Biodiversity of Arthropods of Participants

Rosemary Gillespie University of California, Berkeley Spiders Neal Evenhuis Bishop Museum, Honolulu Flies James K. Liebherr Cornell University Beetles Dan Polhemus Bishop Museum, Honolulu Bugs Elin Claridge University of California, Berkeley Beetles Michael Balke Zoological State Coll, Munich Beetles Curtis Ewing University of California, Berkeley Beetles Douglas Craig University of Alberta Flies Patrick O'Grady University of California, Berkeley Flies Shane McEvey Australian Museum Flies Diana Percy University of British Colombia Bugs Brad Balukjian University of California, Berkeley Bugs Ron Englund Bishop Museum, Honolulu Damselflies Steve Jordan Bucknell University Damselflies Peter T. Oboyski University of California, Berkeley Moths David Hembry University of California, Berkeley Moths Paul D Krushelnycky University of Hawaii Invasive ants George Roderick University of California, Berkeley Invasive insects Jerome Petit UC Berkeley, Biocode Invasive insects Julie Grandgirard Minist. Agr., Fr. Polynesia Biocontrol Nicholas Porch Australian National University Fossil arthropods Jean-Yves Meyer Delegation de la Recherche UplandUpland cloudcloud forestsforests ofof thethe PacificPacific harborharbor aa uniqueunique andand endemicendemic biotabiota

ManyMany commoncommon elementselements ofof thethe arthropodarthropod faunafauna areare repeatedrepeated acrossacross manymany archipelagoesarchipelagoes Goals • Diversity across islands – Where are the hotspots? – Where the endemism

• Biodiversity dynamics – What has happened in the distant past? – What has happened in the recent past? – SO - what does the future hold? HotspotHotspot ArchipelagoesArchipelagoes

HawaiianHawaiian IslandsIslands

MarquesasMarquesas Society Society IslandsIslands IslandsIslands AustralAustral IslandsIslands Hawaiian Islands • More species on older islands? 5.1 my • Island hop down chain

2.6-3.7 my 0.7-1.8 my

5.5 my 0-0.4 my 3.7 my 1.9 my 3.3 my 2.4 my 2.0 myrs 1.9 my 4.2 my 3.3 my 2.9 my 1.8 my 2.2 my 2.5 my

1.5 my

0.8 my Where did the central Pacific biota come from? Spiders Tetragnatha moua

Gillespie, R.G. 2003. 3 new endemic species

sp. Chile

hawaiensis Oahu Crab spiders - Misumenops

.75

Garb & Gillespie, 2009. Mol Ecology Samoa Diptera Fiji Christmas Is Samoa Fr Polynesia

Samoa New Caledonia

New World Fiji a) multiple

New World colonizations out of Samoa Fiji Australia into Indonesia Pacific. New Caledonia b) Little evidence of Indonesia Samoa stepping stones Spiders Flies Bugs Beetles Moths Australs

• Many low islands (Raivavae, , , ) • And Rapa 12.3 myrs RURUTU 14.8 myrs Spiders - 10.6 myrs RIMATARA Tangaroa tahitiensis & TUBUAI 6.5 myrs RAIVAVAE Misumenops rapaensis ~4 my

• Highly structured - been in the islands a long time RAPA ~2.2 my 5.0 myrs 5 my 4 my 3 my 2 my 1 my

Tubuai Moorea

Rurutu

Raivavae

Rapa

0

• Widespread indigenous taxa in some groups • Some odd endemic genera (bugs) • Rapa is unique – Many endemic taxa – Many of these unique in French Polynesia – Large radiation of weevils & perhaps other lineages EiaoEiao MARQUESASMARQUESAS ISLANDSISLANDS 7.507.50 mymy

NukuNuku HivaHiva 4.254.25 mymy UaUa HukaHuka 2.752.75 mymy

UaUa PouPou 5.605.60 mymy HivaHiva OaOa 2.472.47 mymy

TahuataTahuata 2.002.00 mymy FatuFatu HivaHiva 1.401.40 mymy ISLAND ENDEMISM Campsicnemus

• 4 new species groups in the Marquesas, 12 new species Sap Beetles - Cillaeinae • 8 new species on Nuku Hiva • 6 new species on Hiva Oa Spiders - Tetragnatha

Follows age progression MARQUESASMARQUESAS ISLANDSISLANDS EiaoEiao NabisNabis speciesspecies richnessrichness 7.507.50 mymy NoNo datadata

Nuku Hiva Nuku Hiva UaUa HukaHuka 4.254.25 mymy 2.75 my 3 (1) 2.75 my 3 (1) 11 (0)(0)

UaUa PouPou 5.60 my HivaHiva OaOa 5.60 my 2.47 my 11 (1)(1) 2.47 my 44 (2)(2) TahuataTahuata NoNo clearclear patternpattern 2.002.00 mymy ofof increasingincreasing richnessrichness 11 (0)(0) withwith increasingincreasing islandisland ageage FatuFatu HivaHiva EndemicsEndemics primarilyprimarily onon large,large, 1.401.40 mymy topographicallytopographically complexcomplex islandsislands 11 (0)(0) EasternEastern SocietySociety IslandsIslands ConformConform toto aa simplesimple hotspothotspot progressionprogression

TahitiTahiti NuiNui 1.4–0.81.4–0.8 MaMa MooreaMoorea 1.7–1.41.7–1.4 MaMa

TaiarapuTaiarapu 0.8–0.30.8–0.3 MaMa ISLAND ENDEMISM Campsicnemus • recorded for first time from Societies • two endemic species groups: lobatus (5 new species) and zigzag (5 new species) • 10 new species : 1 Bora Bora; 1 Moorea; 1 Huahine; 1 Tahiti; 1 Raiatea; • 3 Tahiti; 1 Tahaa; 1 Moorea • Lineages in cloud forest related across islands • Lineages in mid- elevation forest related across islands

Also in many • Beetle groups • Bug groups 31 species on single island T A H I T I Carabid Beetles

High diversity in Tahiti • Upland species found on multiple spurs of Orohena. • Many new & unique species on Mauru • Species on Teatara also unique Conclusions

• Large numbers of new species, some whole new lineages • Australs - many native widespread? – Rapa quite unique • Marquesas - high endemism, need more complete sampling • Societies - huge and largely unknown diversity on Tahiti CONCLUSIONS

• Diversity across islands – Where are the hotspots? TAHITI – Where the endemism? CLOUD FOREST, BUT ALSO MID ELEV? • Biodiversity dynamics – What has happened in the distant past? – What happened in recent past? – SO - what does future hold? Hawaiian Islands Society Islands Marquesas Islands 5.1 my 4.2 my 3.3 my 5.5 my 2.9 my 2.6-3.7 my 2.2 my 3.7 my 2.5 my 1.9 my 0.7-1.8 my 3.3 my 1.5 my 2.4 my 2.0 myrs 1.9 my 0-0.4 my 1.0 my 1.8 my No effect of increasing diversity with age, as in Hawaii Marquesas Islands

Society Islands 5.5 my

3.7 my 4.2 my 3.3 my Hawaiian Islands 1.9 my 2.9 my 5.1 my 2.2 my 3.3 my 2.4 my 2.5 my 2.0 myrs 1.5 my 1.9 my 2.6-3.7 my 1.8 my 0.7-1.8 my 1.0 my Highest diversity on youngest high islands 0-0.4 my in French Polynesia Phylogenetic patterns

… How do they inform conservation? Climate change scenarios … •What was the prehuman species composition? •How do invasives interact with native species? Mauruuru roa!

Délégation à la Recherche, Papeete National Science Foundation Gump Research Station, Moorea UC Berkeley Bishop Museum, Honolulu Schlinger Foundation