PERSPECTIVES IN Biosecurity VOLUME 5/2020 Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms and pteridophytes Naturalised or Casual in New Zealand: Additional records 2007–2019 Colin C. Ogle, Peter J. de Lange, Ewen K. Cameron, Barbara S. Parris, Paul D. Champion Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms and pteridophytes Naturalised or Casual in New Zealand: Additional records 2007–2019, by Colin C. Ogle, Peter J. de Lange, Ewen K. Cameron, Barbara S. Parris, Paul D. Champion, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License. This publication may be cited as: Ogle, C. C., de Lange, P. J., Cameron, E. K., Parris, B. S., Champion, P. D. (2020). Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms and pteridophytes Naturalised or Casual in New Zealand: Additional records 2007–2019, Perspectives in Biosecurity, 5, 4 5 –116. Contact: [email protected] www.unitec.ac.nz/epress/ Unitec Institute of Technology Private Bag 92025, Victoria Street West Auckland 1142 New Zealand ISSN 2538-0125 Checklist of dicotyledons, gymnosperms and pteridophytes Naturalised or Casual in New Zealand: Additional records 2007–2019 Colin C. Ogle, Peter J. de Lange (corresponding author, [email protected]), Ewen K. Cameron, Barbara S. Parris, Paul D. Champion Abstract refers to species that have become established in the New records of Naturalised and Casual plants are urban environment from garden plants and typically summarised for the flora of New Zealand during the 13- includes, for example, plants that are considered garden year period 2007–2019. Seventeen species are reported escapes or garden discards. as fully Naturalised and 209 species are considered to The listing process undertaken here is in accord with be new records of Casual plants. the recommended and generally accepted international terminology for the classification of weed species sensu( Introduction Richardson et al. 2000; Pyšek et al. 2004). This includes the two major categories of Naturalised and Casual. The Flora of New Zealand Vol. IV (Webb et al. 1988) and However, to improve understanding about the early six checklists covering the period 1988–2006 (Webb stages of the invasion pathway we apply, to the Casual et al. 1995; Heenan et al. 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, category, four subcategories, building on the concepts 2008) provide a comprehensive account of naturalised advocated by de Lange et al. (2005) and used by Heenan pteridophytes, gymnosperms and dicotyledons in New et al. (2008). The subcategories of Casual we formally Zealand. This checklist covers the period 2007–2019 use herein are: Cultivation Escape, Spontaneous by providing details of newly recorded Naturalised or Occurrence, Garden Discard and Intentional Release. Casual species. It comprises new records of Naturalised We consider that these four subcategories encompass and Casual plants for the flora of New Zealand covering the majority of ways that we have observed new weed the 13-year period 2007–2019. Seventeen species species establishing and spreading in New Zealand. are reported as fully Naturalised and 207 taxa are Definitions and plant examples from this paper of considered to be new records of Casual plants. the Casual subcategories follow: This paper follows the order in the Flora of New Zealand Vol. IV (Webb et al. 1988) for major groups: • Cultivation Escape – plants that have established pteridophytes, followed by gymnosperms, then themselves and are regenerating only in the dicotyledons, and alphabetically by family within each immediate vicinity of the cultivated parent, e.g., of these. Families follow the recommendations of the Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottler) Roxb. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG II 2003; APG III 2009; • Spontaneous Occurrence – plants that have APG IV 2016). As per earlier listings, monocotyledonous spontaneously established themselves well beyond plants are not included as they are the subject of another the probable source of the parent plant but are not research study under way by Landcare Research. sufficiently common to be considered naturalized, Criteria for inclusion in the Naturalised Records list e.g., Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. follow Webb et al. (1988, 1995) and Heenan et al. (1998, • Garden Discard – plants that originate from the 1999, 2002, 2004, 2008). That is, populations are self- deliberate dumping of garden waste from which maintained by seed or vegetative reproduction, or they pieces of plant have vegetatively persisted or occur repeatedly in natural or semi-natural habitats or in seed has germinated and, although persisting urban environments. Criteria for inclusion in the Casual vegetatively, they are not spreading sexually, e.g., Records list follow the definition of Heenan et al. (1998, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. 1999, 2002, 2004, 2008). This category most frequently Perspectives in Biosecurity 5/2020 46 • Intentional Release – this includes species that in this listing. In this respect, their listing is no different have been intentionally planted or had seed sown to the acceptance by Webb et al. (1988) of other with the purpose of them becoming naturalised temporary New Zealand occurrences of other tropical / species. Taxa are listed only where it is evident that subtropical weeds such as Alternanthera pungens Kunth plantings have then resulted in natural recruitment, and Tribulus terrestris L. e.g., Hygrophila ringens (L.) R.Br. ex Spreng. In New Zealand (Esler 1987; Lee et al. 2000; Sullivan et FULLY NATURALISED al. 2005; Aikio et al. 2010), as elsewhere in the world, urban areas and cultivated plants are among the most PTERIDOPHYTA important pathways for the introduction, establishment, PTERIDACEAE naturalisation and spread of weed species. Therefore, we consider the classification scheme outlined above for Pteris vittata L. new Casual records is a significant and useful addition ladder brake to the classification of newly recognised weed species in New Zealand. In the Casual category, we provide DESCRIPTION (Figures 1A, 1B): Terrestrial or lithophytic only the plant name, herbarium voucher, collector, date ferns. Rhizome short-creeping; scales numerous, and place of collection, and relevant notes such as the conspicuous, c.5 mm long, narrowly triangular, pale Casual subcategory. brown. Fronds monomorphic, arching, appearing to The list presented herein does not include discussion radiate from a crown. Stipe 20–250 mm long, pale of new records of Cotoneaster (Rosaceae) and Salix brown, grooved, scaly towards base. Lamina 0.15–0.8 (Salicaceae) for the naturalised flora of New Zealand. 1 × 0.05–0.3 m, -pinnate, oblong-obovate. Pinnae to Revised treatments of Cotoneaster and Salix have been 250 mm long, closely spaced, decreasing in length prepared for the eFlora (http://www.nzflora.info/Index. from apex to base, narrowly oblong, ± falcate, and html) that supersede the treatment in Webb et al. (1988). tapering above to an acute apex, base subcordate, ± The eFlora treatment includes all Cotoneaster and Salix overlying rachis; margins finely serrate in sterile zones; species Naturalised and Casual in New Zealand, an most pinnae attached by midrib only. Lowermost pinnae identification key, descriptions and synonymy (Glenny distinctly shorter, deltoid to cordate; terminal pinna 2014, Glenny & Jones 2019). For the present paper, longest, veins free set at ± 90 degrees to costa, simple summaries are included, as Tables 1 and 2, respectively, or forked once. Paraphyses abundant. of newly recorded adventive taxa and name changes in FIRST RECORD: Cameron, E. K. & Parris, B. S., New Cotoneaster (Glenny 2014); and Salix (Glenny & Jones Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 51, 9–10 (1998). 2019). VOUCHER: AK 223419–AK 223421, K. J. Bell s.n., 18 As with Webb et al. (1988) and associated checklists, May 1995, Auckland, Auckland City, Epsom, Manukau all plant descriptions are taken from wild New Zealand Road. herbarium material. ADDITIONAL RECORDS: AK 234690–AK 234692, E. K. This checklist also includes 19 taxa which Cameron 9264, 27 Feb 1997, Auckland, Epsom, 1/225A have become established (mostly temporarily) as Manukau Road; AK 237258, E. K. Cameron 9555, 23 ‘spontaneous occurrences,’ within plant nurseries as a Mar 1999, Auckland, Epsom, 1/225A Manukau Road; AK result of using imported coir peat as a potting medium 299467, B. S. Parris 12746, 17 Dec 2005, Auckland, St (James et al. 2012). The coir, or coco peat derived from Stephens Ave, Neligan Court; AK 300375, E. K. Cameron coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and sourced from Sri Lanka 14548, 12 Aug 2007, Auckland, St Stephens Ave, is increasingly being used as a sustainable alternative to Neligan House; WELT P027315, L. R. Perrie 6808 & L. New Zealand peat. However, it is evident that far from D. Shepherd, 22 Nov 2012, Auckland, St Stephens Ave; being a ‘sterile’ potting medium coir peat contains the AK 332805, P. J. de Lange 11048 & G. M. Crowcroft, seeds of a range of plants new to New Zealand, some of 18 Aug 2012, Auckland, Okahu Bay; AK 313941, S. J. which have now successfully germinated within nursery Crump s.n., P. B. Cashmore & P. N. Adams s.n., 9 Aug conditions. Whilst most of these are unlikely to establish 2007, Bay of Plenty, Lake Rotomahana, near Steaming outside nurseries, the observation that some have, such Cliffs; AK 224154, V. C. Wood s.n., 5 Oct 1995, Hawke’s as Veronica javanica, in our view justified their inclusion Bay, Napier north side of Bluff Hill, 135 Thompson Road; Perspectives in Biosecurity 5/2020 47 AK 237376, E. K. Cameron 9376, 5 Sep 1998, Hawke’s Bay, Napier north side of Bluff Hill, 135 Thompson Road; WELT P020720, U. Asmus s.n., Sep 2003, Napier, Bluff Hill, Marine Parade; WELT P020721, U. Asmus s.n., Sep 2003, Napier, Bluff Hill, pedestrian walk between Clyde and Seaview Roads. NOTES: The New Zealand biostatus of Pteris vittata has a confused history, with various authors arguing that current occurrences are naturalisations (Cameron & Parris 1998; Cameron 1999; Heenan et al. 1999; Brownsey & Perrie 2012) and others suggesting the wild occurrences may reflect indigenous as well as naturalised populations (de Lange et al.