Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi

NEW PARASITIC AND SAPROPHYTIC MICROMYCETES ON ORNAMENTALS IN MOLDOVIA

Viorica IACOB1, Eugen ULEA1 E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

As a result of the mycological researches during 2009-2010 on different ornamentals plants, the authors pointed out on new micromycetes for Romania, new host-plants for already known micromycetes and rarely described micromycetes in Moldavia. The authors observed the frequency of the pathogenical agents on plants, on the cultivated in green houses, on trees and ornamental bushes and on weeds from filed cultures. 2 new micromycetes for Romania, 2 new host-plants for the central part of Moldavia, 13 new host-plants already known micromycetes for Romania and 5 micromycetes rarely described in Romania are reported.

Key words: new micromycetes, ornamental plants, Moldavia

Mycological research undertaken during Convolvulus tricolor L. stems collected in Iasi on 2009 and 2010 revealed the presence of new or 1.XI.2010 shows small black spots; each spot already identified micromycetes genera on consist from 5-7 typically conidiophores with 30 x ornamental plants from the central area of 6.5 µm length. On conidiophores are present black Moldova. conidia with 2-3 cross walls. The conidia Monitoring the occurrence of crops, bushes, dimensions are 44 x 25 µm. The isolated fungus trees, ornamental and spontaneous plants diseases and the host are new for Romania. is made every year to identify micromycetes that 2. Pestalozzia cupressina Niessl., Hedwigia can pass from spontaneous flora on cultivated p. 188 (1883); Sacc. Syll. Fung. III, p. 792 (1884); plants and/or saprophytic micromycetes that under Allescher A., Rab. Krypt. Fl., Die Pilze, VII Abt specific environmental conditions can become Fungi imperfecti p. 688 (1903). parasitic. Dry and branches of Cupressocyparis leilandii harvested in Iasi on 10.II.2011 showed MATERIAL AND METHOD necrotic areas with small black spots. These are formed from conidia camps, which are rising Horticulture plants tucked under observation through the periderm. The periderm will finally between 2009 and 2010 presented many classic appear whitish. symptoms of diseases. The infected material was Spores elongated, black-brown, have two prevailed from field, brought in the laboratory cross walls and measure 18-20 x 8 µm. where supported special mycology tests until the This microfungus is new for Romania micromycetes genera were determinate. The microscopic samples and the attack symptoms mycoflora and it was for sure imported with the were photographed for a better exemplification of plant seeds. the pathogen attack. 3. Sphaerella adusta Niessl., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitsch (1875); Sacc., Syll I, p. 511 (1882); G. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Winter, Rab. Kr. Fl. Pilze II ab, p. 374 (1887); W. Migula, Kr, Fl. Bd. III , Pilze 3 teil, p. 284 (1913). As a result of the researches were signalized Convolvulus tricolor L. dry stems harvested saprophytic and parasitic micro funguses which we in Iasi on 1.XI.2010 presented black spots where present the mycological files. microfungus opens peritheciums to observe were. 1. Stemphylium polymorphum Bonorden They have up to 1 mm in diameter, with pore H.F., Handb., p. 88 (1851); Thüm., Litor. I, no.10 slightly raised. Through this pore entire mass of (1880); Sacc., Syll. IV, p. 501 (1886); Migula W., ascs containing 8 ascospores are eliminated. Ascs Kr. Fl. Bd. III, Pilze 4 teil 2 ab., p. 397 (1934).

1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi

28 Lucrări ştiinţifice - vol. 54, Nr. 1/2011, seria Agronomie sizes were registered between 29-30 x 8-12 µm. dimensions of 250-300 x 250 µm. Perithecium Ascospores are hyaline and measure 10 x 2-3 µm. wall is black, hard and with many flexuous Micromycetes was cited only in 1970 by brownish septum, 3-4 µm wide and up to 500 µm Eugenia Eliade on material from the Bucharest long. Obclavate ascs have dark ascospores with Botanical Garden. Convolvulus tricolor L. is new ovoid shape, from 8.5 to 9 x 6 µm lengths. host plant for this micromycete in Moldova. Micromycetes is reported from the soil and 4. Plasmopara obducens Schröter, Kr. Fl. on various substrates, but the host plant Juglans Schles, I, p. 238 (1886); Berlese et De Toni, in regia L. is new for the microfungus in Romania. Sacc., Syll. Fung. VII, p. 242 (1888); A. Fischer, 7. Otthia spireae Fuck., Symb. Myc., p. 170 Phycomycetes, in Rab. Kr. Fl. Deutsch IV, p. 434 (1869); Sacc. Syll. Fung., I, p. 735 (1882); Migula (1892); W. Migula, Kr. Fl. Deutsch., Pilze I, p. 161 W., Kr. Fl. Bd. III Pilze, 3 teil 1 Ab., p. 202 (1910); Tr. Săvulescu şi Tharna Rayss, Ann. (1913). Mycol. XXXII, nr.1-2, p. 39 (1934); Tr. Săvulescu Spiraea x Billardii Henricq (S. douglasii x şi Olga Săvulescu, Studiul morfologic, biologic şi S. salicifolia) were harvested in Iasi on sistematic al genurilor Sclerospora, Basidiophora, 10.X.2010. They presented on their surface Plasmopara şi Peronoplasmopara, p. 360 (1951). spherical perithecium, with brown walls and Impatiens balsamina L. plant leaves, cylindrical neck. The neck (rostrum) has 250-300 harvested in Iasi on 27.IX.2010 presents bleached- µm lenth and 60 μm on diameter. It is used for looking areas with oily spots. On the bottom parts cylindrical and pedunculated ascs (180 x 18 µm) of leaves appear 4 -10 sporangiophores, 350-500 x elimination Ascospores are cylindrical, opaque, 6-12 µm long. The upper part of sporangiophores brown, 28 x 12 µm length. In perithecium are present 2 - 3 branches, straight, horizontal, 4-5 numerous hyaline paraphysis. times dichotomy branched. Sporanges are oval or Spiraea x Billardii Henricq is a new host almost spherical with 13 x 15 µm in diameter. plant in Romania to this fungus. Micromycetes was cited only on Impatiens 8. Coleosporium senecionis (Pers.) Fries., noli-tangere L. so that Impatiens balsamina L. is Summa Veg. Scand., p. 512 (1849); Winter G., new host for microfungus in Romania. Rebenh. Kr. Fl. Deutsch. I, 1 teil, p. 248 (1884); 5. Botryosphaeria berengeriana Ces. et de Sacc., Syll. Fung. VII, p. 751 (1888); Săvulescu Not., Sfer. Ital., 82 tab. 90 (1863); Sacc. Syll. Tr., Monografia Uredinalelor din R.P.R., p. 417 Fung., I, p. 457 (1882) et Michelia I, p. 491 (1879); (1953). Migula Kr. Fl., Band III Pilze, 3 teil, 2 Ab., p. 650 Leaves of Pinus nigra Arn., harvested in Iasi (1913); Sandu-Ville C., Ciup. Pyrenomycetes- on 10. XI.2010, were covered by brown spots with Sphaeriales din România, p.103 (1972). a whitish membrane, that breaks easily. By Philadelphus coronarius L. dry branches membrane breaking are released aecidiospore (30 x collected in Iasi on 20 XI 2010 shows on their 20 µm). surface perithecium almost spherical, with a small Micromycetes is cited in Romania only on osteol papilla, used from ascs (70-80 x 18 µm) to Pinus silvestris L., so that Pinus nigra Arn. is a leave the ascocarp. Ascs present 8 ascospores oval, new host plant. unicellular, hyaline, seated on two rows (size 20 x 9. Melampsora Evonymi-capraearum Kleb., 20 µm). Zeits., f. Planz., XVIII, p. 139-147 (1899); In Romania the fungus was identified on Săvulescu Tr., Monografia Uredinalelor din Rhamnus frangula L., Populus nigra L., Salix R.P.R., p. 442 (1953). capraea L. and Prunus mahaleb L. Philadelphus Young branches of Evonymus radicans Sieb. coronarius L. is new host plant in Romania for this ex Miq. showed areas where cluster cup (aecidium) micromyceta. types Caeoma have 1.5-2 mm high. 18-22 x 12-18 6. Chaetomium globosum Kunze ex Fr., µm aecidiospore have polyhedral form. Kze. et Schm. Myk. Hefte. I, p. 15-16 (1817); Micromycetes is cited to us only on E. Wallr., Fl. Cr. p. 265 (1833); Sacc. Syll. Fung. I, p. europaeus, so that Evonymus radicans Sieb. ex 222 (1882); Migula, Kr. Fl. Bd. III, Pilze 3 Teil, 1. Miq. is a new host plant for this fungus. Ab. p. 114, taf. XXX - 1, 2 (1913); Gilman J., A 10. Torula herbarum (Pers.) Link. Ex Gray, Manual of Soil Fungi, p. 179 (1957); Dennis Nat. Arr. Br. Pl. 1, p. 557 (1821); Ellis M. B., R.W.G, British Acomycetes, p. 265 (1968); R. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, p. 337, fig. 231 A Hanlin, Ilustrated genera of Ascomycetes, p. 100 (1971). (1990). Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. dry Moldered leaves of Juglans regia L. branches, harvested in Iasi on 10.IX.2010, presents harvested in Iasi on 20 XI 2010 shows black spots on their surface black mycelia colonies with 7 µm represented by black, spherical perithecium with cells in diameter. Conidiophores are short and 2-6

29 Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi

µm wide. Conidia are brown, 20 x 5 µm, and have Vermicularia liliacearum West. is new host plant three cross walls and are strangled in the right of to this microfungus in Romania. septum. 15. Vermicularia Liliacearum West., Prod. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench. is new Fl. Bat., II, 4, p. 113 (1857); Sacc. Fungi Ven., p. host plant to this micromycete in Romania. 198 (1875); Sacc., Szll. Fung. III, p. 233 (1884); 11. Alternaria dianthicola Neergard, Migula, Kr. Fl. Bd. III, Pilze 4 teil, 1. ab., p. 148 Danish. Sp. Alt. Stemphyllium p. 190 (1945); P. (1921). Joly, Le genre Alternaria, p. 133 (1964); M. B. Dry leaves of Hemerocallis fulva L., Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, p. 479 (1971). harvested in Iasi on 27.IX.2010, presented small Dianthus glabriusculus (Kit) Bob. dry black spots, represented by spherical pycnidium leaves and flowers harvested from Iasi on with spiky brown cross walls. Pycnospores are 25.XI.2010 presented black spots. Black areas are colorless, slightly curved, with pointed ends and covered with short, brown, 150 x 4 µm measure 19-20 x 5 µm. conidiophores. Conidia are smooth and have a In Romania this fungus was found in 1962 wide apex ranging in size from 43-75 x 13.5 µm. on Hemerocalis lilio-asphodelus L. and in 1997 on Micromycetes was first reported in 1972 in Cluj H. middendorfii Tr. et. Mry. Hemerocallis fulva L. Napoca by Szasy Elizabeth and has since been is so new host plant to this microfungus in cited on 30 other from Dianthus genera. Romania. However on Dianthus glabriusculus (Kit) Bob is Following the rarely related microfungi in new in Moldova. region of Moldova in recent years are listed. 12. Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) 1. Erysiphe polyphaga Hamm. on leaves of Wiltshire, Mycol, Pap. XX, p. 8 (1817) Ellis M. B., Petunia atkinsiana DC ex Merat.( Iaşi -10.X.2010) Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes,p. 467 (1971). Oidium conidiospores form and cleistotheciums of Microfungus isolated from Iberis umbellata 100 µm diameter, with 1-2 fulcrums and 4-6 ascs L. was harvested in Iasi on 10.X.2010. It form on with 3 ascospores. It was cited only one time in stems plant elliptical, black, colonies with brown 1965, in Banat. septet mycelia. Conidia are occurring singly or in 2. Septoria dianthicola Sacc. on leaves Dianthus short chain. Presents many cross wall and glabriusculus (Kit.) Bob. (Tg. Neamţ - dimension of 60 x 7 µm. 19.VII.1977). Build globular pycnidiums, 80 µm Iberis umbellata L. is new host plant to this diameter, with one-celled pycnidiospores, slightly microfungus in Romania. bent, hyalines, of 15 x 3 µm. It was cited only one 13. Alternaria tenuis Nees., yst. D. Pilze., time in 1971 by M. Mititiuc and D. Dăscălescu. Schwam., p. 72 (1817); P. Joly, Le Genre 3. Alternaria dauci (Khün) Gr. et Sk. f. sp. porri Alternaria, p. 167 (1964). (Ellis) Neerg. on leaves of Allium sativum L. (Iaşi- Pinus nigra Arn cones covered by mycelium 15.VIII.2010) form conidia of 75x 17,5 µm. It was from this cosmopolite fungus were used for cited only one time in 1976, in Cluj. determination. Micromycetes have conidiophores 4. Alternaria tenuissima (Fries) Wilts.: less branched, supporting spores with 20 x 10 µm - on stem of Yucca filamentosa L. ( Iaşi- length and an apex of 4.5 µm. 10.VII.2010) occur conidiophores with conidia of Pinus nigra Arn. is new host plant to this 37-43 x 12-18 µm. It was cited only one time in micromycete in Romania. The same fungus was 1962, in Iaşi isolated from Evonymus radicans Sieb. et Mig. - on dried leaves of Hosta plantaginea (am.) which is also new host plant to this micromycete in Aschers. It was isolated only one time in 1962 in Romania. Iaşi by C.Sandu-Ville; 14. Alternaria tenuissima (Fr.) Wilt., Trans. - on of Hosta japonica (Thunb) Aschers. It Brit. Mycol. Soc., XVIII, p. 157 (1933); Joly P., Le was cited only one time in 1962, in Bucharest by Genre Alternaria, p. 129 (1964). Olga Săvulescu. Dry stems of Impatiens balsamina L., 5. Cladosporium fasciculatum Cda.: harvested in Iasi on 27.IX.2010, presented dark - on leaves of Hemerocallis fulva L.(Iaşi- mycelia. Conidiophores simple, transparent and 20.IX.2010). It was cited only one time in Iaşi conidia with 20-25 x 9-12 µm length were isolated. (1962). Microfungus is cited in Romania by Veronica Tudosescu on Impatiens glandulifera CONCLUSIONS Royle, but Impatiens balsamina L. is new host plant to this micromycete. In the period between 2009 and 2010 in the Hemerocallis fulvia L. with conidia of central area of Moldova were found two new Alternaria tenuissima appearing mixed with micromycetes, 13 new fungal host plants already

30 Lucrări ştiinţifice - vol. 54, Nr. 1/2011, seria Agronomie identified in the country, two host plants and five 5. Gams, W., 1970, 1971 - Pilze aus Agrarböden, new fungal for region of Moldova on seven host Cephalosporium Artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes). plants that rarely found in the country. 6. Gilman, J.C., 1957 - A Manual of Soil Fungi, Iowa, The analysed materials were included in U.S.A. Mycological Herbar of Moldavia “C. Sandu-Ville”. 7. Grove, M.A., 1935 - British Stem and Leaf Fungi, vol.I, Sphaeropsidales, Cambridge. 8. Grove, M.A., 1967 - British Stem and Leaf Fungi, BIBLIOGRAPHY vol.II, Coelomycetes, Cambridge.

9. Migula, W., 1913 - Kryptogamen Flora von 1. Allescher, A., 1903 - Rabenhorst Kryptogamen Flora Deutschland,Deutsch-Osterreich und der von Deutsch., Öesterr. und Schweiz, Die Pilze, Schweiz, Bd.III Pize 3 teil 1 ab.,Verlag Friederich, VII, abt. Fungi imperfecti – Leipzig. Berlin. 2. - The Genus Fusarium, C.A.B. Booth, C., 1971 10. Migula, W., 1921 - Kryptogamen Flora von England. Deutschland, Deutsch-Osterreich und der 3. Bontea, Vera, 1986 - Ciuperci parazite şi saprofite din Schweiz. Bd.III Pilze 4 Teil 1 ab., Berlin. România. Ed. Acad. R. S. R. 11. Raper, K.B., 1968 - A Manual of the Penicillia, 4. Ellis, M.B., 1971 - Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, H.P.C., Londra. Surrey, England.

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