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Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam in Qatar
Language in the Mirror: Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam in Qatar Rehenuma Asmi Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy under the executive committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Rehenuma Asmi All rights reserved ABSTRACT Language in the Mirror: Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam Rehenuma Asmi My study explores language ideologies in the capital city of Doha, Qatar, where school reform movements are placing greater emphasis on English language acquisition. Through ethnography and a revised theory of language ideologies, I argue that as languages come in greater contact in multi-lingual spaces, mediation must occur between the new and old relationships that are emerging as a result of population growth, policy changes and cross-cultural interactions. I interrogate the development concept of the “knowledge economy” as it is used to justify old and new language ideologies regarding Arabic and English. As Qataris change their education systems in response to the economic development framework of the “knowledge economy,” they are promoting language ideologies that designate English as useful for the economy and “global” citizenship and Qatari Arabic and Standard Arabic as useful for religious and cultural reasons. I argue that Standard English, through its association with the “knowledge economy,” becomes “de-localized” and branded an “international” language. This ideology presents English as a modern language free of the society in which it is embedded, to circulate around the globe. In contrast, Standard Arabic is represented as stiff, archaic language of religious traditions and Qatari Arabic is presented as the language of oral culture and ethnonationalism. -
Recent Efforts to Address Issues Facing the Media in the Arab World, Such As Those Undertaken by the Doha Media Freedom Center, Are Still in Their Early Stages
Recent efforts to address issues facing the media in the Arab world, such as those undertaken by the Doha Media Freedom Center, are still in their early stages. Local media experts believe these institutions focus more on regional media than on local trends and problems. Qatar 170 MEDIA SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2008 INTRODUCTION OVERALL SCORE: 2.05 Q Although Qatar is home to Al Jazeera, one of the most respected and popular news stations in the Arab world, journalism in the country still has hurdles to overcome. atar Qatar has an old and outdated press law on the books that is not enforced. However, self-censorship runs Ahigh in media companies, which hire many foreign workers who are often afraid of losing their jobs or being deported if they step on the wrong toes. Pay scales are low in journalism, a major reason why few Qatari nationals enter the profession. The state owns all the radio and television stations in the country, which are heavily focused on entertainment. Recent efforts to address issues facing the media in the Arab world, such as those undertaken by the Doha Media Freedom Center, are still in their early stages. Local media experts believe these institutions focus more on regional media than on local trends and problems. Qatar’s scores fell significantly this year as panelists returned more pessimistic assessments of several objectives. In particular, they took a different view than past panels on Objective 1, Freedom of Speech. Their score this year of 2.37, compared to 2.97 last year, reflects a more concentrated focus on the freedom of speech atmosphere as it relates to media focusing on issues in Qatar, rather than allowing more credit for the freedom given to regional media based in Qatar such as Al Jazeera. -
Status and Function of the English Language in Qatar: a Social Semiotic Perspective Hadeel Alkhatib College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
JOURNAL OF WORLD LANGUAGES, 2017 VOL. 4, NO. 1, 44–68 https://doi.org/10.1080/21698252.2017.1406878 Status and function of the English language in Qatar: a social semiotic perspective Hadeel Alkhatib College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This paper gives an overview of the role(s) that the English Received 13 October 2016 language plays in the Qatari community. Firstly, it reviews Accepted 15 November 2017 the areas displaying the decisive role of the English lan- KEYWORDS guage in Qatari society through a social semiotic analysis Global English; social of a set of political cartoons published in the two best- semiotic; Foucault’s selling Qatari newspapers, Al Sharq (The East) and Al Raya heterotopia; Qatar (The Banner), during the period of 2011–2014 in which a flurry of activity, in terms of both economic and linguistic changes, took place in Qatar. Secondly, it discusses the implications that the unequivocal priority given to the English language may have for Arab native speakers in the country by utilizing Foucault's concept of heterotopia. This paper concludes that English has occupied an influential role in Qatari society and has created a sense of estrange- ment among Arabic native residents of the country. 1. Introduction: Qatar and the global spread of English Stranger in my own land, I see that people don’t understand my words. Their garments do not cover their flaws and their glances follow me like a plague. I speak to them in Arabic and they respond in a foreign tongue; English. They laugh all around me and say: uneducated, but am I not in an Arab country? To where should I turn? To the West which sees me as backwards? Or to the people who see me as a rebel? To whom, to where, my country? (Personal Translation) The preceding words were published by a Qatari blogger who writes under the penname Mimi.1 Mimi’s words begin with disaffection toward the language she wants to use and the tropes that arise because of her choice. -
What Money Can't
What Money Can’t Buy: Wealth, Inequality, and Economic Satisfaction in the Rentier State [Accepted 2018, Published in Political Research Quarterly 72(1), 2019] Jocelyn Sage Mitchell* Assistant Professor in Residence Northwestern University in Qatar NW Univ. M/S 1801Q 2020 Ridge Avenue Evanston, IL 60208 T: +974 4454 5051 F: +974 4454 5180 [email protected] Justin J. Gengler Research Assistant Professor Social and Economic Survey Research Institute Qatar University P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar T: +974 4403 3037 F: +974 4403 3021 [email protected] * Corresponding author. Acknowledgements: The authors thank Jim Krane, Nick Mitchell, Paul Musgrave, Klaus Schoenbach, workshop and conference participants (at the 2014 American Political Science Association panel on “New Approaches to the Resource Curse,” the 2015 American Political Science Association Middle East and North Africa Workshop, and the Georgetown University in Qatar working group), and the anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions. Abstract How do perceived inequalities in allocation impact citizen satisfaction with state-distributed benefits in rentier societies? Resource-rich rentier regimes are widely theorized to maintain the economic and political satisfaction of subjects through wealth distribution. Yet, while qualitative research in the rentier states of the Arabian Peninsula has identified unequal distribution as a source of discontent, the relative importance of objective versus subjective factors in shaping satisfaction at the individual level has never been systematically evaluated. Here we assess the impacts of inequality on the nexus between wealth and satisfaction among citizens of the richest rentier regime in the world: the state of Qatar. Using original, nationally representative survey data, we test the effects of two separate mechanisms of unequal distribution previously identified in the literature: group-based discrimination, and variation in individual access owing to informal influence.