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Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines for Design and Management IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation of ideas in the field, the Guidelines distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they build institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. The Guidelines also assist national governments, protected area agencies, non-governmental organisations, communities and private sector partners in meeting their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of Guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_Guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories (one with a subdivision), summarised below. Ia. Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Ib. Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, protected and managed to preserve their natural condition. II. National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. III. Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, seamount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a cave, or a living feature such as an ancient grove. IV. Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect particular species or habitats, where management reflects this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. V. Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced a distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. VI. Protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable natural resource management (where low-level non-industrial natural resource use compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims). The category should be based around the primary management objective(s), which should apply to at least three-quarters of the protected area – the 75% rule. The management categories are applied with a typology of governance types – a description of who holds authority and responsibility for the protected area. IUCN defines four governance types. Type A. Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/agency in charge; sub-national ministry or agency in charge (e.g. at regional, provincial, municipal level); government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO). Type B. Shared governance: Trans-boundary governance (formal and informal arrangements between two or more countries); collaborative governance (through various ways in which diverse actors and institutions work together); joint governance (pluralist board or other multi-party governing body). Type C. Private governance: Conserved areas established and run by individual landowners; non-profit organisations (e.g. NGOs, universities) and for-profit organisations (e.g. corporate landowners). Type D. Governance by Indigenous peoples and local communities: Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories - established and run by Indigenous peoples; community conserved areas – established and run by local communities. For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance types see Dudley (2008). Guidelines for applying protected area management categories, which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories For more on governance types, see Borrini-Feyerabend, et al., (2013). Governance of Protected Areas – from understanding to action, which can be downloaded at https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAG-020.pdf Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines for design and management Prepared by Big Ocean and the IUCN WCPA Large-Scale MPA Task Force Authors: Nai‘a Lewis, Jon C. Day, ‘Aulani Wilhelm, Daniel Wagner, Carlos Gaymer, John Parks, Alan Friedlander, Susan White, Charles Sheppard, Mark Spalding, Gustavo San Martin, Andrew Skeat, Sue Taei, Tukabu Teroroko and Jacqueline Evans Craig Groves, Series Editor Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines I The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organisations. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2017 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Lewis, N., Day, J.C., Wilhelm, ‘A., Wagner, D., Gaymer, C., Parks, J., Friedlander, A., White, S., Sheppard, C., Spalding, M., San Martin, G., Skeat, A., Taei, S., Teroroko, T., Evans, J. (2017). Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines for design and management. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series, No. 26, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xxviii + 120 pp ISBN: 978-2-8317-1864-4 (PDF) 978-2-8317-1880-4 (print version) DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.PAG.26.en Cover photos: Red-footed booby (Sula sula) perch atop stone pillars on Mokumanamana (© Kaleomanuiwa Wong) and the Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe sails in the waters off the island of Nihoa (© Na’alehu Anthony) in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument; and large apex predators dominte in the waters of Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (© Carlos Gaymer) Back cover photo: School of Pacific chub, or nenue Kyphosus( sandwicensis), in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument © Kaleomanuiwa Wong Edited by: Teresa Castle; Colleen Corrigan; Jamie Potenberg, Garcia and Associates; and Linda Bercusson Designed by: Rad Smith from Garcia and Associates, with support from Kahi Fujii and Jonathan Geyer from Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Printed by: Hagadone, Honolulu, Hawai‘i Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Protected Areas Programme Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland, Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/resources/publications The text of this book is printed on paper made from wood fibre from well-managed forests certified in accordance with the rules of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). II Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines Contents Foreword vii Big Ocean Site Map and Table xviii Preface xii Publishing Partners xiv Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations and acronyms xix Executive summary xxi Using the Guidelines xxiiv 1. Introduction. 1 1 1 Governance sets the foundation 3 1 2 Management at a large scale 4 1 3 The case for ‘Going Big’ 6 1 4 Challenges 9 2. Designing LSMPAs . 15 2 1 Introducing good design 17 2 2 Long-term benefits of a good design 18 2 3 Internal considerations in large-scale design 18 2 4 External considerations in large-scale design 26 2 5 Design planning details: experience from existing LSMPAs 41 3. Management Planning . 49 3 1 Working with multiple jurisdictions 50 3 2 Management planning timeline 50 3 3 Deciding on the best management approach 57 3 4 Public engagement and participation 58 3 5 Sustainable partnerships and financing 60 3 6 Management plan details: vision and mission 60 3 7 Management plan details: goals, strategies, activities and timelines 62 3 8 Scientific esearchr 62 3 9 Access and zoning 64 3 10 Review and approval of the management plan 67 4. Managing LSMPAs. 69 4 1 What does managing an LSMPA involve 70 4 2 Components of management 70 4 3 Reassess the
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