Available on line www.eijppr.com International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research

ISSN (Online) 2249 – 6084 ISSN (Print) 2250 – 1029 Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341 (Review Article)

Aegle marmelos:A Review on its Medicinal Properties

*1 1 2 1 1 Pushpendra K. Patel , Jyoti Sahu , Lokesh Sahu , Narendra K. Prajapati, B.K. Dubey

1 T.I.T. College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Anand Nagar, Bhopal, M.P., 2 SLT Institute of pharmaceutical science, Bilaspur. Chhattisgarh, India

Received on: 18/04/2012 Accepted on: 24/04/2012

ABSTRACT Present generation is a fast moving generation and no doubt about the potency of allopathic medicine, they provide fast result, but the darkest side of this medicine is their several side effects and contraindications. On the other hand the are good substitution for those medicines because of their less or no side effect and their ability to cure the problem from their root. The present study is based on the pharmacological activity of Aegle marmelos, commonly known as a bael in India. This is having great potential to cure the disease like diabetes, cholesterol, peptic ulcer, inflammation, diarrhoea, and dysentery, anticancer, cardio protective, anti bacterial, anti fungal, radio protective, anti pyretic, analgesic, constipation, respiratory infection, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing and many more. The present review summarizes the scientific information of various aspects of Aegle marmelos plant used in traditional system of medicine for variety of purpose.

Key Words: Aegle marmelos, Bael, Herbal medicine, Peptic ulcer.

INTRODUCTION view. There are several incidents of adverse effect The universal role of plants in the treatment of and side effect with the synthetic drug but limited disease is exemplified by their employment in all number with plant source. India has a rich source the major system of medicine irrespective of the of plant as a natural or herbal medicine and it is underlying philosophical premise1. Plants have at being used from thousands of years ago. Indian one time supplied virtually all cultures with food, medicinal plants are considered a vast resource of clothing, shelter and medicine. It is estimated that several pharmacologically active principles and approximately 10 to 15 percent of roughly 300,000 active constituents, which are commonly used in species of higher plant, have a history of use in home remedies against multiple ailments 6. traditional medicine 2.In terms of both quantity and Because of the traditional knowledge of developing value of the medicinal plant exported India ranks countries, the world health organisation is now second in the world 3. Plants are the very important actively encouraging them to use the herbal for the human, because they posses several active remedies which they have been traditionally used constituents which are the precursor for synthesis for centuries7. On a recent survey conducted by of many drug 4. Due to the value of plants in the W.H.O. globally, around 20,000 medicinal plants medicine several attempts and have been done to are being profusely either in pharmaceutical identify and validate the plant derived substance for Industry or in folk medicine system 8. The Majority the treatment of various disease, and the result is of Alternative medicine user are now turning back that today more than 25% of the modern medicine towards the herbal medicine not so much because are directly or indirectly derived from plants 5.From they feel dissatisfied with conventional medicine, the different source of medicine like plant, but largely because they find these natural minerals, animals and synthetic chemicals, only medicine more safe and effective 9. Modern plant are good as availability and safety point of allopathic medicine has developed many 332 Pushpendra K. Patel et al Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341 sophisticated and costly diagnostic methodologies, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION which is little difficult to afford by the middle and The bael tree has its origin from eastern and lower class family, and on the other hand these central India. It is native to India and bael tree is medicine can harm the heath of the patient than usually available in the range of Himalaya to west they cure the problem, by their toxic side effect and Bengal, in central and south Asia. It grows around adverse effect 10. The use of herbal or alternative foot hill of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, system of medicine is increasing day by day Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jharkhand, The because of its safety 11. All culture has long folk Deccan Plateau, the East coast, Myanmar, srilanka2, medicine histories that include the use of plants. 14, 16, 19. Egyptian, Indian and Chinese traditional system are considered as oldest system of medicine 12. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION AND Bael, Aegle marmelos, a plant of Indian origin IDENTIFICATION having tremendous therapeutic potential, it is Aegle marmelos is a slow-growing sharp tree and belong to family , it is known by the medium in size, about 12 to 15 meter in height with several other names in the different parts of the short trunk, thick, soft, flaking bark, and the lower country and also outside of the country 3. Bael is a ones drooping. Tree is armed with straight sharp much known plant for the people of any part of axillaries thorns, 2.5 cm long, ferete, and leaflets 5- India, as it is related to the Hindu Religious. It is 10 by 2.5-6.3 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, flower believed that the bael fruit is the symbol of lord greenish white, sweet scented about 2.5 cm across, and its is top of the demand in the season 2 sexual. New foliage is glossy and pinkish-maroon of ‘Sawan’. The bael tree is mostly seen near the in colour. Mature leaf emits a disagreeable odour temple and other Hindu homes. The utility of bael when bruised. Fragment flowers, in clusters of 4 to is mention in the Indian ancient system of 7 along young branch lets, have 4 recurved, fleshy medicine, every part of the bael tree such as root, petals, green outside, yellowish inside and 50 or bark, leaf, flower, fruits, seed and even its latex are more greenish-yellow stamens. The fruits are also important in several traditional system of round, pyriform oval, or oblong, 5-20 cm in medicine, that’s why it is one of the most important diameter, may have a thin, hard, woody shell or a plant in the India .Bael is a medium-sized, armed, more or less soft rind, grey green until the fruit is deciduous tree, in India it grows wild, especially in fully ripe, when it turns yellowish 3, 4, 6, 14, 16. dry , outer Himalayas, Shivaliks and in with altitude from 250-1200 m and also PHYTOCONSTITUENTS cultivated throughout Indian subcontinent for its Scientist has long known the importance of the fruits 5. The bael fruit is having lots of plants and chemicals they produce in overcoming pharmacological activity, fruit of it possesses anti disease. Over 25% of all prescriptions drugs still dyspepsia, anti diarrhoea and anti dysentery. The use plants as their principal ingredients 20. Bael is fruit is also used as a dietary supplements, it is also reported to have number of coumarins, alkaloids, used to cure intermittent fever, mental disease, steroids, and essential oils. Root and fruits contain hypoglycaemic effect, anti fungal effect, anti coumarins such as scoparone, scopoletin, microbial, analgesic, anti inflammatory, umbellliferone, marmesin and skimming. Fruits in antipyretic, anti dyslipidemic activity, addition contain xanthotoxol, imperatorin and Immunomodulatory activity, anti proliferative alloimperatorin and alkaloids like aegeline and activity, wound- healing activity, anti fertility, marmelline. It also contains polysaccharides like insecticidal activity and many more 13, 14 galactose, arabinose, uronic acid and L- rahaminose, which may obtain after hydrolysis. DIFFERENT NAMES Different types of carotenoids have been reported English (Bael fruit, Indian bael, holy fruit, golden in the Aegale Marmelose, these are responsible for apple, elephant apple, Indian , stone apple); the imparting yellow pale colour to fruit. Burmese (Opesheet, ohshit, bel Indian); German Marmelosin, skimmianine and umbelliferone are (Belbaum, Schleimapfelbaum); French (Oranger du the therapeutically active principale of bael plant. Malabar, cognassier du bengale, bel Indian); Minor constituents are like ascorbic acid, sitosterol, Gujrati (Billi); Hindi ( baelputri, bela, sriphal, crude fibers, tannins, α- amyrin, carotenoids, and kooralam); Indonesian (maja batuh, maja); crude proteins are also resent. Apart from these Japanese (modjo); Thai (matum, mapin, tum); chemical constituents more than 100 compounds Vietnames (tar imam, mbau nau) Arab (Bull, have been isolated these are skimminine, aegelin, Quiththa el hind); Urdu (bel); Tamil (Vilvam); lupeol, cineole, citral, citronellal, cuminaldehyde, Sanskrit (Bilwa, sriphal); any few other names are eugenol, marmesinin, marmelosine, luvangetin, there to identify bael tree in different parts of world aurapten, psoralen, marmelide, fagarine, marmin, 4,14-18 and tennins have been proved to be biologically 333 Pushpendra K. Patel et al Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341 active against various major and minor disease 3- similar to insulin3.Oral and intrperitonial 6,14,20-30 . The list of chemical constituents present in administration of the aqueous extract of bael fruit different parts of Aegle marmelos is summarised in shows hypoglycemic effect against streptozotocin table-1.Structures of few important chemical induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of constituents present in Bael are represented in aqueous and alcoholic extract in dose of 500 mg/kg Fig.1. significantly induced hypoglycemia in normal fasted rabbit3. Hypoglycemic activity of bael is also PARTS WITH MEDICINAL PROPERTIES proved in the alloxane induced diabetes in male The Bael is a holy plant (Fig.2) and its all parts are albino rats 6, 14, 33, 35.Several other research workers very useful, generally it is seen that if one part of had also proven the hypoglycemic activity of Aegle any plant show any pharmacological effect then marmelos 38- 40. there is a major possibility that the other part give the same or related activity. The same principle is Anticancer Activity applied here with the bael tree.The Gastric ulcer resulted from persistent erosion and pharmacological uses of different parts of Aegle damage of the stomach wall that might become marmelos is listed in the table-2 4, 31-36. perforated and develop into peritonitis and massive haemorrhaage as a result of inhibition of synthesis NUTRITIONAL USE of mucus, bicarbonate and prostaglandins 41,42. Bael Bael, Aegle marmelos, is one of the most useful inhibits in vitro proliferation of human tumors cell Indian medicinal plants; it has numerous of use in lines including the lecukenic K562, T- day to day life. Physicochemical studies prove that lymphoid3.Most of the potent anti cancer drug are bael fruit is rich in nutritional value, and this is expensive, mutagenesis, and teratogenic. being used from several years ago. Bael pulp is a Administration of extract in 400 mg/kg has shown rich source of glucose, sugar, and fiber. In the anticancer effect in animal model of Ehrich ascites traditional medicine system the pulp of bael is used carcinoma4,5. Researchers were evaluated the as an energy drink with . That drinks is very anticancer potential of folk medicine used in useful to excrete the hair from the stomach. Other , India. Aegle marmelos for cytotoxic nutritive elements of bael are-protein, fat, minerals, action using brine shrimp lethality assay. The fibers, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphate, extract of Aegle marmelos was found to be 6 potassium, iron, vitamins A, vitamin B1, nicotinic exhibited toxicity on all used assay . The fruit acid, riboflavin, vitamin C 3, 5. extract of bael is also used to improve the immune system that will finally increase the anti cancer MEDICINAL USE activity of the body 43, 44.

Diarrhoea and Dysentery Cardio Protective Activity The unripe and half ripe fruit of bael is most The leaf extract of Aegle marmelos has preventing effective remedy for the diarrhoea and dysentery. effects in isoprenaline induced myocardial Generally the ripe fruit is used for this purpose, but infarction in rats. The activity of creatine kinase the dried fruit powder is also showed the same and lactate dehydrogenase was significantly activity 3. Gastrointestinal infections encompass a increased in serum and decrease significantly in wide variety of symptoms and recognized heart of isoprenaline-treated rats. Use of bael as a infectious agent. Among the GI infections the cardiac depressant and in palpitation has also been diarrhoea is a common symptom of the intestinal reported 3. disorder and has remained a global threat to human health. It cause morbidity and mortality with over Antimicrobial and Antifungal 1000 million episode and over 4 million death Anti microbial drugs are used in medicinal practice annually in children under five years of age 19, 37. for treating food borne disease. Use of medicinal plants extract that are rich in antimicrobial Antidiabetic Activity compound could be an alternative way to eliminate Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease these bacteria. The extract of Aegle marmelos around the world. A large percentage of the global posses antimicrobial activity. It has been found population is suffering from the same.The modern active against various species such as life style like taking stress and several fast food Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Proteus consumption, and alcohol drinking are the vulgaris. It has also been used for ranikhet disease responsible for it. Leaf extract has been used in virus and intestinal parasites. The essential oil Ayurvedic system of medicine for diabetes. It obtained from the of bael exhibits variable enhances the ability to utilize the external glucose efficacy against different fungal isolates and cause load in the body by stimulation of glucose uptake concentration as well as time dependent inhibition 334 Pushpendra K. Patel et al Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341 of spore germination of all the fungi tested, to three months help in the evacuation of even the including the resistance fungus, Fusarium udum 3. old accumulated fecal matter from the bowels. In The essential oil from bael leaves may interfere the villages it is mostly consumed as a energy food with the ca+2 dipicolonic acid metabolism. Thus it and in the summer season its ripe pulp is mixed inhibits the antifungal activity by lowering the with water or milk to serve as a great drink and as vegetative fungal body inside the host or in solid well as a treatment for the constipation suffering medium 4. Fungal disease including candidacies person 3. and ring worm infection are cosmetic problem that may become fatal due to secondary or super Peptic Ulcer infection as commonly occurs in AIDS patients5. An ulcer is a result of the defensive failure of Other co worker reported the antifungal activity of mucosal layer of the GIT, it is due to imbalance ethanolic extract of bael leaves including between defensive and attacking factor like acid. antidiarrhoeal activity 6, 12, 32, 45. There are several factors which induced peptic ulcer like H.pylori bacteria, acid secretion, drinking Radio Protective Activity of alcohol, smoking and many more. Moreover the Treatment with extract of bael reduces the severity recurrence of ulcer after stopping medicine is high. of symptoms of radiation induced mice. The radio About 70% of ulcer could recur. An infusion of protective action might be due to free radical leaves is an effective remedy for peptic ulcer. The scavenging and arrest of lipid per oxidation leaves are soaked overnight in water and this water accompanied by an elevation in glutathione is strained and taken in morning, this really works concentration in liver, kidney, stomach and to treat the ulcer and give relive to patients. The intestine 3. Its activity has also been evaluated in ripe fruit of Bael is a rich source of fiber and cultured human peritoneal blood lymphocytes. The mucilage that create a protective layer over the irradiation of HPBLs with different doses of stomach and resist the attack of strong acid 3, 5,6,31, gamma-radiation caused a dose dependent increase 46. Aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves was in the frequency of lymphocyte bearing prepared and used for investigation. A daily dose of micronuclei of radio protective induced radical. 1 gm/kg body weight of extract administration Treatment with the bael fruit extract before orally for 21 days. The volume of gastric secretion, irradiation caused a significant decrease in lipid per ulcer lesion count, pepsin count, PH total activity, oxidation accompanied by a significant elevation in hexoseamine content were estimated 48, 49.The the GSH concentration in liver, kidney, stomach, possible anti ulcer mode of action of Aegle and intestine of mice4. This activity has also useful marmelos is depicted in Fig.3. in the treatment f cancer particularly for those how are suffering from vital visceral malignancies 5, 6. Respiratory Infection The oil obtained from the leaves of Aegle Antipyretic and Analgesic marmelos is useful in the treatment of the cold and Bael extract exhibit antipyretic and analgesic respiratory infection. The juice extracted from activity, as it has shown a significant inhibition of a leaves is mixed with equal quantity of sesame oil carrageenan induced paw edema, cotton pellet and heated thoroughly; a few seeds of black pepper granuloma and paw itching in mice and rats 3, 6, 14, and half a teaspoonful of black cumin are added to 36. The use of other synthetic antipyretic drugs is the hot oil and then it is removed from the fire and not as safe as the herbal one. That’s the reason why stored for use in future 3. Bael is useful in treatment of fiver and pain 46, 47. Antipyretics reduce body temperature in fever but Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity do not cause hypothermia in normothermic Oxidative stress is produced during normal individual. Fever during infection is produced metabolic process in the body as well as induced by through the generation of pyrogens including, ILs, a verity of environmental and chemical factor, TNFα, interferon which induced PGE2 production which cause a generation of a various reactive free in hypothalamus- rise its temperature set point. radical and subsequent change in DNA and lipids 40, 50. The reducing capacity of a compound may Constipation serve as a significant indicator of its potential Constipation is a problem due to the loss of water antioxidant activity 51, 52. There are two possible from the fesses, that’s why the person feel mode of work of antioxidant. One is by getting difficulty, the ripe fruit of Aegle marmelos is a oxidized itself or by creating a protective layer great remedy for the constipation patient, as it is a around the active constituents of the material. The rich source of fiber, and fiber are essential for the antioxidant activity present in the Aegle marmelos forcing the GIT material towards the excretion. The confirms the hepatoprotective activity in the same, fiber of bael cleans the intestine. Its regular use up and it has also been reported 53. 335 Pushpendra K. Patel et al Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341

beneficial medicinal properties of Aegle marmelos, Wound Healing Activity one must pay attention for its in vitro propagation Effect of topical and intrperitonial administration 57. of methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos ointment and injection was studied respectively on two types CONCLUSION of wound models in rats, the excision and incision On this fast moving generation, man wants to stay model. Both the injection and ointment of the ahead and never wants to be in the last row. methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos produced a Because of these neck cutting competition, we face significant responds in both. The extract facilitates new and complex heath related problem, and day the healing process as evidence by increasing in the by day we are getting addicted of modern medicine tensile strength in the incision model. The result or the synthetic medicine, which definitely gives was also comparing to those of slandered drug the fast result but brings several new problem with nitrofurazone 14, 54. them like side effect and adverse effect. On the other hand the herbal drugs like Aegle marmelos Miscellaneous Properties (Bael) is much more valuable and safe Bael tree is a holy tree and it has several of comparatively those chemical. Looking upon the medicinal properties, some of them have been wide prospect of Bael tree, one should either evaluated and others are on the line for their turns cultivate it or try to preserve it for the proper to come. Apart from the activity listed above there utilization and to discover the new and effective is little more important activity. The leaves of herbal medicine. Aegle marmelos are useful in the treatment of the jaundice and leucorroea, conjunctivitis and ACKNOWLEDGEMENT defenses. Fruits give energy and nutrition. It is used I am very thankful to my family for their support in the carminative and astringent and also a good and encouragement; I am also thank full of my remedy for snake bite. Application are also been guide Mr. Narendra Kumar Prajapati and Director reported in anemia, fractures, typhoid, coma, colitis Dr. Balakrishna Dubey. And a special thanks to my 3. The methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos gives dear friends Monika Bhairam, Anuradha Patel for the anxiolytic and antidepressant effect 55. It also their cooperation and having trust on me during the gives the contractile effect 56. Due to these several work of my review.

Table-1:Chemical constituents Present in different parts of Aegle marmelos

Sr.No. Plant Part Chemical Constituents

1 Leaf Skimmianine, Aeglin, Rutin, γ-sitosterole, β-sitosterol, Flavone,Lupeol, Cineol, Citral, Glycoside, O-isopentenyl, Hallordiol, Mameline, Citronellal, Cuuminaldehyde phenylethyle cinnamamides, Euginol, Marmesinin, Aegelin,Glycoside 2 Fruit Marmelosin, Luvangetin, Aurapten, Psoralen, Marmelide, Tannin, Phenol 3 Bark Fagarine, Marmin, Furoquinoline, Alkaloids 4 Seed Essential oil – D- limonene, A-D-phellandrene, Cineol, Citronellal, Citral, P-cyrnene, Cumin aldehyde 5 Root Alkaloid, Halopine, Coumarins, Terpines.

336 Pushpendra K. Patel et al Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341

Table-2: Pharmacological uses of different parts of Aegle marmelos

Sr.No. Part Pharmacological Use Anti inflammatory, Ulcer, Cause Sterility, or abortion, laxative, asthma,Opthalmia and eye affection, expectorant, cold and respiratory infection, backache, abdominal disorder, vomiting, 1 Leaves cut and wounds, dropsy, beriberi, weakness of heart, cholera, diarrhea, cardiac tonic, control blood sugar, nervous disorders, hair tonic, acute bronchitis, veterinary medicine for wound healing, anti worms, stimulation of respiration. Intermittent fever and fish poison, palpitation, melancholia, anti dog bite, gastric troubles, heart 2 Root Bark disorders, fever, antiamoebic, hypoglycemic, rheumatism. Stomach tonic, anti dysenteric, Antidiabetic, diaphoretic and as a local anesthetic, epilepsy and 3 Flower as an expectorant. Dysentery, diarrhea, gastric troubles, constipation, laxative, tonic, digestive, stomachic, brain Fruit and heart tonic, ulcer, antiviral 4 Ripe Treatment of rectum inflammation, antiviral, sweet, cooling, aromatic, nutritive, dysentery. Unripe Astringent, dysentery, stomachache in diarrhea, tonic, digestive, demulcent, treatment of piles. 5 Seed Antibacterial, antifungal.

Fig.1: Structures of few important chemical constituents of Bael

337 Pushpendra K. Patel et al Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012, 1(5): 332-341

Fig. 2: Leaves and fruit of Aegle marmelos

Fig. 3: Anti ulcer mode of action of Aegle marmelos

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*Corresponding Author: Pushpendra Kumar Patel, T.I.T. College of Pharmacy, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India E mail ID: [email protected] Mobile No.+91-9406084048

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