Appendix 4b: Palaeontological Assessment

Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Sand and Calcrete Borrow Pit (BP#4: DMR WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP), Farm Anyskop, Rem. Farm Langeberg 188, , Province (1:50 000 3218 CA and CC )

By Graham Avery (Sole Proprietor)

Archaeozoology, Stone Age Archaeology and Quaternary Palaeontology

Prepared for Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd

May 2018

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 1

Contents Executive Summary ...... 3 Introduction ...... 5 Declaration ...... 8 Method ...... 8 Results of the Study ...... 8 Geology and lithology...... 8 Known Sites in the Area ...... 13 Palaeontological Potential ...... 19 Palaeontology Resources: Summary of impact assessment...... 21 Conclusion ...... 22 Recommendations ...... 23 Palaeontological Points for EMP ...... 23 Heritage Permits Required ...... 24 References ...... 24 Appendix 1 ...... 30 Images illustrating some examples of Palaeontological and Pleistocene Archaeological occurrences associated with Springfontyn and Langebaan Formation sediments ...... 30 Appendix 2 ...... 32 Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae: Graham Avery ...... 32 Contact Details ...... 32 Business Details ...... 32 Professional Qualifications ...... 32 Current Positions ...... 33 Positions Held ...... 33 Cultural Resource Management Experience (CRM) ...... 33

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 2

Executive Summary Graham Avery was commissioned by Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of their client to provide an assessment report on the palaeontological potential at a proposed sand and calcrete Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP on Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg. Proposed activity: Mining permit for sand and weathered calcrete Borrow Pit. Location: Anyskop Farm, Remainder farm Langeberg 188 Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP, Vredenburg District. The proposed sand and calcrete borrow pit is located in a palaeontologically- sensitive region of potentially fossiliferous sediments underlain by bedrock of the Cape Granite Suite, which outcrops in the region but is not palaeontologically relevant in this instance. The proposed sand mine will focus on sediments from the Langebaan Formation of the Sandveld Group and will reach a depth of up to 4 - 5 m. Any very recent (not mineralized) bones on the surface are likely to result from Later Stone Age occurrences, recent natural deaths and agricultural activity and are unlikely to be palaeontological. The superficial Springfontyn Formation cover sands are thin, have been affected by ploughing, and do not appear to have much palaeontological relevance at the site. It should be borne in mind, however, that Springfontyn Formation sediments at the nearby West Coast Fossil Park () produced Pleistocene archaeological remains. Calcareous deposits of the Langebaan Formation, which outcrop extensively in the region and underlie the cover sands do have palaeontological potential as indicated by recent finds, during monitoring, of three stone artefacts on the cleared erosional surface of the calcrete and a number of Pleistocene mammal and tortoise bones from calcareous sediments on a spoil heap in Borrow Pit #1 DMR 10122MP. Other recent palaeontological finds have been recorded in test pits for Pit#4 and the Greenfields Link Cutting. During mining, fossil finds may be encountered in the Langebaan Formation calcrete/calc-sands. Terrestrial molluscs (Trigonephrus globulus) are likely to occur sporadically throughout the area and are of very low significance. However, any fossils of other invertebrates or vertebrates from the Langebaan Formation would be significant, given the sparseness and patchiness of fossils in this formation, and would require careful recording and possible systematic excavation. Middle Pleistocene stone artefacts may be encountered at the erosional surface between the light-grey to pale-red sandy soil of the Springfontyn Formation and the calcareous aeolianites of the Langebaan Formation. The excavations will not affect older/deeper formations that underlie the depth of the proposed mining in the Langebaan Formation. Excavations into sediments not normally accessible to palaeontologists should be seen as providing opportunities to recover potentially important fossil material that would enable observations to be made about our past biodiversity and environments. Palaeontological remains in the Langebaan Formation are rare, protected by the South African National Heritage Resources Act of 1999, and, if encountered, must be

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 3 recorded by an appropriately-qualified person. A Workplan Approval from will be required to deal with any palaeontological or archaeological occurrence. The Workplan Approval and protocols for managing palaeontological eventualities during the mining process should be in place before any excavation takes place. This would include monitoring by the appointed specialist, which must be initiated at the same time that mining begins. Prior to mining a training session for staff, including machine operators, is recommended. Provided that the recommendations in this report are followed, there is no reason why establishment of the proposed sand and calcrete mine should not proceed.

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Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Establishment of a sand and calcrete mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188 Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif) Introduction Dr Graham Avery (Appendix 2: CV) was commissioned by Dr Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd on behalf of his client Tip Trans Resources (Pty) Ltd to provide an assessment report on the palaeontological potential of the proposed establishment of a sand and calcrete mine (serving as a borrow pit for local road building) on the remainder of Farm Langeberg 188 proposed Borrow Pit#4 DMR WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP, Vredenburg (1:50 000 3218CA & CC Velddrif) (Figures 1, 2 and 3).

Figure 1. Approximate location (blue star) of the proposed calcareous sand mine (Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP) on remainder Langeberg 188, 1:50 000 3218CA & CC Velddrif.

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Figure 2. Location of proposed sand mine (orange polygon) Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP on remainder of Langeberg 188; Location of Borrow pits #1 to #4 are shown and the old borrow pits are arrowed.

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a)

b)

Figure 3. Surface of proposed Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP. a) View towards north showing sparse vegetation cover on old ploughed light-grey to pale-red sandy soil of the Springfontyn Formation and test pit spoil heaps comprising calcareous Langebaan Formation sand (Photo by G Avery); and b) View roughly east showing sparse vegetation on old ploughed light-grey to pale-red sandy soil of the Springfontyn Formation

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 7 cover sand with Langebaan Formation calcrete clasts (Photo by G Avery) (Also see Figures 6, 7). Declaration I have no financial or interest other than palaeontological or archaeological in the proposed development and will derive no benefits other than fair remuneration for consulting services provided. Method A background study of the proposed Borrow Pit#4 location was conducted by Dr G. Avery Archaeozoologist. The 1:125 Geological Series 3317B and 3318A and 1:250 00 Geological Series 3218 Clan William and other geological sources (Rogers 1980; Rogers 2006; Roberts 1997a, b; Roberts and Brink 2002; Pether 2013 a, b, c; Pether, Roberts, and Ward 2000; Almond 2012; Avery in prep., 2018a, b, c) were consulted for background geological and palaeontological information. Since little is known about the sub-surface palaeontological potential of the Borrow Pit#4 locality, literature describing known palaeontological sites in the region was consulted. Observations from Borrow Pits#1 to 3 and test holes on Pit#4 (Avery 2018a, b, c; Orton 2018, and G Avery personal observations on Borrow Pit#4 and two old borrow pits) have been incorporated. Other than the test holes, the Borrow Pit#4 site was not visited, since J. Orton, who conducted an archaeological survey of the surface area, is capable of recognizing, and would report on, any mineralized bone observed during his archaeological survey of the surface. He observed no mineralized bone on the surface (Figure 3).

Results of the Study Geology and lithology The Cenozoic sediments of the region are in the Sandveld Group (Roberts et al. 2006; Pether 2013b; Pether, Roberts, and Ward 2000; Pether 2013c; Figures 4, 5, Table 1), which include shallow marine, back barrier, estuarine, fluvial and aeolian contexts (Rogers 1980, 1982, 1983; Rogers 2006; Hendey 1981; Roberts and Brink 2002; Almond 2012; Pether 2013b, 2013c; Roberts et al. 2011; Hendey 1982) dating from the Miocene, through the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Palaeozoic Cape Granite Suite bedrock outcrops in places (1: 125 000 Geological Series 3317B and 3318A; 1:250 00 Geological Series 3218 Clan William). General surface geology is shown in Figure 4 and a summary of the regional stratigraphy and lithology of the Sandveld Group is shown in Table 1. A composite for the Sandveld Group at the nearby Langebaanweg site (West Coast Fossil Park) is illustrated by Figure 5. It should be noted that some published terminology has been updated, The Bredasdorp Formation, now being named The Sandveld Group, being an example. The Langebaan Formation into which the proposed calcareous sand mine will be dug is a complex series of dune build up over considerable time (Table 1), through the late Pliocene, Pleistocene and the Holocene (Roberts et al. 2009). The Formation extends >20 m deep at Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park) (Figure 5) and is some 15 m in depth at the Saldanha Steel site (Roberts 1997b) and a borehole between them on Langeberg 188. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 8

Should remnants of the Springfontyn Formation, which occurs unconformably on the Langebaan Formation erosion surface (Figure 6) be preserved fossiliferous sediments, including Pleistocene stone artefacts may occur within the projected 4-5 m depth of the mine.

Figure 4. Surface geology in the region (from 1:125 000 Geological series 3317B and 3318A Saldanhabaai). Springfontyn Formation (Q1, Q2 = Middle Pleistocene – light-grey to pale- red sandy soil); and Langebaan Formation (QC = Quaternary Langebaan Formation – limestone and calcrete, partially cross-bedded, calcified parabolic dune sand (and see Table 1)) are relevant to this mining application. G3 = Cape Granite Suite coarse granite) (see Figure 3). The proposed Borrow Pit#3 DMR WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10167MP area is starred; two Langebaan Formation fossil localities, Yzervarkensrug and Langebaanweg (WCFP), are framed in blue.

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Table 1. Summary of the Sandveld Group. (Pether, Roberts, and Ward 2000; Pether 2013b, 2014; Roberts et al. 2009) and G Avery (pers. observation). Ma = Million years ago; ka = Thousand years ago. Formations relevant to Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP are arrowed. Note: chronology for the base of the Lower Pleistocene Boundary has been formally re-defined to an earlier date of 2.58 Ma; the base of the Holocene has also been formalized at 11.8 ka (Gibbard et al. 2010).

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Figure 5. Composite summary of the lithostratigraphy of the Sandveld Group and fossil- bearing formations at Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park), which represent a large part of the Saldanha region (Roberts et al. 2011). Note that fossils (Formations off interest are arrowed) occur in the upper and lower parts of the Langebaan Formation; and Early Stone Age artefacts and fossil bone may occur in the overlying Springfontyn Formation (see Anyskop site in West Coast Fossil Park (LBW) (Figure 2, Table 1) and Elandsfontein (in Table 2).

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Figure 6. Wall of old calcrete borrow pit adjacent to Pit#4 showing thin ( ̴0.5 m) light-grey to pale-red Springfontyn Formation cover soil (arrowed) overlying the calcareous Langebaan Formation erosional surface. Pale-grey to light-red material shown above the Springfontyn surface and below the calcrete is spoil not in situ (photo by G Avery).

Figure 7. Langeberg 188 Pit#4. Test hole 5, the spoil heap of which yielded Chersine angulata fragments. Note the shallow light-grey to pale red Springfontyn cover soil on the Langebaan Formation erosional surface, which is typical of the local stratigraphy (Photo by G Avery).

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Known Sites in the Area A test hole spoil heap on Pit#4 revealed angulate tortoise Chersine angulata and mammal fragments (Figure 8); other than that, a fossil record for the proposed Borrow Pit#4 locality does not currently exist. However, nearby Borrow pit #1 (Orton 2018, Avery 2018c), and the Greenfields Link Cutting excavations have yielded sparse fossils from the Langebaan Formation (Avery, 2018d, Avery in prep.). Sufficient information is available to make at least general comments on what may be encountered in the Springfontyn and Langebaan Formations (Figures 2-9, Tables 1 and 2). Although there are rare exceptions, such as the Late Pleistocene brown hyaena den accumulations and MSA occurrences in erosional cavities in the Langebaan Formation at Besaansklip (Brink 2005), Sea Harvest (Grine and Klein 1993; Volman 1978), Hoedjiespunt (Klein 1983; Berger and Parkington 1995; Stynder 1997; Will et al. 2013) and recently discovered new occurrences (GMC) at Harbour (G Avery pers. obs.) in which large numbers of vertebrate bones, including extinct species, are preserved, palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological remains in the Springfontyn and Langebaan Formations are more likely to be sporadically and/or sparsely distributed in patches or as isolated items unless a palaeo-feature, such as the water sources in the Springfontyn Formation at Elandsfontein, attracted numbers of animals and people. Palaeontological remains are widely, but sparsely distributed throughout the Langebaan Formation (Figure 9; Table 2; Pether 2010, 2009).

Figure 8. Langeberg 188 Pit#4. Chersine angulata carapace and mammal fragments from the Langeberg 188 Langebaan Formation sediments on the Test Hole 5 (GA’s numbering) spoil heap.

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Figure 9. Location of known palaeontological sites associated with the Langebaan Formation near the proposed Borrow Pit#4 (details in Table 2). Recent monitoring of Pit#1 DMR10122MP revealed a small pocket of bones, including Mystromys albicaudatus white-tailed rat, Bathyergus suillus Cape dune mole-rat, Chersine angulata angulate tortoise and snake in Langebaan Formation sandy calcrete found by J Orton (Figure 10; Orton 2018).

Figure 10. Mandible of Mystromys albicaudatus (scale in cm) recovered by J Orton in the mined area of Borrow Pit #1 DMR 10122MP (Orton 2018). Note the calcareous encrustation indicating its origin in the calcareous Langebaan Formation deposits being mined (Photo by J Orton).

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Three stone artefacts, probably of the Middle Pleistocene Early Stone Age, were exposed in Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP on the Springfontyn/Langebaan Formation erosional surface. (Figure 11; Avery 2018b).

Figure11. Stone artefacts from the Springfontyn-/Langebaan Formation erosional surface in Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP (30 cm ruler as scale). (Photos G Avery). A complete angulate tortoise was exposed during excavation of the Greenfields Link Cutting (Figure 12, Avery 2018d).

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Figure 12. Complete Chersine angulata carapace in Langebaan Formation of the Greenfields Link Cutting (Photo by G Avery). Table 2. Names and summary details of palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological sites from the region. See Table 1 for lithological and chronological details regarding the formations within which fossils and/or stone artefacts occur.

Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontology. ? Late Pleistocene. Besaansklip – Springfontein Significant brown hyaena den (Brink 2005) Bklip hyaena in Langebaan accumulation in cavities in Langebaan Formation. Palaeontology. Fossil gastropod Eensaamheid – Trigonephrus globulus on exposed Wind Farm Langebaan (Avery and Avery 2009) Ens erosional surface of Langebaan proposal Formation.

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Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontological and Pleistocene (Archer 2010; Avery 1988, Archaeological. Mainly lower and middle in prep; Braun, Levin, Pleistocene. Provincial Heritage Site. Roberts, et al. 2013; Braun, Well-preserved fossils and artefacts Levin, Stynder, et al. 2013; exposed in extensive dune slacks by Inskeep and Hendey 1966; wind erosion. Diverse terrestrial Klein et al. 2007; Klein vertebrate taxa, plants (pollens); Early 1978; Klein and Cruz-Uribe EFT Main Stone Age (ESA) – Late Acheulean in Elandsfontein – Springfontyn; 1991; Luyt, Lee-Thorp, and (east of probable association with fossils in the “Main” Site Langebaan; Avery 2000; Roberts and area Cutting 10 excavation. Rare Middle Braun 2014; Smith and figured) Stone Age (MSA) – Still Bay artefacts. Stynder 2015; Stynder Early Homo sapiens (Homo 2009; Singer and Wymer heidelbergensis) cranial remains 1968; Rogers 1980; contemporary with ESA. Hyaena Drennan 1953, 1954; Klein accumulations (including ‘Bone Circle’ 2009; Volman 1984; (EFTB), contiguous with general palaeo- Goodwin 1953) landscape, which included wetlands. (Mabbutt 1956; Singer and Wymer 1968; Orton 2007; Palaeontology and Pleistocene EFTW Elandsfontein – Springfontyn- Roberts and Braun 2014; archaeology. Middle Pleistocene. (east of Wes and Langebaan Plasket 2013; Avery 2015, Collected previously. Sparsely scattered area surrounds erosion surface in prep; Goodwin 1953; mineralized bones, rare stone artefacts, figured) Halkett and Webley 2015)

Palaeontological. ? Middle Pleistocene. Greenfields Link Langebaan Avery 2018d Isolated terrestrial Chersine angulata GfC – Cutting carapace.

(Klein 1983; Berger and Parkington 1995; Churchill, Palaeontological. Middle to late Berger, and Parkington Pleistocene. Significant brown hyaena Hoedjiespunt – Springfontyn in 2000; Hare and Sealy 2013; den in cavity of Langebaan Formation HDP1 hyaena Langebaan Stynder et al. 2001; with terrestrial and marine taxa and Stynder 1997; Woodborne modern Homo sapiens remains. 2000; Klein 1993) (Woodborne 2000; Archaeological. Late Pleistocene. Middle Kyriacou et al. 2015; Hoedjiespunt – Springfontein Stone Age artefacts associated with shell Stynder et al. 2001; HDP1 human on Langebaan midden, which includes terrestrial and Stynder 1997; Will et al. marine vertebrate taxa. 2013) Palaeontological. West Coast Fossil Park National Heritage Site. Lower Pleistocene (2 Ma to 3 Ma) Langebaan (Hendey 1974; Hendey Langebaanweg Formation is part of overburden Langebaan 1981, 1982; Roberts et al. LBWcal – E Quarry Calc removed during mining to access 2011) phosphate-rich deposits. Terrestrial vertebrate taxa and Trigonephris globulus.

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Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontological and Archaeological. (Dietl, Kandel, and Conard Middle and Late Pleistocene. Early Stone Langebaanweg Springfontyn 2005; Conard 2001a, Age (ESA) artefacts – Late Acheulean  Akop – Anyskop on Langebaan 2001b, 2002) and Middle Stone Age  Howiesons Poort. Archaeological. Middle Pleistocene. Langeberg 188 Three Early Stone Age stone artefacts, at Pit#1 DMR Springfontyn (Avery 2016, Avery 2018b erosional interface between L188 10122MP – on Langebaan in prep. Springfontyn and Langebaan human Formations. Palaeontological. ? Middle Pleistocene. Sparse mammal and reptile bones, Langeberg 188 including Mystromys albicaudatus, Pit#1 DMR (Avery 2016, Orton2018; Bathyergus suillus, Chersine angulata Langebaan L188 10122MP – Avery 2018c) and snake with calcareous fauna encrustations, probably from erosional interface between Springfontyn and Langebaan Formations.

Palaeontological. ? Middle Pleistocene. Langeberg 188 Langebaan (G Avery Pers. observation) A few carapace fragments of Chersine Pit#4 angulata in one of 8 test holes.

Palaeontological. Marine fossils. Middle Lime Quarry – (Cooke 1955; Hendey Pleistocene. First fossil otariid seal Langebaan LQ Hoedjiesbaai 1974) recorded in , (Cooke 1955), p166.

Namaqua Sands Palaeontology. Bones, from Langebaan Langebaan (Pether 2006) NS Smelter Formation noted in nearby borrow pit.

Palaeontological. ? Late Pleistocene. Significant brown hyaena den with Saldanha terrestrial and marine taxa and modern Springfontyn in Harbour GMC1 (G Avery pers. observation) Homo sapiens remains. In cavities GMC1 Langebaan – hyaena eroded into the Langebaan Formation. rhizoliths (root castes) and Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianites. Palaeontological. ? Late Pleistocene. Significant brown hyaena den with Saldanha terrestrial and marine taxa and modern Harbour Springfontyn in GMC Avery pers. observ. Homo sapiens remains. In cavities GMC3&4 – Langebaan 3&4 eroded into the Langebaan Formation. hyaena rhizoliths (root castes) and Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianites. Palaeontological. ? Late Pleistocene. Significant brown hyaena den with Saldanha terrestrial and marine taxa and modern Harbour Sea Springfontyn in (Grine and Klein 1993; Homo sapiens remains. In cavities SH Harvest – Langebaan Butzer 2004; Klein 1983) eroded into the Langebaan Formation. hyaena rhizoliths (root castes) and Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianites.

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Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Saldanha Archaeological. Late Pleistocene. Middle Harbour Sea Springfontyn in (Grine and Klein 1993; Stone Age shell midden with adjacent SH Harvest – Langebaan Volman 1978; Butzer 2004) hyaena dens. In eroded Langebaan human Formation cavity/overhang. Palaeontological. Sub-surface, reached (Pether 1995; Roberts during deep excavation for foundations. Saldanha Steel Langebaan SSt 1997b ? Lower Pleistocene. Some terrestrial Trigonephrus globulus in Langebaan Fm.

Saldanha Yacht Springfontyn in Palaeontological. ? Late Pleistocene. (Manthi 2002) YC Club – Barn Owl Langebaan Barn Owl roost with micromammal taxa.

Palaeontological. ? Late Pleistocene. Saldanha Yacht Springfontyn in (Avery 2014, 2013) Brown hyaena den with terrestrial and YC Club – hyaena Langebaan marine taxa.

Palaeontological. ? Late Pleistocene. SALKOR Langebaan (Pether 2013c) SAL Isolated bovid mandibular fragment.

Palaeontological. Excavations for crude (Hendey and Cooke 1985; oil storage encountered a small patch of Skurwerug Langebaan Tankard 1976; Rogers Srug important middle Pleistocene terrestrial 1982) fossils, including an extinct pig.

Palaeontological Potential “The main bulk of aeolianites is not very fossiliferous, but fossil bones from the Langebaan Formation have been a prime source of information on past (different) Quaternary faunas and archaeology. Most of the finds are expected to be sporadic occurrences of local significance, but significant bone concentrations occur in certain contexts. Depending on the nature of the discovery, the significance may escalate to high (international interest), such as finds of unexpected or new species or hominid finds” (Pether 2013c). Unless they are in deeply-deflated dune areas, bones, recorded on the surface are likely to be of Holocene age or very recent and related to agricultural practices; they are not mineralized and of no relevance to this study unless associated with archaeological remains. Later Stone Age surface localities have been assessed by Jayson Orton. He observed no obviously-mineralized bones or late Pleistocene stone artefacts on the surface of proposed Borrow Pit#3 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10167MP or Pit#4(J Orton pers. comm.). A feature of the region is the terrestrial sand-dwelling gastropod Trigonephris globulus, shells of which are normally sparsely distributed throughout the calcareous aeolianites (Figures 8, 13). They are not considered further.

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Figure 13. An example of Trigonephrus globulus shells in the exposed erosion surface of the Langebaan Formation on Eenzaamheid (photo by G Avery). Proposed Borrow Pit#4 is close to and lithologically similar to Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP (Avery 2016) and the Greenfields Link Cutting; the palaeontological potential of each is almost certainly similar, if not identical. Tests in the Borrow Pit#4 area yielded sparse tortoise bones (in 1 of 8 holes) and a few Trigonephrus globulus (Figure 8) and monitoring of the Greenfields link Cutting (Table 2) yielded an almost complete tortoise from the upper level of the calcrete (G Avery 2018d) (Figure 12). All of the borrow pits are relatively close (between 1.5 km and 2.3 km) to the West Coast Fossil Park, where sparse early Pleistocene non-archaeological palaeontological material exists in the Langebaan Formation calcareous aeolianites there and Late Pleistocene stone artefacts and bone fragments occurred on the Anyskop site on the Middle to Late Pleistocene erosional interface between light-grey to pale-red middle Pleistocene Springfontyn Formation soil and the Plio-Pleistocene calcrete of the Langebaan Formation (Dietl, Kandel, and Conard 2005; Table 2). Although isolated Stone Age artefacts were exposed on the Springfontyn-/Langebaan Formation erosional surface in Borrow Pit#1, no middle or late Pleistocene archaeological material was encountered at the Greenfields Cutting site (Avery 2018d) or the Pit#4 test holes. It is predicted that such occurrences will be sparsely distributed as patches where water attracted animals and people. Monitoring of spoil heaps at Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP yielded a few fossil mammal bones, including the jaw of a white-tailed rat Mystromys albicaudatus (Figure 10, Orton 2018), with calcareous encrustations of the Langebaan Formation; in addition, three stone artefacts (Figure 11, Avery 2018b.) were observed on the cleared erosional surface of the Springfontyn-/Langebaan Formations. It is, therefore, emphasized that the appointed monitor should be notified of the date excavation is to start and that monitoring is initiated

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 20 at the same time. A Workplan Approval must also be in place to facilitate dealing with possible finds. The superficial sands over the proposed sand mine area have previously been ploughed, seem relatively thin and are unlikely to have palaeontological potential, unless a feature like a cavity with bone infill is encountered, or palaeontological and/or Pleistocene archaeological remains exist on the erosion surface or within the Langebaan Formation. Old calcareous-sand borrow pits excavated by the land owner were also investigated (during monitoring of Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP). In these, Light -grey to pale-red sediments of the Springfontyn Formation that overlie the erosional surface of the calcareous Langebaan Formation deposits west of future Pit#4 DMR WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP and north east of Pit#3 are not as deep (range from zero to 2 m) as those found in the Geotech investigation for Pit#2 (GEOSS 2018), suggesting some similarity with Pit#1 and variation in the Langebaan Formation surface topography; no palaeontological or archaeological material was observed in the Old Borrow Pits’ exposed sections, which are immediately west of Borrow Pit#4. With respect to Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, the greater depth of Springfontyn Formation sand reported from a geotech test hole (GEOSS 2018) and the test holes in Borrow Pit#4 DMR WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP (G Avery pers. observation) may increase the potential for encountering preserved Pleistocene stone artefacts and/or fossil bones, particularly if the surface of the Langebaan Formation there was less affected by ploughing or erosion. The sub-surface palaeontological potential can, however, only be more accurately- assessed once mining is initiated; but it is entirely possible (Table 2; Appendix 1: Figures 14 to 19; Orton (2018); Avery (2018 a, b, c) that excavations into sediments not normally accessible to palaeontologists, particularly in the Langebaan Formation, will encounter sporadic palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological remains as has been the case in Borrow Pit #1 DMR 10122MP. Rather than treating this as a negative, appropriate management can provide opportunities to recover important fossil material that enable observations, otherwise impossible, to be made on palaeo-biodiversity, extinct species and Pleistocene archaeology. Current knowledge is adequate, given the wide distribution of known localities, including Pit#1 DMR 10122 MP, Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP and the Greenfields Cutting, to make predictions. It is not possible to exclude the possibility that sporadically- and/or sparsely-distributed sub-surface fossils and/or stone artefacts will be encountered during the sand mining, particularly in the Springfontyn and Langebaan Formation sandy and calcareous deposits. Small pockets of bone can occur, for instance, where bone accumulators like hyaenas, Jackals or porcupines used natural holes/burrows or those dug by aardvarks; older and younger sediments, too, may contain ancient wetland deposits and/or more recent sub-fossils. Palaeontology Resources: Summary of impact assessment. Potential impacts on palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological resources Nature of impact: Negative and direct Extent of impact: Site specific to region

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 21

Consequences of impact: Medium to high Duration of impact: Permanent Probability of occurrence: Definite Confidence: Sure Degree to which the impact can be reversed: Irreversible Degree to which the impact may cause Irreplaceable irreplaceable loss of resources: Significance rating of impact prior to Medium to high mitigation Significance rating of impact after mitigation Low to minimal

Conclusion The mining operation will bring otherwise inaccessible sediment to the surface, which will provide an opportunity(s) to investigate the nature of the sub-surface sediments of the area and will complement sedimentological and distributional knowledge of fossil occurrences found in other localities, such as Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park) (Roberts et al. 2011) and Saldanha Steel (Roberts 1997b).  Proposed Borrow Pit#4 is close to and lithologically similar to Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP (Avery 2016) and the Greenfields Link Cutting; the palaeontological potential of each is almost certainly similar, if not identical.  The project offers opportunities to recover important sub-surface palaeontological and, possibly, yet to be encountered, archaeological material, which will be available for future research.  Recovery of any heritage resources will involve protocols already established to record information and collect material; should it become appropriate archaeological-style excavation will be undertaken.  Excavations into sediments not normally accessible to palaeontologists should be seen to provide opportunities to recover potentially-important fossil material that enables observations to be made, about geology and past sea levels, climates, environments and biodiversity and contexts, that would otherwise be impossible.  Palaeontological remains in the Langebaan Formation are sporadically and/or sparsely distributed and rare but, if encountered, are important and must be recorded by an appropriately-qualified person. While the mining operation may not encounter palaeontological remains, the richness, amongst others, of the globally important Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park) fossil landscape, along with Elandsfontein, Besaansklip, Sea Harvest, Hoedjiespunt and the Swartklip hyaena accumulation (Klein 1975) and their important contributions to knowledge should not be lost sight of.  While limited fossil evidence is available for Langeberg 188 Pit#4, it is evident from Borrow Pit#1 DMR 10122MP, the Borrow Pit#4 DMR Ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP test Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 22

holes, the Greenfields Link Cutting and regional observations, that this does not mean that potential is lacking in the Langebaan and Springfontyn Formations here and elsewhere.  Mining should be monitored by a palaeontologist or archaeologist with appropriate palaeontological knowledge. To facilitate monitoring and recovery of any palaeontological resources encountered, a Workplan Approval, outlining methods and protocols to be followed, must be submitted and accepted by HWC prior to mining being initiated. Monitoring must start at the same time as mining and the subsequent frequency of this will be worked out a priori with the contractor to minimize time spent on site.  A training session to familiarize contractor’s staff, including machine operators, has proved important at other sites in the Saldanha region and has led to more efficient recovery of scientifically important material with minimal or no delays; given the scale of mining a temporary shift of the operation a few metres until a find is assessed and removed should not be a problem.  Given the known palaeontological potential of the region, mitigationary action, beyond simple recording and recovery during monitoring, including the possibility of systematic excavations, while unlikely, may be necessary.  It is noted that, since the focus of the mining operation is aimed at Langebaan Formation calcareous sand, earlier deposits that underlie this, will not be affected by the mining.  Provided that the recommendations in this report are followed, current information indicates that the proposed sand mine Borrow Pit#4 will not impact significantly on palaeontological remains; since, if fossils are encountered, a management plan will be in place. Provided that the recommendations below are adhered to the proposed Sand mine can be allowed to proceed from the palaeontological perspective. Recommendations 1. Protocols for dealing with palaeontological monitoring, recovery of sub-surface palaeontological/archaeological resources and possible further mitigation must be included in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Workplan Approval. 2. A training session to familiarize contractor’s staff, including machine operators, should be undertaken. The author of this report can assist with this. 3. Any material recovered will be lodged in the Quaternary and/or Pre-Colonial Archaeology collections of Iziko South African Museum. 4. Funds must be available a priori to cover costs of additional fieldwork and one date should the need arise.

Palaeontological Points for EMP  Pether (2006, 2011,2013), CCA (2014 and (Avery 2016, 2018a) provide useful guidelines for the formulation of palaeontological protocols.

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 23

 Mining will provide an opportunity to assess the sub-surface palaeontological and archaeological potential and geology of the site.  All fossils are protected by law. Should anything of a palaeontological or archaeological nature be encountered on site by the Contractor (or any other party), e.g. bones, artefacts or wetland deposits, work is to be stopped in that area immediately, and the OM / Principal Agent notified. Failure to do so will result in a penalty and this must be carefully explained to workers during the Environmental Education Programme to be undertaken. The author of this report can assist with training in the value and basic recognition of palaeontological material from the sediments to be mined.  In the event of palaeontological material being encountered, the OM will demarcate the area and notify the appointed specialist (palaeontologist/ archaeologist with appropriate experience) who will view the material and ascertain whether further study of the area is required.  Should the specialist confirm a genuine fossil or sub-fossil and recommend further study of the area, work in the applicable area is to cease until further notice while arrangements are put in place. The appointed palaeontologist/ archaeologist will report finds to Heritage Western Cape (HWC).  The removal of discovered palaeontological or archaeological remains, by a contracted specialist shall be at the expense of Tip Trans Logistix (Pty) Ltd.

Heritage Permits Required  The primary heritage legislation that needs to be considered is The National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999, amendments and regulations (www.sahra.org.za). All heritage material, including human burials, is included.  Clearance in terms of the National Heritage Resources Act of 1999 will be required before the development can proceed.  A Workplan Approval for the disturbance and removal of palaeontological material will be required from Heritage Western Cape; potential delays will be minimized by the appointed specialist obtaining such approval before mining is initiated. References Archer, W.A., Braun, D.R. 2010. Morphometric analysis of Acheulian technology at Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 37:201-209. Avery, G. 2018a. Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Establishment of a sand and calcrete mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188 Borrow Pit#3 DMR WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10167MP, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif). For Jayson Orton ASHA- Consulting (Pty) Ltd. 33 pp. Avery, G. 2018b. Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Establishment of a sand and calcrete mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188 Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif) for ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of Tip Trans (Pty) Ltd. 33 pp. Avery, G. 2018c in prep. Report on palaeontological monitoring of Pit#1 DMR 10122MP,Sand and Calcrete Mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 24

Province (1:50000 3218CA and CC Velddrif) for ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of Tip Trans (Pty) Ltd. Avery, G. 2018d. Palaeontological Monitoring: Greenfields Link Project R45-(1:50 000 3218CA&CC VELDDRIF) Report #1, 8 April 2018 for WBHO. 6 pp. Avery, G. 2016. Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Sand and Calcrete Mine [Pit#1], Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50 000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif) for Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd). 38 pp. Avery, G. in prep. Palaeontological Monitoring of the Access Road, Terrace Area and Power Line Link on Elandsfontein 349. Avery, G. 2016. Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Establishment of a Sand and Calcrete Mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif) for ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of client Tip Trans Logistix (Pty) Ltd. 47 pp. Avery, G. 2014. ADDENDUM TO: Palaeontological Assessment Saldanha Bay and Pepper Bay: Stabilization of Eroded Embankments (3317BB & 3318AA Saldanha), Vredenburg Magisterial District. Avery, G. 2013. Palaeontological Assessment Saldanha Bay and Pepper Bay: Stabilization of Eroded Embankments (3317BB & 3318AA Saldanha), Vredenburg Magisterial District. Avery, G. 1988. Some features distinguishing hominid and other occurrences at Elandsfontein, southwestern Cape Province. Palaeoecology of Africa no. 19:213-219. Avery, G. 1994. Review of Saldanha Steel Project Phase 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Archaeological Study. : South African Museum. Avery, G. 1997. Alpha Saldanha Cement Project: Archaeological & Palaeontological Potential of Limestone Deposits. Cape Town: South African Museum. Avery, Graham, and D. Margaret Avery. 2009. Palaeontological & Archaeological Assessment: Eensaamheid 135 portion 39 (a portion of portion 3) 3218CA&CC Velddrif. Iziko South African Museum. Avery, Graham, David Halkett, Teresa Steele, Jayson Orton, Madelon Tusenius, and Richard Klein. 2008. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age Rockshelter and the Evolution of Coastal Foraging. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series no. 10:66-89. Avery, Graham. 2015. Palaeontological Assessment Proposed Power Line from the Rheboksfontein Wind Energy Facility to the Aurora Substation, Western Cape Province (1:50000 between 3318AD Darling and 3317BB & 3318AA Saldanha). Berger, L.R., and J. Parkington. 1995. A new Pleistocene hominid-bearing locality at Hoedjiespunt, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology no. 98:601-609. Braun, David R., Naomi E. Levin, David Roberts, Deano Stynder, Frances Forrest, Andrew I. Herries, Thalassa Matthews, Laura Bishop, William Archer, and Robyn Pickering. 2013. Initial investigations of Acheulean hominin behaviour at Elandsfontein. In The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa, edited by Antonieta Jerardino, Antonia Malan and David Braun, 10-23. Oxford: Archaeopress. Braun, David R., Naomi E. Levin, Deano Stynder, Andy I.R. Herries, Will Archer, Frances Forrest, David L. Roberts, Laura C. Bishop, Thalassa Matthews, Sophie B. Lehmann, Robyn Pickering, and Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons. 2013. Mid-Pleistocene Hominin occupation at Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews no. 82:145-166. Brink, James S. 2005. The study of the materials from Besaansklip, Western Cape Province. Interim Report to the Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, April 2005. Butzer, Karl W. 2004. Coastal eolian sands, paleosols, and Pleistocene geoarchaeology of the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 31 (12):1743-1781. Churchill, S.E., L.R. Berger, and J.E. Parkington. 2000. A Middle Pleistocene human tibia from Hoedjiespunt, western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 96 (7):367-368. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 25

Conard, N. J. 2001a. Stone Age Research at the Anyskop Blowout, Langbaanweg (Western Cape Province, R .S. A). Langebaanweg (Western Cape Province R..S. A). Conard, Nicholas J. 2001b. Stone Age Research at the Anyskop Blowout, Langebaanweg (Western Cape Province, R.S.A.) Report on the 2001 Field Season. Tubingen University. Conard, Nicholas J. 2002. Stone Age Research at the Anyskop Blowout, Langebaanweg (Western Cape Province, R.S.A.) Report on the 2002 Field Season. Tubingen University. Cooke, H.B.S. 1955. Some fossil mammals in the South African museum collections. Annals of the South African Museum no. 42:161-168. Dietl, Holger, Andrew W. Kandel, and Nicholas J. Conard. 2005. Middle Stone Age Settlement and Land Use at the Open-Air Sites of Geelbek and Anyskop, South Africa. Journal of African Archaeology no. 3 (2):233-244. Drennan, M.R. 1953. A preliminary note on the Saldanha Skull. South African Journal of Science no. 50:7-11. Drennan, M.R. 1954. Saldanha man and his associations. American Anthropologist no. 56:879-884. Gibbard, P.L., M.J. Head, M.J.C. Walker, and Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science no. 25:96-102. Goodwin, A.J.H. 1953. Hopefield: The Site and the Man South African Archaeological Bulletin no. 8 (30):41-46. Grine, F.E., and R.G. Klein 1993. Late Pleistocene human remains from the Sea Harvest site, Saldanha Bay, South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 89:145-152. GEOSS - Geohydrological and Spatial Solutions International (Pty) Ltd. 2018. Ground water impact assessment of a proposed sand and calcrete mine on Remainder of Farm 188, Vredenberg Western Cape. For Stephen Davey (Klipberg Consulting (Pty) Ltd & Barry Wiesner (Amathemba Environment Consulting) on behalf of client Tip Trans Resources (Pty) Ltd Pp 15. Halkett, David, and Lita Webley. 2015. Specialist archaeological study: Elandsfontein Phosphate Mining Right on a portion of portion 2 and portion 4 of the farm Elandsfontein 349, Saldanha. For Billet Trade (Pty) Ltd T/A Braaf Environmental Practitioners on behalf of Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining (Pty) Ltd. Hare, Vincent, and Judith Sealy. 2013. Middle Pleistocene dynamics of southern Africa's winter rainfall zone from δ13C and δ18O values of Hoedjiespunt faunal enamel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology no. 374 (0):72-80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.006. Hendey, Q.B. 1974. The late Cenozoic Carnivora of the South-western Cape Province. Annals of the South African Museum no. 63:1-369. Hendey, Q.B. 1981. Palaeoecology of the Late Tertiary fossil occurrence in 'E' Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa, and a reinterpretation of their geological context. Annals of the South African Museum no. 84 (1):1-104. Hendey, Q.B. 1982. Langebaanweg a Record of Past Life. 1 ed. Cape Town: South African Museum. Hendey, Q.B., and H.B.S. Cooke. 1985. Kolpochoerus paiceae (Mammalia, Suidae) from Skurwerug, near Saldanha, South Africa, and its palaeoenvironmental implications. Annals of the South African Museum no. 97 (2):9-56. Inskeep, R.R., and Q.B. Hendey. 1966. Interesting association of bones from the Elandsfontein fossil site. Paper read at V Congreso Panafricano de Prehistoria y de Estudio del Cuaternario, at Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Museo Arqueológico. Klein, R.G. 1975. Paleoanthropological implications of the nonarchaeological bone assemblage from Swartklip I, South-Western Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research no. 5:275-288. Klein, R.G. 1978. The fauna and overall interpretation of the Cutting 10 Acheulean site at Elandsfontein (Hopefield), southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research no. 10:69-83. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 26

Klein, R.G. 1983. Palaeoenvironmental implications of Quaternary large mammals in the Fynbos biome. In Fynbos Palaeoecology: a Synthesis, 116-138. Pretoria: CSIR. Klein, R.G. 2009. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 3 ed. 1 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Klein, R.G., and K. Cruz-Uribe. 1991. The bovids from Elandsfontein, South Africa, and their implications for the age, palaeoenvironment, and origins of the site. The African Archaeological Review no. 9:21-79. Klein, Richard, G., Graham Avery, Kathryn Cruz-Uribe, and Teresa Steele, E. 2007. The mammalian fauna associated with an archaic hominin skull cap and Later Acheulean artefacts at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution no. 52:164-186. Kyriacou, K., J.E. Parkington, M. Will, A.W. Kandel, and N.J. Conard. 2015. Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 57:197–206. Luyt, J., J.A. Lee-Thorp, and G. Avery. 2000. New light on Middle Pleistocene environments from Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 96 (7):399-404. Mabbutt, J.A. 1956. The physiography and surface geology of the Hopefield fossil site. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa no. 35:21-58. Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo. 2002. The taphonomy of a micromammalian faunal assemblage from the Saldanha Bay Yacht Club: a contribution to the study of the South African west coast palaeoenvironments, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town. Orton, Jayson. 2018. Workplan Report: Archaeological Mitigation for a Borrow Pit on Farm Langeberg 188/Rem, Vredenburg Magisterial District, Western Cape Workplan Report: Archaeological Mitigation for a Borrow Pit on Farm Langeberg 188/Rem, Vredenburg Magisterial District, Western Cape Required as a condition of authorisation HWC Case No.16112305WD1125E. ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd for Tip Trans Logistix (Pty) Ltd. 16 pp. Orton, Jayson. 2007. Archaeological Impact Assessment For Proposed Prospecting on Portion 6 of Farm 349, Elandsfontein, Hopefield Magisterial District, Western Cape. Pether, J. 1995. Anglo-Alpha Saldanha Cement Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Specialist Palaeontological Study. The Potential Impacts of the Shale and Limestone Mining. Cape Town: South African Museum. Pether, J., D.L. Roberts, and J.D. Ward. 2000. Deposits of the west coast. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, edited by T.C. Partridge and R.R. Maud, 33-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pether, John. 2006. Draft heritage specialist impact assessment palaeontological investigation and mitigatory actions for proposed Residue Dam, Namakwa Sands Smelter, Saldanha Bay Municipal Area. Unpublished report prepared for Resource Management Services. Kommetjie: John Pether geological and palaeontological consultant. Pether, John. 2009. Draft Palaeontological Impact Assessment Proposed Phosphate Prospecting Langebaanweg Langeberg 185 Ptns 7 and 12 and farm 1043 Vredenburg Magisterial District, Saldanha Bay Municipality. For Site Plan Consulting for Gecko Fert (Pty) LTD. Pether, John. 2010. Impact Assessment Proposed West Coast One Wind Energy Facility Vredenburg. For Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd . pp 36. Pether, John. 2011. Palaeontological Impact Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed Isivunguvungu Wind Farm Saldanha Isivunguvungu Wind Energy Converters (Pty.) Ltd. Wind Energy Facility, Saldanha Bay, Western Cape. For Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Pether, John. 2012. Appendix 2. Palaeontological Impact Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed Construction of the Afrisam Cement Plant, Limestone and Clay Quarries and Associated Infrastructure at Saldanha Bay, Western Cape. Prepared at the Request of Aurecon South Africa (Pty) LTD For AfriSam (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd [in HIA prepared by David Halkett 2011].

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Pether, John. 2013a. Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed Eskom Blouwater – Uiekraal 132kv D/C Line and Uiekraal 132/11kv 3x40mva. For Landscape Dynamics Environmental Consultants for ESKOM Holdings SOC LTD. Pether, John. 2013b. Palaeontological assessment (desktop study) proposed prospecting for phosphate on portions 4 and 2 of the farm Elandsfontyn 349 near Hopefield, Western Cape. Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining Limited. Pether, John. 2013c. Palaeontological Specialist Study. Appendix 10-3, Draft EIA Report for the Proposed Construction, Operation and Decommission of a Reverse Osmosis Plant and Associated Infrastructure in the Saldanha Bay Region Western Cape. CSIR. pp 31. Pether, John. 2014. Palaeontological Impact Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed construction of a marine outfall pipeline and associated infrastructure in Danger Bay in the Saldanha Bay region, Western Cape, South Africa The Saldanha Regional Marine Outfall Project. For CSIR - Environmental Management Services and Frontier Saldanha Utilities (Pty) Ltd. Plasket, Jessica-Lee. 2013. Elandsfontein Pre-Drilling Surface Survey Report. Roberts, D. 1997a. Palaeontological Impact Assessment Alpha Cement Project. Cape Town: Council for Geosciences. Roberts, D.L. 1997b. Report on fossil occurrences at the Saldanha Steel site. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience Geological Survey. Roberts, D. L., G.A. Botha, R.R. Maud, and J. Pether. 2009. Coastal Cenozoic deposits. In Geology of South Africa, edited by M.R. Johnson, C.R. Anhaeusser and R.J. Thomas, 605-628. Cape Town: Geological Society of South Africa & Council for Geoscience. Roberts, D., and L. R. Berger. 1997. Last Interglacial (c. 117 kyr) human footprints from South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 93:349-350. Roberts, D.L., and J.S. Brink. 2002. Dating and correlation of Neogene coastal deposits in the western Cape (South Africa): implications for neotectonism. South African Journal of Geology no. 105 (4):337-352. Roberts, David L., Thalassa Matthews, Andrew I.R. Herries, Claire Boulter, Louis Scott, Chiedza Dondo, Ponani Mtembi, Claire Browning, Roger M.H. Smith, Pippa Haarhoff, and Mark D. Bateman. 2011. Regional and global context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: West Coast of South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews no. 106:191-214. Roberts, David, and David R. Braun. 2014. Report on the Survey of Drilling Areas at Elandsfontein Farm (379). Council for Geoscience; University of Cape Town; for Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining Limited. Rogers, J. 1980. First report on the Cenozoic Sediments Between Cape Town and . In Reports of the Geological Survey of South Africa. Rogers, J. 1982. Lithostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments between Cape Town and Eland's Bay. Palaeoecology of Africa no. 15:121-137. Rogers, J. 1983. Lithostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments on the coastal plain between Cape Town and Saldanha Bay. In Technical Report of the Joint Geological Survey/University of Cape Town Marine Geoscience Unit. Cape Town: UCT. Singer, R., and J. Wymer. 1968. Archaeological investigations at the Saldanha skull site in South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin no. 23:63-74. Smith, Kathlyn M., and Deano D. Stynder. 2015. Biogeography and molar morphology of Pleistocene African elephants: new evidence from Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews no. 115:101-111. Stynder, D., J. Moggi-Cecchi, L.R. Berger, and J.E. Parkington. 2001. Human mandibular incisors from the Late Middle Pleistocene locality of Hoedjiespunt 1, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution no. 41 (5):369-383. Stynder, D.D. 1997. The use of faunal evidence to reconstruct site history at Hoedjiespunt 1 (HDP1), Western Cape. MA, Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 28

Stynder, Deano D. 2009. The diets of ungulates from the hominid fossil-bearing site of Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Quaternary Research no. 71:62-70. Volman, T.P. 1984. Early prehistory of southern Africa. In Southern African Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments, edited by R.G. Klein, 169-395. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Volman, Thomas P. 1978. Early Archeological Evidence for Shellfish Collecting. Science no. 201 (4359):911-913. Will, Manuel, John E. Parkington, Andrew W. Kandel, and Nicholas J. Conard. 2013. Coastal adaptations and the Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from Hoedjiespunt 1 in the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of human Evolution no. 64 (6):518-537. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.012. Woodborne, S. 2000. Luminescence dating of the Middle Stone Age in South Africa. Report to the National Reseach Foundation.

Dr Graham Avery MRSSAf 20 February 2018 Curator in Natural History Collections Department (retired) Archaeozoologist Honorary Research Associate: Iziko Museums, Natural History Collections Department Honorary Research Associate: University of Cape Town, Archaeology Department

25 SanBernardo Personal Tax Reference No: 0092024033 18 De Lorentz Street G Avery Gardens 8001 Standard Bank [email protected]; [email protected] Acct: 070002061

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 29

Appendix 1

Images illustrating some examples of Palaeontological and Pleistocene Archaeological occurrences associated with Springfontyn and Langebaan Formation sediments

Figure 14. The Besaansklip locality with brown hyaena den accumulation within cavities in older Langebaan Formation calcrete (photo by JS Brink).

Figure 15. Besaansklip brown hyaena Den. A group of fossil bones in a cavity in older Langebaan Formation calcrete (photo by JS Brink).

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 30

Figure 16. Besaansklip excavation showing cavities in older calcrete after removal of bones from access routes/sunning areas (photo by JS Brink).

Figure 17. Langebaan Formation at Sea Harvest showing the kind of overhang/cavity (arrowed) in which brown hyaenas accumulated bones (photo by G Avery). The two small cavities hold bones accumulated by the hyaenas.

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 31

Figure 18. Ysterfontein 1 excavation of deeply stratified Middle Stone Age shell middens in rock shelter in Langebaan Formation aeolianites (photo by G Avery).

Appendix 2

Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae: Graham Avery

Contact Details Home Address: 25 San Bernardo 18 De Lorentz Street Upper Gardens Cape Town 8001

Business Details Graham Avery (Sole Proprietor): Archaeozoology, Stone Age Archaeology and Quaternary Palaeontology. Telephone: (021) 4241285 (H) Cell: 083 441 0028 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Professional Qualifications I have worked extensively in the Quaternary palaeontological field, focusing on the south- western coast of South Africa, in both research and commercial contexts. I have conducted research on a variety of Early, Middle and Later Stone Age and palaeontological sites and published the findings. I am a member of the Palaeontological Society of South Africa and accredited with the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) CRM section (Member

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 32

#008, 1998) as Principal Investigator: Stone Age, Shell Middens, Middle Pleistocene studies and Archaeozoology.

 PhD (archaeology) 1990 Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of avian remains from archaeological sites. University of Cape Town.  MA (archaeology) 1976 Systematic Investigation of Coastal Shell Middens in the South Western Cape. University of Cape Town.  BA (Archaeology, Social Anthropology, African History, History and Geography) 1969 University of Cape Town. Current Positions  Research Associate Natural History Collections Department, Cenozoic Studies, Iziko South African Museum (April 2012–).  Research Associate, Archaeology Department, University of Cape Town (July 2012–). Positions Held  Retired from Iziko Museums of South Africa 31 January 2012.  Archaeozoologist, Curator of Quaternary Collections, Cenozoic Studies Section, Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum (2002–January 2012). [Moved to Natural History Collections Department when Iziko came into being].  Head of Human Sciences Division, South African Museum (1993–2002).  Head of Archaeology Department, South African Museum (1990–1993).  Acting Head of Archaeology Department, South African Museum (1985–1990).  Researcher, Archaeology Department, South African Museum (1980–2002).  Manager: Archaeological Data Recording Centre, South African Museum (1974–1979).  Environmental Archaeologist, South African Museum (1970–1973).  Manager (temporary): Archaeological Data Recording Centre, South African Museum (1969). Research Interests (publications not listed here)  The Late Quaternary palaeoecology of south-western Africa covering material from the Pliocene to the Holocene: Archaeozoological studies—mammals, birds and molluscs in the palaeo-ecological and human history of South Africa;  Experimental and comparative actualistic studies – taphonomy of human and non-human bone accumulations resulting from carnivores, scavengers and raptors, such as hyaenas, jackals, leopards, eagles and the larger owls. These include a 29-year long-term project monitoring beached birds and mammals;  Past climates and environments using evidence from birds and mammals (including pollens from hyaena coprolites); and  The application of archaeozoological and palaeontological research to modern issues of global change, conservation, heritage resource management and education. Membership of Professionally-Related Societies

 Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA). Professional Member #008 with Cultural Resource Management (CRM) accreditation.  South African Society for Quaternary Research (SASQUA).  Palaeontological Society of South Africa.  South African Archaeological Society.  Southern African Museums Association (SAMA) (Life Member).

Cultural Resource Management Experience (CRM) Over 90 palaeontological and archaeological assessments have been conducted, in the western part of the Western Cape Province and 4 on the west coast of the Northern Cape. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#4 DMR ref: WC30/5/1/3/2/ 10168MP 33