PDF Book 1998

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PDF Book 1998 LES JEUX POPULAIRES ECLIPSE ET RENAISSANCE Des traditions aux régions de l’Europe de demain Sous la direction de Guy Jaouen et Jean Jacques Barreau 1 Sommaire Avant propos POUR ASSURER L'AVENIR DES JEUX DE TRADITION Guy JAOUEN, France – Secrétaire de la FILC, Président de la Confédération FALSAB p.5 Ouverture TRADITIONS FESTIVES, ACTIVITES LUDIQUES ET SPECTACLE SPORTIF Jean Jacques BARREAU, France - Sociologue, Président de l’I.I.A.C. p.8 Jeux d'hier et d'aujourd'hui DEFENSE ET RENOUVEAU DES JEUX DE TRADITION VALDOTAINS Piero DAUDRY, Président de la confédération des sports et jeux Valdôtains p.14 SPORTS ET ANCIENS JEUX DE VILLAGES DANOIS Jorn MØLLER, Danemark, Chercheur. p.19 PROJET DE RECHERCHE ET DE PROMOTION DES JEUX EN FLANDRE Erik DE VROEDE, Flandres – Belgique, Président de la confédération VLaS p.28 LES JEUX ET SPORTS TRADITIONNELS EN ESPAGNE Pere LAVEGA, Catalogne – Espagne, Université de Lleida. p.32 DEVELOPPEMENT D'UN SPORT TRADITIONNEL AU NIVEAU INTERNATIONAL Un exemple, le Gouren dans les pays de l'Ouest Européen Guy JAOUEN p.40 LA TRADITION POPULAIRE DE JEUX DE PLEIN AIR EN BRETAGNE Fañch PERU, Bretagne – France p.44 SURVIE ET RENOUVEAU DES SPORTS ET JEUX TRADITIONNELS AU CORNWALL Roger HOLMES, Cornwall - UK, Journaliste. p.56 LES LUTTES TRADITIONNELLES A TRAVERS LE MONDE William BAXTER, Ecosse - Président de la FILC p.61 Pour une approche d'ensemble UNE REVOLUTION DE LA CULTURE CORPORELLE ? Henning EICHBERG, Institut Universitaire de Gerlev, Danemark. p.80 Dossier sur les jeux populaires et de tradition p.101 2 Présentation du séminaire « Les Jeux Populaires – Eclipse et Renaissance ; Des traditions aux régions de l’Europe de demain » 14-22 AVRIL 1990, CARHAIX-BERRIEN , Bretagne – France. Sous le patronage du Conseil de l’Europe, de l’IIAC, de la FILC. TEXTE DU COLLOQUE La rencontre de Carhaix-Berrien n'est pas seulement une action commémorative destinée à célébrer de façon passéiste les vertus de certaines traditions. Les raisons profondes d'un si large regroupement, dans le cas présent, sont à chercher dans les attentes que les incertitudes de la vie moderne font peser sur les individus. Parmi ces attentes, celle qui domine par son urgence, concerne le dépérissement des liens sociétaux et communautaires. Cet affadissement n'est un secret pour personne. La question de l'heure est : comment redynamiser ces liens, les enrichir et quelles contributions les jeux et fêtes de tradition peuvent-ils leur apporter ? Faut-il, par exemple, rénover les jeux traditionnels comme on a rénové voilà un siècle ce que sont aujourd'hui les jeux olympiques ? On reconnaît le plus souvent que les jeux traditionnels, toujours accomplis dans un contexte festif, apparaissent comme une occasion symbolique de manifester la solidité et la pérennité des liens sociétaux en dépit des différences et des clivages entre les individus. Or, c'est bien cette dimension de la communauté qui a subi tous les outrages dans l'établissement et l'organisation de la Cité moderne. C'est la raison aussi pour laquelle elle revient à l'ordre du jour. Dans ces conditions, jusqu'où peut-on prendre appui sur cet héritage de traditions pour espérer réactiver ces liens? Les études consacrées aux jeux de traditions peuvent nous y aider. Leur valeur conservatoire, dans un domaine où les moyens et les usages de transmission, restés largement oraux, expliquent la rareté des témoignages directs, peut être interprétée selon un double plan : quantitatif et qualitatif. Du point de vue quantitatif, on observe en effet une récession considérable de ces traditions ludiques et leur remplacement progressif par des pratiques le plus souvent apatrides ou transnationales, parmi lesquelles les activités sportives modernes figurent en bonne place; mais il existe toutefois des foyers de renaissance de semblables traditions non seulement en Bretagne, mais dans la plupart des pays d'Europe, aussi bien en Scandinavie que dans les îles Britanniques, dans les Flandres, au Pays Basque, aux Iles Canaries, en Espagne, dans le Val d'Aoste etc. Ces résurgences ou ces renaissances ne sont-elles pas la marque d'un infléchissement, par l'engagement actif qu'y tiennent les individus, des programmations officielles qui ne les ont pas toujours prévues? D'un point de vue qualitatif, par contre, ces études nous enseignent le rôle de ciment socio- communautaire joué par ces pratiques venues des fonds de la tradition, comme par exemple le Gouren en Bretagne. Aussi faut-il examiner avec attention les avantages et les inconvénients qu'il y aurait à les faire entrer par exemple dans le concert des exhibitions et des spectacles sportifs. 3 L'alternative se trouve-t-elle, telle est notre question, dans la socialité qu'instaure le monde sportif ? Beaucoup y ont investi et s'y sont investis parce qu'ils l'avaient connue - on le disait et on le leur disait - comme fraternelle et conviviale. Or, on a lentement découvert que la mariée n'était pas si belle, qu'il fallait déchanter, dans la mesure où on constatait -et on l'observe chaque jour un peu plus - que le sport et tout ce qui en dépend se développe aux antipodes des valeurs altruistes : - acteurs et spectateurs irrémédiablement séparés, clivés (ce qui ne se produit pas dans les fêtes traditionnelles; en Gouren vient le moment où les hérauts invitaient des «spectateurs» le temps d'une démonstration à se «mesurer», pour rire bien sûr, aux «champions», comme ailleurs on invite celui qui reste à l'écart à entrer dans la danse en sorte que personne ne peut se sentir exclu). Cette «culture du rire», comme la nomme certains chercheurs, est en voie de disparition dans l'univers du sport. Car, on ne se mesure pas avec un boxeur qui décoche des coups à assommer un boeuf, ni avec un lanceur de marteau qui propulse l'engin à des distances invraisemblables; on se ridiculise; -surtout le sport assure la promotion à doses de plus en plus fortes d'anti-valeurs (dopage, chauvinisme, agressions et violences avec1'«hooliganisme», culte du «veau d'or» sous la bénédiction des «marchands du temple» rebaptisés «parrains» ou si l'on veut «sponsors»), où se lisent les progrès continus d'une aliénation, à soi, aux autres, à des environnements factices; -sans compter enfin, les déceptions de ceux qui n'ont pas trouvé au sein de la «communauté» sportive le modèle de socialisation que promettaient ses instigateurs ainsi que les «éducateurs sportifs» et devait correspondre à l'organisation moderne de la cité. Poussés par des désillusions répétées à y renoncer, certains se sont alors tournés vers ce qu'offraient les jeux de traditions, demeurés dans leur précarité, l'apanage de groupes minoritaires. Ainsi, à l'instar des langues dans les cultures régionales minorisées, ne faut-il pas considérer une nouvelle alternative? Revendiquer la reconnaissance de ces jeux de traditions dans un autre cadre, non plus sportif (Fédération ou Ligue), mais explicitement culturel, à l'imitation de ce qui a été fait pour les langues minorisées évoquées ci-dessus? Il pourrait alors s'agir cette fois d'un : Bureau Européen des Jeux Populaires, des Traditions Festives, des Minorités et des Régions. La réalisation d'une telle instance ferait vite apparaître que l'Europe recèle une majorité de minorités et un patrimoine ludique exceptionnel. A tout le moins une semblable initiative assurerait la sauvegarde des identités régionales. Quant à leurs expressions festives, elles n'auraient plus à redouter une mise au pas sportive. Elles pourraient au contraire attendre des décideurs qu'ils en favorisent le rayonnement en dotant les collectivités territoriales de structures et d'équipements alternatifs, comme cela a été quelquefois réalisé ailleurs, en Flandres, en Irlande, dans le Val d'Aoste, au Danemark et au Iles Canaries par exemple. De ces nouveaux dispositifs on pourrait alors attendre qu'ils relancent une coopération, sans discrimination, entre partenaires qui s'ignorent encore aujourd'hui comme partenaires. Les débats, prévus à Carhaix et Berrien, auront à porter témoignage sur ces interrogations. En outre ils auront à traduire la volonté et la détermination des participants, Anglais du vieux Nord, Aoutans, Basques, Bretons, Cornouaillais, Danois, Flamands, Frisons, Gallois, Irlandais, Islandais, etc. à imposer cette reconnaissance. 4 POUR ASSURER L'AVENIR DES JEUX DE TRADITION Prof. Guy JAOUEN, secrétaire de la fédération internationale des luttes celtiques, président de la confédération FALSAB (JST de Bretagne). DES SPORTS TRADITIONNELS AUX SPORTS MODERNES L'idée d'organiser un colloque sur l'avenir des sports et des jeux traditionels ne date pas d'hier. En effet, dès 1988, un projet avait déjà été formulé pour 1990, qui devait s'inscrire dans le cadre de l'année Européenne de la culture. Glasgow avait été choisie comme ville de regroupement. Les lenteurs des préparatifs dans la capitale de l'Ecosse ainsi que le peu d'intérêt des organismes européens qui avaient été sollicités pour ce projet avaient fait reporter à une autre période, et en un autre lieu cet événement. Mais l'idée devait en fait renaître sérieusement en 1989 et être officiellement soutenue lors d'une réunion de la Fédération Internationale des Luttes Celtiques lors de son stage internationale de 1989. Voilà donc comment naquit ce qui devait devenir une grande réunion Européenne, véritable séminaire d'analyse et de réflexion sur les sports et jeux traditionnels de l'Europe en insistant sur le droit à leur pratique dans la société de demain. Un droit à la différence en quelque sorte. Nous nous sommes alors adressés à nos amis de l'Institut International d'Anthropologie corporelle qui travaillent sur le thème des jeux depuis de nombreuses années. Ceux-ci se sont aussitôt montrés enthousiastes et ont promis une participation forte et de qualité. Dans le même temps bien sûr, les différentes fédérations de la FILC se préparaient à cet événement et l'Assemblée Générale de Carlisle en Novembre 1989 permettait déjà de présenter un avant-projet du colloque.
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