Indian Journal of Arts of Journal Indian S Form A- , 2015, , PERSPECTIVE S Fo R

© 2015 Discovery Publication. All RightsReserved All Publication. Discovery 2015 © 2320 ISSN International Journalof Arts Indian – 6659 EISSN 2320 EISSN 6659 5(16), in found be can as design chair of potential mational Xiang Chew Fu Citation 2015 1 December Published: Accepted: Received: History Publication R be found can in as design chair of potential tional Bio Quarterly a f 53 - flesia structures flesia structural analogues in furniture : tran infurniture: analogues structural - 65 7 14 Journalfor J uly September 2015 September – , 687X 2015 Zulkifl Arts i B Muslim, Mohd Sharizal Dolah Sharizal Mohd Muslim, B i R . B afflesia structures afflesia io - structural analogues in furniture : tran : furniture in analogues structural . Indian Journal of Arts of Journal Indian s form a- , 2015, , PERSPECTIVE s fo r-

Page 53 1). plant and phology transform analyse will review This structures. flesia Ra in found be can asdesign chair of potential transformational the discovering on focusing bio explores paper The each. to relation pla and flower Rafflesia principle, transformation namely study, the affecting INTRODUCTION T RANFORMATIONALPOTEN The Fu Chew Xiang Chew Fu comprehensive review of the literature outlined the definitions on three main f main three on definitions the outlined literature the of review comprehensive BIO identity design, transformer, design analogy design transformer, design, identity d analogues plant morphology, Rafflesia flesia, Keywords design. chair in structure cellular Rafflesia of use the considering strategi contributions dire design It tion. analogues plant a out starting designers dents/academicians/ off to chair and Rafflesia of analogy design Theory, it review. literature this develop to articles and journals the on nions literature demic the Further, al. environm learning enable design, analogues plant of areas the of be will paper The development. chair in process this in captured as , ysis ana the that hoped is It design. analogues plant latest the on discussion and morphology microscopic and unearths search Az Rafflesia , process tion transform the to related sources issues various literature addressing 2014) published December recently (until of range a of review comprehensive design. Ra Theory, Design formational rationale fo be can as transform design chair the of potential discovering tional on focusing furniture, in analogues structural ABSTRACT fulfil - BE FOUND IN RAFFLEFOUND BEIN STRUCTU s n ihr n further and higher in es design analogue. This literature review is struc is review literature This analogue. design is a very useful source of information and impartial advice which advice impartial and information of source useful very a is l design qualitative a incorporating By a ietfe ifrainrsucs f rnfrain Design Transformation of information/resources identified an s behind this behind 3 : 1 Universiti Putra Universiti Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, Universiti 2 Transformation Design Theory, Transformation Principle, Ra Principle, Transformation Theory, Design Transformation Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, Universiti . a b commerciali be may The finding 1 nihs bu the about insights ore hs en obnd ih omnais n op and commentaries with combined been has sources , Zulkifli B Muslim B Zulkifli aim research problem research RAL ANALOGUESFUR IN of this of f hs ieaue eiw ae i t epoe bio explore to is paper review literature this of ae, il ihih te differen the highlight will paper, Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia, ai ad ln aaous chair, analogues plant and lanii f afei edmc o aasa resources, Malaysia to endemic Rafflesia of paper demonstrates how the analysis of ac of analysis the how demonstrates paper fflesia morphology and plant ana plant and morphology fflesia - tutrlaaousi untr,mr specifically more furniture, in analogues structural dcto seiial institu specifically education e ad nlec lann ad teaching and learning influence and zed TIALCHAIROF rnfrain Principles, Transformation is to bridging the gap between Tran between gap the bridging to is SIASTRUCTURES 2 and und in Rafflesia structures. The structures. Rafflesia in und [email protected] methodology [email protected] toa dsg tere, afei mo Rafflesia theories, design ational zulmuslim@ya esign, chair design, Malaysia design, chair esign, Mohd interest er practical help to st to help practical er and tured in a few phases (table phases few a in tured Sharizal Dol Sharizal to researchers in researchers to tran t hoo.com DESIGN DESIGN ASCAN ents, in gene in ents, hence in ta are that tions a critical a critical a macroscopic NITURE: l o sformation gues chair gues Therefore hs r this nt analogues in analogues nt nd its u- a- e- a- c- a- s- f- r- l- i- - ah 3 ac t o rs r- f-

Page 54 i tran resources; Malaysia to endemic structure/form que search e approac transformation through design the address to sought 2 and No.1 Question Research Motivation. lifestyleand makes design the chair pleasant and impressive re it morphologi the design, identify also structures chair for guidance providing only not study research This questions. to know of fountain the as acts research (2013), Rajasekar S. Recapping conducted. be must study research this why on tion que bigger even an on light shed has it Therefore, found. hardly are process its and analogy det however market furniture the in available (nature biomimicry of variety Adesign. sustainablefurniture in valued bio trans and science of hybrid a about hear can that design furniture conducted for been have studies many not knows, researcher the did little However, structures. chair existing develop to theories new formulating of benefits the realises and above studies madeblood stem from cells could replicate real blood by 2017. blood” “new s can be technologyand science of benefits positivesuccess, the in result to likely nology sustainable support orderto in studies development.is way that a These in progressing study recent a Science, and Technology Design helps formulate to the research questions. PHASE nfluence the analogy between Rafflesia between analogy the nfluence s to draw an analogy between Rafflesia between analogy an draw to s sult in success the researcher had been carrying on regardless. The research will lead to new leadto regardless. researchwill carryingon The beensuccesshad researcher thein sult - This section identi section This The researcher see a close relationship between design, science and technology from the from technology and science design, between relationship close a see researcher The Multiple studies haveconducted upthe been gap fill betweenscience to and technology, in tutrl nlge friue ht eevs eerh eonto i uiu ad highly and unique is recognition research deserves that furniture analogues structural    I DEFINING PROBLEMS/GA s in rvds nihs about insights provides tion chair and how can weachieve it? th are What logue design? chair is How design? What This section will address research the following questions: (Barras, 2015) (Barras, ( Bokova, 2010) Bokova, is analogue design through transformation through design fying the research gap as the point of departure for further study and it and study further for departure of point the as gap research the fying e benefits of creating a new Rafflesia new a creating of benefits e ledge and give guidance to fill up the gaps and providing answers providing and gaps the up fill to guidance give and ledge cal analogy of Rafflesia of analogy cal Table found by the UK National Health Service whereby this artificial this whereby Service Health National UK the by found defined? What are the advantages and disadvantages of an an an of disadvantages and advantages the are What defined? also promoting the world leaders to invest in science and tec and science in invest to leadersworld the promoting also 1 . Phases of LiteraturePhases of Review cellular structure/form and chair design as a Mala a as design chair and structure/form cellular h characteri the plant structure/form and chair design. The latter r latter The design. chair and structure/form plant P ie dcmnain n eodn te design the recording in documentation ailed s formation process design theory that may that theory design process formation and how transformation facilitates chair facilitates transformation how and and transformational theory. Despite the Despite theory. transformational and tc n got picpe f Rafflesia of principle growth and stic (S. Rajasekar,2013) (S. plant structure/form analogu structure/form plant . formation technology. A technology. formation - inspired solutions) are solutions) inspired . een in latest in een h- h- y- a- e- s- e

Page 55 eie fo te rnfrain rnils Cneunl, hs picpe ad o h tran the to former chair as the raised in Research Que aid principles these Consequently, principles. transformation the from derived from when adopted principles transformation for design these of theory Collectively, developing a principles. transformation constitute would principles transformation of These transformation. a creating singly, embodied set a in encapsulated Transformation Design Theory Principles andits tails. bio theory, PHASE II LITERATURE Rafflesia produc identity sia n salse rsac b Badn 20) oal te rnfrain theo transformation the notably (2007) Brandon by research established An the in subjects research the review will section This cellular structurecellular asan analogy facilitates that the development chair of design. - structural analogues structures, Rafflesia morphology and design analogy in d in analogy design and morphology Rafflesia structures, analogues structural irmi Snh (2009) Singh Vikramjit t; also its benefits and guidelines to st to guidelines and benefits its also t; a. b. c. a. b. c. Figure REVIEW Figure (Source: (Source: 1 . 2 Examples E of . Examples Expose/Cover of rn ot ifrn st o mcaia transform mechanical of sets different out bring Vikramjit Singh Vikramjit Sing s tion No.1. tion (Carolyn x pand/Collapse , 2009) h context on the transformation design transformation the on context , 2009) u dents/ 2006) , educators/designers of using of educators/designers . h f The . loig exa ollowing m a ples tion ry, e- s-

Page 56 perform enhancconfigurationanddifferent a changing/converting themselvesinto of possibility applied chair in design. an to overture an pri design than transformation of more understanding no is study this Therefore, design. chair Malaysia in analogue establis to attempts desi chair transformational of importance the on light a shed process.has design innovative of element the as general hypothesis in his roles support to their transformations on based cicumstances and settings different in products and patents, Why Transformer dynamic the is it in beauty the which movement from th trend and lifestyle opening new an a make set to has cabinet length this its Hence, along slats many the of one back pulling the have Users cabinet. slatted be theory seated), this has given a the chair new with portableits function characteristic. value a it make and features T called now are transform that products These portable. truly things Innovation Designin through Transformation and develop would , complete advanced, develop the fast potential with of transformation theory. more becoming and time of period with a principle over grows transformation the of meaning the defined products. and analogies natural chairs, from examplar particular clearly has it , above the From asomto dsg ter wrs el ih h friue ic i odr o nac its enhance to order in piece furniture the with well works theory design ransformation rno Wlhr (2007) Walther Brandon na existing analogies in the identifyingstudies out carried had (2009)Singh Vikramjit A observatio Preliminary rnfre b Sbsin raui, a scesul soe te nulbe ie f a of side unfurlable the showed successfully has Errazuriz, Sebastian by transformer ance , all within all , ance e cabinet opening, could it be an inspiration for other furniture design. h the h Figure a. b. transformati one system. He also mentioned that, transformer is a product with product a is transformer that, mentioned also He system. one s y ao Wae (00 claimed (2010) Weaver Jason by ns - Figure 4 added home piece. Apa piece. home added . (Source: The WaveThe Cabinet bySebastian Errazuriz ttd ht h bnft o tasomr oe fr their form comes transformer of benefits the that stated alternative ways of op of ways alternative 3 (Source: on process design theory and Rafflesia and theory design process on . Examples Fuse/Divide of Vikramjit Singh nciples in mechanical design in which it could be could it which in design mechanical in nciples Howarth rt from its original function (a surface to surface (a function original its from rt , 2014) ening the Wave Cabinet (Figure 4 (Figure Cabinet Wave the ening , 2009) It is evident that chair d chair that evident is It gn in which the researcher the which in gn that transformer c. rnfrain makes transformation Hwrh 2014) (Howarth, cellular structure cellular in this paper. this in e new e esign ture, This ) by ) .

Page 57 rwh ae n e ctr wih ee dniid s olttihm pce. n suy of study a In species. Colletotrichum as identified were which cetera et and rate growth m Macroscopic andMicroscopic Morphology tion to the magnitude of identific major a made has it therefore Identity, Malaysia promote to helping in importance history. postal observation profound mentioned country’s above the the With show to and development stamp Malaysia promote 2014) ex stamp biggest world’s the hosted Lumpur Kuala Malaysia(2011), (the Malaysi of notion the expressing item/element significant ex few sen a above, a idea out bring itself. to identity Malaysia of analogue an able as used be to is good and identity Azlanii Rafflesia the described successfully far soreviewed studies the Malaysia.All Peninsular endemicto is it and blotches perigonelarger Mala Penisularfrom (1997) Meijer by species discovered newly a is RafflesiaAzlanii (2010), Kian species,accordingMalaysiato anendemic is Rafflesia Azlanii stated that Many scholarshave Rafflesia, Malaysia Identity Yet,product. there are advantages more be to discussed as listedbelow : user more are transformers that found who (2009) SinghVikramjit by study major another Inconsistency. and fidelitysimplicity, refined rhlg ad hrceitc ae o te ye f oiipoe, ie sae f oii , conidia of shape size, conidiophores, of type the on based characteristic and orphology n eet er, hr i a ag vlm o pbihd tde descr studies published of volume large a is there years, recent In ysia. In another major study, Latiff and Wong (2003) found that Rafflesia Azlanii has Azlanii Rafflesia that found (2003) Wong and Latiff study, major another In ysia. urny f aasa (iue 5 (Figure Malaysia) of currency . A stampand Rafflesia Hibiscus of are flower Fauna featuredunder miniature sheets to      It cuts down complexity and of variety wide a serve functions. that products for solution design new facilitates It A transformer comes a in weight lighter duecompacted its to design. set single of primary reduce are price sales and cost Manufacturing possible a for single primary i seems might that states between functions better performs transformer A Ringgit MalaysiaSepuluhRinggit mls rm aasa illustrate Malaysia from amples Figure Figure havinga bio (Source: 5 6 . RafflesiaPr . Rafflesia Featured on Postage Stamp - - function product. structural analogues using furniture Rafflesia. Bank Negara Malaysia (Source: oc aan t hw ta Rflsa s f paramount of is Rafflesia that shows it again once , ise b te e cnrl ak Bn Negara Bank , bank central new the by issued ) - carried the image of Rafflesia. image of the carried friendly compared with a single pr single a with compared friendly - deployment many time for designs. function product. function inted on Ringgit Malaysia on Ringgit inted Star , 2014) hibition in KL Convention Centre Convention KL in hibition ht afei i kon s n o the of one as known is Rafflesia that . o isac, igi Malaysia Ringgit instance, For a. , 2011) d compared with the costs of a of costs the with compared d Building on from the from on Building In December 2014, December In i ig h fungal the bing e f Malaysia of se imary - function (Star, m- a-

Page 58 gaspar Palm) (Mad gascariensis Dypti Genus Family Arecaceae Limby are (2009) summarised table in few A another. in solutions design new created have experience and study of field distinctive from design analogues These support. strength good provide to advantage definite a be will analogues structural observation, above for bridge pedestrian the support to strength inherent an vides structure tubular a form to structure DNA form. the Singaporeresemblanceto which in Bridgecurved “DoublePedestrian analogues Helix”first world’s for plant basic through a strength as achieve used to be configuration then structural will development structural plant The development. structural exp of AnaloguesPlant macroscopi Rafflesia of design. description detailed 7 a presented they microscopic studies, their morphology.In they identified feature , (2011) Refaei 10 . The conidia microscopic morphology will be used as the analogy pattern in the structural the in pattern analogy the as used be will morphology microscopic conidia The . ,14,18 Plant NamePlant set his In (2009). Lim to according expanded gradually has analogy plant of concept The eriments, plant morphology was studied and analysed to be used as a fundamental of fundamental a as used be to analysed and studied was morphology plant eriments, Figure Colony Reverse,11 Mad s 7 . Macroscopic and microscopicMacroscopic morphology and a- a- Table ,15,19 2 . Plant StructurePlant Plant Structural Analogues Form Conidia, and12 (Source: 2 Appressoria example of plant analogues in architecture, reported architecture, in analogues plant of example to showto the structuralanalogues form. (Cox, 2009) (Cox, Refaei , 2011) ,16,20 , proven that proven , Appressoria – Structural Analogues Form s for each genus as the F eachgenus for ass the the ideal curved form. curved ideal the 9 ,13,17 the structure of DNA pr DNA of structure the . Colony surface,Colony and 21 Secondary n addit In o, the ion, and c In the In igure o-

Page 59 rpris f ln cls Ltl mtras r nee t hv goo have to needed are again, is proven it plant that analogue structure could increase the structuralstrength. materials Little cells. plant of properties the and seating of areas flexible the on based strength structural stronger has chair analogues c the by chair 3D biomimicry a designed system. photovoltaics solar at shines its and with system night watering analogues tree heat, dirpersing and heat absorbs it instance, natural a as act only not structures of its , system set cooling great with Garden” a in City “ this , (2012) Mok biologically in inspired processes. applied and developed technologies design digital in believing architectural 2004) MimicryBio (Water Hyacinth) Eichhornia Crassipes Genus ceae Pontederia Family lus (Hornbeam Leaf) Bet Carpinus Genus Family Betulaceae h eitn hg boiei “Supertree biomimetic huge existing The phe biological from inspired design general, In I adto, ep 20) etoe ntr i te ags lbrtr, h rpdt of rapidity the laboratory, largest the is nature mentioned (2009) Kemp addition, In . biomimetic design also resemblance the ecological functions of trees, for trees, of functions ecological the resemblance also design biomimetic u- n- Figure 8 . GardenBay “Supertrees” bythe (Source: (Source: n nte mjr td b Lla (04 ,she (2014) Lilian by study major another In net f ln cls Fgr 9 (Figure cells plant of oncept ” r srn eiec (iue 8 (Figure evidence strong are s” Mok Lim nomena is called biomimetic design biomimetic called is nomena , 2009) , 2012) stiffness d . hs ln cells plant This ). , efrn to reffering , ) Da, 2014) (Daal, (Shu, has ,

Page 60 that an ergonomic chair would maximize back support and hel and support back maximize would chair ergonomic an that (2014) Wagner would by analogysupported is this by stress, reduce design and experience sitting from comfortable makes benefits The analogued. being subject the of properties the analogousaddition,anIn desig product. the aestheticvalueof ergonomics and fast sustainability, improves rubber incorporated design minimalistic of result a is technologyand increase firmnessad a durability of flat pack furniture movement plant by inspired chair shape natural the on focused Chair” Rising weight.support wool wire from constructed is matter miscroscopic of visual the be ideas any unlike other and equipment of set unique whole a you brings design biomimetics each culture, group our en has biomemetics that claimed he (2008), Rubner Michael scientist material a by supported is This chair. biomimicry a be could cell that the structure discover and flower Rafflesia in potential the explore to seeks researcher the study, tween expressive baroque design and scientific perspective. The seating which resemblance seatingwhich perspective. scientificThe and baroquedesignexpressivetween ec, immtc hs ra ptnil n eeoig e friue fr furniture, new developing in potential great has biomimetics Hence, o ea, hr ae ay datgs noprtn aaoy n ein fr ntne it instance, for design, in analogy incorporating advantages many are there recap, To “The designed Embricqs Van Robbert winner, Award Design Reddot a least, not but Last design Another (Senda, 2013) (Senda, . However, this “molecular chair” has the visual impact visual the has chair” “molecular this However, . “oeua car b Atno 21) h epoe te connection the explored he , (2013) Antonio by chair” “molecular , (Mueller, 2008) Figure Figure - rwn ted mks etr ult o lf, nac the enhance life, of quality better makes , trend growing 9 1 . 0 Biomimicry byLilian Daal Chair Van Figure . Evolution ofEvolution the “molecular” Chair (Source: (Source: (Source: . 1 1 . Embricqs The RisingChair Daal , Refaei car a transfor can chair a , 2014) , 2011) tered the curriculum, and now built into built now and curriculum, the tered , 201 - frame mesh covered with recycled with covered mesh frame 4) ps to keep good posture while posture good keep to ps m (Embricqs, 2014) s tef Ti innovative This itself. m hr, n this in there, om but it could not could it but n could feature could n .

Page 61 Design and Chair cry Biomim Anlogues/ Plant Azlan Rafflesia ogy Morpho Flower Rafflesia Principle mation Transfo Theory Design mation Transfo Design gy, Technol Science, Subject Research the research ofand departure. point PHASE III FILLING TH improve also it but sense fashinable provides only effectivenessand efficiency even long sitting not for hours. chair analogous an Thus, sitting. Table 3 Table ii and r- r- i- o- l- 4. 3. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. Literature Review Highlights 1. 2. 1. 3. shows the significance hi significance the shows logues formlogues through plant an achieve strength configurat fora basic structural opment will be as used plant structural deve transformable product potential methodology for the a thoroughlacks the movement characterised change element which nature the is new transformable surface leaf cell are patters the leaf growth and on new function improve quality converting of state to cate real blood repl could cells stem develo ment sustainable support to and technology science in invest betterworks together technology and science morphology. and microscopic Rafflesia macroscopic detailed of description of Malaysia. expressing the notion significant item Rafflesia one is of the species Malaysia endemic Rafflesia Azlaniian is Table ion to 3 or add a- . E GAPS AND HOOKINGI Literature Departures Highlights andPoint of l- p- i- Lim (2009) Refa Star (2014) & Wong(2003) (2010) Latiff Kian (2009) Vikramjit Fox(ed)(1996) Lim (200 (2010) Weaver Jason Barras (2015) Bokova (2010) Lim (2009) Athor/Year ghlights of liter of ghlights ei (2011) 9) Gap / / Gap Point of Departure 3. 2. 1. 1. 3. 2. 1. 4. 3. 2. 1. 5. 4. 3. 2. proach which proachrepresenting which Malaysia identi transformation theory trigger newdesign pragmatic a innovative idea Rafflesia of provide footing a strong to develop research new Another furniture level of Malaysia design design transformation a foundation providing for developing and processits ogy a detailed documentationin the recording ana design plant chair analogues a hybrid of and science transformation technology st formulating new theories toexisting chair develop design. will the patternbe as analogy used in the structural the morphology conidia microscopic and characteristic structural furn analogues Rafflesia Rafflesia morphology there not biomimicry is chair design any on based represent and promote identity the Malaysia of Rafflesia to Azlanii was bechosen analogued to Malaysia market transformer have noticeable products potential in laysia chair design. theory and Rafflesia establish the mechanical transformati improving chair functionality and T an eclectic collection of problem ransformation ructures ature review from this paper, this from review ature - DEAS by made a major identification - analogy can be can done cellular by patterns, it cellular structure analogue in M iture analogue chair incorporating - solving in design. solving usability . having a bio on process design on process ty. the gap of gap the - for help a- l- p- s

Page 62 Bella Martin, B. H. (2012). H. B. Martin, Bella 25). June (2015, C. Barras, PRODU OF PRINCIPLES (2006). T. J. Qureshi, Atif L.M.(2010). M.Graziano, Anthony Rafflesia to relevant design biomimicry for basis better flower. a provide to suggested is search Fut documentation. process r design proper previous without from design analogues flaws plant methodological and the search of mindful be should research future mind, in plant definitions standardized no anal and findings, and methodologies selection principle sign bewould available future for design reference. d fou the recording in documentation detailed and comprehensive A life. of quality improve and culture, Malaysia enrich ergonomics, flower enhance support, strength Rafflesia good provide to on phology based designers and researchers academicians, students, for ance gui design new a be will There identity. Malaysia representing which approach pragmatic Cellular Rafflesia of idea Innovative it. of (conidia structure inner the to look outer the from chair PHASE IVMAKING CONC Analogy a tion and new theories for a hybrid of science and transformation techno transformation and science of hybrid a for theories new and tion REFERENCES d transformation in inconsistencies to due limitations with plagued is area research This inspired Rafflesia the of design the upon impact which factors main three these Clearly, ogues design provide to a researcher with common base which measure.With from to this and http://www.newscientist.com/articl Health: Scientist New and &Computers Conferences Technical Engineering Design microscopic) analogue chair incorporating transformation design theory trigger new trigger theory design transformation incorporating chair analogue microscopic) 2. 5. 4. 3. - why inherent strength for structure provides an blance to the DNA trian Bridge rese “Double Helix” Pede processes. biologically inspired and applied in technologies developed in digital design architectural believing laboratory, nature the is largest production maximize the Analogies design structural strength chair has stronger plant analogues cells the idealform. curved - is - the - uk - Universal Methods ofDesign. Methods Universal going what is artificial blood and why is UK going to trial it ? it trial to going UK is why and blood artificial is what m- s- - LUSION to - Research Methods A Process of Inquiry. of Process A Methods Research trial Cox(2009) Kemp (200 (2006) J.S.Linsey Daal Lili an( - (2014) it.html#.VZEJ4vmUc3k 2014) 9) 6. 5. 4. T FLEXIBILITY. CT ergonomics andergonomics trend better makes , of quality the life, enhance Analogy improvesin design, sustainability, fast being analogued. subject the of properties the feature design analogous structural provide analogues good strength support. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publisher. Rockport MA: Beverly, e/dn27783 aesthetic value of product. the . SE 06 International 2006 ASME New York: Pearson. York: New - what logy in chair design chair in logy - is - artificial Retrieved from Retrieved - growing ure r ure - blood mo d- n- e- e- e- r- -

Page 63 Kian, P. E. (2010). E. P. Kian, F.(2009). M. Kemp, Luzon, From Species New A (Rafflesiaceae), Banahaw Rafflesia (2007). B. P. Meta F.Barcelona, Julie A Theory: Design Transformation September). (2010, W. K. Weaver, Jason ecology Taxonomy, (2009). P. P. Barcelona, Innovation. Of J.F. Probability The Increasing Analogies: Representing (2006). T. J. Linsey, S. J. 22). December (2014, 29). D. June Howarth, (2015, U. D. House, 3). M.(2012). B. Hanington, May (2013, L. Halabian, Thought. Technological of History a Towards Picon's Antoine (1996). R. Fox(Ed), (2015). V. R. Embricqs, (2014). V. R. Embricqs, Was Change Size Dramatic Evolution: Floral (2008). C. C. Davis, small of species new a (Rafflesiaceae), Verrucosa Rafflesia (2010). B. P. Balete, S. Danilo 5). August (2014, V. L. Daal, (2009). P. P. Cox, Adapted (2006). K. J. Seepersad, Conner Carolyn Bra (2010). I. Bokova, (2015). C. J. Hammond, Billy ndon Walther, J. K. (2007). Design for Transformation : Theory, Method and Application. and Method Theory, : Transformation for Design (2007). K. J. Walther, ndon borneo/news https://www.borneodream.com/courses Solms Philippines. doi:10.1115/1.3 Framework. (Rafflesiaceae). in Information 10 September and Computers & Conferences Technical Engineering Design International m http://www.dezeen.com/2014/12/22/sebastian http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/transformation http://sickoftheradio.com/2013/05/03/design Academic Harwood Change, http://www.robertvanembricqs.com/#!rising http://www.robertvanembricqs.com/#!rising Flowers. Largest Philippines. Mindanao, Eastern from Rafflesia http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/05/biomimicry lilian Magazine: http://www.marina Technical Engineering Design Conference inEngineering Information and &Computers Conferences International 2006 ASME 2006 IDETC/CIE of Proceedings Conference inEngineering Information and Computers & Conferences Technical Engineering Design International 2007 Publishing. UNESCO iami - - van - Laubach (Rafflesiaceae). Laubach 2014/ - daal/ Identification and Character and Identification niern : sus Calne ad potnte fr Development. for Opportunities and Challenges Issues, : Engineering Interactive Architecture. Interactive BLUMEA - rafflesia - ora o Cmuig n Ifrain cec i Egneig 10 Engineering, in Science Information and Computing of Journal 13. ihihs e big details bridge new highlights Rising Chair Rising 470028 Blumea Universal Methods ofDesign. Methods Universal Current Biology Current - bay.sg/highlights_new_bridge_details.html a Embricqs Van - Biomimicry chair by Lilian van Daal replaces Daal van Lilian by chair Biomimicry , 345 , sabah , 77 , . - - 350. - . Retrieved from Van Embricqs Combining Functionality and Art: and Functionality Combining Embricqs Van from Retrieved . 93. . borneo S.O.T.R ono Dream.com Borneo rnfrain (n.d.) transformation. Singapore: National University ofSingapore. University National Singapore: . www.dezeen.com - malaysia.html Princeton Architectural Press. Architectural Princeton . - obnn Fntoaiy Art & Functionality Combining and isation of a Mads a of isation eree fo Dsg : oeua Chair: Molecular : Design from Retrieved - - - - tours/wildlife shell/c10n6 chair/c1wnn molecular - cnevto sau o Piipn Rafflesia Philippine of status conservation , errazuriz Magnolia Press Magnolia United States of America: Rockport Publisher. Rockport ofAmerica: States United Rtivd rm Mar from Retrieved . ocp Gnrto ad Computational. and Generation Concept Rtivd rm e en magazine: zeen De from Retrieved . Rtivd rm afei Flowe Rafflesia from Retrieved . - - Rtivd rm Dictionary.com: from Retrieved . chair/ wave - tours/information - Box Gene from Rafflesia Cantleyi Rafflesia from Gene Box Recent and Rapid in the World's the in Rapid and Recent - cabinet , 49 , - 3d - 57. - printed . Retrieved from De Zeen De from Retrieved . - wooden . n By Singapore: Bay ina Rtivd from Retrieved . - - soft explore - slats - Technological seat - - Analogical design - - - sabah cha flowered France: ASME ir - - - by r: - , .

Page 64 Wagner. (2014, May 7). Chairs for a healthy lifestyle. healthy a for Chairs 7). May (2014, Wagner. Th Design in Innovations (2009). M. S. Singh, Vikramjit 02). May (2012, toshifukaya. 26). October (2009, S. Taoyang, 1). Design. Freeform 3D for Interface Sketching A : Teddy M.(1999). S. Igarashi, Takeo December (2014, T. Star, (2006). J. Sinclair, Design. Biomimetic for Analysis Language Natural (2004). a. L. Shu, 05). April (2013, S. Senda, 28). April (2012, L. Salom, P. Rajasekar, S. 24). June (2014, D. Rubin, Diversity Species cantleyi: Rafflesia from Fungi Endophytic (2011). E. J. J, Refaei T.F. (1996). Peters, Culture a Theory, and Thought Technological (2003). F. T. Peter, 26). October 2). July (2014, Noelia. (2009, R. April). Noe, (2008, T. Mueller, 18). April (2012, K. Mok, L. (2009). J. Man, Malaysia. Peninsular from Rafflesia of Species new A (2003). A. L. M.Wong, (n.d.). M. (2009). J. Lim, L. Vitali, Liana 25). October 2013, ( E. Klarenbeek, fastcodesign: http://www.fastcodesign.c fastcodesign: of Transformation Principles. Transformation of http://monsterdesign.tistory.com/1509 http://www.cctv.com/english/special/news/20091026/103440.shtml biggest http://www.thestar.com.my/Lif Limited. Publishers The Design on Conference International http://www.designboom.com/design/antonio Designboom: http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/leo Design: usb http://usbdirectcanada.ca/blog/2014/06/24/have Drive: Flash USB Your Activity. History. Construction on Congress International First plan/unique http://www.nox NoxMag: from Retrieved http://www.core77.com/blog/news/superfoam_chair_15042.asp http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/04/biomimetics/tom gardens http://www.treehugger.com/urban treehugger: from Retrieved 4) http://www.arkive.org/rafflesia/rafflesia , 135 , - flash Bio - - ,. (2013). Research Methodology. (2013). Research ,. - 146. stamp by - Mycosphere Bio drive/ - Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner's English Dictionary. English Learner's Advanced Cobuild Collins Structural Analogues inArchitecture. Analogues Structural - Building the Nineteenth Century (MIT Press,1996). (MIT Century Nineteenth the Building - the durian - - structural Analogues In Architecture. In Analogues structural exhibition - bay nqe uin oa ein A Design Sofa Durian Unique USB DIRECT : Our Technology Blog Technology Our : DIRECT USB - - sofa singapore.html u rns lo ao flig chair folding salom leo trends: . bn ein immtc uetes adn b te a Singapore bay the by gardens supertrees biomimetic design rban noi po saraci pio antonio - immcy rwn Pin Drawing Biomimicry design - this - cv seil news special : cctv Journal of Mechanical Design ofMechanical Journal week/ Biomimetics idcen Arkive Wildscreen estyle/Features/2014/12/01/Kuala - w A hi 3 Chair A Ew, at - Lifestyle/features room Sprom Chair "SuperFoam" - om/3020570/ew - ory andMethodology ory azlanii/ corner physics ed physics - Rtivd rm ainl Geogra National from Retrieved . o t ein as ua 2013 dubai days design at no mag.com/brilliant The star newspaper star The - - - ocean salom Ro Cre Oen ok Hue Image House Rocky Ocean Corner Room t Pitd u O Fungus Of Out Printed D rough Transformation: A Fundamental Study Fundamental A Transformation: rough Singapore: Page One P One Page Singapore: Rtivd rm ose Dsg Blog: Design Monster from Retrieved . Rtivd rm http://www. from Retrieved . Rtivd rm h Star.com: The from Retrieved . - Singapore: Page One Publishing Pte Ltd. Pte Publishing One Page Singapore: Rtivd rm www.arkive.org: from Retrieved . ph - - Rtivd rm rn Hne At & Art Hunter Trend from Retrieved . rocky Madrid. folding . - . Retrieved from Have Some Fun with Fun Some Have from Retrieved . a - of Construction. of - chair pio Rtivd rm Core77: from Retrieved . - . - house/ rocky - , 99 , - mueller - chair saracino - - design/biomimetic 3 - . Lumpur - - 107. d - house - SE rceig 16th Proceedings ASME printed Glassgow: HarperCollins Glassgow: - text Folia Malaysiana 4(3 Malaysiana Folia - ublishing Pte Ltd. Pte ublishing molecular - - some - hosts design Proceedings of the of Proceedings - and Antimicrobial and Rtivd from Retrieved . out Rtivd from Retrieved . - - fun - the of - architecture - - - - chair/ - supertrees fungus with cctv.com/: worlds - your phic: - - - - - . .

Page 65