Vol. 102, No. 1, January & February 1991 25

DISTRIBUTION RECORDS OF CORNUTUS (: ) IN COLOR ADO^

Scott J. Hernnann, Henry L. ~avis~

ABSTRACT: Corydalus comutus is reported for the first time for 14 sites of the Purgatoire River, a tributary of the Arkansas River which lies on the eastern slope of the Continental Divide in Colorado. Distribution records of C. comutus are cited for western slope rivers of the Colorado River basin. The taxonomic status of (Mega1optera:Corydalidae) in Colorado has been confusing, and their distributional status largely unknown and unreported. The objectives of this ~ublicationare to report occurrence and distribution in Colorado, and to clarify the taxonomic status of the occurring in Colorado. Since 1984 we have made numerous collections of larval and adult corydalids in Colorado east and west of the Continental Divide. The Purgatoire River, a tributary of the Arkansas River located on the eastern slope of the Continental Divide in the southeast quadrant of the state, was sampled as part of a pre-training environmental study of the Pinon Canyon Maneuvers Site (PCMS) for the U.S. Army. Aquatic macroinvertebrate surveys (Fausch et al. 1985) completed during 1983,1984and 1985 within the 48 km segment of the Purgatoire River along the east boundary of the PCMS, showed corydalids to be present and common, if appropriate collecting devices were used. In 1987, nine main stem sites within the PCMS were again surveyed, resulting in eight corydalid collections. In March and November 1987, we collected corydalids at six of ten sites outside the PCMS extending from Trinidad, CO to the confluence of the Purgatoire and Arkansas Rivers near Las Animas, CO. Other eastern slope rivers (Arkansas, South Platte and North Platte) in Colorado and their major permanent tributaries were monitored in our earlier re- search studies. The rivers and streams on the western slope of thecolorado Continental Divide that were sampled as part ofthis corydalid inventory included the Rio Grande, Conejos, San Juan, Piedra, Los Pinos, Florida, Animas, LaPlata, Mancos, McElmo, Dolores, San Miguel, Gunnison, Colorado, White, Yampa, and Green. Several entomologists from Colorado and adjoining states provided additional material for inclusion in this report. l~eceivedDecember 29, 1989. Accepted September 28, 1990 '~e~artmentof Life Sciences, University of Southern Colorado, Pueblo, CO 81001- 4901

ENT. NEWS 102(1): 25-30, January & February, 1991 26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Corydalid records from the Colorado western slope contained in these and government reports are included in this paper. Adult male and female corydalids from east and west of the Colorado Continental Divide were sent to Dr. Elwin D. Evans for identification; Evans (1988) reported all our Colorado specimens to be Corydalus cognatus Hagen, a species originally described from the Pecos River, western Texas, by Hagen (1861). For his dissertation Evans (1972) examined over 350 adults from Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and eight states in Mexico; he identified these western specimens as C. cognatus. According to Evans (1972) and Evans and Neunzig (1984) two species of Corydalus occur in North America north of Mexico, an eastern form C. comutus (Linnaeus) and a western form C. cognatus. Evans (1972) reported males of C. cognatus differ from males of C. comutus in being light grayish brown in color; having shorter wing lengths, rarely exceeding 45 mm; and having shorter mandibles, usually less than 7 mm and a lightly sclerotized aedaegal bar with projections widely separated. Glorioso (1981) examined about 900 specimens from all the western states of the United States (except Nevada) and the states of Mexico cited by Evans (1972), and from Canada and many of the eastern states of the United States; he identified them as C. comutus, and did not include C. cognatus in his list of 13 valid species of Cotydalus. Glorioso did examine the female holotype of C. cognatus and concluded it was a synonym of C. comutus (Flint 1986). Unfortunately Glorioso never completed his work defining the dozen or so species of Cotydalus he felt were valid and describing the wide range of intraspecific variation in the . Historically, Weele (1910) synonymized C. cognatus under C. comutus. Without any explanation Chandler (1956) cited the western form of Corydalus to be C. cognatus. According to Evans (1972) Chandler's personal notes gave no reason for his statement. Penny (1977) cited C. cognata Hagen (1861) as a nomen nudum even though Hagen included a description with the published binomial name; perhaps Penny more correctly should have declared the species nomen dubium. Until new information is forthcoming to justify separating Corydalus into two species,we shall follow the recent conclusion of Glorioso (1981), namely, only one species C. comutus occurs in Canada and throughout the United States with much intraspecific variation. We have designated all Colorado material to be C. cornutus. Dobsonfly larvae (hellgrammites) and adults commonly occurred in the Purgatoire River at 14 sites (Fig. 1) from its confluence with the Arkansas River near Las Animas upstream 201 km (125 mi) to near the

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL, - NEWS head or start of the Purgatoire River Canyon. No corydalid larvae have been collected upstream from the head of Purgatoire Canyon at the confluence of San Francisco Creek, or from any other tributary or the main stem of the Arkansas River in Colorado. Both the North Platte and South Platte River drainages in Colorado appear devoid of corydalids at this time. One hellgrammite was reportedly collected from the Republican River drainage in extreme eastern Colorado by a repre- sentative of the Colorado Division of Wildlife; this report is unsub- stgtiated by museum material. Nonspecific reports of corydalids from the Colorado River on the western slope have been reported by Ward (1985) and Ward. Zimmerman and Cline (1986); the specimens serving as a basis for these reports could not be located. We have collected C, comutus in the Colorado River from Grand Junction to the Utah-Colorado border, as well as from the Gunnison, Yampa and Green Rivers. During 1964 and 1965 Pearson (1967) collected C. comutus from the Green River in Colorado and Utah and from the Yampa River in Colorado. It is noteworthy that Carlson et al. (1979) reported collecting no corydalids from the White or Yampa Rivers in their extensive fish and macroinvertebrate sampling efforts; we have corydalid records kom sites between their macroinvertebrate col- lecting stations Y4 (4.8 km west and south of Craig) andY6 (24.1 km west of Maybell). Corydalus comutus has been reported from two other Colorado tributaries of the Colorado River, the San Miguel River below Uravan (Smith 1977) and McElmo Creek at Stateline (Smith 1979). Abrupt breaks in the corydalid distribution pattern in Colorado appear to be a result of unsuitable habitat conditions. We have concluded that four environmental criteria must be present if hellgrammites are to occur in a segment of the Purgatoire River of Colorado: (1) large (> 40 cm longest dimension), submerged, flat rocks overlying but not embedded in the streambed for prey organism production and hellgrammite pre- dation, (2) alternating poollriffle zones for oxygenation of water, (3) overhanging trees and rock ledges not exposed to direct sunlight for oviposilion sites, (4) temperature regime appropriate to altitudinal zones or regions of Colorado below about 1830 m (6000 ft) elevation. In Texas, Brown and Fitzpatrick (1978) cited larval growth ceased during periods of low temperature (< 10°C) and food scarcity, and observed large hell- grammite populations only in riffles downstream of suitable upstream oviposition sites. Purturbation from trace metals, impoundments, de- watering and wastewaters may have extirpated C. comutus from the main stem of the Arkansas River leaving a remnant population in the Purgatoire River Canyon where suitable conditions still exist. Vol. 102, No. 1, January & February 1991 29

Collection Sites of Material Examined from East of Continental Divide: Bent Co.: Purgatoire R at Colo. Hwy. 101 bridge, Las Animas/Picketwire Valley, alt. 1184 m (3885 ft), T23S, R52W, S23; Purgatoire R. at Davidson Ranch ford sites, alt. 1216 m (3990 ft), T24S, R53W, S36; Purgatoire R at pipeline crossing, alt. 1237 m (4060 ft), T25S, R53W, S27. Otero Co: Purgatoire R. at Colo. Hwy. 109 bridge, Ninemile Valley, alt. 1269 m (4165 ft), T26S, S23; Purgatoire R. at Jack Canyon conflu. and U.S.G.S. gag. sta., alt. 1292 m (4240 ft), T27S, R55W, S12//R54W, S7. Las Animas Co.: Purgatoire R at Minnie Canyon confl., (PCMS), alt. 1323 m (4340ft), T28S, R55W, S4; Purgatoire R at IronCanyonconfl., (PCMS), alt. 1333 m (4373 ft), T28S, R56W, S24; Purgatoire R. at Bravo Canyon confl., (PCMS), alt. 1345 m, (4412 ft),f28~, R56W, S35; ~ur~atoireR at Red ~ock~an~onconfl., (PCMS), alt. 1368 m (4488 ft). T29S. R56W. S18: Pureatoire R at Lockwood Canvon confl.. (PCMS). alt 1384 m (4540 ft);~29~k57~, ~36; ~ur~atoire R at spring canyon confl., (PcG), alt. 1398 m (4585 ft), T30S, R57W, S10; Purgatoire R. at Taylor Arroyo confl., (PCMS), alt. 1417 m (4650 ft), T30S, R57W, S19; Purgatoire R at Van Bremerhoyo confl., (PCMS), alt. 1465 m (4805 ft), T31S, R58W, S16; Purgatoire R at Silva cattle crossing, alt. 1532 m (5025 ft), T32S, R59W, S15.

Collection Sites of Material Examined from West of Continental Divide: Mesa Co.: Colorado R. so. Fruita, alt. 1359 m (4460 ft), TIN, R2W, S19/20; Colorado R. Colo. Natl. Mon. Fruita Entrance, alt. 1439 m (4720 ft), TIN, R2W, S32; Colorado R./Gunnison R. confl. at Grand Junction, alt. 1390 m (4560 ft); TlS, RlOOW, S22. Moffat Co.: Yampa R. so. Sunbeam, alt. 1789 m (5870 ft), T7N, R96W. S2; Yampa R. Din. Natl. Monu., alt. 1704 m (5590 ft), T6N, R99W. S21; Yampa R. between Craig and Maybell, alt. 1801 m (5910 ft),T6N, R95W, S2. (All material on loan or deposited in the Aquatic Ecosystems Research Institute (AERI)/Life Sciences Museum of the University of Southern Colorado.)

We thank Jay H. Linam and James E. Sublette for prepublication reviews; Elwin D. Evans for assistance with identifications; Boris C. Kondratieff and RickBallard for loan of Colorado specimens; Robert Bramblett, Doug Sinor, Dave Anderson and George Fischer for assistance with field collections; Thomas L. Warren for U.S. Army assistance and clearance; and especially Bruce D. Rosenlund for travel assistance, partial project support and specimen collection.

LITERATURE CITED

Brown, AV. and L.C. Fitzpatrick. 1978. Life history and population energetics of the dobson fly, Coiydalus comutus. Ecology 59: 1091-1108. Carlson, C.A., C.G. Prewitt, D.E. Snyder, E.J. Wick, E.L. Ames and W.D. Fronk. 1979. Fishes and macroinvertebrates of the White and Yampa Rivers, Colorado. U.S. Bur. Land Mgt., Colorado, Biol. Sci. Ser., No. 1. Chandler, H.P. 1956. Megaloptera. pp. 229-233. In R.L. Usinger, ed. Aquatic of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. Evans, E.D. 1972. A study of the Megaloptera of the Pacific Coastal region of the United States. Ph.D. diss.. Oreg. St. Univ. 210 p. . 1988. personal communication. Evans, E.D. and H.H. Neunzig. 1984. Megaloptera and aquatic Neuroptera. pp. 261-270. In. R.W. Merritt and KW. Cummins, eds. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. KendallIHunt Publ. Co., Dubuque. Iowa. 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Fausch, KD., D.L. Miller, B.D. Rosenlund and L.D. Zuckerman. 1985. Aquatic organisms and habitat of the Purgatoire River and tributaries, U.S. hy,Pinon Canyon Maneuvers Site, Colorado. U.S. Fish &Wild. Sew. Rep., Golden, CO. Flint, O.S., Jr. 1986. personnal communication. Glorioso, MJ. 1981. Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Syst. Entomol. 6: 253-290. Hagen, H. 1861 Synopsis of the Neuroptera ofNorth America. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 4: 1- 347. Pearson, W.D. 1967. Distribution of macroinvertebrates in the Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam, 1963-1965. M.S. Thesis, Utah St. Univ. 105 p. Penny, N.D. 1977. Lista de Megaloptera, Neuroptera e Raphidioptera do Mexico, America Central, inhas Caraibas e America do Sul. Acta Amazon. 7: (Supl.) 1-61. Smith, N.F. 1977. Aquatic inventory, San Miguel Project Final Rep., Colo. Div. Wild, 193 p. . 1979. Aquatic inventory, McElmo Creek Project Final Rep., Colo. Div. Wild., 92 p. Ward, J.V. 1985. An illustrated guide to the mountain stream insects of Colorado. Kinko's cdpies, Fort Collins, Co. 1% p. Ward. J.V.. HJ. Zimmerman and L.D. Cline. 1986. Lotic zoobenthos of the Colorado system. pp. 403-423. In B.R. Davies and KF. Walker, eds. The ecology of river systems. Dr. W. Junk Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Weele, H.W. van der. 1910. Megaloptera, monographic revision. Coll. Zool. Selys Longchamps. 5: 1-93.

(Continued from page 24) 19 of these boxes around his house in early March and 14 were colonized. In September about 20% of the wasps were parasitized with a high of 41% of hosts in one colony and a maximum of 9 males in one host. Paula Haines also placed several of the same boxes around her house but found it prudent to paint a round black spot on each to mimic the entrace of a bird house. She thereby averted hard-to-answer questions by curious, but entomophobic, friends and neighbors. Howard Boyd reported that Mildred Morgan and Jane Ruffin put on a Monarch butterfly tagging exhibition at Cape yay on the 21 to 23 of September for the New Jersey Audubon Society, Roger Fuester reported that Coccygomimus disparis, an ichneumonid parasite of the gjrpsy moth introduced from Japan by Paul Schaefer in 1976, is now one of the major parasites found in pupae in urban areas of Delaware.

Harold B. White, Corresponding Secretary Bibliography of the Neuropterida

Bibliography of the Neuropterida Reference number (r#): 8263

Reference Citation: Hermann, S. J.; Davis, H. L. 1991 [1991.??.??]. Distribution records of (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Colorado. Entomological News, Philadelphia 101:25-30.

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