Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83192-5 — Empire and Religion in the Roman World Edited by Harriet I

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83192-5 — Empire and Religion in the Roman World Edited by Harriet I. Flower Index More Information

Index

abba (elder), 167 Dressel 30, 52 Abba Anthony, 170 Haltern 70, 47, 52 Abba Or, 178 Pascual 1, 40 Abba Poemen, 174 transport amphorae for ﬁsh products, 45 Abraham, 236, 237 wine amphorae, 52 Abū ʿAmir, 235, 236–237 Ananias, 146–147 Abu Mina, 177 Anastasis, church of, 175 Achaea, 78 anchorites, 163, 164 Acts of the Apostles, 142–143, 145 Ando, Clifford, 191, 193 Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles, 143 Andronikos the Money Dealer, 179 Flavius Josephus, and, 142 anecdotes, 145, 165, 169, 248 Adelﬁus, 4, 5 Anthony, 170 Aelius Aristides, 17, 24 Antioch, 107, 162, 174 African identity of Augustine. See under Antonine Plague, 15, 22–30 Augustine of Hippo alignment of factors as cause of, 16 agency, 30, 54 Apollo, and. See under Apollo collective agency, 54 collision of global biogeography and human human agency, 54 structures, as, 23 microbial pathogens, of, 13 Ebola and Zika, and, 16 agonistic tale, 170 endogenous Malthusian event, as, 15–16 Agricola, 42 impact of, 29 agricultural year, 2 lethal nature of, 22 Agrippa II, 108 literary notices of, 16–17 al-Aswad, 234 no evidence for pandemic disease in Roman Alexander, 88, 89 empire before, 22 Alexander of Abonoteichus, 23, 151 origins, 24, 25 new cult, launching, 152 pandemic disease, as, 17 Alexandria, 118, 119, 123, 129, 131, 145, 151, 174, 179 smallpox as most likely agent, 16, 22, 27–28 History of the Alexandrian Episcopate, 118 Antoninus Pius, 24 philoponoi, 174 Apa Daniel of Sketis, 178, 179 Algerian War, 241 Aphrodisias, 75, 84 Algiers, 241 Roman senate’s decree in favor of, 73 al-Masʿūdi, 234 Apollo, 29, 187 ī 234 – al-T˙ abar , Antonine Plague, and, 17, 23 24 Ammianus Marcellinus, 16–17, 23 apotropaic inscriptions, 23–24 amphorae “Averter of Evil,” as, 24 Baetican olive oil, 47 disease arising from temple of, 17, 23, 24 Dressel 1, 52 Unshorn or Long-Haired Apollo, 16, 23 Dressel 1A, 52 Apollonius of Tyana, 151 Dressel 1B, 52 disciples, 152 Dressel 20, 45 teaching men of power, 152

263

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83192-5 — Empire and Religion in the Roman World Edited by Harriet I. Flower Index More Information

264 Index

apotactics, 168 peregrinatio, juridical sense of, 216 aqueducts, 19, 242 peregrinatio, singing expressing state of, 221, Aquitania, 39, 198 222–224 Arabia/Arabian Peninsula, 28, 232–233 peregrinatio, transience and, 227–228 monotheism, indigenous Arabs drifting peregrinatio, translation of, 228–229 toward, 233 peregrini, people on earth as, 218–219 pandemic in, 28 peregrinus, Augustine as, 213 pestilence in, 25 psalms of degrees/cantica graduum, 215, polytheism, 233 217–218 pre-Islamic Arabia, nature of, 239 traveler, as, 8 prophets. See prophets in late antique Arabia Augustus, 78, 81, 82, 97, 99 range of worship in, 233 Augustan empire, 82 Archelaus, 79, 80, 97, 99 Aurelius Appianus, 126, 127, 130 Aremorica, 58–61 Aurelius Dius, 130 Bagaudae and Bagaudic unrest, 60–61 Aurelius Heracleides, 127 few natural resources, 61 Ausonius of Bordeaux, 8, 40, 187–207 peripheral zone, as, 58–59 Bissula, 200 taxation and exploitation, 61 Cento nuptialis, 197, 200 Arian, 5 Commemoratio professorum Arius, 129–130, 131, 132, 133 Burdigalensium, 196 Arrianus, 121–127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 consul, as, 194–195, 203, 205 Arsinoe, 127, 129, 131, 132, 133 Cupido cruciatus (“Cupid on the Cross”), 200 Artemios, 176 disillusionment with public service, 205 articulated spits, 50 dreambooks of the later Roman empire, asceticism, 165, 169, 170, 173 201–205 anxiety over proper path to, 169–173 Epicedion in patrem, 204 Asia, customs laws of, 77 epistolary verse, 199 Astypalaia, 82–83 erudite and accomplished poet, as, 200 Athanasia, 179 ﬁlling top ofﬁces of state, 197 Athanasius of Alexandria, 166 ghostwriting for emperors, as imperial De patientia, 168–169 quaestor, 197 Life of Anthony, 166–167 Gratiarum actio, 201, 203–204 Attius Tiro Delphidius, 196 Griphus ternarii numeri (“Riddle of the Triple Aude, 40 Number”), 200 Augusta Treverorum, 41 heirs of Ausonius, 205–207 Augustan History. See Historia Augusta Julius Ausonius (father), 204–205 Augustine of Hippo, 206, 212–229, 248 late works, 206 African, as, 212–213 Latin letter prepared for publication by, 199 alienation, Augustine’s sense of, 212–213 legislation, and, 192 Christian peregrinus, 220 Liber consularis, 204 City of God, 213–214, 215, 217, 221 modest social origins, 196 Confessions, 222, 224 Mosella, 192–195, 197–198, 199, 201, 203, conversion to Christianity, 8 205, 206 De Ordine, 212 Notitia Dignitatum, 202 Enarrationes in psalmos, 224–225 Ordo urbium nobilium (“Order of Famous Italy, in, 213 Cities”), 206 importance of being secure in breeding, 212 original cognitive technologist, as, 206–207 metaphor, 215 Parentalia, 205, 206 metaphor, peregrinatio as basis for, 216, 217 poems on religious themes, 196 mother, 212 poet’s province, a, 192–200 peregrinari, distinctive tense in Enarrationes in praetorian prefect of Gaul, Italy and Africa, psalmos, 213–214, 215, 217, 221, 222, 226–227 as, 192 peregrinatio, awareness of specialness and Professores, 205, 206 separateness and, 219 Protrepticus ad nepotem, 200, 204 peregrinatio, interpretation of, 213–214 publication history of collected opuscula, 198

Index 265

Rome’s extended mind, 187–192 History of the Alexandrian Episcopate, 118 speech of thanks to Gratian for consulship, 196 Nepos, bishop of the Egyptians, 129 Technopaegnion, 200 Oxyrhynchus, of, 119 Theodosian Code, 192 Thibaris, of, 4 thirteen-piece “early” letter book, 198–200 Bordeaux, 39–41 verse letters to poets, 198 Ausonius of Bordeaux. See Ausonius of verse written to order, 197 Bordeaux Z-manuscripts, 198–200 commercial importance of, 40, 41, 51 autonomy, 97, 189 epicenter of macroregion, 43 legal autonomy, 77 informal trading associations, 41 municipal autonomy, 76 large, wealthy, and cosmopolitan, 39 Avidius Cassius, 17, 23, 24, 29 prominent center of learning, as, 40 axes, 50, 193 religious life, 41 Axius Paulus, 198, 200 trade with Britain, 40 boundaries, 2, 8, 14, 148, 169 bacillary dysentery boundaries and networks, 6 acute infectious disease, as, 19 brigands, 2, 85, 99, 101, 105, 106, 108, 110, 111, 243, environmental transmission, 19 See also banditry Shingella bacteria as cause of, 19 Britain, 35, 194 bacteria. See pathogens Cornwall, 48 Baelo Claudia, 39 deities, 41 Baetica, 38, 45, 55, 61 Roman army facing Ireland, 42 wealth, commerce, and social mobility, 55–56 trade with the continent, 40, 52 Baetican olive oil, 45–48 Byzantium, 177, 237, 239, 240 Bagaudae, 60–61 banditry, 95–96, 99–101, 105, 108–109, 243 Caecilian, 249 Felix, and, 111 camels, 242 Florus encouraging, 106 Camel poxvirus, 27 baptismal font, Roman, 3–5 Canary Islands, 48 iconography, 4 cantica graduum, 215, 217 Latin inscription, 4–5 Caracalla, 213 Basel Cassian, John, 161, 162, 166, 181 Basel letter, papyrus. See under Egypt, Apophthegma, 171–172 Christianity in Conlationes, 162 University of Basel, 118, 119, 121 Institutes, 162 Basil, Saint, 172 legitimate kinds of monastic living, basilicas, 249 163–164, 169 Bay of Biscay, 42, 48 objection to manual labor, 168 Benedict of Norcia, 161, 162–163 polemical nature of statements, 165 legitimate kinds of monastic living, 164, 169 warning against monastic smugness, 171 Rule of Benedict/Rule for Monks (Regula Cassius Dio, 81 monachorum), 163, 164 catechumens, 4, 119, 124 bile, 26 Catholic, 5, 248 birth, date of, 18 Catullus, 199 bishops, 1, 4, 5, 118, 142, 167, 181, 248 cauldrons, 50 allocations of wine by archbishop, 177 Celtic language, 50 Antioch, of, 174 cenobites, 163, 164, 167, 168, 178, 180 Carthage, of, 4 census, 79, 81, 99 Clupea, of, 4, 5 Cestius Gallus, 107, 108, 109 Demetrius. See Demetrius of Alexandria, chanting, 167, 170, 173, 175, 176 Bishop charity, and, 170 Dionysius of Alexandria. See Dionysius of charity, 165, 170, 171, 173 Alexandria, Bishop chanting, and, 170 episcopal authority, 167 hospitality, and, 177–180 Hippo, of. See Augustine of Hippo labor, and, 173–180

266 Index

charity (cont.) Christians, 18, 117, 140, 142, 161, 217, 223, 233, 246 pious laypeople, and, 161–181 African, 248 Cherbourg, 35, 42, 48 Ethiopian, 233 children first Christians in Egyptian hinterland, 118–123 acute infectious diseases, and, 19 mission commitment of, 143–144 parasites causing death, 19 persecution of, 168, 233, 245, 247 choirs, 176 social milieu of earliest Christians, 131–133 Christianity, 207, 232, 238 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 84, 205 Acts of the Apostles. See Acts of the Apostles Sicily, 84–85 African Christians, 248 Cietae of Cappadocia, 79 Augustine. See Augustine of Hippo citizenship betrayal in Christian circles, 247 local citizenship, 89 choirs, 176 Roman. See under Romans Christian exceptionalism, 152 city councils (boulē), 121 Christian literary papyri, 124 Egyptian, 122–123, 131–132 Christian piety. See monasticism City of God. See under Augustine of Hippo early Christian martyrs, 244–245 city-states Egypt, in. See Egypt, Christianity in administrative subordination of provincial Ethiopian Christians, 233 communities, 232 Great Commission, 143 contesting with each other for favor, 74 Great Persecution of Christians, 168, 245 cooptation of local elites, 75–76 iconography, 4 creating Roman cities, 78 Jews as first recruits of, 153 domination of city-states institutionalized, 74 Judaism, and, 8 Greek city-states, 87 late antique Christianity, 8 instrumentalized as nodal points of imperial mission, definition of, 144 power, 73 mission commitment of ordinary Christians, local citizenship, 89 143–144 market activity, controlling, 86 mobility, qualifying and quantifying, 145 naturalness of city-state domination, 72 monasticism. See monasticism network of oligarchic elites, as, 74 names given to children, 125 private law and dispute resolution, use of, no hard date about importance of travel for 86–87 spread of Christianity, 140–143 process of provincialization of Roman world, nomina sacra, 123–125 and, 73 Paul. See Paul the apostle Rome designating some communities as city- persecution, 233 states, 71 pious merchants, 146–147 rule of law, 86–87 psalms. See also Augustine of Hippo system of government over others, as, 88–89 religious experts. See religious experts system of reward, 83 religious ideas traveling across networks, 7 taxes, collecting, 86 Roman empire, in, 161 totality of territorial unit of rule, accounting Roman world, in, 6 for, 84–85 self-diffusion as a duty, 140, 143 Claros, 23, 24 small organic communities, 8 Claudius, 103, 111 social ties and diffusion of religion, 147–149 climate change, 2 spread of Christianity through ordinary volcanic eruptions, and, 16 Christians, 140 Clupea, Roman, 3, 4 Syriac Christianity, 176 Cochrane, Charles Norris, 188, 189 Thessalonians’ missionary work, Paul and, Christianity and Classical Culture, 188 150–151 Codex Valentinianus, 201 traders, spread of religion and, 146–147 coercion-extraction cycle, 44 trading communities, associations and coinage, 38, 42, 51 diffusion of religion, 149–151 provincial silver series, 29 Vulgate Bible, 162 Colijnsplaat, 41 when Christianity starts to exist, 153 collegium, 41

Index 267

colony, 80, 84 epidemic, meaning of, 17–18 Clupea. See Clupea, Roman gastro-enteric disease, 19 Lugdunum, 88 heavy disease burden in Roman society, 18 commerce, maritime, 42, 55, 145 infection disease as leading cause of death, 15 Confessions. See under Augustine of Hippo infectious, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27 conquest, annexation of territory, 38, 80, 105 intestinal parasites, and, 19 Constantine, 192, 195, 207 leprosy, 13, 20 Constantinople, 170, 174, 176, 179, 181 malaria. See malaria Constantius II, 196 older population, causes of death in, 19 Constitution of Medina, 240 pandemic disease. See pandemic disease Coracion, 129 pathogens. See pathogens Corbulo, 79–80 plague. See plagues Cornelii Bocchi, 56–58 regional differences in seasonality of death, 18 Cornelius, Bocchus, Lucius (father and son), seasonal variation in mortality, 18 56–58 smallpox. See smallpox Cornwall, 48 tuberculosis. See tuberculosis corridor, 51 unhygienic living conditions, and, 19 Atlantic, 35, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 62 younger adults and children, causes of death Rhône–Rhine, 47, 52 in, 19 Council of Carthage, 215 DNA, 20, 25 Council of Chalcedon, 167 doctors, 21, 170 countryside, control in. See sovereignty and Galen. See Galen control in the ancient countryside Domburg, 41 curiae, 242 Donald, Merlin, 190, 206 Cyprian, 4, 5 exograms, 191 Cyprian, Plague of, 15 Donatists, 215 Donatus, 249 deacons, 1, 169 Duoro, 49 subdeacons, 177 dystentery death, date of, 18 bacillary dysentery. See bacillary dysentery Decian persecution, 128 Demetrius of Alexandria, Bishop, 117, 128, 131 Ebola, 16 Demna, 3 Ebro river valley, 40 demography, 2, 78, 244 ecology, 29, 54–55 Derrida, Jacques, 214–215, 228 cognitive, 190, 201 Circumfession, 215, 226, 228 ecology, and, 49–50 metaphor, 215, 216, 222, 226 education, 122, 125, 131, 133, 162 White Mythology, 215, 228 grammarian, 123, 125 diakoniai, 179–180, 181 Egypt diarrhea, 19, 26 archiereus, high priest of the city, 128 Dio Chrysostom, 87 Christianity in. See Egypt, Christianity in speech to Celaenae, 87 city councilor (Heracleides), 122, 127–128 Diocletian, 192 city councilors as members of wealthy tetrarchy, 192 oligarchy, 132 Dionysius of Alexandria, Bishop, 125, 128, 129 city councilors, nature of role of, 132 disease city councils, 122–123 ancients’ perceptions of, 13 grammarian education, 123 bacillary dysentery. See bacillary dysentery gymnasiarchy, 122, 132 character of endemic disease burden, 19 Heracleides dossier, 127–128, 129 children. See children Heroninus Archive, 125–126, 130, 131 chronic infections, 19 Egypt, Christianity in, 7, 8 demographic data from early Christian Christianity prior to 250, 128–129 tombstones, 162 contact with Christian faith, family’s, 131 dormant phase of, 29 dating papyrus letter, 125–126 endemic, meaning of, 17 Decian persecution, 128

268 Index

Egypt, Christianity in (cont.) exograms, 191, 202 family connections from papyrus letter, experts 129–131 local law, in, 77 first Christians in Egyptian hinterland, 118–123 religious. See religious experts format of papyrus letters, 122 expropriation, 44 History of the Monks in Egypt, 169 monks, 163 Faltonia Betitia Proba, 195 nomen sacrum in papyrus letter, 123–125 family, 147, 151 papyrus letter as earliest evidence of Roman family, 244 Christianization of Egyptian hinterland, fasting, 163, 165 118–121 Fayum, 125, 126, 130, 131, 133 papyrus letter, content of, 121–123 Felix, Marcus Antonius, 98, 104, 111 proof of authenticity of papyrus letter from fertility, 87, 243 closing line, 122 fish, 4, 51 social milieu of earliest Christians, 131–133 migrations, 48 spoudaioi and philoponoi in, 176–177 processing, 43 spread of Christianity in third century, 117–118 fishing, 1, 39 elite, 50, 80, 88, 95, 97 fish-salting, 44 ancient, 74 Aremorican coast, around, 58 burial mounds, 50 ceramic workshops for export of fish central, 44 products, 38 city-state, 86, 89 processing whale remains, 39 classical, 245 fish sauce (garum), 45, 121, 123 colonial, 87 Flavius Josephus commercial, 58 Bellum Judaicum, 102, 106 empire-wide, 44 fragmentation, 246 Gallic, 61 economic, 62 imperial, 130, 133, 244 regional, 37, 53 indigenous, 79, 88 friend of Christ, 177 interconnected, 74 Frisii, 78, 79–80 Jewish ruling, 101 frontier, ecological, 36–37, 43, 62 Judaean, 101 Frye, Northrop, 188, 190 local, 62, 72, 75, 78, 81, 88, 123, 131, 133 fungi, 13 oligarchic, 74, 89 future time, 3 poliadic, 73 property owners, 87 Gades, 39, 55–56, 58 provincial, 45, 56, 58, 61, 133 Gaius Caligula, 98, 105, 110 sociopolitical, 54, 62 Galen, 17 urban, 127 Antonine Plague, impact of, 29 emotions, 1, 109, 244, 247 malaria, 21 Enarrationes in psalmos. See under Augustine of smallpox, 25–26, 27 Hippo whale meat, 39 endemic/endemic disease pool. See under disease Garonne, 40, 49 engrams, 191, 202 garrisons, 44, 58, 88, 108 epidemic. See under disease; pandemic disease garum, 44 epigraphy, 40, 244 Gaul, 8, 18, 49, 52, 74, 84, 88, 192, 193, epigraphic habit, 42 250 equestrians/military careers, 47, 55–58 Gellner, Ernest, 188 Eratosthenes, 42 geography, 14, 29, 42, 54 Eucharistus the Secular, 170 ecology, and, 49–50 euergetism, 5 physical environment, 48, 54, 55 Eulogios the stonecutter, 178 gerbils, 27 eunuchs, 173 germs Eusebius of Caesarea, 128, 143 disease. See disease Chronicle, 196 pathogens. See pathogens

Index 269

Gessius Florus, 96, 102–103, 104 humility, 171, 173, 174 Jewish War against Rome, and, 106–110 holy fools, 173 Gibbon, Edward humors, 13 on Ausonius, 193, 196, 203 Gibraltar, 39, 49 Iberia, 35, 44, 48, 50, 55, 58 Gironde, 39 ice cores, 45 Godfearers, 153 Iceland, 48 gods and goddesses, 23, 41, 189, 233, 248 Ignatius of Antioch, 153 Apollo. See Apollo imperial cult, 56, 57, 95, 128 mushrik (pagan sharer of gods), 233, 236 imperium, 73, 82 Tutela Boudiga, 41 infrastructure, 43, 47, 56, 77 gold and precious metals, 44, 52 institutions, 81, 88, 89 jewelry from, 50 centralized, 44, 54, 62 Goody, Jack, 188 law-making, 76, 84 Gracchus, 77 local, 78, 81 grafﬁti, 28 preexisting. See pre-Roman institutions Gratian, 193, 194, 197, 198, 203, 205, 206 private law, of, 86 Great Persecution (of Christians), 168, 245 integration, imperial. See Rome’s Atlantic rim, Greek city-states, 87, 88 imperial integration on greengrocers, 174 Ireland, southern, 41–43 Greenland, 45 connection to Roman imperial system Guadalquivir, 49 mediated through Britain, 42 Guadiana, 49 indirectly attached to Rome’s Atlantic rim, 42 Gulf Stream, 48 ogham stones/index of Roman inﬂuence, gymnasiarch, 121, 122, 132, 133 42–42 weak and mediated through neighboring hagiography, 166, 173 regions, 43 Byzantine, 173 Irenaeus of Lyon, 142 Haldane, Lord, 248 Iron Triangle, 38, 39 Hallstatt, 55 Islam, 8 ī 235–237 – ˙han f, Arabian Peninsula, nature of, 232 233 ī ī 238 232 ˙han f yya, Islamic conquests, 87 193 207 242 249 250 232 harvest, , , , , , Muh˙ammad of Mecca as founder, hate speech, 249 Qurʾān, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238 Havelock, Eric, 188 isopoliteia, 104 Heracleides. See under Egypt Heraclius, 239 Jerome, 161, 162, 166, 181, 206 heresy, 248 Attius Tiro Delphidius, 196 hermits, 163, 166, 167, 168, 180 Jerome’s version of Eusebius’ Chronicle, 196 Herod, 96, 97, 99 legitimate kinds of monastic living, 163, 169 Heroninus archive. See under Egypt objection to manual labor, 168 Hesychius, 175 Paula, patron of Jerome, 162, 163 Hibernia. See Ireland, southern polemical nature of statements, 165 high priest, 127 Jerusalem, 102, 107, 139, See also Jewish War Hippocrates, 21 against Rome Historia Augusta, 17 Caesarea, and, 97, 103 Antonine Plague, 23 Samaria, and, 97, 103 Antoninus Pius, 25 spoudaioi in, 175 History of the Alexandrian Episcopate, 118 Temple of, 109 holy fools, 172–173 Jewish diaspora hospitality, 168, 170, 171, 173, 177, diffusion of Christianity, and, 152–154 178, 179 existing network of shared ethnicity, as, 153 charity, and, 170–171 permeable nature of, 153 laypeople, of, 177–180 Jewish War against Rome, 94–112 human mobility, 6, 50, 145 banditry, 95–96, 99–101, 105, 108–109

270 Index

Jewish War against Rome (cont.) Karanis, 130, 169 burdensome social and economic conditions, Keats, John, 187, 190, 205 95–96, 99 Hyperion, 187 calamitous nature of, 94 conduct of Jewish ruling class, 96, 101 La Tène, 55 dissent and conﬂict among Jewish ruling laborers, harvest, 242 classes, 96–97 language events leading to war, 106–110 “Celtic” language groups, 50 Gessius Florus, and, 106–110, 111–112 communities naturalized through language, 72 incidents of violence, list of, 110–112 generic language for pestilence, 21 Jews chaﬁng under foreign rule, 95, 97–98 history overdetermined by languages of local and regional contests, 97, 103–104 ancient elites, 74 religious zealots spearheading resistance to indigenous, 2 Rome, 95, 98–99 language by which Rome handed over Roman prefects’ arrogance, 96, 101–103 communities to friends, 73 Rome and Judaea, increasing animosity normative language of politics, 78 between, 94, 97–98 sovereignty, language of, 82–85 small number of incidents of violent resistance Late Antiquity, 1 to Roman authority, 105 monasticism in. See monasticism Temple, destruction of, 94 religions, 2, 232 John Chrysostom, 170 lead pollution, 45 John, Saint, 176 lectors, 169, 177 Jordan, 173 legends, 187, 248 river, 111 Leontios of Neapolis Josephus, Flavius, 243 Life of Symeon the Fool, 172 Acts of the Apostles, and, 142 leprosy, 13, 20 Ananias, 146 lex de Gallia Cisalpina, 84 Antiquitates, 102, 106 lex Pompeia, 75 banditry, 95–96, 99–101, 108–109 lex Rupilia, 84–85 Bellum Judaicum, 109 lex Sempronia, 77 Fourth Philosophy, 95, 98, 99 Liber Coloniarum, 74 Gessius Florus, 102–103, 106–107, 111–112 limnastēs, 127 Jewish War against Rome, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, Lincoln, 41 103, 104–105, 106 literature Lucceius Albinus, 102 Keats, and, 187 religious zealots, 95 nature of, 187–189 Roman prefects, conduct of, 96 liturgy, 176, 177, 180, 181 zealots, 99 monasticism, and, 176 Judaea. See Jewish War against Rome Livy, 77 Judaism, 232, 238. See also Jewish War against local culture, 2 Rome Loire, 49 233 178 H˙ imyarite Arabs, Longinas, Jewish commitment to religion, 95, 98 Loukos, 49 Jewish diaspora, 8 Lucceius Albinus, 96, 99, 102, 106, Jewish diaspora, diffusion of Christianity and, 109, 111 152–154 Lucian, 17, 23 Judaean freelance religious experts, 153–154 Lucretius, 126, 127, 130 religious practices, 98 Lusitania, 45, 55, 56, 57, 61 self-diffusion as a duty, 140 Torah, 105, 109 Maghrib, 38, 241, 242 Judas the Galilean, 99, 104, 105, 110 Maghribis, 150 Jupiter Dolichenus, 146, 149 Maktar Harvester, epitaph for, 189 Justinian, 88, 89 malaria, 13, 20–21 Justinianic Plague, 15, 25 endemic and epidemic, as, 20 Juvencus, 195, 196 epidemics, incidence of, 21

Index 271

extreme prevalence of, 21 Church Fathers. See Benedict of Norcia; mosquitos transmitting, 21 Cassian, John; Jerome Manius Aquillius, 77 desert-city dichotomy propagated in monastic Marcion of Pontus, 146–147 texts, 167 Marcus Aurelius, 15, 22, 29 development of monastic living from eremitic Marcus Trebellius, 79 to cenobitic, calling into question of, markets, 86 166–167 rural, 242 diakoniai, 179–180, 181 marriage, 2, 170, 244 economic activity of monks, criticism of, Marseille, 162 167–168 martyrs, 246 Egypt, spoudaioi and philoponoi in, 176–177 Artemios, 176 hermits, 163, 166, 167, 168, 180 Cyprian, 5 History of the Monks in Egypt, 169, 171–172 early Christian, 244–245 holy fools, 172–173 Jewish resistance to Rome, 110 hospitality and charity, 170–171 St. Felix, 4 labor and charity, organized lay piety and, Mauretania Tingitana, 37–39 173–180 economic production, 38 Lausiac History, 169–170 ﬁsh-salting, 38 laypeople, hospitality and charity of, 177–180 heavily militarized, 38, 43 legitimate kinds of monastic living, Maximus, 119 163–165, 169 Mecca, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239 Life of Anthony, 166–167 Medina, 232, 235, 238, 239 monachoi, 168–169 Constitution of, 240 monastic literature of late antique Egypt, 170 Mediterranean, 8, 9, 14, 23, 37, 38, 41, 43, 45, 48, movement of geographical removal, as, 175 50, 51, 53, 62, 72, 75, 145, 188, 242 normative statements about proper monks, Megalithic package, 50 162–169 melancholy, 26 philoponoi and spoudaioi, 174–180, 181 Melania, 169 remoboth, 163 Menas, 174 Rule of Benedict. See under Benedict of Norcia merchants, 41, 146, 150, 154 sarabites, 164 pious merchants, 146–147 Sayings of the Desert Fathers, 169, 170–171, Puteolan, 150 174, 178 translocal, 149 Spiritual Meadow, 170 metaphors, 86, 212, 215, 250 spoudaioi in Jerusalem, 175, 176 miasma, 13 women, liturgy and, 176 microbial environments, 13, 14 written sources from within the monastic Miracula Artemii, 176 milieu, re-evaluation of, 165–166 missions/missionaries. See under Christianity monks. See monasticism mobility, 145 monotheism, 233 most mobility as short distance, 145 among indigenous Arabs, 233 movement of goods and people as structural emerging, 8 feature of ancient Mediterranean, 145 Monte Cassino, 162 passenger travel, limited nature of, 145 mortality, 15, 17, 29, 243 travel following established migration autumn mortality, 20 streams, 145 climate variation, and, 21, 22 monarchies, Hellenistic, 89, 243 high-mortality conditions, 21 monasticism, 161–181 high-mortality societies, 15, 18 anchorites, 163, 164 infant mortality, 19 anxiety over proper path to asceticism, interannual variability, 21 169–173 mortality regime in the Roman world, 17 apotactics, 168 pathogens, and, 19 Carolingian reform, 163 seasonal mortality in Roman empire, 18 cenobites, 163–164, 167 seasonal mortality proﬁles, 18 chanting and charity, 170 seasonal variation in, 18

272 Index

mortality (cont.) Ong, Walter, 188 winter peak, 19 Oppian’s Halieutika, mosaics, 3, 4, 5 whaling, 39 Moschus, John outsiders, 72, 144, 212, 223 Spiritual Meadow, 170 overlordship, 74, 95 Mosella. See under Ausonius of Bordeaux Oxyrhynchus, 119, 124, 151, 177 mosquitos, 18, 21 7 166 Muh˙ammad of Mecca, Pachomius, Arabian Peninsula, nature of, 232–233 paideia, 191 birth, 232 Palestine, 97, 99, 165, 170, 174, 233, 239 death, 240 Palladius of Helenopolis early Islamic campaigns against the Lausiac History, 169–170 Persians, 238 Palmyra, 86 ī 238 7 h˙ad th, pandemic disease, ī 235–237 16 ˙han f, centrality of, alignment of factors, as, Islamic conquests, 232 Antonine Plague. See Antonine Plague Musaylima, and, 237 apotropaic inscriptions, 23–24 Muslim armies’ conquests, effects of, 239 cause, endogenous Malthusian event, as, 15–16 nabī or prophet, as, 233 epidemics as relatively unremarkable political genius of, 239–240 occasions, 22 revalations and political rise within Muslim epidemics common in high-mortality tradition, 238 conditions, 21 revelations, receiving, 232 epidemics, regionally contained nature of, 22 17 22 rivals of Muh˙ammad. See prophets in late meaning of pandemic, , antique Arabia no evidence for pandemic disease before Sīra, or biography of, 234, 238 Antonine Plague, 22 struggles from which Muh˙ammad emerged pandemic events in high and later Roman victorious, 238 empire, 15 ī 235 ﬁ Umayya ibn Ab Salt˙, and, plagues as ampli cations from pool of endemic ʾā 22 verses of Qur n comforting to Muh˙ammad diseases, when mocked, 234 short-term environmental disturbance, Musaylima, 233–234, 235, 237, 238 epidemics and, 22 false prophet, as, 234 Paphnutius of Heracleopolis, 171 Muziris papyrus, 28 papyrus letters earliest evidence of Christianity in Egypt, as. Narbo, 40, 52 See under Egypt, Christianity in Nehallenia, 41 format of, 122 Nepos, 129 proof of authenticity from closing line, 122 Nero, 104, 107, 108 parasites, 19 Nicene, 5, 166 paratyphoid fever, 19, See also typhoid fever Nile, 118, 131, 166 Paris, 248, 250 Nitria, 166 Parthia, 17, 23 nomads/nomadism, 242 passions, 107, 247, 248 nomen sacrum/nomina sacra, 123–125, 133 pastoralists, 241, 242 North Africa, 2, 4, 38, 49, 72, 150, 241 Patavium, 56 Vandal North Africa, 5 pathogens Numidia, 242 bacillary dysentery. See bacillary dysentery nuns, transvestite, 173 humans, in, 13 intestinal parasites, 19 oceans. See Rome’s Atlantic rim, imperial invisible enemy, as, 13 integration on latitudinal species gradient, 23 ogham stones, 42–42 leprosy, 13, 20 olive oil, 48 malaria. See malaria Baetican olive oil, 45, 47 microbes pathogenic to humans, On Theriac to Piso, 17 13–14

Index 273

microbial environments in Roman empire, Roman empire, in, 195–196. See under variety of, 14–15 Ausonius of Bordeaux 13 ī 235 numbers of species, Umayya ibn Ab Salt˙, pandemic disease. See pandemic disease polis/poleis, 71, 86, 191 plague. See plagues politeia, 71 prevalence and variety of, 13 Polybius, 78 responsible for the majority of deaths in Pontius Meropius Paulinus, 198, 200, 206 Roman world, 13 Pontius Pilate, 96, 102, 103, 105, 106, 110 Roman pathogen load, nature of, Pontus, 78 18 Porcius Festus, 111 salmonella, 13 Porfyrius, 196 Shigella bacteria, 19 port cities shigellosis, 13 Christianization of, 140–143 smallpox. See smallpox major seaports, 151 tuberculosis. See tuberculosis religious experts in, 151–152 typhoid. See typhoid fever Postumius Rufius Festus Avien(i)us, 196 worms, 13, 19 pottery, 38, 41, 42, 50, 51 patience, 96, 108, 245 poverty, 7 Paul the apostle, 229 power, 8, 43, 44, 48–55, 58, 61, 62, 71–74, 76, 78, active missions and, 143–144 81, 85, 86, 88, 89, 95, 97, 105, 132, 145, 152, 191, addressing pagans in synagogues, 153 199, 214, 215, 219, 228, 237, 242–246 missionary journeys, 139 centralized configuration of, 44 preaching to people socialized as countryside, in. See sovereignty and control in consumers, 152 the ancient countryside Paula, patron of Jerome, 162, 163 imperial power, 55, 58, 61, 73, 89 Paulinus, 198, 200 juridical, 71 Paulus, 121–127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 networks of power, 43 peasants, 96, 241 power politics, 8 peregrinus/peregrinatio, 212 social, 58 periphery, 6, 35, 39, 55, 62, 191 state, 44, 47–55, 72, 81, 85 Perpetua, 213, 226, 227, 244 praeteritio, 194, 206 Petilian of Constantine, 248 pre-Roman institutions, 76–78 Petrides, 175 changes in the systems of public law of Greek Petronius Probus, 194, 195, 198 cities, 78 Philo, 81 customs laws of Asia, use of, 77 philoponoi and spoudaioi, 174–180, 181 de jure claim to sovereign authority, Romans Philostratus, 152 advancing, 76–77 piety, lay, 173–180 doctrine of municipal autonomy, 76 Pisidia, 87, 174 evidence for use of, late nature of, 77–78 plagues, 13 use of preexisting institutions as expression of amplifications from pool of endemic diseases, weakness, 76 as, 22 presbyters, 119, 125, 129, 169, 177 Antonine Plague. See Antonine Plague priesthood, 57, 127 First Plague Pandemic, 15 Proculus Gregorius, 200 Plague of Cyprian, 15 professional associations, 149–151 plasmodia, 13 prophets in late antique Arabia, 232–240 Pliny the Elder, 20, 86 Abū ʿAmir, 235, 236–237 Natural History, 74–75 al-Aswad, 234 235 plagues sparing the elderly, 22 challengers to Muh˙ammad as charismatics, provincial communities, 232 creation of alliances, failure of, 239 Pliny the Younger, 199 early Islamic prophets in Iran, 238–239 Plutarch, 20 false prophets, 234 poets fierce language messenger prophets aroused in Ausonius. See Ausonius of Bordeaux competitors, 234 ī 235–237 Keats. See Keats, John ˙han f, meaning of,

274 Index

prophets in late antique Arabia (cont.) Paul, as, 152 holy men (nabī), 233 pious merchants, as, 146–147 Musaylima, 234, 235, 237, 238 remoboth, 163, 165 pre-Islamic Arabia, nature of, 239–240 resource distribution, 50 prophets (kāhin), 233 resurrection, 246 role of Arabian prophet as messenger, 233–234 revolts ā 235 61 Saj h˙, armed, 235 T˙ ulayh˙a, Jewish. See Jewish War against Rome ī 235 236–237 100 Umayya ibn Ab Salt˙, , peasant, Prudentius, 206 provincial, 8 psalms, 8, 167, 213–18, 220–223, 226 rural, 61 psalms of degrees. See under Augustine of Hippo slave revolts, 2 Ptolemy, 42 taxation, and, 61 Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius, 195 Rhine Pydna, 77 frontier, 36, 47 Pyrénées, 35, 194 Rhine-Thames communications and commercial axis, 35 Qairwân, 242 Rhône–Rhine corridor. See under corridor Quirinius, 99 Rhône, 52, 88 Rhône-Rhine corridor. See under corridor reaping, 193, 207, 250 rivalry, spiritual, 171, 181 rebellions. See revolts road network, 52, 58 rebels, 2, 55, 72, 97, 100, 101, 109, 243 Roman army Red Sea, 25, 28, 232 Britain, in, 42 religion military officers, diffusions of religious beliefs Arabian Peninsula, in. See under Arabia/ and, 149 Arabian Peninsula role of, 6 change. See religious change struck by disease during Parthia campaign, 23 Christianity. See Christianity Roman empire diffusion of religious beliefs requiring strong Atlantic rim, imperial integration on. See ties as, 148–149 Rome’s Atlantic rim, imperial disease, and, 13 integration on emerging monotheism, 8 disease in. See disease experts. See religious experts extent of, 14 ideas traveling, 7 fall of, 7 innovation, 6 independent states bound by treaty relations, Islam. See Islam; Muh˙ammad of Mecca as, 82 Judaism. See Judaism nature of, 62, 81, 88 monotheism, 233. See monotheism network of alliances to patchwork of polytheism, 8, 233 territories, transforming from, 82–83 religious experts. See religious experts overpopulation, 15 role of, 3 pandemic disease in. See pandemic disease social ties and diffusion of religion, 147–149 poets. See Ausonius of Bordeaux; poets trading communities, associations and system of reward, 83 diffusion of religion, 149–151 tetrarchy, 192 violence, 7 Theodosian Code, 192 religious change, 7 treaties of peace and friendship, 82–83 third century, in, 117–118 wages, 16 religious experts, 151–152 Roman law Arabian Peninsula full of competing religious arrears of rent, 87 experts, 7 census, 79 freelance religious expert, definition of, 151 enumerative definitions, 83–84 freelance religious experts, 151–152 lex de Gallia Cisalpina, 84 Judaean freelance religious experts, 153–154 lex Pompeia, 75 Judaean religious experts, 152 lex Rupilia, 84–85

Index 275

lex Sempronia, 77 reemergence of vibrant system in post-Roman private law and dispute resolution, 86–87 period, 50–51 public law, 74 regional fragmentation as outcome of imperial rule of personality in choice of law, integration, 53–54 76–77 regional integration, intensification of, 50 tablet of Heraclea, 79 Roman imperial period standing apart, 51 Roman senate salt as key commodity, 51 decree in favor of Aphrodisias, 73 whaling, 39, 43 membership of, 88 Rufinus of Aquileia Stratonikeia, privileges awarded to, 83 History of the Monks in Egypt, 169, 171–172 Romanization, 43, 51, 58, 81, 194 Romans Sahara, 28, 37, 242 baptismal font. See baptismal font, Roman sailing technology, 51 75–76 ā 235 citizenship, Saj h˙, divine mind of ruler exercising providentia on Sala, 38 world scale, 191–192 Salacia, 57 family, nature of, 244 salmonella, 13 Jewish War against Rome. See Jewish War Salmonella typhi, 19 against Rome Salvian law. See Roman law Bagaudae, writing about, 61 Roman army. See Roman army Samaria, 97, 103 Roman civil cognition, 191–192 Jerusalem, and, 103–104 Roman empire. See Roman empire Sauses, 163 Roman world as intricate web of Seine, 49 connections, 6 Seleucia, 16, 17, 23, 24 Rome’s extended mind, 187–192 self-effacement, 173 travel and communication, 6 self-sufficiency, 167 Rome’s Atlantic rim, imperial integration on, seller of vegetables, 174 35–62 Septimius Severus, 123 Aremorica. See Aremorica Severus of Antioch, 174–175 Atlantic rim effectively integrated into Roman Shaw, Brent, 241–250 imperial system, 43–44 Bringing in the Sheaves, 189, 247, Baetican olive oil, 45–48 249 Bordeaux. See Bordeaux Sacred Violence, 214, 247–249 Cornelii Bocchi, 56–58 Shigella bacteria, 19 direct appropriation, 44–44 shigellosis, 13 ecological frontier, Atlantic rim as, 36–37 sicarii, 95, 98, 99, 102, 105, 111 ecology and geography, effects of, 49–50 Sicily, 4, 84–85 emergence of new lines of communications, 52 Cicero, 84–85 extent of Atlantic rim, 35–36 Sidonius Apollinaris, 199 fish-salting, 44 silver, 42 highly differentiated nature of Roman coins, 29 imperial integration, 55 slaves and slave trade, 28 imperial integration, nature of, 62–62 mobility of slaves, 145 integration, meaning of, 48 reduction of Judaeans to status of slavery, 99 Ireland. See Ireland, southern slave registration, 132 land and ocean, interface between, 49 slave revolt, 2 Mauretania Tingitana. See Mauretania status of administratively subordinated Tingitana community, slavery as, 75 Megalithic package, 50 smallpox, 13, 22–30 natural resources, 49 Antonine Plague, and. See Antonine Plague new lines of communication, emergence of, 52 directly transmissible between infected oceans, 48 persons, 22 organization and intensity of Roman state eradicated, 25 power, impact of, 54–55 evolutionary origins, 27–28

276 Index

smallpox (cont.) state extraction, 45 imported into Roman empire along trading statio/stationarii, 150 networks, 23 statistics, 18, 191, 195, 244 nature of, 25 statistical data, 2 not dependent on prior susceptibility, 16 Stoicism, 242 novel pathogen in Roman disease pool, as, 22 Strabo, 55–56 retrospective diagnosis, 25–26 strategies, nuptial, 243 symptoms and course of infection, 26–27 Stratonikeia, 83, 84, 86 transfrontier trade, and, 28–29 subordination, administrative, 39, 75, 82, 83, Smyrna, 24 85–88 social capital, 148, 149 Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 82, 83, 86 merchants, 151 Symeon of Emesa, 172–173 social control, 44 Symmachus, 197, 200 social ties Latin letter prepared for publication by, 199 complex contagions requiring strong ties, Synesius, 145 148–149 Syria, 146, 174, 236, 239 diffusion of religion and, 147–149 legates of, 79, 97, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109 translocal merchants and resident aliens, Syriac, 174 associations of, 149–150 Christianity, 176 147 ā 236 weak and strong ties, pagan (˙hanp ), Socotra, 28 āʾ 234 236 Sotas, 119 T˙ if, , dossier, 119 Tacitus, 78 sovereignty and control in the ancient Frisii, 79–80 countryside, 71–89 Ireland, southern, 42 city-states. See city-states Jewish War against Rome, 96 culture change, organization of provincial Tajo, 49, 58 societies as, 80–81 Taurus Mountains, 243 designation of people as living in cities, effects taxes, 86, 87, 99 of, 71 Jewish War against Rome, and, 95, 99 discourse and practice of administrative rural populations, taxation of, 89 subordination, 85–88 Temple of Jerusalem, 109 enumerative deﬁnitions, 83–84 Tetradius, 198 instrumentalization of local elites, 78–81 Thames, 35 language of sovereignty, 82–85 Theadelphia, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133 large populations living non-poliadic lives, Thebaid, 171 71–72 Theodosian Code, 192 market activity, 86 Theodosius, 80 metropolitan control, extension of, 83 Theon, 198 preexisting institutions. See pre-Roman Thomas the Sophist, 175 institutions Tiberius, 102 Roman senate, indigenous elites as members tick bites, 13 of, 79, 88 tituli picti, 47 taxes, 86 tombstones, Christian, 18 transformation in nature of political trade, 151 subjectivity, 79 north–south, 52 village as an ascribed category, 71 signiﬁcance of, 28 weakness of Roman infrastructural capacities, slave trade. See slaves and slave trade 72, 76, 81 transfrontier, 28 wealth generated by people living in wine trade. See wine countryside, 72 traders, 145, 146–147, 148 Sozopolis, 174 dedicating to Jupiter Dolichenus, 146 Spain, 18, 38, 49 negotiatores Britanniciani, 41 St. Felix, 4 Persian, 28 standing stones, 42, 50 spread of religion, and, 146–147

Index 277

trading communities and associations low-level, 7 channel for dissemination of news for political, religious, and social change, 6 recruitment, as, 150–151 work, and, 250 diffusion of religion, and, 149–151 virgins, 163, 169 missionary work, and, 150–151 viruses. See pathogens translocal merchants and resident aliens, Vita of Anthony, 128 associations of, 149–150 Volubilis, 38, 72 treaties of peace and friendship, 82–83 Vulgate Bible, 162 Trier, 192, 193, 197, 198, 200, 203 poetry book, 204, 205 wealth, 45, 58, 62 Tróia, 56, 58 Baetica, 47–48, 55–56 tuberculosis, 13, 20 city councilors, 132 evolutionary history from DNA, 20 disparities of, 61 known to Roman physicians, 20 elite, of, 88 prevalence in Roman empire, 20 generated by people living in countryside, 72 235 44 T˙ ulayh˙a, mineral, Tutela Boudiga, 41 personal, 47 typhoid fever urbanization, 58 acute infectious disease, as, 19 whaling, 39, 43 environmental transmission, 19 widows, 169 Salmonella typhi as cause of, 19 wine, 125 allocations of wine by archbishops, 177 ī 235 236–237 130 Umayya ibn Ab Salt˙, , gift, as, Ursulus, 198 Massiliot wines, 52 trade in, 40, 51, 52 Valentinian I, 195, 197, 201 worms, 13 Valentinian II, 192 Valerius Titanianus, 130 Yeats, W. B., 248 Vandals, 4, 249 Yemen, 25, 28, 233, 234, Vandal North Africa, 5 238 Variola major. See smallpox York, 41 Ventidius Cumanus, 103, 111 Verus, Lucius, 15, 17, 22, 24, 29 Zacharias of Mytilene villages, 59, 71, 73, 78, 86, 87, 162 Life of Severus, 174–175 violence zealots, 95, 98–99 Africa, in, 248–249 Zenodotus, 175 economic disparities, and, 7 Zika, 16 emerging monotheism, and, 8 Zoroastrianism, 233, 238