Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018

Twinning Workshop on Energy- Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

Refrigerant Fundamentals for National Energy Policymakers

11-12 April 2018, Beijing, China

In cooperation with With support from Outline

• Overview of Cooling • History of • Definitions • Efficiency • Paris Agreement • Kigali Amendment • Questions Anytime

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Overview of Cooling

• Cooling is the process of removing heat from spaces by using vapor and non-vapor compression cycles: 1. Refrigerators are devices that transfer heat from a low temperature space where ffod is stored to a high temperature environment (Kitchen). Used to preserve food, medication, vaccines… 2. Air Conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space to outside inorder to improve the thermal comfort of occupants. 3. Thermal Comfort is effected by: a) Clothing and activity level of the occupants b) Shading, ventilation c) Building envelope parameter

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Vapor Compression Cycle

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 What Are Refrigerants • A is a fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigeration and Air Conditioning system.

• Most refrigerants absorb heat during evaporation at low temperature and low pressure and reject heat during condensation at a higher temperature and higher pressure. • Refrigerants are numbered and designated differently, Example: 1. R-11 (CFC-11) 2. R-12 (CFC-12) 3. R-22 (HCFC-22) 4. R-718 (Ammonia) 5. R-410A (HFC-410A)

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 How Important Are Refrigerants?

R410A Blend of R32 & R134a R125 Refrigerants are Critical to Societies Improved Standard of Living; Enabling a Global Food Chain, Improving Health & Allowing Population Mobility to Hot Climates

R134a for refrigerators R410A for A/C R245fa in the insulation foam Ammonia for Refrigerator R404A for Refrigeration Blend of R125/R143a/R134a Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Chemistry : Designing Safer Refrigerants

Thomas Midgley •You start with a basic hydrocarbon •Exchange hydrogens for ➢Fluorine ➢Chlorine ➢Bromine 2nd Generation ➢Iodine “Safety and Stability”

Understanding of Atoms Leads to “Designer Refrigerants”

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Chemistry : Designing Environmentally Safer • The layer is part of Earth's upper atmosphere contains a high concentration of ozone (O3) molecules, filters out most of Ozone the Sun's UV radiation. Depletion • Ozone depletion is caused by man-made chemicals such are compounds and refrigerants, being released in the air 3rd Generation • These chemicals react with ozone along with their long “Ozone Protection” atmospheric life • Eliminate chlorine and bromine or decrease atmospheric life • Short atmospheric life impact not fully understood at the time. Increased Environmental Understanding Leads to “Environmental Designer Refrigerants” Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Chemistry : Designing Low GWP Impacts •Add Substitutes that React with Global Common Atmospheric Species Warming •Couple of Chemistry Approaches – Increase the number of Hydrogens – Include oxygen or others 4th Generation – Less chemical stability – add bromine “Global Warming” or Iodine – Unsaturation's (double or triple bonds) • Sometimes called Olefins

F OutCl ComeBr : LowerI but Flammability Increases

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 History of HVAC&R Refrigerants

Ozone Global Depletion Warming

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation “What Ever Worked” “Safety and Stability” “Ozone Protection” “Global Warming”

1830’s – 1930’s 1930’s – 1990’s 1990’s – 2010’s 2010 - ??

• Limited applications • Innovation enabled Preserved 2nd gen. • Fewer optimal choices mainly industrial exponential societal innovations, safety, • Safety and design • “Poor safety & cost” improvements stability and efficiency challenges • NH • • • NH3 3 NH3 NH3 • CFCs and HCFCs • • • CO2 HCFCs & HFCs Low GWP HFCs & HFOs • Various Hydrocarbons o R11 o R123 o R1233zd (E) o R12 o o • H2O R134a R1234yf & R1234ze(E) • Sulfur Dioxide o R22 o R410A o HFC/HFO blends • Methyl Chloride (R40) o R502 o R404A • Renewed “Natural” interest o Many Blends o CO2 o Hydrocarbons Societal Demands Continue To Drive Refrigerant Innovations

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Refrigerant Safety Classification ASHRAE 34 & ISO 817 • Toxicity – Chronic exposure safety limit – > or = to 400 ppm dividing line – Class A, most refrigerants, like R-134a – Class B, R123 and ammonia are examples

• Flammability – Based on flammability characteristics – Class 1, non-flammable most refrigerants used today, like R-134a, R123 – Class 2L, new class slightly flammable refrigerants <10 cm/sec burning velocity, most new HFO’s, R32 – Class 2, more flammable, R152 – Class 3, explosive, like propane

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Refrigerant Lifetime, GWP and ODP 12

10

Atmospheric lifetimeX10 8 ODP GWP X 1000 6

4

2

0

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Definitions • The Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) is a scale developed the relative abilities of chemicals to deplete the Ozone layer, comparing one pound of any refrigerant to one pound of R11 • The Global Warming Potential (GWP) compares the amount of heat trapped by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide.

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Direct Versus Indirect Emissions • Direct Emissions: Refrigerant gas emissions due to leakages/maintenance within the vapor compression cycle • Indirect Emissions: CO2 emissions due to the energy consumption in AC, which varies between refrigerants, as a result of fuel consumptions in power plants

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Definitions

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Definitions

• Imperial (IP) Units: ➢Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) ➢EER = Capacity(BTU/hr)/Power (W) –BTU/Whr • International Systems (SI) Units: ➢Performance Ratio = Power (kW)/Capacity (tons)-kW/ton • Dimensionless: ➢Coefficient of Performance (COP) ➢COP = Capacity (W)/Power (W) • Higher EER and/or lower Performance Ratio leads to a lower power consumption, henceforth reducing indirect emissions released from power plant.

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Energy Efficiency and Refrigerants

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 The A/C Future Needs for the Next 100 Years CCD of every country is compared to the USA 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

Person Cooling Degree Days (normalized) Days Degree Cooling Person 2 1 0

Source: "Will AC Put a Chill on the Global Energy Supply?" by M. Sivak in American Scientist. Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Pressure Zone

Typical conditions 48.9°C / 1894 kPa at peak load for: 48.9°C / 2957 kPa HCFC-22 HFC-410A Condenser (Rejects Heat)

Hot Gas Line High Side Compressor Metering Low Side Device

Evaporator Suction Suction Line (Absorbs Heat)

Section 3 – The Mechanical Refrigeration Cycle 7.2°C / 626 kPa 7.2°C / 996 kPa

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Compressor Power and EER for R22

• Given an ideal vapor compression cycle uses R-22 • Evaporator temperature is 45℉ (7.2 ℃ ) • Condenser temperature is 120℉ (ퟒퟖ. ퟗ℃) • Refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor • For 1 Ton of refrigeration capacity find the Theoretical compressor power, and the EER

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Compressor Power and EER for R410A

• Given an ideal vapor compression cycle uses R-410 • Evaporator temperature is 45℉ (ퟒퟖ. ퟗ℃) (Similar as before) • Condenser temperature is 120℉(7.2 ℃ ) (Similar as before) • Refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor • For 1 Ton of refrigeration capacity find the Theoretical compressor power, and the EER (Similar as before)

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Comparison Between R22 and R410A

Refrigerant Mass Flow Compressor EER Rate Power (BTU/Watt- (Ib/ton- (BTU/ton- Hr) min) min) R-22 3.19 49.17 13.87 R410A 3.22 60.13 11.34

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Relationship Between the Paris Agreement and Kigali’s Amendment to

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)

• Adopted on 16 September 1987 at the Headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal.

• The Protocol came into force on 1st January 1989, when it was ratified by 29 countries and the EEC. Since then all countries have ratified it.

• The Protocol was designed so that the phase out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments.

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Phase-out Schedule of ODS as per Montreal Protocol

Freeze 20% 50% 75% 85% 100% Article 5 countries CFCs 1999 2005 2007 2010 Halons 2002 2005 2010 HCFCs 2013 2015-10% 2020-35% 2025-67.5% 2030-97.5%

MeBr 2002 2005 2040 Non-Article 5 countries CFCs 1990 1994 1996 Halons 1992 1994 HCFCs 1996 2004-35% 2010 2015-90% 2020-99.5% MeBr 1995 1999* 2001 2003 2005 * 25 % Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Why Kigali’s Amendment?

• HFC refrigerants were used following Montreal’s Protocol need to eliminate the use of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) refrigerants • HFCs may not be ODS, however they are greenhouse gases (GHG) with high global warming potentials (GWPs) • The GWPs of HFC refrigerants range from 675 to 14,800 compared to CO2 • Kigali’s Amendment to Montreal Protocol was introduced to was introduced to phase down the use of HFCs • Phase down schedules have been developed for Article 5 and non- Article 5 countries. • Kigali’s AmendmentTwinning Workshop onwill Energy-Efficient enter and Climate into-Friendly Refrigeration force and Air Conditioningon the • Beijing, 1 Chinast • 11of-12 April January 2018 2019 Grouping of Countries Per Kigali’s Amendment

Article 5 (A5) countries are Non Article 5 (NA5) countries the developing countries are developed countries

Main Group 2 Group 2 Group 1 Group 1. Belarus Remaining of 1. G.C.C. Countries Remaining of 2. Russian the developing 2. India the developed 3. Kazakhstan world countries 3. Iran world countries 4. Tajikistan 4. Iraq 5. Uzbekistan 5. Pakistan

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 HFC Phase Down Comparison

100 NA5 (Main Group) 100 90 90 NA5: Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tarikistan, and 80 Uzebekistan 80 70 70 60 60 50 50

40

40 of % Baseline % of % Baseline A5: Group 1 30 30

20 20 A5: Group 2

10 10

0 0 2024 2029 2034 2039 2044 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 2037 Years Years

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Phasing Down Timetable NA-5 Main Group NA-5 (Group 2)1 A-5 (Group 1) 2 A-5 (Group 2) 3 Baseline 2011-2013 2011-2013 2020-2022 2024-2026 Baseline Average HFC Average HFC Average HFC Average HFC Calculations consumption/production consumption/production consumption/production consumption/production in baseline years+ 15% of in baseline years+ 25% of in baseline years+ 65% of in baseline years+ 65% of HCFC HCFC HCFC HCFC consumption/production consumption/production consumption/production consumption/production

Reduction Steps Step 1 2019—10% 2019—10% 2029—10% 2032—10% Step 2 2024—40% 2024—40% 2035—30% 2037—30% Step 3 2029—70% 2029—70% 2040—50% 2042—50% Step 4 2034—80% 2034—80% 2045—80% 2047—85% Step 5 2036—85% 2036—85% 1. Belarus, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan & Uzbekistan 2. A-5 countries not in Group 2 3. India, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and the G.C.C Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Kigali Amendment and Related Development on Energy Efficiency • Kigali’s amendment to the Montreal Protocol provides an opportunity to grasp energy efficiency gains when replacing HFC/HCFC-based equipment • Philanthropist organizations have pledged US$53 million in grants [the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Fund] to support energy efficiency with the phase-down of HFCs • Also, the World Bank Group announced it will make available US$1 billion in funding for energy efficiency in urban areas by 2020 that could include support for the development and deployment of high-efficiency cooling technologies using climate-friendly refrigerants.

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Relationship Between Paris Climate Agreement and Montreal Protocol's Kigali Amendment • The Paris Agreement’s aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of • Keep a global temperature rise this century well below 2℃ above pre-industrial levels • Pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5℃ • The Kigali Amendment can avert as much as 0.5℃ of warming over the course of the century • This is done by reducing our direct and indirect emissions

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Ozone Depletion & Climate Change

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 A/C CO2 Emissions

2010 Global GHG Emissions from Air Conditioning Indirect Emissions (Energy 450 Consumptions) 400 Direct Emissions (from HCFCs)

350 Direct Emissions (from HFCs)

e) 2 300

250 283

200 233 150

Emissions(MMTCO 100 75 50 54 27 0 19 Residential A/C Commercial A/C Source: US Dept. of Energy, The Future of Air Conditioning for Buildings (2016) Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 So What’s Next? What Should We Do?

• Alternative refrigerants are still being studied--work not completed yet. • Testing Standards and Codes still do not exist since alternative refrigerants are still being investigated • Refrigerant manufacturers are reporting data on energy efficient that need to be verified. Holistic approach and uniformity of testing of alternative refrigerants is needed. • Full system re-design is required to adopt energy efficient alternatives

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Environment

Compatibility

Alternative Refrigerants

Refrigerant Properties

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018 Additional Resources

• ASHRAE “Refrigerant Literacy Course” - online, about 4 hrs long - features interactive learning exercises - includes online examination [email protected]

Twinning Workshop on Energy-Efficient and Climate-Friendly Refrigeration and Air Conditioning • Beijing, China • 11-12 April 2018