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A Hardware Security Curriculum and Its Use for Evaluation of Student Un- Derstanding of ECE Concepts

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A Hardware Security Curriculum and Its Use for Evaluation of Student Un- Derstanding of ECE Concepts Paper ID #21363 A Hardware Security Curriculum and its Use for Evaluation of Student Un- derstanding of ECE Concepts Prof. Aaron Carpenter, Wentworth Institute of Technology Professor Carpenter is an Assistant Professor at the Wentworth Institute of Technology. In 2012, he completed his PhD at the University of Rochester, and now focuses his efforts to further the areas of computer architecture, digital systems, cybersecurity, and computer engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 A Hardware Security Curriculum and its Use for Evaluation of Student Understanding of ECE Concepts Aaron Carpenter [email protected] Department of Electrical Engineering & Technology Wentworth Institute of Technology Abstract Cybersecurity’s increasing relevance and applicability in the research and development community and job market make it an attractive topic for both students and faculty. Thus, it is necessary for institutions of higher learning to provide courses that prepare students for the broad security-based design space. In addition to teaching students about critical security concepts, hardware-based cybersecurity projects and courses sit at the intersection of many electrical and computer engineering concepts, providing knowledge retention evaluation and assessment opportunities to the instructors and departments. A hardware security course, with optional review-based supplemental work, functions as a culmination of past courses or as an introductory Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) course with security-centric applications of foundational concepts. This paper presents the curricular details of an undergraduate hardware security course designed to be self-sufficient and free of advanced prerequisites, thus accessible to a broad student body with a variety of backgrounds. The course covers cryptology, side-channel analysis, hardware Trojan horses, and other hardware-based security exploitations and countermeasures. The course concludes with a multi-week team project where students replicate existing attacks and/or countermeasures, applying their security knowledge and demonstrating skills as ECE professionals. This paper presents the interweaving of ECE topics and evaluation of students’ retention of ECE concepts and skills. “Hardware Security” has been taught twice in the last year, each time containing around 25 undergraduate students (including electrical, computer, and electromechanical engineers in their third and fourth years). These students were surveyed and evaluated regarding their confidence with and competency of ECE and related concepts at the beginning and end of the course. The data gathered were used to evaluate two metrics: 1) how well students were prepared regarding pre-requisite knowledge; and 2) how the Hardware Security course improved their understanding and confidence of ECE concepts. Student knowledge from previous courses varied, but the post-course data show that students improved their understanding and confidence in various topics. The data also point to possible weaknesses in the students’ past courses, which can be used as feedback to improve the respective department curricula. Overall, the course evaluations showed student growth in hardware security and progress in reinforcing ECE fundamental knowledge. The work presented here will help ECE faculty and departments deploy similar curricula to prepare students for a cybersecurity career and provide an evaluation of student conceptual retention and growth within their electrical and computer engineering education. 1 Introduction In a society where digital components are ubiquitous and people implicitly trust their devices, designers must build software and hardware systems with security as a design priority. While software is often the center of the discussion of cybersecurity, hardware plays a vital role and cannot be overlooked, and thus hardware engineers must focus more on security in classes and projects. Unfortunately, traditional courses often skip security considerations in hardware design. Electrical and computer engineering students would benefit from security-related courses that stress security as a design constraint, similar to power, energy, and performance requirements. Hardware security exploits vulnerabilities and protects the analog and digital hardware of a system and requires an understanding and application of ECE concepts such as analog and digital circuits, electromagnetics, programming, mathematics, and statistical analysis. In order to provide students with the skills necessary to protect the next generation of systems, educators must offer courses and projects that give students hands-on experience and a background in the security landscape. Meanwhile, it is important to limit the number of advanced prerequisites for such courses to allow students of varied educational backgrounds to participate. The course described in this paper is designed to be relatively self-sufficient, relying on only some basic pre-requisite knowledge, while covering relevant and applicable concepts within hardware security. The descriptions here will provide educators with a scaffolding for creating similar courses within their own programs. The intent of a hardware security course is to further the students’ conceptual and analytical design of security systems; however, due to the course’s inclusion of key electrical and computer engineering topics and students, a hardware security course is a convenient lens with which to review and evaluate students’ retention of concepts. Alternatively, the course’s security topics could also be used as an introduction to electrical and computer engineering topics, where topics like power, transistors, and electromagnetics are taught and then applied to security-related problems. For example, the current/voltage of a RC circuit could be applied from the perspective of a power side-channel attack. The course can further be used to develop and evaluate soft skills and the students’ ability to apply engineering knowledge to culturally relevant topics. Presentations, in-class discussions, and written reports prepare students for the workplace where both soft and technical skills are required. Additionally, as discussions of ethics are integral to a course in security, the course also involves professional and ethical responsibilities. The combination of soft skills and ethical consideration included in the course give faculty a foundation to do ABET assessment to go along with the technical concepts. In this paper, an undergraduate hardware security course curriculum is described, including a list of topics, assignments, and projects; the descriptions and lessons learned are given to guide the creation of similar courses. The groundwork for the evaluation of fundamental computer engineering topics is also presented, including, but not limited to, analog and digital circuits, electromagnetics, and programming. The course, Hardware Security, has been taught twice in the past year to 46 total students, including sophomores, juniors, and seniors majoring in electrical, computer, and electromechanical engineering. These students were evaluated in their knowledge of and confidence in select ECE concepts. These evaluations, gathered both at the beginning and end of the course, revealed a number of interesting insights. First, students who completed the course improved their understanding of the concepts and felt more confident, having revisited and applied a number of previously learned concepts. Additionally, some skills and concepts were new to some students, allowing the instructor to teach a new non-security topic with the application of the concepts being founded in security. Once the course was complete, these students were comfortable with the more foundational topics, despite it not being the focal point of the Hardware Security course, as the concepts were reinforced in a security application space. The course was developed and taught at Wentworth Institute of Technology, which is a STEM-focused, undergraduate-centric university in Boston, Massachusetts. The student body primarily studies engineering, applied sciences, and architecture and construction fields. Class sizes are typically small, averaging around 20 students per class, with no teaching assistants. The rest of this paper is as follows: Section 2 describes related work in the field of cybersecurity, security education, and evaluative efforts. Section 3 characterizes the Hardware Security course, as taught at Wentworth Institute of Technology over the last year, including lecture topics and assignments. Section 4 describes the assessment and evaluation tools and methodology. Section 5 provides data and analyses regarding assessment and topic retention and growth. Section 6 recommends strategies for adaptation to other departments and schools. Section 7 concludes. 2 Related Work Cybersecurity in all its forms is an important aspect of digital design1,2. Its popularity in academia has resulted in a wealth of publications, specifically regarding new course and curricular designs3,4,5,6,7,8,9, the incorporation of ethics10,11 and game theory concepts12,13,14, and more. The work presented in this paper is meant to add to the discussion and has some underlying similarities with these existing courses, although with important and significant distinctions. There are a variety of courses and curricula developed surrounding cybersecurity, some listed and reviewed in a unified study8. Further development has been done for teaching computing6,7,
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