Advantages Other fire control advantages are features that may be used to support bushfire suppression operations and include water points (both helicopter and vehicle accessible), helipads, landing grounds and refuge areas. Other fire control advantages that will be maintained or constructed in and around the reserves are illustrated in Maps 3.1 to 3.4. Of particular note are a number of bores that are proposed to provide vehicle accessible water along the Mining Road (Map 3.2).

3.6. Education, Co-operation and Enforcement NPWS will undertake the following during the life of this strategy: • Support the Rural Fire Service to establish community education programs in the following communities to increase awareness of fire, to encourage land holders to undertake hazard reduction activities on their own properties and to encourage reserve neighbours to report arson: − Seal Rocks − Nerong − Bungwhal. • Assist landholders/occupiers to undertake prescribed burns on private property adjacent to the reserves where this burning will help protect assets on neighbouring property from bushfires that may exit the reserves or will help prevent fires entering the reserves from adjacent land. • Develop Memorandums of Understanding for all jointly maintained asset protection zones, strategic fire management zones, radiation zones, fuel breaks and fire trails as specified in Tables 4, 5, 10 and 11. • Develop access agreements for important trails that traverse private land. • Erect signs at major camping and picnic areas advising reserve visitors of the actions they should undertake in the event of bushfire. • In conjunction with the Rural Fire Service and other land managers, investigate all fires believed to have been deliberately lit and pursue legal action against those responsible where evidence permits. • Advise visitor centres of the status of current fires within the reserves and any visitor restrictions.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 24 Bushfire Risk Management Strategies

3.7. Research and Monitoring NPWS will undertake the following during the life of this strategy: • Establish sites in all asset protection and strategic fire management zones to monitor Overall Fuel Hazard (NPWS, 2002) to identify the need for prescribed burning as specified in Tables 4 and 5. • Establish sites in each vegetation community to monitor the effect of implemented fire regimes on biodiversity.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 25 4. REFERENCES

Bradstock, R.A., Keith, D.A. and Auld, T.D. (1995) Fire and Conservation: Imperatives and Constraints on Managing for Biodiversity. In Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions (eds. R.A. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D. Sivertsen). Surrey Beatty, Sydney. 323-333.

Hunter, J.T. and Alexander, J. (2000) Vegetation and Floristics of Myall Lakes National Park. Unpublished Report for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 283p.

Keith, D. (1996) Fire – Driven Extinction of Plant Populations: A Synthesis of Theory and Review of Evidence from Australian Vegetation. Proceedings of the Linnenen Society of NSW, 116, 37-78.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2002) Overall Fuel Hazard Guide, Sydney Basin, NPWS edition May, 2003. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 28p.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (1999) Threatened Species Management Information. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2000a) Threatened Species of the Lower North Coast of . NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 130p.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2000b) Draft Recovery Plan for Goulds Petrel. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 53p.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2001) Fire Management Manual. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 320p.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2002) Myall Lakes National Park, Little Broughton Island and Stormpetrel Nature Reserve Plan of Management.NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 139p.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (in prep) The NPWS Approach to Fire Management Planning. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney. 35p.

Planning NSW (2001) Planning for Bushfire Protection: A guide for Councils, Planners, Fire Authorities, Developers and Home Owners. NSW Rural Fire Service and Planning NSW, Sydney.56p.

Fire Management Strategy for Myall Lakes National Park and Island Nature Reserves 26 NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

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