@Tdh/Diego Ibarra

Child in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon Dr Aisha Hutchinson September 2019 Executive Summary Executive Summary in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon

A large number of focus groups (or discussion groups) 3) What ‘protective’ actions do family and community have been carried out with Syrian refugees over the members take in response to the challenges past 6 years by many different organisations that associated with child marriage? have included conversations about child marriage, 4) How does the refugee context change the process largely in response to research which has shown that and experience and risks associated with child child marriage is prevalent amongst this population in marriage? Jordan and Lebanon. 5) What do young men and women know and expect of marriage, SRH and childbearing? And how are The focus groups presented in this report were these expectations changed by the refugee context? completed in Jordan in August 2017 and in Lebanon in July 2018, and include both young people (boys and girls) and caregivers (mothers and fathers) from Main findings Irbid, Mafraq and Emirati Jordanian Camp (EJC) in Jordan, and from Tyre and Saida in Lebanon. Groups Child marriage is conceptualised as a marriage were facilitated by experienced local staff from Terre Many of the caregivers and young people who des Hommes (Tdh) with a total of 77 young people participated in the focus groups felt that getting and 61 caregivers. All participants were Muslim and married at a ‘young’ age (i.e. 13-17 years old) was not therefore spoke about Muslim only. Most desirable, ideal or acceptable, and it is likely to result participants had been in Jordan for 4 to 6 years at in harm. However, all of the participants spoke about the time and referred frequently to the impact of the marriage of a person under 18 years as a legitimate protracted displacement on the social processes marriage (the official (sexual) union of a man and underpinning child marriage. The overall aim of the woman) rather than a form of abuse or exploitation focus groups was to better understand how young or violence, despite it potentially resulting in some people and parents across several different Syrian harm. Marriages are generally conceptualised refugee communities conceptualise, perceive and across the Middle East as the foundation of families, experience child marriage, and to identify any communities and society, as a desirable state for all protective actions which families and communities people, as an event to be welcomed and anticipated take in response to child marriage. The study includes [1]. Marriages across the Middle East are also largely data on child marriage from people living in EJC for considered a ‘family’ led event, and are often still the first time, and it is based on discussions resulting ‘arranged’ or ‘organised’ by families rather than from a vignette on child marriage for young people, the couple. Participants did raise the possibility of

@Tdh/Diego Ibarra and activities for the caregivers. Ethical approval marriages being arranged for ‘the wrong reasons’, for the research was granted by the University of such as to gain financially from the marriage or Bedfordshire Ethics Committee. to secure a particular nationality, with comments made like ‘some girls are sold off by their families’. However, even these marriages were considered as Research Questions ‘marriages’, just with a higher likelihood of ending 1) What are the social processes of marriage formation in divorce or causing harm, rather than a form of that underpin child marriage? violence or abuse. This makes it difficult for families 2) How are concepts of ‘risk’, ‘vulnerability’, ‘protective and communities to conceptualise child marriage factors’ and ‘successful outcomes’ understood in as ‘wrong’ or ‘bad,’ because marriage is essentially Syrian refugees communities in relation to child ‘good’ and ‘right’. This also means that the harms marriage? that can occur within child marriage can also be

3 normalised within the broader context of marriage, as usually denotes the period of official . she will not be abused by her husband or her in laws, wrongs of these were frequently debated amongst it is ‘well known’ that every marriage has challenges After this a public ceremony will be organised which that she can have continued access to her family and the young people. However, some participants felt and the potential to be harmful. This means that the usually involves a party and a , and friends and that she will be well provided financially that Jana would be happy to receive a proposal at risks associated with child marriage may not be seen usually denotes the time when the couple will live and materially. In theory, all of these things can be 13 years old, while others said she would be anxious as particularly unique to child marriage, and therefore together and consummate the marriage. Participants discussed during the proposal meetings, and can and confused. Some participants said that her family not related to ‘age’, but are because of other reasons emphasised the importance of the marriage contract, even be put in the marriage contract to varying would accept the and others such as ‘a bad husband’, ‘difficult in-laws’, ‘poverty’ or which is the foundation of all Muslim marriages, and degrees. It was found then that parents often believe said that they would refuse the marriage. Some ‘communication difficulties. Additionally, significant also the need for both parties to consent (forced that the risks and negative outcomes that they participants said the family would ask for the Jana’s family involvement in the decision-making during marriage is illegal under Islam). Timescales differ associated with child marriage can be avoided or consent to marry, while others said that they would marriage formation is also considered as normal and enormously, with some saying this could all happen reduced through engaging ‘properly’ with the social not. Generalised assumptions that all families would appropriate (and part of being a ‘good’ parent), as well over the same week, while others saying this might process of marriage formation. As a result, many of respond the same way because it is a ‘traditional’ as a child being guided by their parent when making take years. Small differences in this process are the discussions about the impact of displacement on practice cannot be made. This was also apparent decisions. The younger the girl, the more appropriate found across regions in Syria, and participants said child marriage related to changes to the marriage through the conversations that emerged during the it will be considered to ‘guide’, ‘persuade’ or ‘direct’ that some differences were caused by displacement. process which made it less protective to young girls. activities with caregivers. In addition, they all spoke her through the marriage process, which is linked to Marriages are generally arranged in this way for about the many people that were often involved in wider discourses of children’s capacity and the role people of all ages meaning that a girl of 14 years will Understanding the social process of marriage the decision making process of both genders, and of parents. go through the same process as a girl of 19 years or formation is also important because this is the the varying degrees of influence and authority that 24 years, which again can result in the normalisation process through which the drivers of child marriage each person might have, such as the potential , Child marriages are arranged in the same way as all of child marriage. Participants spoke about age are operationalised. A whole range of factors will her father, mother, grandparents, uncles, aunties marriages being only one of many considerations that families influence an individual or a families ‘customary’ or and siblings. It was suggested that quite often there Caregivers were asked to describe the ‘process contemplate during the decision making process. ‘presumed’ attitude to (child) marriage such as social will be different opinions about whether a marriage of marriage formation’ (i.e. how marriages are norms and values, beliefs about what marriage is, proposal should be accepted, requiring negotiation organised). Across all of the groups, caregivers said Understanding the social process of marriage and what is acceptable or unacceptable in marriage, and discussion amongst family members. that when it has been decided that it is time for a man formation is important for child marriage prevention beliefs about childhood, and aspirations for girls. (usually over 18 years of age) to marry, he and usually One of the main approaches to child marriage Yet actual decisions about child marriage are made Accordingly, some young people felt that Jana might his mother will identify a girl or woman to marry prevention is to make the negative consequences at a specific time in response to a specific proposal, be facing challenges after marriage, others felt she (often a cousin or someone ‘known’ to the family). and harms of child marriage made known as widely meaning that these ‘distal’ factors are joined by a whole might be happy and getting on well. Most of the The mother of the potential groom will then approach as possible to different actors by different actors, range of ‘proximal’ and context specific factors such caregivers constructed lists of both the opportunities the mother of the potential bride to share information through different activities at many different levels as current financial status, current living conditions, of child marriage and the challenges, this reflects the about their children and to test the possibility of (i.e. individual/family/community). The accompanying educational prospects for the girls, ‘behaviour’ of the normalisation of child marriage as a marriage, which a marriage. The mothers will then report these message to this list of harms is that if you want to girl, or characteristics of the potential groom. These is seen as largely beneficial and enhancing wellbeing. conversations back to family members (and maybe avoid these harms then do not allow girls to marry new factors intersect with each other and have the even the potential bride and groom themselves,) and until they are over 18 years old (with the implication capacity to alter the ‘presumed’ response and what is However, despite the story of a child marriage, and indicate to each other whether to make the proposal that these harms will not occur then). However, considered an acceptable or unacceptable marriage, the discussion of a child marriage, causing a wide official. These conversations appear to happen very participants (both caregivers and young people) spoke (i.e. due to current housing conditions a marriage may range of responses with different participants stating often, and very often initial/informal proposals are about the social process of marriage formation as an seem more acceptable than it previously might have). that this would be okay or not okay depending on a declined at this stage. If the proposal is welcome, a alternative way to avoid these harms, rather than wide range of circumstances, there appears to be a meeting will then be arranged where the two families delaying marriage. Essentially, if the social process Child marriage is a potentially divisive issue that is degree of respect and acceptance of the decisions come together to officially ‘meet’ and discuss the of marriage formation is undertaken ‘properly’, then it often accepted that other families make. This makes it possible, proposal and the potential marriage further. These is implicitly believed that child marriage can be made Despite child marriage being considered a ‘traditional’ for example, for a girl or a parent who would not meetings may include the proposed couple, their safe. Through this process, for example, families will or ‘cultural’ practice, various discussions across the consider a marriage proposal under 18 years old to parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts and siblings. weigh up the benefits and costs of the marriage to focus groups indicated that child marriage can be a attend the wedding of a 13 year old distant cousin At this meeting they discuss the dowry, the marriage themselves and their daughter, to ensure that the divisive issue within families and across communities. without needing to ‘protest’ about it. In response to contract, the marriage ceremony and what the family man their daughter will marry is a ‘good’ man and has The young people followed the story of a 14 year old the vignette most of the young people said that while of the groom can provide, future living arrangements the capacity to look after her. In the words of many girl called Jana who eventually married, and they were the family will discuss a child marriage amongst and what life after marriage is likely to be like for the participants (caregivers and young people) ‘If a man asked to predict the responses of the various actors themselves, and may consult trusted persons in the bride and groom. It is probable that at this meeting, is a good man, who will treat her well, and provide in the story based on social (not personal) knowledge community, the family (and usually the male head of or shortly after, the proposal will either be officially for her needs, why would I decline the marriage? ’ In of child marriage. There was some consensus around the household) has the authority to make the final accepted or declined. If accepted the couple will theory, it is possible, through the marriage process, the process of marriage formation; the reactions decision, and it is their decision to make (not anyone meet with two witnesses to sign the marriage to negotiate continued educational access for the of the various actors (i.e. Jana and her family), the else’s). In addition, the attitude of many young people contract (with a Sheikh, or at a religious court), which girl and a delay to childbearing, as well as to ensure decisions made by various actors, and the rights and to the marriage of 14 year old Jana in the story was

4 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 5 ‘she will get used to it’, even if the marriage was not separate, ensuring they have the privacy they need marriage at different stages of their lives considered as desirable. These attitudes are likely to at this time of life. The spaces that refugees inhabit result in a low level of ‘outspokenness’ towards child does not easily allow them to uphold traditions and 4. Peer to peer work with women, recognising their marriage in communities. practices linked to managing adolescent sexuality, role in facilitating/allowing child marriage and this causes a huge degree of concern and worry. Role of boys in child marriage prevention 5. Creation of community based peers to engage with Through the focus groups, boys aged 16 - 21 were - The third impact of displacement, frequently families who are considering proposals asked to ‘put themselves in the shoes of Jana and her spoken of across all of the focus groups in Jordan. is family’, and to reflect on how they would feel and what the perception that it is now easier to marry than it 6. Continued work on implementation of marriage they would do and why. In response to this many of was in Syria, especially in refugee camps. Marriage legislation and protection of women’s right in marriage the boys constructed child marriage as a catastrophe traditions have built over the years in Syria to ensure for Jana, as wholly harmful and unwanted. These that men only marry when they are financially able 7. Overcrowding and housing instability to be included boys were asked to put themselves in Jana’s shoes, to provide for his wife and children, and when he is as a more significant driver of child marriage however, none of these boys will actually have to mature enough to manage the responsibilities of an be in Jana’s shoes in the future. Instead they may intimate relationship and ‘lead’ a household. Within 8. Reconceptualisation of education for girls be siblings of sisters who marry before they turn 18 refugee camps, married couples are usually offered years, and they are likely to be fathers and uncles a new caravan and new furniture and possibly a new 9. Avoid positioning adolescent girls against families and grandfathers of girls who receive proposals at family income. This means that men do not have to through interventions, messages and approaches a young age. Yet the boys in the focus groups spoke wait to marry until they can provide these themselves, in less ‘catastrophic’ terms when they considered and have also begun to marry earlier (although not 10. Contextualise the use of a gender inequality and the responses and actions of others. While there is usually under 18 years old), to even younger . sexuality lens to child marriage through community- an increasing focus on ‘working with boys and men’, based approaches to promote pro-gender norms there needs to be clearer expectations about what - The fourth impact highlighted by participants is (see more details of recommendations in full report) these boys can do or ‘should’ do in response to child linked to the perception that because marriage is now marriage at different stages of their lives. easier than it was in Syria, this has increased rates of child marriage and also rates of divorce because the Impact of prolonged displacement institution of marriage is being watered down. Parents Four main consequences of displacement on child suggested that young people entering marriage marriage were identified by participants: are not aware of their responsibilities and are not - The first is that despite being in Jordan or Lebanon for mature enough to take on the marital relationship so long, many Syrians continue to live in overcrowded and parenthood. These kinds of concerns about the homes, with limited incomes and few opportunities to impact of displacement on marriage, which challenge economically flourish due to employment restrictions masculinity and the traditional roles of men and and insecurity about their future. Families still feel women, have the potential to cause a backlash where unable to provide for girls in their homes sufficiently. men seek to reinstate their authority, especially when Therefore, financial incentives related to child under financial and cultural pressures to provide marriage remain attractive to some families, and girls sufficiently for a large family. may also be persuaded to agree to marriages while they are young to help their families. Participants, especially the fathers, spoke with frustration that Recommendations they continue to remain in this difficult and unstable 1. Advocacy and awareness-raising messages need to condition economically after many years, with no end be nuanced and respectfully engage with community in sight. perceptions of child marriage and ambivalent attitudes - The second consequence linked to displacement is the continued concern about girl’s protection, her 2. Advocacy and awareness-raising on benefits of ‘chastity’ and her reputation. One major concern adult marriage rather than risks of child marriage highlighted by several participants was that families are not able to house both adolescent girls and boys 3. Peer to peer work with men on child marriage that under the same roof appropriately anymore because takes into account changes in traditional masculine they do not have enough bedrooms to keep them identifies and the role of men in preventing child

6 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 7 1-Introduction 1-Introduction

The term ‘child’ marriage is used to describe the in several sites across Jordan. They asked about the marriage of any person under the age of 18 years factors contributing to child marriage, the impact of of age. While both boys and girls can legally marry child marriage and marriage registration [7]. In the before they turn 18 in Syrian, Jordan and Lebanon, same year, the International rescue Committee (IRC) child marriage in the region predominantly affects carried out 19 focus groups with Syrian women and girls, and has risen in the Syrian refugee population adolescent girls across Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq over the past 8 years as indicated by the Higher and Syria, with the aim of understanding the main Population Council data (2017) [2] and Demographic challenges facing displaced women and girls [8]. Health Survey Data [3]. Therefore, this research Child marriage was one of the three main problems focuses on the marriage of girls before they turn 18 that these women and girls identified through the years of age in Syrian refugee communities in Jordan groups. The participants appear to talk predominantly and Lebanon. about the impact of displacement on the drivers of child marriage and the impact on the lives of girls. A number of focus groups (or discussion groups) have The next year IRC (2015) also completed 12 focus been carried out with Syrian refugees over recent groups with adolescent girls and 6 focus groups years that have included conversations about child with mothers and fathers from Irbid, Mafraq and marriage, largely in response to concerns about Ramtha (total of 98 girls and 54 caregivers) as part child marriage amongst this population. For example, of an assessment on the needs, aspirations, safety an assessment, which included focus groups, was and access to services for Syrian adolescent girls carried out by UN Women in 2013 to obtain a more in Jordan. Child marriage was raised as an issue of comprehensive understanding of the risks that Syrian concern by all participants, including reflections on refugee families face in Jordan [4]. Thirty-four focus why it occurs and the impact of child marriage [9]. groups were held with Syrian refugees across all Also in 2015, a further four focus group discussions regions and participants spoke about the reasons were also held in Jordan with Syrian refugee women for child marriage, the impact of displacement and (total of 36) to examine the perceptions of violence the consequences of child marriage for adolescent towards Syrian refugee women, the difficulties they refugee girls. Also in 2013, as part of an evaluation on face every day and the perceptions of help sources the minimum initial service package for reproductive for women who experience violence [10]. In 2016, health services to Syrian refugees in Zaatari camp Care international in Jordan published a report on the and Irbid city, 14 focus group discussions were held challenges and coping strategies of non-camp Syrian with Syrian refugees (101 participants) [5]. As part of refugees in Jordan and their host communities, which these discussions participants spoke about expected included results from 24 focus groups with Syrian age at first marriage, and some of the reasons for refugees and Jordanians across Irbid, Zarqa, Amman child marriage amongst Syrian refugees in Jordan. and Mafraq [11]. Child marriage was talked about in In 2014, as part of an assessment of the mental these groups as a means of coping with challenging

@Tdh/EJC health/psychosocial and child protection needs economic and living conditions, and offering a level of for Syrian adolescent refugees living in non-camp protection to girls that was particularly important in settings in Jordan, 8 focus groups were held with their current context. The Higher Population Council Syrian refugees [6]. The assessment was designed to (HPC) (2017) in Jordan asked 2 groups of Syrians girls assist in informing services to encourage adolescent who were married under 18 years of age (18 girls) development, safety and well-being. However, it in Amman and Irbid about their attitudes to child appears that child marriage was mainly discussed in marriage, the prevailing culture on age suitable for focus groups with Jordanians, rather than Syrians, marriage, reasons for child marriage, expectations of who were concerned that practices like child marriage girls about marriage and the impact of child marriage found in the Syrian communities were negatively [2]. Finally, in a situational analysis of Syrian refugees impacting Jordanian communities. UNICEF (2014) lacking civil and legal documentation in Jordan held 6 focus groups with a range of Syrian refugees carried out by the International Catholic Migration

9 Commission (ICMC) in 2017, one focus group was from focus groups with young Syrian refugees (girls held with participants lacking documentation, which and boys), data from focus groups with Syrian refugee included brief discussions about the lack of marriage parents (mothers and father), data from a policy registration amongst those married early, especially mapping exercise and professional interviews, and those married informally under 15 years of age [12]. data from faith-based actors. Findings from this data Child marriage was discussed as a form of violence will be available through the following publications. that Syrian refugee girls experience on a day to day basis, and the impact of this violence on girls. - Hutchinson, A.J. (2018) Child Marriage in Jordan: Systematic mapping of the literature, Amman, The focus groups presented in this report were Jordan: Terre des Hommes completed in Jordan in August 2017 and in Lebanon in July 2018, and include both young people (boys - Hutchinson, A.J. (2018) Understanding the social and girls) and caregivers (mothers and fathers) from processes underpinning child marriage: The impact Irbid, Mafraq and Emirati Jordanian Camp (EJC) in of protracted displacement, Amman, Jordan: Terre Jordan, and from Tyre and Saida in Lebanon. Most des Hommes participants had been in Jordan for 4 - 6 years at the time, and referred frequently to the impact of - Hutchinson, A.J. (2018) Mapping responses to Child this on the nature of displacement and on the social Marriage in Jordan: Reflections from practitioners processes underpinning child marriage. The research and policymakers, Amman, Jordan: Terre des includes data on child marriage from people living Hommes in EJC for the first time, and is based on discussion resulting from a vignette on child marriage for young - Hutchinson, A.J. (2019) Mapping responses to Child people, and activities for the caregivers. Not only do Marriage in Lebanon: Reflections from practitioners the focus groups indicate knowledge, practices and and policymakers, Amman, Jordan: Terre des attitudes to child marriage in the context of protracted Hommes displacement, they also shed light on the social processes underpinning child marriage in Syrian - Hutchinson, A.J. (2019) Exploring the capacity of refugee communities. This type of data is critical for faith-based actors in Jordan and Lebanon to prevent those who are current developing national action child marriage, Amman, Jordan: Terre des Hommes plans and programmes to reduce (and eliminate) child marriage [13, 14].

Aims and objectives The overall aim of this strand of the research was to better understand how young people and parents across several different Syrian refugee communities conceptualise, understand and perceive child marriage, and to identify any protective actions which families and communities take in response to child marriage. The focus groups reported here are part of a larger study, which aims to improve knowledge and develop a contextually and culturally relevant framework of risk and protective factors associated with child marriage within Syrian refugee communities, using an ecological framework which is cognisant of, and informed by, socio-cultural and religious thoughts and community processes.

The wider study will bring together data from an assessment tool and narrative interviews, with data

10 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 11 2. Research methodology 2. Research methodology 2.1 Research questions based at the University of Bedfordshire, UK, in 1) What are the social processes of marriage partnership with Terre des hommes (Tdh) in Jordan formation that underpin child marriage? and Lebanon. All of the data collection was carried 2) How are concepts of ‘risk’, ‘vulnerability’, ‘protective out in each country with Tdh, who facilitated access factors’ and ‘successful outcomes’ understood in to participants, and whose professional staff Syrian refugees communities in relation to child conducted the focus groups with all the participants marriage? in Arabic. Tdh-Lausanne Foundation is a Swiss based 3) What ‘protective’ actions do family and community International Non-Governmental Organisation (INGO) members take in response to the challenges that specialises in working with children in contexts associated with child marriage? of humanitarian aid. Tdh runs a number of child 4) How does the refugee context change the process protection focused programmes in Southern Lebanon and experience and risks associated with child and in the Northern governorates of Jordan, and has marriage? done extensive work in the Emeriti Jordanian Camp 5) What do young men and women know and expect (EJC)1 . of marriage, SRH and childbearing? And how are these expectations changed by the refugee context? Eight child protection practitioners from Tdh Jordan attended a two day training course run by Dr Hutchinson on focus group interviewing in January 2.2 Methodological orientation 2017, and four practitioners attended in Lebanon in The nature of the research questions lend themselves June 2018, building on their skills as professionals to a qualitative research design which uses face who engage with Syrian Refugees on a weekly to face communication to talk with participants basis. An experienced supervisor was also present about child marriage using two different focus at the training in each country, and one practitioner group tools, one with young people and one with from Jordan also supported the training in Lebanon. caregivers (parents of teenagers). The resulting Dr Hutchinson attended all of the focus groups in data is, therefore, not nationally representative Jordan, but did not actively take part as they were nor generalisable, nor does it give an indication of run in Arabic. Following the training, the supervisors prevalence of child marriage. However, the lived identified a number of Tdh beneficiaries (past and experiences and attitudes described give depth current) from several Syrian refugee communities to the current quantitative data available and help in Tyre, Saida, EJC, Irbid and Mafraq. All of the us hear the voice of the Syrian refugee community participants were known to Tdh through a community following many years of displacement. The study activity, PSS session or awareness session. Some seeks to examine complicated and unstandardised were members of Tdh supported community groups social processes which are difficult to capture using or were known to a partner organisation. quantitative techniques. This data therefore adds to the body of literature described above to deepen our

@Tdh/Diego Ibarra understandings of child marriage, and the impact of 2.4 Methods protracted displacement. 2.4.1 Focus groups with caregivers 2.3 Research environment and access to the The focus groups with caregivers (mothers and participants fathers) were structured around undertaking three The research was led by Dr Aisha Hutchinson, very specific activities. Participants were first

1 EJC is a refugee camp for Syrian refugees run by the Emeriti Red Crescent. Tdh Jordan is one of only a handful of external organisations who have worked in EJC. EJC is home to over 6000 Syrian refugees, with children representing 60 % of the population. Since its establishment, EJC has largely sat outside of the Jordan Response Plan, with little to no information shared with the wider humanitarian community, as very few actors operate in the camp which is run and largely funded by the Emirati Red Crescent.

13 asked to outline the social process of marriage Length of formation for the group facilitator, in great detail, also Gender Country Location Group size Age displacement Education highlighting any regional differences and the impact of displacement on this process. Participants were then asked to name and list, in order of importance, Male Jordan EJC 10 41-62 4-6 None: 1 participant the characteristics that parents are looking for in a years years Primary: 4 participants potential bride, and a potential groom, and discuss Secondary: 2 participants why. The final activity was to list the opportunities Further: 3 participants and challenges/risks associated with child marriage specifically, and then to list any protective actions which family or community members took to reduce Male Jordan Irbid 10 43-57 4-6 None: 3 participants the challenges/risks they identified. years years Primary: 5 participants Secondary: 2 participants 2.4.2 Focus groups with young people The focus groups with young people (aged 14-22 years) were structured around the use of a vignette Male Lebanon Tyre 6 40-60 4-6 * on the marriage of 14 year old Jana, a Syrian refugee years years in Jordan or Lebanon. Vignettes are essentially short stories about a person or a social situation, containing precise references to what are thought to be the most Female Jordan EJC 11 29-52 4-6 Primary: 5 participants important factors in decision-making, on which the years years Secondary: 6 participants participants offer comment or opinion. Told over 4 parts, from when an informal proposal is first made right through to life after marriage, the focus group participants were asked about how each actor in the Female Jordan Mafraq 8 28-54 4-7 None: 2 participants story may be feeling and how they would respond, years years Primary: 4 participants and how they thought the marriage process would Secondary: 1 participant unfold (see vignette in Appendix 1). The vignette was Further: 1 participant therefore used to explore the perceptions, knowledge and attitudes towards child marriage based on a ‘real Female Lebanon Tyre 8 40-60 4-6 years * life’ story. While focus groups are often used for low- years involvement topics, it is a less intrusive method for understanding social responses to sensitive subjects, enabling young people to talk about child marriage in the third person without having to reveal personal Female Lebanon Saida 8 40-60 4-6 years * experiences. The use of a vignette presents a years medium for this research to go beyond the discussion of individual accounts and toward the generation of responses on a social level. * information not collected

2.5 Sample 2.5.1 Focus group with young people 2.5.1 Focus groups with parents Eight groups were held with young people aged 14-22 years in different locations across the north Seven focus groups were held with caregivers who of Jordan and south of Lebanon. Most of the groups were held with either all boys or all girls. have (or have had) teenage children, in different Only one group was mixed, in Lebanon, because this was the only way they could get a second locations across the north of Jordan and south of group with boys. A total of 77 young people took part in the groups. Most of the young people were Lebanon. A total of 61 caregivers took part in the single, however 4 of the boys, and 5 girls from EJC were already married (2 of whom were also groups. Most participants were either from Homs, divorced). Most participants were either from Homs, Damascus or Dara’a in Syria. Those in EJC Damascus or Dara’a in Syria, and lived in households who were married lived in caravans with their spouse and any children. Those who were single with 3-15 members. lived in caravans with 4-12 household members.

14 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 15 Length of 2.6 Data analysis no good or services were withheld if participation did Gender Country Location Group size Age displacement Education All of the groups were recorded, and these recording not occur. were translated from Arabic to English and then transcribed into written English for the research 2.7.3 Confidentiality and anonymity Boys Jordan EJC 12 18-22 3-5 Primary: 4 participants to complete data analysis. The written transcripts Confidentiality was emphasised throughout all years years Secondary: 8 participants were imported into Nvivo 11 (computer assisted contact with all participants, and agreement that any qualitative data analysis software) where they were extracts published would be anonymous. Participants coded, based on the different activities completed by were advised that is was not required to share Boys Jordan Irbid 8 15-17 5-6 None: 1 participant the groups. The codes were then compared across personal experiences or personal information. It was years years Primary: 2 participants groups and used to answer the research questions. also explained that disclosures of serious harm, child Secondary: 5 participants protection risks or illegal activity may need to be disclosed to other agencies. Tdh would take the lead 2.7 Ethics in following this up as part of their case management Boys Lebanon Tyre 8 16-20 4-6 * The research methodology and focus group tools system. years years were reviewed as part of the overall application submitted to the ethics committee at the University 2.7.4. Data of Bedfordshire, which granted ethical approval. Data was created through verbal discussion between A summary of the key ethical considerations are the focus groups facilitators and the participants. Mixed Lebanon Saida 8 16-20 4-6 * included here. This data was recorded using an audio recorder (with years years consent) and through notes taken by another Tdh 2.7.1 Informed consent facilitator. This data was then translated from Arabic Informed consent was sought by participants in to English and transcribed into written English. this study through a three stage process which first Girls Jordan EJC 11 14-22 4-5 Primary: 1 participants involved giving proposed participants information years years Secondary: 10 participants about the study verbally and time to consider their 2.8 Limitations participation. Proposed participants were then The sample presented in this report is not contacted again to answer any questions and representative of those living in Jordan and Lebanon, confirm participation. A research information sheet and cannot be generalised for the population or for Girls Jordan Mafraq 7 14-18 4-7 Primary: 3 participants and a consent form was then given and explained, all Syrian refugees. The sample may be biased due years years Secondary: 4 participants if necessary, at the beginning of each focus group. to any interventions experienced by the participants, Consent was also secured from other family members and potentially due to any child marriage related as needed. It was made clear: awareness messages they may have received. - what participation involved and the kinds of Participants may also have stated that they would Girls Lebanon Tyre 12 16-20 4-6 * questions they would be asked not consider a proposal for their daughter before she years years - that participation was voluntary turned 18 years of age because they know that this - that they could withdraw at any time would be the preferred answer, rather than because - that they could refuse to answer any questions this reflects their attitudes or behaviours. - that the focus group would be anonymised in Girls Lebanon Saida 11 16-20 4-6 * publications years years - that the focus group would only be audio recorded with their permission - that data would be kept safe and secured using passwords * information not collected - that Tdh would provide any additional support that was needed as a result of the focus group (i.e. any emotional support) Both groups were held at Tdh premises in the camp and community which are usually used for PSS sessions or life skills training. The groups were facilitated by Tdh case managers and PSS 2.7.2. Voluntary participation facilitators. Participation in the study was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any time. No additional goods or services were provided by Tdh for participating, and

16 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 17 3. Focus groups with 3. Focus groups with caregivers

caregivers Activity 1: their roles and responsibilities, and the institution of Parents were asked to explain the process of marriage, as seriously. marriage formation to the facilitator, particularly highlighting any changes to this process because of Once it has been suggested or decided that a son is displacement. ready for marriage, it is usually the role of his mother or grandmother to ask relatives, friends and maybe The process of marriage typically starts with a son even neighbours if they know of any suitable brides and/or his family deciding that it is the right time for for her son. As one father from Tyre said ‘The chosen him to get married. A number of reasons why a son girl, most often the one who finds her is the mother, (under or over 18) might want to get married were because she has more foresight and more knowledge given. Mothers from Tyre said that in Syria boys would about the girl. She advises her son that this is a suitable often consider marriage after they had finished their girl for him. The boy has final say about whether to army service, at about 22 years of age. Participants accept that choice or refuse her.’ Both mothers and also said that if a son sees that his cousins and friends fathers spoke about it being common to identify girls are starting to get married, then he might also start to from their wider family, often cousins, to marry. This think about it. It also might be suggested by his family is considered a ‘traditional’ marriage practice, usually when he reaches a certain age (such as his early shaping marriage formation in rural areas rather than 20’s) or level of independence. Some families might in cities. However, some participants also spoke about suggest marriage if they feel their son is starting to it becoming increasing common for their sons to have interact inappropriately with girls and needs to start already identified a girl they would like to marry, maybe his sexual life, or needs to start a family before he through social media on their mobile phones, or through gets too old to have many children. Participants spoke girls they encounter in the community, or someone about marriage being important for the chastity of a they have seen who they believe to be beautiful and (young) man as well as a woman. Another participant who they might consider themselves ‘in love’ with. quoted an Islamic Hadith that says “O young men! You This has the potential to cause conflict in the family as should marry.” and “marry compatible women and his family may not always think his choice is suitable. propose marriage to them,” which would prompt some Most participants said that it was really important families to encourage their sons to think of marriage. that the family are still fully involved in finding out about the girl and checking if she is ‘suitable’. The Participants from EJC also said that families may fathers in both Lebanon and Jordan spoke about the encourage marriage, even of their young sons under importance to following traditions and customs saying, 18 years of old, so they could create more space in ‘We have to follow our traditions, consider ethnicity, their caravans and also gain more privacy to engage environment and the society. I mean we do not just in sexual relations themselves. One male participant go and ask for any girl to become engaged to our son said that when men are idle and have nothing else to just because we heard she is a good girl.’ The fathers

@Tdh/Diego Ibarra do, they will start to think of marriage. A few other in particular describe the process of finding a suitable participants from Jordan suggested that marriages girl and negotiating a marriage as something complex were a lot easier to facilitate in Jordan than previously and sensitive, requiring the experience of the older in Syria, especially for those living in refugee camps, generation. Although several men also spoke about the because of all the provisions they could rely on from decreasing authority they had in matters like marriage, organisations, such as a new caravan, a new family and how this was creating problems and disrupting pack, a new mattress for sleeping, provision of established family relationships. The fathers in Tyre meals and health care and other necessities. They also highlight the traditional role of the mother to suggested then that sons were more easily able to choose the girl and decide who her son would marry, marry because of the provisions they received from although reiterated that neither the bride nor groom the camp, and would gain much more financially are ‘forced’ to marry each other. than they had in Syria, and were therefore not taking

18 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 19 After a ‘suitable’ girl has been identified, and Conversations at the meeting will probably include and boys in beds. My boys sleep in the hall.’ ‘The final decision of marriage belongs to parents. It’s consultations have taken place within the family, it is questions from the bride’s family about the ability of not an opinion, this is reality.’ also the mother’s role to make contact with the mother the groom to provide financially for their daughter, his ‘I have young men (his sons) at home. She mustn’t be of the proposed bride to discuss a potential proposal character, level of education, employment prospects, alone with them’. However, in each group there tended to be at least and whether they are willing to consider proposals current conditions, where they will live and what kind one participant who said that it was in fact a decision for their daughter. It may be that the mother meets of marriage gifts could be afforded (i.e. furniture or It was also suggested that some girls may want to which should be made by the couple who will be the proposed bride to speak with her as well, and jewellery). It is unclear how common the conversation get married at a young age, and to refuse them this marrying each other, as these examples show: ‘I don’t they will largely discuss her son and his character. If focuses on the age of the groom and proposed bride, opportunity is to refuse them their proper rights. mind if my son chooses a certain girl for marriage. At the proposed bride and/or her mother indicate they and the impact of this on their marriage in the future. If Several of the mothers from Saida also said that, ‘If that point, he’ll be responsible for the consequences would be willing to consider a proposal, the mothers both parties are talking favourably about the marriage the cousin, in your village, stands up and says I want of his choice not me.’ (Mother from Mafraq) will talk about their children and their characteristics. then they may also start to talk about marriage dowry her… That’s it; end of story, the decision is taken’. The mother of the groom will highlight why her son is (paid and deferred), marriage contract, marriage gifts, Different participants expressed different attitudes The group with fathers in Tyre reiterated the ‘freedom a good choice for a husband (i.e. he is a good worker the marriage ceremony and place of residence for the about whether these reasons were right or wrong, of choice’ that boys and girls now have in relation to and has a good character), and will also continue to married couple. Or these conversations may happen positive or negative, necessary or unnecessary. marriage, stating that in the past girls were ‘forced’ ask questions about the proposed bride. The mothers at a subsequent meeting. Through these meetings the Many male participants said that while child marriage to marry, but that this is no longer acceptable. The may meet a few times, and they will both feed back proposal of marriage will be formulised and reiterated is not ideal, because of the difficult conditions they aspect of choice was considered as a change from their conversations and ‘assessments’ to the rest by the groom and his family, thereby prompting the are living in (poverty and overcrowding) they have traditions in the past, showing how traditions can of their households, particularly the male head of bride and her family to formally either accept or no choice and it is an acceptable way of easing the change over time. households. Both families may speak with others reject the proposal. It was suggested that marriage pressures they face providing for their families, as to enquire after the reputation of the family and the discussions were easier with cousin marriages, and these example from the fathers in Irbid indicate: Once the proposal is accepted the initial engagement proposed groom or bride. the dowry may be lower than if their daughter was period begins (which may be accompanied by a being married to a stranger. One of the groups of ‘You said that early marriage is bad. Let me tell you small party or celebration), and a date will be set Once the two mothers have liaised, the mother of the mothers in Tyre said that once a proposal is accepted this. Our financial status is bad. We’re prohibited to for the marriage contract to be formulised (Katb el- proposed bride will indicate that her daughter and her and the details of the marriage contract agreed, work’. Kitab), which tends to denote the start of the official family are happy to accept the groom and his family the men go out to pray ‘al fatiha’, which is the first engagement. During the engagement the groom will for a formal visit to meet and discuss the proposal seven verses of the Quran, a prayer for the guidance, ‘Our condition is horrible. You rent a house of two usually be expected to come to visit the bride at her further. The mothers in Tyre described this meeting as lordship, and mercy. During this time the mothers rooms, while in fact you need four. Every step you house, and it is still not usually acceptable for them to a form of ‘Jaha’, which is an adaption of the traditional then negotiate and decide on the rest of the details make here is negative’. meet alone, or for her to go to his house. marriage process in Syria that involved a large number of the marriage. These mothers describe ‘mothers’ as of men from the family of the groom and respected having significant impact on the decision-making at However, one of the fathers in the focus group The marriage contract, or marriage agreement, was elders in the community, who processed together, to this time. spoke about how his daughter had married at 16 said to be an essential part of any marriage, and the brides house to make the formal proposal. Coffee years old, was now divorced, and the devastating the basis for Muslim marriages more generally. The is served and the groom will not drink the coffee until It was suggested that proposals are accepted for consequences of child marriage for their family. The marriage contract crucially contains details of the the proposal is accepted. It is at this meeting that young brides, especially those who are out of school female participants were predominantly not in favour marriage dowry (upfront and later/deferred), as well male members of both families will attend and usually or considered physically and emotionally ‘mature’, to of child marriage and felt that traditions and customs as details of any gold, clothes or furniture that may be lead the meeting, although generally not the groom. ensure chastity, to create space in the bride’s home, played a key role, yet some of them said they had required. It might also include details about where the Several references were made to the proposed bride to secure her protection and provision from a well married their daughters under the age of 18. Many of couple will reside. The terms are usually stipulated attending by serving coffee so that she can be ‘seen’ manner man, to financially assist the family and maybe the female participants said that it had resulted in a by the bride and her family, and it is technically by everyone, and she may be asked a few questions. even offer the bride an escape from family violence lack of education, poor health during pregnancy and possible for the bride to put in terms about continued The male participants highlighted the importance of or poor treatment. Overcrowding was frequently other difficulties. educational access or type of residence that she including experienced and mature male members highlighted as a real challenge for families, especially expects in the future. However, some participants of the family in this process, in discussions about since they need to keep adolescent male and female Most participants felt that families should be taking said that in reality this doesn’t happen and cannot be the proposal and in each meeting held. It was felt siblings apart and the difficulties of doing this in a an active and lead role in making the final decisions expected to be upheld as once they are married the important in cases of dispute to have mature men to very small home as these three examples show: around offering or accepting a proposal of marriage, husband can decide whatever he wants. give advice, and also for their presence to give more as shown below from the focus group with mothers prestige to the proposal. However, despite it being ‘The existence of girls in the house constitutes a in Mafraq: In Jordan and Lebanon, the marriage contract is important to include mature male members of the problem. 15 – 16 years old living with 20-21 years formulised through the religious courts where checks family, participants spoke about siblings, aunts and young men is a problem’. ‘The parents should inquire the girl’s family before will be made to ensure all of the required blood tests grandparents also being invited to attend the family marriage. We respect the man’s choice, but we must have been done, documentation secured and fees meetings now, although some parts of the meeting ‘I have two boys in my house, maybe the devil will play inquire about the reputation of the girl and her family.’ paid, as well as ensuring the marriage contract is fair may still be disaggregated by gender. his game… the Prophet said to separate between girls and agreed to by all consenting parties. This tends

20 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 21 to be done before the wedding party and before the conflict and being a refugee in Jordan) has changed couples are divorcing because they cannot share a their daughter’s safety, and so pursue marriage at an bride moves to live with her husband, and usually the nature of family bonds and gender dynamics, and TV remote control (which when you are spending lots earlier age than they would have in Syria to provide a denotes the official time of engagement. At a later particularly how the role of fathers and their authority of time in a small place with nothing else to do, is a level of protection for her. Fathers from Lebanon said date (which could be a few days or a few years), a had changed. They suggested that their sons are now serious issue). They also suggested that marriages that they tend to marry within the community, through wedding party will be held (which range in size and pressuring the family to marry girls that they come were run by mother in laws and that young people a marriage contract written by a Sheikh, which will cost depending on the financial status of the groom) into contact with and who they ‘love’, without taking were not equip to run their own marriage, and that in then be documented and registered when they return and the marriage will actually ‘begin’ when the bride on board the wishes of the father and his authority. the case of conflicts families are not coming together to Syria. The mothers in Saida also reiterated that moves to live with the groom and they start having Girls and boys mix more in the camp setting than they as they should to support the couple and prevent marriages were done at home with a Sheikh, but that sexual relations with each other. However, marriages used to in Syria (even if it is just that girls and boys divorce. it was also possible to register these marriages in may take place in the community where the marriage see each other more in public), which they perceive court through the UN or an INGO. contract is validated by an unauthorised Shiekh/Iman, has also created a culture of earlier marriage that Mothers from EJC also spoke about how easy it was or a family member which are not registered in court families are not comfortable with because they have to marry in the camp, because of the provisions given Finally mothers from Mafraq also spoke about the and are not recognised by the Jordanian or Lebanese less control over how girls and boys interact. Families by the camp. The amount of contact they have with impact of displacement on marriage, suggesting that government. However, these marriages, which are then also feel compelled to marry to ensure chastity families outside of their village also makes it difficult it has caused a lot of problems, such as an increased often called ‘Sheikh only’ marriages will include because of the close proximity of many girls and boys, to facilitate marriages to people from the same area rate of divorce. They also felt marriage had become some kind of marriage contract which is entered as one father said, ‘when I was in Syria, I was refusing as themselves. They also spoke about the need to easier in Jordan because of a change of expectations into verbally or through a signed piece of paper, with to marry my daughter before the age of 16 or 17, but marry children to create space in caravans. Yet even and access to aid/provisions (especially in refugee consent from the couple and any witnesses. If these when I came here, I was forced to marry her at the age for newly married couples the caravans are still camps), and that child marriage had become popular. aspects have taken place then the marriage will be of 13 or 14 to guarantee her chastity, since we live in a small, with not even room for the girl’s clothes, and They also raised the issue of overcrowding, and considered a valid marriage by many families and very crowded and small camp.’ there is no question of husbands being able to provide the fact that Jordanian laws are more supportive of community members. Many of the male participants new bedroom furniture or an independent flat. Most women meaning she can raise charges against her said that the court processes in Jordan make it harder EJC fathers also suggested it was easier for their mothers said that the current changes were not good husband. Most of the women in the group felt this to register a marriage than it used to be in Syria. sons to marry because they were provided with a and the marriage process had been better in Syria. was shameful and inappropriate. They also lamented new caravan, family pack, furniture and money, and that mentalities around marriage had changed, partly It is important to recognise that there can be significant that this in turn had actually increased the divorce Fathers from Irbid spoke at length about the increased due to the poor conditions people are living and partly regional differences across Syria in the process of rate because marriage is not taken as seriously and status of women in Jordan, and the protection that due to the change in culture and the impact of this marriage, in the expectations of marriage and what is entered into too young before either party is ready. women have in the law, and how this has increased on gender relations, and that people have lost family is acceptable. For example, as one participant in Marriage is not a stable institution for young people the freedom of women and has impacted marriage members in the war. Mafraq said: ‘It depends on the region. Every region as it should be, full of compassion and mercy. The processes and decreased the authority of men. One has its own traditions. For example, in the village of camp has also organised the wedding celebrations male participant said, ‘Jordan is different, because Um Walad, the girl has to get married at a young age. for couples who marry at about the same time. they have laws that protect women. They also have Activity 2: But in Busrah region, the girl should complete her EJC fathers said that because large families are all more privileges, unlike Syria. They gained more Parents were asked about the characteristics they education, and then she can get married. Even the squashed together in a single caravan, children and freedom here. Any wife could charge her husband look for in potential grooms and brides, and the issue of love between a man and a girl is common and young people are exposed to their parents having if he’s treating her in a bad way to Family Protection priority they give to different characteristics. acceptable in my region.’ sexual relations because there is no privacy, and so Unit, which could lead him to prison. When our (Syrian) families consider it better for girls and boys to marry women saw this situation, they became bolder.’ Groom Impact of displacement on social process of marriage and have their own caravan and own privacy: Another participant said that the Jordanian system The most frequently highlighted characteristics of a Most participants said that their displacement to was becoming similar to the European system, where groom across all the groups was the importance of a Jordan had altered parts of the process of marriage. ‘There’s a difference is that we used to live in a state women go to the authorities and provide charges groom who has good manners and a good reputation Fathers from Lebanon said that they found it harder of stability back there in Syria. When arrived here we against her husband. They also spoke about the and a religious man who prays, so the family of the bride to arrange marriages for their sons because they witnessed a state of instability. We became unable inability to officially marry girls under 15 years of age can be confident that he will treat his wife well and are now not living close to their relatives, and to choose the right judgment due to the current because of the marriage laws in Jordan, which has they will develop an ‘understanding’. One participant this impacts not only on the choice of brides and situations. People started to marry their girls to earn a caused problems and some families have been fined. used the Quran to emphasise the importance of this: negotiating the marriage contract, but also the 60 Dinars pension, to have a caravan, young or old, it ‘Our foundations are traditions of oriental society and nature of celebrations, because as they describe ‘… doesn’t matter to me.’ Fathers from Irbid also spoke at length about the impact Islam. Our Prophet recommended us, in more than getting married is of a family nature.’ Mothers in Tyre of homelessness, overcrowding, unemployment and one Hadith, how to establish good foundations for said that it was difficult to do a ‘Jaha’ with relatives EJC fathers also lamented that the wedding poor financial status as causing changes to marriage marriage. He said, “When someone, whose religion being far away, and they were not even sure that it celebrations were not as good as they used to be in patterns and processes. It is particularly difficult for and manners you are pleased with, comes to you then was done in Syria anymore due to the fragmented Syria and that through frequent child marriage and families who have both adolescent girls and boys, marry (her to) him.” For many participants the ‘good’ nature of Syrian society. Fathers from EJC spent a lot divorce, respect for the bond of marriage has declined. and to give them the privacy they need. Mothers from nature of the groom, his morals and his ability to ‘deal’ of time talking about how the ‘situation’ (the Syrian There are even stories circulating the camp that young Tyre said that they continue to be concerned about with his wife in marriage was considered as the most

22 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 23 important factor and would come above anything because he’s rich.’ Mothers from Lebanon said that Differences between groom and bride delivery room, her husband and I began crying. Until else, including wealth or financial stability, as these they were not too concerned about a groom’s ability Most of the participants agreed that being religious, they came out and gave me the girl, I said I do not want examples from the focus group with fathers in Irbid to provide a house because they said that if he was a having good manners and a good reputation was the girl but her mother, I want my daughter’. shows, good man and a good worker then he would eventually important for both brides and grooms. However, be able to provide a house for their daughter, even if participants were more concerned about the financial Protective strategies ‘First of all, he must be a well-mannered man.’ this took a number of years. status of potential grooms, rather than brides, and In response to the challenges and risks identified, Interviewer - Do you all agree on this point?! spoke about beauty for brides, but not for grooms. parents were asked how they, other community - Sure. Bride Participants said that this is because men are the ones members and organisations could respond to - he must pray and fear God. Similarly, parents from across all of the focus groups with the responsibility to provide financially for their keep girls safe and protected from the negative - his financial status doesn’t really matter. said that the most important characteristic for a bride families. Both the fathers in Irbid and the mothers in consequences of child marriage. Some participants - I won’t marry my daughter to men with short statute is that she is religious and moral, and has a ‘good’ EJC said that the qualities of the groom were more suggested that the only way to reduce these risks (dwarfism). reputation (well-mannered, ‘good’ behaviour, wears important than the qualities of the bride because was to marry girls later, and not as children. However, - It doesn’t matter to me. I would marry my girl to modest clothes, prayers, fasts and gives to charity), the groom will be leading the house and taking many spoke about the process of marriage formation anyone who has good manners.’ and to also be from a family with a good reputation. overall responsibility in the marriage, and therefore offering protection because it ensured girls were One of the fathers from Irbid said, ‘Money or beauty need more mature characters to be able to do this. married to ‘good’ men who could provide for them. Other important characteristics were being from doesn’t matter. Just like men, she should be of a It was also suggested that it was more important Others suggested that more awareness-raising was a well-reputed family, the ability to financially good family, having good manners’. One father from for the bride’s family to make sure the groom is able needed through the media and TV programmes, and support his wife and family, and having completed EJC draws attention to the advice given in a Hadith to provide and care for the bride because she is in others said that girls needed better preparation for his education, although this meant different things about how to choose a bride ‘In another Hadith, the a more vulnerable position, she is younger and will marriage so they can manage the responsibilities to different participants (i.e. secondary school, or Prophet said: "A woman is married for four things: be moving into different living environment and will of marriage and deal with any conflicts that might university or professional education). Education was for her wealth, lineage, beauty or piety. Choose the take on motherhood. It was also recognised that arise. Mothers from EJC suggested that most parents seen as important because it indicates that a man pious woman, may you be blessed!" So, these are the women inhabit different spaces to men, such as being do not adequately prepare their girls for marriage, has experience and knowledge, and may be more foundations which marriage is laid.’ based at home while men are out in society and are and support from outside organisations would be equipped to deal with married life. It was suggested expected to work. helpful because girls may be more likely to listen to that an educated man would be better equipped However, being young and beautiful was also a specialised person rather than their parents. One to teach his children and support their education. generally considered as a preferred trait in a potential mother also said that girls are under a lot of pressure Participants also generally felt that a younger man bride. It was suggested by some participants that Activity 3: at home and in the community to be ‘mature’, but when (in his twenties) was preferable to an older man. mothers may look for ‘young’ girls because they are Participants were asked about any perceived they go to organisations and get involved in activities Participants suggested that under 35 years would be considered more easily moulded to the family and opportunities associated with child marriage as well they can have fun and enjoy their childhood, and they a young man and preferably not already married. the groom, although there was no consensus about as the risks. See figures 1 and 2. return home happy. Irbid fathers said that men need how this translated into appropriate age for marriage more support to secure jobs and good housing that Participants did not always completely agree on the (i.e. some suggested this was around 15 years, others Mothers from Mafraq and Tyre and fathers from Tyre they can afford, so that they don’t have to think about exact order of priority of the characteristics (i.e. said 18 years, while others said 20 years.) Some could not think of any opportunities that result from marrying their girls while they are children before should kinship be before or after education, or money participants said that good manners or the ability child marriage. they finish their education. Mothers from Mafraq said before or after education), but were able to come to to do domestic chores and run a household should that parents needed awareness sessions about child a general consensus. Only fathers in Irbid said that come before beauty. While participants suggested it Mothers from Mafraq frequently drew on their marriage, and for them to be encouraged to pursue it would be beneficial for their daughter to marry a would be helpful and beneficial if the bride had some own examples of marrying young and the negative education because parents are the main influencers Jordanian because of his ability to provide his wife education, this was not considered as essential as aspects such as losing a child in pregnancy, having in the decisions their daughters make. However, with residency documents. Other parents suggested other characteristics. The perception of employed no education, being a second wife. Another mother they also suggested that legislation could be more that they preferred Syrians from the same village women was also debated, with the consensus being from Tyre said that she had not been concerned about effective in preventing child marriage. Mothers from or region as them, especially family members, and that it was more important for a bride to be able to stay her child marrying at 12/13 years of age until she was Saida also spoke at length about the support they several parents said they would never marry their home and run the household or do domestic chores giving birth to her first child at 13 years, she says, received from the UN and the Norwegian Refugee daughters to a ‘stranger’. Interestingly, a number of rather than be employed. As one father from Irbid ‘What I felt difficult was when she was about to give Council (NRC) to register their marriages and their participants said that while a good financial status said, ‘We don’t want employed women’ and mothers birth. When she got married, I did not feel that she is children. Overall though, caregivers did not have and having a job (particularly a professional role such from Tyre said ‘We do not like the girl to work.’ Some young as it became a normal habit. However, when many clear suggestions for preventing child marriage as a doctor or lawyer) were important characteristics, participants also said that marrying a woman from she went in the delivery room, I felt she is a child. She or mitigating the associated risks. they would not marry their daughter to someone who the same tribe or family was important, while others wasn't 14 yet. She delivered a baby girl, even the doctor was wealthy but had a ‘bad’ reputation, or to a doctor said it was not important, and others said it should be told me a child gave birth to a child, how could you do who is not a religious man, or who was wealthy but actively avoided due to diseases. this to her? I did not blame myself because I gave her also a lot older than their daughter. One participant to a good guy… thank God she had a natural delivery said ‘You don’t marry your daughter to an old man but when she entered and they closed the door at the

24 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 25 Figure 1: Perceived opportunities for married girls through child marriage by gender

Figure 2: Perceived risks for married girls through child marriage by gender

26 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 27 4. Focus groups with 4. Focus groups with young people

young people Vignette –Part 1 that because she has a key role in the household, Jana is 13 years old, she left Syria with her parents then marriage would not be appropriate. One of the and her grandparents three years ago. She lives in a boys in Tyre suggested that Jana would not receive small house with her family in Jordan/Lebanon. Jana proposals while she is at school. has two brothers and three sisters. Jana is the oldest child. Her grandparents give her encouragement; however they are getting old and have some health 1.2 What do you think Jana’s reaction to the problems. Her family are struggling to pay the rent proposal is? and meet health care costs. They don’t always have All the participants from EJC, the boys from Tyre enough money to buy very much food. Jana’s father and girls from Mafraq felt that Jana would be sad, has irregular work in agriculture and her mother does anxious and worried about the proposal because of some housework for local families. Jana’s father her key role in caring for her grandparents and family. attends the mosque regularly. They suggested she would refuse the proposal and would be feeling too young to bear the responsibility Jana goes to school in the afternoon and helps look of marriage and would want to continue in school after her siblings in the mornings. (and maybe even attend university). Boys from Irbid also largely felt that Jana would be anxious about Jana will turn 14 years old in 2 months’ time. Jana’s the proposal, and highlighted that she may receive father has told her that his best friend is coming round pressure from her parents to accept and that she with his brother who is 24 years old and is looking for a would have to consider the grooms qualities (such as wife. They are coming to talk about making a proposal if he has a house or if he work or owns a car.) Some of marriage to Jana. participants simply said that Jana would follow her parents recommendations and reactions, and so if they were positive about the proposal, then she would 1.1 Do you think Jana has had a marriage proposal also be positive (and vice versa), indicating that is before? it difficult to separate out Jana’s reaction from that Across the 8 focus groups, only the group of boys of her parents. While some participants questioned from Irbid included participants who thought that 13 whether this was ‘right’, others argued that it was year old Jana might have had previous proposals. right and appropriate for her to listen to her family All other participants felt that Jana was too young to ‘because they are her family. They brought her up’. be receiving marriage proposals at 13 years. Instead they suggested that if she had been older than 13 However, the discussion amongst girls from EJC, (especially 16 or 17 years) then she would have Saida and Tyre highlighted alternative reactions received many proposals in the past. One girl from which they see from girls in their community, Saida said that she was 16 years and had already particularly emphasising the impact of pressure

@Tdh/Ollivier Girard received 4 proposals of marriage. from families, the powerful draw of a ring and pretty , the desire to be part of a family with Focus group 2 discussion: EJC girls a better socio-economic status, the expectations of 8 – ‘I guess he’s the first man. If she’s older than 13, increased independence or the opportunity to leave many would come and ask for her hand’ her family, especially if they are abusive – as shown 9 – ‘He might be the first man, because you’ve said in the example below that she is 13 years old’ Focus group 2 between EJC girls Several participants across groups in Jordan and -‘She will refuse because she’s in school. Lebanon also suggested at this point that Jana would -she might agree because of pressures. not receive proposals or would not accept proposals - she might agree if the man was rich. She might be because she is looking after grandparents, suggesting tempted by money, since she’s from a poor family.

29 - she would agree on marriage if her parents treated Several participants said that Jana would be happy the proposal, while others said they didn’t think they a bad way’, and others stating that financial stability her in a bad manner. about wearing a wedding dress, having her own home would, with no groups reaching a consensus. In is the most important thing. Only one participant -she might accept the marriage offer. and being out of the control of her parents (no one addition, there were different reasons given as to said that they may want an educated man for their -she would think that the man who asked for hand, will telling her what to do). Several girls from EJC also why the proposal may or may not be accepted. daughter, another suggested he must be in good improve the financial conditions of her family. added that she would be thinking about living a happy health, and another mentioned that some families - she might think to accept the offer if the man is rich life full of love after marriage, and she would expect like to boast that they have a doctor for a son-in law, to help her father. her husband to be good to her and she would expect 1.5 Will they ask Jana’s consent? for example. Participants said that if the two families - if I was in her place, I would think that he will make that they would have a happy family together. Many Most participants said that families (although they know each other very well (i.e. they may be related), me happy.’ of the participants were concerned that Jana would were mainly referring to fathers) must ask for Jana’s then it is less likely that any inquires will take place, think she knew about marriage and think she was consent and many do, particularly because at the or if the proposed groom is known to be very wealthy. Some girls in these two groups thought that she would ready for marriage, but when she actually got married signing of the marriage contract she will be asked be feeling happy about the proposal (especially if he would realise that she was not ready, as one girl from if she agrees and if she was forced. Yet they felt it is a ‘good’ or wealthy man), others felt that she would Saida indicated, ‘She has tried the house chores, even was still possible that Jana will not be asked (or taken Part 2 be worried, especially if she loved someone else or children know about it, but when you get married it is seriously) because she is considered as too young to A few days later her father’s best friend and his wanted to pursue her education or if she was facing something else, it is different than being a girl. It is a make the decision, and her family know what is best brother, Mohammad, visit the house to talk about pressure from her family. These girls also indicated big responsibility. Whatever she does at home is okay, for her as one girl from Saida said, ‘He brought the a marriage proposal for Jana. Mohammad is also a that the characteristics of the potential groom such if she ruined anything or cooked something not good, groom, of course he will not ask her.’ Some participants Syrian refugee from a family with a good reputation. as his age, his reputation and his socio-economic but not at her husband's house.’ Many of the female suggested that Jana could be ‘forced’ into marriage, He almost finished secondary school and has been status would impact on the nature of her response. participants were particularly concerned about Jana although they did not describe what they meant by working on a farm since he was 16 years of age and not being able to cook. ‘forced’. Alternatively one girl from Saida said, ‘He this can mean that he sometimes has to work far away might also be selling her.‘ Others suggested that depending on what farm work is available. His family 1.3 What does Jana know about marriage? Jana might be consulted, but that she might also be just about manage to bring in enough money each Most participants across all of the focus groups felt 1.4 Will Jana’s family consider the proposal? persuaded by various arguments from her parents, month to pay for rent and food and clothes, but they that Jana would probably ‘know’ very little about Most participants said that her parents would such as no one will marry her if she waits, or that also struggle financially. Mohammad has no other marriage or parenting, the responsibilities of marriage, at least consider the proposal (especially if they they will teach her to be ready for marriage. Several wives. Mohammad usually attends the mosque on a what to expect from married life or any challenges are struggling financially or concerned about her participants suggested that Jana at 13 years of age Friday. because (as one participant put it) ‘her age doesn’t chastity), although they might not eventually agree to would not say no to her father if he felt this was a allow her to know anything about marriage’ and that it. Participants describe consultation across different good marriage proposal, but if she was a bit older she ‘Jana knows about toys but not about marriage’. family members, including brothers or grandparents, may speak out and give her opinion more confidently. 2.1. Why might Jana and her family consider the Another participant said that most girls at 13 years old and there were different opinions across participants One participant said that parents were more likely to proposal? would only know that they would have to leave school about who had the most influence on the decision, consult an older girl because of the risk of her running When participants were discussing whether or not and move to live with her husband, and would need and who should make the final decision, i.e. her father, away from home if she is unhappy with their decision Jana and her family would consider the proposal to be polite and uphold good manners, as they are or her mother, or the girl herself. Three participants – but this is not the case with younger girls. and what their response would be, the participants sheltered and stay mainly within their family home. across different groups said that some families referred a lot to the details given about Mohammad, Although it was suggested that girls who are allowed will make inquiries into the family of the proposed the nature of his job, his financial status, that he to go out with other girls might know more about groom to check what kind of family they are and the 1.6 What investigations will they do? regularly attends the Mosque and is from a family marriage because of the things girls talk about. The nature of the proposed groom. Most participants Most of the participants felt that parents would be with a good reputation. While he has a job, the girls from Saida said that Jana is likely to know that suggested that there is often a lack of consensus in looking for two main characteristics from a groom participants felt that it was not an ideal job for a as part of the marriage formation process she will the household regarding marriage proposals, and and his family, and they will ask questions, do potential husband because he would be away a lot, be given money to buy new clothes and accessories, that grandparents, or fathers and mothers may have ‘investigations’ or make inquiries to confirm these. and the general poor conditions in which his family as well as a wedding dress, and will be given the different opinions, as will the girls themselves. It The first is whether the groom can financially provide live would not benefit Jana. However, the fact that opportunity to have her hair and make-up done, was felt that if her grandmother or mother had been for their daughter and any children they may have in he has a good reputation (good manners and respect which was felt to be particularly appealing. Most married at an early age, this could either lead to the future. This included having a job or having an for others) and attends the mosque regularly was felt participants said that although she would expect them being very supportive of child marriage, or very independent home. The second is whether the man to be in his favour and conducive for accepting the to be a mother, she would not know anything about cautious and concerned about it depending on their has a good character and a good reputation, and is proposal because it is likely that he will treat Jana sexual relationships, bearing a child, giving birth or own experiences. The young people suggested that likely to treat their daughter well. There was a lack well and therefore she will be happy no matter the the challenges of being a mother. Although she might discussion would take place between different family of consensus amongst the participants across the conditions. Participants in Jordan also kept coming know that she will be expected to do household members until a decision was reached, and that this groups about which was more important, with some back to the fact that Jana is very young, and is in fact chores and care for household members (especially happened in different ways in different families. stating that a good reputation was more important under the legal age of marriage in Jordan. Due to the her husband and children). Across the groups there were usually participants (as this is what is advised by the Prophet Mohammad) minimum of age of marriage being lower in Lebanon, who said that they felt Jana’s family would accept because ‘What’s the use if he’s rich but treating her in participants in Lebanon did not raise the same

30 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 31 concerns. Several participants also said that ‘for the for being a refugee. When considering the proposed although there was a lack of consensus regarding people at the meeting who were experienced in sake of chastity’ they would consider the proposal, as grooms’ jobs, again participants were divided on who would be consulted and who had influence or the arranging marriages and accepting proposals, such ensuring girls do not have sex outside of marriage is how important this was as some felt that any kind of authority to make decisions about marriage formation as grandparents and uncles, or respected elders an important consideration, and an important part of secure work was acceptable, while others could see (i.e. some suggested that the father had the most in the community. Participants assumed that this parenting adolescent girls. the benefit of a girl marrying a doctor for example, or authority, others said the girl had the final say, others would be the first time Jana’s father had led such a a man with university education. said the mother decides in the end, while others meeting and so would need support from those more said the eldest male in the household). Participants experienced in marriage formation. However, many of 2.2. What qualities in a groom are Jana’s parents Some participants spoke about there being some appeared to be unclear about whether Jana’s family the participants did not think that Jana herself would looking for? characteristics that were more important than all would consult with, or discuss the proposal with, be at the meeting or would only attend for a short A lot of debate arose in each of the focus groups when others and if they were present then other things anyone outside of the family. They said that it was period. considering the different qualities that Jana and would not matter. Having a good reputation and possible her father might try and speak to a tribal her parents might be looking for in a groom. Again, good manners (particularly if they are religious) was leader or someone respected in the community or having a good reputation, good manners and a caring considered as one of these for many participants. For even a friend, but also that he may just consult himself 2.5 What happens at this proposal meeting? nature was highlighted as particularly important, as example, one girl in Saida said, ‘Are there parents who if he knows all about marriage customs and traditions. Participants raised a number of issues that might be well as the ability to look after Jana financially. Yet a refuse? If there was a man who works well and his Ultimately, however, this is a family decision which covered at this meeting. Firstly, the meeting may give wide range of other characteristics were also seen living condition is good and he is polite. Will parents families can make without reference to those outside Jana and Mohammad a chance to meet, and maybe an important to consider. Most participants said refuse these characteristics for their daughter? No.’ of the family, particularly associated with fathers speak with each other and ask each other questions that the groom should be old enough to take on the Making the girl happy, was also often considered as having the ‘final’ say and the authority to make this if they are both present. The participants felt that responsibilities of marriage and be more mature than very important to the participants. One person said decision on their own. Discussion with others would Jana might feel too embarrassed or shy to stay in the the girl, i.e. above 20 years old, but not too old (i.e. that following ‘Muslim marriage traditions’ was the be purely down to his own choice and judgement. meeting for a long time, so she might come and serve over 35 years old). While this means that the age gap most important thing including marrying a girl to a When asked if a family would consult a religious coffee so that she can meet everyone, and then leave. between him and Jana could be 10-15 years, this did relative. Other participants said that families might leader about the proposal most participants said that Participants felt that Jana’s father would ask about not appear to be problematic for most participants be marrying their daughters for ‘a particular purpose’, they generally only approach religious leaders after a how Mohammad financially intends to provide for as long as the man was not considered ‘very old’. i.e. to secure Jordanian citizenship, reduce economic proposal has been accepted by the families in order to Jana, where they will live and how he will treat her. If Discussion about whether Jana and her family would costs or ensure chastity, and if this is the case, then authorise the marriage contract (Ketb el-Kitab). conversations are going well then they will probably be looking for a groom from their own tribe in Syria these motivations will guide what they are looking for talk about the wedding contract and the dowry (paid or extended family were particularly lively and full in a groom and other considerations will be minimal. and deferred), and any specific conditions that they of different opinions. Participants said that this As one boy from EJC said, ‘Some fathers seek money 2.4 Who attends this proposal meeting between want to put in place. They may also then start to talk is important for some families because they then but not the well-being of their daughters. Such cases the two families? about the wedding ceremony, and when and where ‘know’ who the girl is marrying and can confidently happened in this camp.’ (FGD 1 – EJC boys) And Participants said that early conversations between it might occur. Many participants said that Jana’s vouch for his character, and that it is an important another said, ‘If he’s a doctor, I will agree without families are often less formal between the mothers father must insist that he doesn’t hit her if she makes ‘tradition’ for some families. However, other families thinking’. of the proposed bride and groom. However, at the mistakes, and that he takes her age and maturity into would not see this as important and they might be ‘official’ meeting, where proposals might be accepted consideration as they enter married life. However, if concerned about genetic disorders, or concerned A few participants highlighted the difficulties of formally, marking the time of initial engagement, was felt that questions and commitments would be that other problems would arise by marrying her to trying to gauge a potential groom’s characteristics then all the ‘heads’ of the family will be invited to made of both Mohammad and Jana, and she may be a cousin. The girls from EJC largely said that while before marriage, and said that it was possible for a attend, including potentially the mother and father, asked about how she can bear living with a man as his parents might like this, it was not usually good for man from a good family, and even a religious man, grandparents, uncles and even siblings. Participants wife and whether she can cook and clean. Girls from girls, because the girl could get stuck in the middle to ill-treat his wife, so this could not be relied on. As tended to highlight male relatives more often than Mafraq also suggested Jana’s family should ask for of family dynamics, would still be under the control noted by one boy from EJC, ‘Even though the man’s female relatives, but said that a lot of people could a long engagement until she reaches the legal age of of her parents and may not be properly respected by family are respectful, the man himself could be a not attend the meeting. A number of the boys said that marriage, and for there to be a period of time between her husband (one participant quoted a local Arabic respectful person.’ A few participants also continued they had been to these kinds of meetings before, for initial engagement and the wedding ceremony to proverb translated into ‘relatives are like scorpions’ to raise the fact that Jana is very young, and so the both male and female relatives as illustrated; allow Jana to mature and for her to prepare properly to make her point). A few participants said that his proposal may be rejected on this basis despite the for marriage. Girls from Saida were concerned nationality didn’t matter as long as he was from the groom’s characteristics. ‘I went for a proposal meeting with my uncle. There that Mohammad and his family would make lots of same religion (i.e. a Muslim). Similarly, participants were males and females. When we left the house, they promises about the life they would provide for Jana, were divided over whether Jana’s family would prefer told us that they are accepting our proposal, but they but that after marriage they would not be able to a Syrian or a Jordanian groom, as some families might 2.3 Will Jana’s family (or Jana) consult anyone need to take the girl’s opinion. In the next day they keep these promises and she would be in a difficult be looking for ways to secure Jordanian citizenship, about the proposal? told us that they are accepting the marriage proposal.’ position. while others would be concerned about leaving their The participants spoke about internal discussions (FGD EJC boys) daughter behind if and when they return to Syria, or amongst family members, such as between the father that she would be ill-treated in some way by the family and mother, and with grandparents, and uncles, The participants felt it was important to have

32 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 33 2.6 Will Jana’s family respond differently because 2.8 What might Jana and her family ask to be in the 2.10 Do you think it is a good ‘match’ for Jana? public announcement to confirm the marriage. they are refugees? marriage contract? This question caused a significant amount of debate A number of participants from Jordan did feel that the The paid and deferred dowry is the essential element across the participants, with some stating it would be process of marriage had changed due to displacement of a marriage contract (Katb el-Kitab); however, a good match for Jana and Mohammad, and others 3.1 How is Jana feeling about the marriage? as well as the reasons for marriage. Several other things can also be included such as living saying the marriage should not go ahead, all for Most participants said that Jana would be feeling participants highlighted the difficult living conditions arrangements, further marital arrangements and different reasons. Reasons for the marriage going sad, shocked, frightened, worried and anxious about for Syrian refugees, and the boys from EJC said educational access. Participants across all of the ahead included ensuring Jana’s chastity and her marriage, especially the young male participants. that the guarantee of a new caravan in the camp on groups in Jordan knew that Jana could not have a ‘honour’ (‘Even if the man is poor I would marry him One of the girls from Saida said, ‘All of her dreams marriage may influence marriage decisions and be one marriage contract registered in a religious court my daughter for the sake of her chastity’), ensuring vanished. She cannot study and play anymore. of the reasons why family are marrying their children before she turned 15 years old, and several said that she is married to a ‘good’ man (even if he is not She cannot see her friends and she cannot work.’ at younger ages. They also highlighted the concerns she would have to wait until she was 18 years old. wealthy), ensuring she is provided for financially in Participants were concerned that she would be very that fathers have for their daughters when they are Some of the participants from Lebanon also felt that the future and offering her way out of an abusive vulnerable in marriage and that the process had away from home, which he probably would not have the families may struggle to get legal approval of the family. Others said that if she is mature, and they happened very quickly. Most of the girls also thought had when he was in Syria. Participants mentioned marriage contract due to Jana’s age, even though it have a good understanding between them, then the that Jana would be shocked, upset and sad; however the nature of their housing in Jordan compared to is legally possible in Lebanon. However, they all said match is good. It was stated that even though she a few girls from EJC, Tyre and Saida suggested that Syria a number of times, and the difference it made that the alternative was to ask a non-authorised is young, some men believe this means that he can she might be happy because she may want to get to feelings of safety, living in crowded rented homes Sheikh to come and write the marriage contract for ‘mould her’ and ‘bring her up’ to know him well and married, especially if her friends are getting married, rather than living in their own homes back in Syria. them with the needed witnesses, which would allow meet his needs. Overall most participants felt it was and she may be happy to help her family. Several participants also said that it was much them to marry, and then when she is older the contract good he was Syrian, had a job and was not already cheaper and easier to marry in Jordan because can be taken to the religious court to be registered. married. Some suggested that it was better if his there were not the same expectations about what Only one participant suggested that they extend the financial level was similar to Jana’s (rather than being 3.2 What preparation does Jana receive for a husband will provide, (i.e. they are unlikely to be engagement period until she is legally able to marry. better) because then he could not hold her previous marriage? able to provide an independent home unless they are No participants spoke about the rights of women life against her, or have power over her by saying he Participants suggested that Jana would be told to eligible for a new caravan in a refugee camp) and the to add particular obligations or stipulations into the rescued her from poverty. Although others said that obey her husband and to take care of her new family Mahr (Muslim dowry) is generally lower. A number of marriage contract in addition to the Mahr and money there would be no point marrying someone whose (including her husband and in-laws). At this stage, participants also suggested that there is a heightened paid in the case of some types of divorce. Several of financial situation was not better. Jana might also be told about married life and bearing insecurity about the robustness of marriages because the girls from Saida said that while Jana and her family children. Jana will also be ‘prepared’ for the wedding of displacement, for example, whether they will last should include conditions in the contract to reflect There was also an awareness of the risk of Jana ceremony (the public celebration) with new clothes, and a higher likelihood of divorce on return to Syria. that Jana is young, most of the time the marriage marrying a foreign man who may divorce her, and of a wedding dress, make up and jewellery. There However, most of the participants from Lebanon said process does not take account of age. her not being able to travel to be with a husband in was significant debate about who is responsible that the marriage process is similar in Lebanon to that Europe, for example, because of her age. for ‘preparing’ Jana, and while most participants in Syria, apart from the wedding ceremonies tend to suggested it would be a female relative (mother, be smaller, plus the bride’s family need to do more to 2.9 Will Jana’s family ask for her opinion and her However, some participants still felt that no matter grandmother, aunt, mother in law), there were a ensure they will still see their daughter, even if they consent at this stage? Mohammad’s qualities, he was much older than her number of participants who said that the groom are not living in the same place because they are Most participants said that Jana’s mother (or sister and Jana is still too young for marriage and bearing and the father might also take a role in this. It was more likely to be dispersed across the country, the or grandmother) will probably speak to her about the children, and should be following up on her education certainly felt that her age was key to this process and, region and beyond. engagement meeting and tell her what had occurred (although there is surprising little mention of her if she had been older, she may have already talked at and about the family, although they may highlight the education). Participants were concerned that Jana length about marriage with her friends or cousins, or positive aspects if they want Jana to agree. Several will be persecuted by her husband and his family have friends who are married. However, because she 2.7 How do Jana and her family respond to the participants said that if her father spoke to her about for being young (and childish) and that a large age is so young she will need more support and guidance proposal? this then she may be shy and may be unwilling to tell gap might increase this further. These participants from her family. It was also expected by the girls in Most of the participants said that while Jana’s family him what she thinks and what she wants. They also suggested that she needed to grow just a little older, Lebanon that the mother in law would be widely might agree to the proposal (there was no consensus), indicated that at this point her mother would also and that Mohammad should wait for her. involved in the preparations. most personally did not think they should agree to speak to Jana about the nature of marriage and what the proposal because of her age, and the help she it involves. Again participants suggested that most provides in the family by caring for her grandparents. families will ask for Jana’s consent before agreeing Part 3 3.3 How will the marriage be viewed religiously? Only two participants suggested that her parents to the marriage, however, they also said that this does Jana has had her birthday, she is now 14 years old. A few participants said that this marriage would would want Jana to continue with her education in not always happen and there are some girls who are Jana has been told that it will be good for her to marry not be acceptable under Islam because Jana is so response to this question. ‘forced’ into marriage. Mohammad and that a marriage contract has been young. However, most participants said that marriage secured and that they will soon go to the religious would be acceptable as long as the procedures court to register the marriage. They will also make a (namely the marriage contract during Kateb el Kitab)

34 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 35 are done by a Sheikh (a man of religion) and follow suitable persons. Later, when they are older or have wellbeing may change over time. 4.2 What support might Jana receive when she the law of Allah, which is that both the man and a child, it is possible to go to the religious courts to faces challenges? the woman agree to the marriage (forced marriage register the marriage and to be formally issued with All of the participants said that Jana will be living Most participants agreed that Jana was likely to need is not permissible under Islam), rights are upheld a marriage certificate and to register the marriage. with her husband, either in his own house or with his a lot of support in this stage of her life. Participants through the paid and deferred dowry, and that they However, several participants said that this would family, but they felt it was more likely that she will suggested that Jana must be patient and share have witnesses (girls custodian/guardian) who have implications for the registration of their child, as be living with her husband and his relatives rather everything with her husband, and maybe also contact also agree to the marriage. As one participant said, it is not possible to register a child without a marriage than in an independent home. Most participants her parents (or sister or friends) to seek their advice the conditions for marriage in Islam are ‘To have a certificate. said that Jana will not be in school because she is about what to do when she faces challenges. The Marriage contract, dower, announcement of marriage, married, and would certainly not be in school if she participants in Lebanon spoke frequently that it was responsibility, acceptance.’ Several participants also is pregnant. Those from EJC camp said that as soon the responsibility of her husband, her own family made reference to the fact that it is widely believed 3.5 What will happen at the wedding party (public as she marries she is no longer able to go to school. and her in laws to help her whenever she needed it. that the prophet married Aisha when she was young, celebration)? A few participants suggested that if her parents had They also suggested that Jana would have to try and maybe as young as 9 years old. For example, one girl The public celebration usually involves the inviting sought for her continued educational access as part learn to cook, take on all the responsibilities of being said, ‘I know that Aisha was married to the prophet of guests (family members, neighbours and friends), of the marriage contract then it may be possible, but a wife by copying her own parents, or learn from when she was 9 years old. In Islam it’s acceptable.’ dancing and food. Some families will host big parties not after she becomes pregnant. her neighbours or in laws. Girls from EJC spoke a lot A marriage contract was seen as essential, as this while others will hold smaller parties and some won’t about Jana reading books to learn how to do things, outlines the Mahr and any other agreements made. do a public celebration at all, rather it will just be made While the participants said that her husband would or signing up for courses to help her learn how to sew Others suggested that blood tests were needed to known that the couple are now married and living be providing for her, they suggested that this may and cook, or other types of awareness courses. One avoid having children with disabilities, and that the together. The EJC girls said that everyone gets invited be coming to her through her mother in law because girl said that ‘Regretting won’t do her any good,’ and marriage needs to be registered in a religious court. to in the camps. All of the participants in her husband would need to give his money to the the group were keen for her to take action to solve The girls in Saida also spoke about the possibility of Lebanon said that wedding parties are no longer held family, and then they would allocate some for Jana her problems. EJC girls said that Jana could get this Mohammad marrying another girl in the future as it is in big town halls like they used to be in Syria, with and Mohammad. While some participants suggested support from governmental or non-governmental possible to have up to 4 wives in Islam. lots of guests, and they are now usually much smaller that she would have a baby within the first year of organisations, but participants in other groups affairs held for family members at home. One of the marriage, others suggested that this might not be suggested this might be difficult as Jana might not be groups with boys talked about the fact that everyone possible because of her age and she may have some able to leave the house to meet people. 3.4 What will happen at the religious court? will be very happy at the wedding except the girl (who problems conceiving. One of the male participants The court was often described by the participants might be hesitant and scared about moving to live said that the timing would be up to Mohammad, her If you were Jana, what would you do? as the place where marriages were registered and with her husband and his family), because this means husband. Most of the participants (but not all) said that if they documented, rather than the place where marriages that she will now be living far from her family and she were Jana they would have refused the marriage, occurred or even where the marriage contract is may only see them once a week or less. Several participants said that Jana would be enjoying and they do not think that marriage at 14 years old signed. Most participants from Jordan said that nothing about marriage. However, others said that would be beneficial to anyone, although it would be if Jana went to the religious court to register the Jana may be enjoying having a family and learning different if she was 17 or 18 years of age. Several of marriage, the judge would refuse to conduct the Part 4 how to take responsibility and becoming more the girls from Lebanon said that they had received marriage because Jana is only 14 years of age, which Jana has been married for 6 months … discerning. She may also be enjoying developing an proposal from their cousins when they were 14 is under the legal minimum age (although participants understanding with her husband and living happily years old and they refused their offers. When asked didn’t always agree on what the minimum age was i.e. with him if he is treating her well, providing for her what he would do if he was in Jana’s shoes, one of 15, 16 or 18). Participants in Jordan said that she would 4.1 What is life like for Jana now? needs and protecting her honour. The main challenge the male participants just said, ‘Thank God that I am have to wait until she was 15 years of age, when she Most participants felt that life could be happy or sad identified by participants were learning how to cook male.’ Another male participant suggested she run could then get married in a religious court in front of for Jana depending on how well she is getting on with and take care of the home, being pregnant and giving away so that Mohammad would change his mind the judge. It is also possible in Jordan that, when she her husband and his family, and whether she wanted birth, conflict with her husband and/or her in-laws about marrying her. Several participants said that is 15 years of age, the judge may refuse the marriage to get married in the first place. Several participants (especially her mother in law), looking after her if the marriage had to go ahead and it was full of if it appears in any way that Jana might be forced felt that she would probably already be pregnant. It is children and bearing the responsibility of married life problems, or there was ‘no mutual understanding,’ into the marriage. Participants in Lebanon were possible that she might have a good ‘understanding’ and communicating well with her husband. Several then they would ask for a divorce. A few participants, unclear as to what the laws were for minimum age with her husband and her in-laws; it is also possible participants were very concerned that Jana would however, said that if they were married they would try of marriage. Some thought that it would be possible that she will be having problems and may have got a not know how to cook and would not know how to look and make it a successful marriage by being humble, to register the marriage at 14 years, while others divorce already. Reflecting on her life, one boy said, after a household, and that she was likely to receive staying strong, getting on with her mother in law, and thought the minimum age was 18 years. Participants ‘She got used of being married. That’s it.’ Similarly pressure from her mother in law if it was felt that she maybe getting a job. One girl from Tyre said that if she were also aware that it might be possible for Jana one of the girls from Saida said, ‘she got used to it.’ was not being a good enough wife. A few participants was to marry early she should avoid getting pregnant and Mohammad to marry outside of the legal system, However another said, ‘First months she is happy but were also concerned that Jana would not know how until she was a few years older. in front of a Sheikh who would write the marriage then misery begins. First he pampers her but then to read or write because she dropped out of school, contact and ensure their agreement is witnessed by he gets tired,’ indicating that Jana’s satisfaction or and this would make life difficult for her.

36 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 37 5. Discussion 5. Discussion

The discussion below will be shaped around that at this meeting, or shortly after, the proposal answering the five research questions: will either be officially accepted or declined. If 1) What are the social processes of marriage formation accepted the couple will meet with two witnesses that underpin child marriage? to sign the marriage contract (with a Sheikh or at a 2) How are concepts of ‘risk’, ‘vulnerability’, ‘protective religious court), which usually denotes the period factors’ and ‘successful outcomes’ understood in of official engagement. After this a public ceremony Syrian refugees communities in relation to child will be organised which usually involves a party and marriage? a wedding dress, and usually denotes the time when 3) What ‘protective’ actions do family and community the couple will live together and consummate the members take in response to the challenges marriage. Participants emphasised the importance of associated with child marriage? the marriage contract, which is the foundation of all 4) How does the refugee context change the process Muslim marriages, and also the need for both parties and experience and risks associated with child to consent (forced marriage is illegal under Islam). marriage? Timescales differ enormously, with some saying this 5) What do young men and women know and expect could all happen over the same week, while others of marriage, SRH and childbearing? And how are saying this might take years. Small differences in these expectations changed by the refugee context? this process are found across regions in Syria, and participants said that some differences were caused by displacement. Marriages are generally arranged in 5.1 What are the social processes of marriage this way for people of all ages, meaning that a girl of formation that underpin child marriage 14 years will go through the same process as a girl Caregivers were asked to describe the ‘process of of 19 years or 24 years, which again can result in the marriage formation’ (i.e. how marriages are arranged). normalisation of child marriage. Participants spoke Across all of the groups, caregivers said that when it about age being only one of many considerations has been decided that it was time for a man (usually that families contemplate during the decision making over 18 years of age) to marry, he and usually his process. mother would identify a girl or women to marry (often a cousin or someone ‘known’ to the family). The mother Understanding the social process of marriage of the potential groom will then approach the mother formation is important for child marriage prevention. of the potential bride to share information about their One of the main approaches to child marriage children, and to test the possibility of a marriage. The prevention is to make the negative consequences mothers will then report these conversations back and harms of child marriage made known as widely to family members (and maybe even the potential as possible to different actors by different actors, bride and groom themselves) and indicate to each through different activities at many different levels other whether to make the proposal official. These (i.e. individual/family/community). The accompanying

@Tdh/Diego Ibarra conversations appear to happen very often, and very message to this list of harms is that if you want to often initial/informal proposals are declined at this avoid these harms then do not allow girls to marry stage. If the proposal is welcome, a meeting will then until they are over 18 years old (with the implication be arranged where the two families come together that these harms will not occur then). However, to officially ‘meet’ and discuss the proposal and the participants (both caregivers and young people) spoke potential marriage. These meetings may include the about the social process of marriage formation as an proposed couple, their parents, grandparents, uncles, alternative way to avoid these harms, rather than aunts and siblings. At this meeting they discuss the delaying marriage. Essentially, if the social process dowry, the marriage contract, the marriage ceremony of marriage formation is undertaken ‘properly’, then it and what the family of the groom can provide, future is implicitly believed that child marriage can be made living arrangements and what life after marriage is safe. Through this process, for example, families will likely to be like for the bride and groom. It is probable weigh up the benefits and costs of the marriage to

39 themselves and their daughter, to ensure that the Despite child marriage being considered a ‘traditional’ that other families make. This makes it possible, of freedom, fathers were more concerned with the man their daughter will marry is a ‘good’ man and has or ‘cultural’ practice, various discussions across the for example, for a girl or a parent who would not negative psychological effects on the young bride, and the capacity to look after her. In the words of many focus groups indicated that child marriage can be a consider a marriage proposal under 18 years old to on the family of the groom who may be disappointed participants (caregivers and young people), ‘If a man divisive issue within families and across communities. attend the wedding of a 13 year old distant cousin and frustrated that a young bride cannot live up to is a good man, who will treat her well, and provide The young people followed the story of a 14 year old without needing to ‘protest’ about it. In response to their expectations. It was the fathers who spoke for her needs, why would I decline the marriage?’ In girl called Jana who eventually married, and they the vignette most of the young people said that while specifically about not being ready for motherhood theory, it is possible, through the marriage process, were asked to predict the responses of the various the family will discuss a child marriage amongst and were concerned that young girls may actually be to negotiate continued educational access for the actors in the story based on social (not personal) themselves, and may consult trusted persons in the bored by marriage. However, there was also overlap girl and a delay to childbearing, as well as to ensure knowledge of child marriage. While there was a lot of community, the family (and usually the male head of in the perceived opportunities and challenges of child she will not be abused by her husband or her in laws, consensus around the process of marriage formation; the household) has the authority to make the final marriage which offers a place of common ground that she can have continued access to her family the reactions of the various actors (i.e. Jana and her decision and it is their decision to make (not anyone for the conversations that members of a family, from and friends, and that she will be well provided for family), the decisions made by various actors, and the else’s). In addition, the attitude of many young people different genders, have about child marriage. financially and materially. In theory, all of these things rights and wrongs of these were frequently debated to the marriage of 14 year old Jana in the story was can be discussed during the proposal meetings, and amongst the young people. Some participants felt ‘she will get used to it’, even if the marriage was not Discussions amongst parents on the opportunities can even be put in the marriage contract to varying that Jana would be happy to receive a proposal at considered as desirable. These attitudes are likely to and risks or challenges associated with child marriage degrees. It was found then that parents often believe 13 years old, while others said she would be anxious result in a low level of ‘outspokenness’ towards child indicates that while families and communities that the risks and negative outcomes that they and confused. Some participants said that her family marriage in communities. are aware of the negative consequences of child associated with child marriage can be avoided or would accept the marriage proposal and others marriage generally (particularly in relation to divorce reduced through engaging ‘properly’ with the social said that they would refuse the marriage. Some The final activity with parents, which asked them to or risky childbearing), there are also persistent process of marriage formation. As a result, many of participants said the family would ask for the Jana’s list the opportunities and the risks associated with narratives about why it is an opportunity for girls the discussions about the impact of displacement on consent to marry, while others said that they would child marriage, shows that families and communities and their families. Many participants believed that child marriage related to changes to the marriage not. Generalised assumptions that all families would can hold ambivalent attitudes towards child marriage child marriage could result in a ‘happy’ marriage, or process which made it less protective to young girls. respond the same way because it is a ‘traditional’ (i.e. they have mixed and sometimes contradictory a marriage full or problems, it could end in divorce practice cannot be made. This was also apparent feelings, attitudes and practices related to child or a loving relationship with a good understanding Understanding the social process of marriage through the conversations that emerged during the marriage, and can see both advantages and between the husband and wife. While there may be formation is also important because this is the activities with caregivers. In addition, they all spoke disadvantages of the practice) – see figure 3. The some financial advantages for the family and creation process through which the drivers of child marriage about the many people that were often involved in focus group data indicates that perceptions of child of space in overcrowded homes, many parents do are operationalised. A whole range of factors will the decision making process of both genders, and marriage, as well as perceptions of the opportunities believe that there are also tangible benefits for the influence an individual or a family’s ‘customary’ or the varying degrees of influence and authority that and challenges that can follow, are gendered. Fathers girl as well, even with the knowledge of the potential ‘presumed’ attitude to (child) marriage such as social each person might have, such as the potential bride, spoke largely about child marriage ensuring chastity risks. Therefore, families are bombarded with norms and values, beliefs about what marriage is, her father, mother, grandparents, uncles, aunties and providing protection from sexual harassment. conflicted messages, experiences and tales of child and what is acceptable or unacceptable in marriage, and siblings. It was suggested that quite often there Several fathers also said that child marriage shortly marriage from different actors (i.e. child marriage beliefs about childhood, and aspirations for girls. will be different opinions about whether a marriage followed by pregnancy were positive, because it is increases the rate of divorce, but if you don’t marry Yet actual decisions about child marriage are made proposal should be accepted requiring negotiation good for mothers and their children to be close in age her young she will miss her opportunity to marry a at a specific time in response to a specific proposal, and discussion amongst family members. as they will grow up as friends. Fathers also said that good man). This was seen in the focus groups where meaning that these ‘distal’ factors are joined by a whole (child) marriage brings joy to families and provides examples were given from parents of child marriage range of ‘proximal’ and context specific factors, such Accordingly, some young people felt that Jana might emotional stability to adolescent girls. Yet, none of which had ended in divorce or child marriage which as current financial status, current living conditions, be facing challenges after marriage, others felt she the mothers highlighted these as opportunities for had resulted in ‘happy’ marriages. educational prospects for the girls, ‘behaviour’ of the might be happy and getting on well. Most of the child marriage. Instead they were focused on how girl, or characteristics of the potential groom. These caregivers constructed lists of both the opportunities child marriage can be good for girls who have left Although the mothers in the group who had married new factors intersect with each other and have the of child marriage and the challenges, which reflects school or whom lack care from their own parents, early often spoke with regret about their lack of capacity to alter the ‘presumed’ response and what is the normalisation of child marriage as a marriage, or those who have health problems. They also spoke education or having children at a young age, they considered an acceptable or unacceptable marriage which is seen as largely beneficial and enhancing about it being the way that girls start (and presumably are probably perceived in communities as having (i.e. due to current housing conditions a marriage may wellbeing. continue) a sexual life, and even a way to control ‘successful’ marriages because they are not seem more acceptable than it previously might have). independent girls. These different perceptions of divorced, they run a household and have children. However, despite the story of a child marriage, and the opportunities of child marriage clearly reflected How much these mothers talk about their negative the discussion of a child marriage, causing a wide gendered identities, responsibilities, concerns and experience in public or within the family is unknown. 5.2 How are concepts of ‘risk’, ‘vulnerability’, range of responses with different participants stating experiences (as also found by Bartels et al 2018 Mothers certainly are expected to play an active role ‘protective factors’ and ‘successful outcomes’ that this would be okay or not okay depending on a [15]). Similarly, differences are seen in the perceived in facilitating marriages for their daughters, including understood in Syrian refugees communities in wide range of circumstances, there appears to be a risks of child marriage by gender. While the mothers those under 18 years, and in preparing their daughters relation to child marriage? degree of respect and acceptance of the decisions spoke about the risks of domestic violence and lack for marriage. How much mothers do to prevent child

40 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 41 Figure 3: Opportunities & risks# proposals without much resistance. They describe then be close in age to their children and they will have putting aside their dreams of education because of a good relationship with them, or that child marriage the conflict in Syria and displacement to Jordan and can be a form of protection for girls. These very accepting marriage as an alternative instead. This is different perceptions and understandings of risk and also reflected in many of the family narratives. While protection are likely to impact on the effectiveness of child marriage is not considered ‘ideal’, for those who awareness messages sessions. It also indicates that are ambivalent, it does not seem to be considered messages dominated by public health declarations disastrous or particularly harmful or to be avoided at that focus on the difficulties adolescent girls may face all costs. in child bearing, or the potential of domestic violence, but fail to talk about chastity or bringing joy to the It has been suggested in the literature, that if families family, for example, may fail to convince parents who are aware of the negative outcomes associated with have different understandings of risk and protection. child marriage they will be less likely to facilitate child marriage themselves, and more likely to reject proposals of marriage before 18 years of age [17]. 5.3 What are the social processes of marriage However, the narratives shared by married girls and formation that underpin child marriage? their families indicate that harmful experiences in Participants across all of the focus groups made marriage are not always attributed to child marriage, references to the protective actions that family especially in contexts of displacement. High rates and community members can do in response to the of poverty and overcrowding, and poor educational challenges associated with child marriage. Some of access, for example, are so widespread across the these actions relate to preventing child marriage in Syrian refugee community [18] that it is unlikely they the first place, while others about minimising the risks will be seen as being a result of child marriage, a associated with child marriage when it occurs. unique feature of child marriage, or something that could be avoided by marrying over 18 years of age. In response to the vignette, the girls and boys who Also, families might not be fully aware of the negative participated in the focus groups suggested that consequences of child marriage, because many of if a girl has a clear role and ‘use’ in the household, these occur within the private sphere of life. So, while such as caring for household members or is going families may know who is divorced, they are less to school, then it is much less likely that her parents likely to know who is experiencing domestic violence would consider a proposal made to her at a young or social isolation or difficulties with their mental age. Therefore, ensuring girls are ‘actively’ and health. The focus groups indicate that while child ‘productively’ engaged in school or in household roles marriage might not be considered as ideal (because at home, or the community as appropriate, can act the girl is young and unprepared and inexperienced), if as a protective strategy preventing child marriage. circumstances conspire that result in child marriage, Parents also suggested that changes to the marriage marriages if they are unhappy with their daughters families who always intend to facilitate the marriage then it is acceptable and probably not too harmful legislation and more awareness about child marriage marrying young is also unclear, although there appear of their daughters anytime from the age of 13 years, or much more difficult than marrying later. This is could help protect girls. Parents also spoke about to be opportunities for mothers to do this (such a and certainly before they turn 18 years of age [16]. probably linked to legacies of when it has historically needing jobs and bigger homes so that they could painting a proposal in a bad light). However, all of For these families the dominant driver appears to be been more traditional and socially acceptable to marry give their adolescent boys and girls the privacy and the groups indicate that it is the process of marriage related to ‘tradition’ and ‘culture,’ rather than poverty from 13 years of age in Syria (and legal provisions still separation they need. (i.e. receiving and considering proposals) that is so or protection. There were also those in the narratives remain for this in Syria). Emphasis was also placed on important to families for helping them to weigh up the who spoke about being specifically and intentionally the social process of marriage formation to ensure The other strategies suggested were all related to potential benefits and risks of child marriage in their against child marriage – although because of the that young girls marry ‘good’ men who will look after minimising the risks associated with child marriage context and for their daughters. Many participants context of displacement, some of these participants them, rather than ‘bad’ men who might hit them if they when it occurs. Girls and boys repeatedly said that lamented that due to being refugees and living in actually did facilitate child marriages. However, most cannot cook or run a household. throughout the marriage process parents must keep such poor conditions, they have had to make different of the participants also appeared ambivalent about at the front of their mind the age of the girl at all times, choices for their daughters, and this has changed the child marriage. For example, most of the girls said that The lists in figure 3 also show how different the and to adapt the process accordingly. So, for example, way families weigh up risk and protection. they had thought they would finish their education perceptions of risk and protection can be to those during the initial conversations had between mothers before getting married, however, when proposals working to prevent child marriage, and the research and the more formal family meetings, families must The qualitative interviews with married girls and their started to arrive and their families encouraged them evidence. For example, the perception that it is good ensure that the groom and his family are aware of families, reported elsewhere, found that there are to accept a proposal, they describe accepting the for girls to start childbearing young because they will her age and will take this into account in their own

42 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 43 expectations of marriage. They spoke about families even more important to Syrian fathers through their their daughters. Linked to this was a major concern can provide these themselves, and have also begun being able to stipulate that she continues with her displacement to Jordan where they perceive women highlighted by most participants that families are not to marry earlier (although not usually under 18 years education and extend the period of engagement until and girls as having more rights, freedom and power, able to house both adolescent girls and boys under old), to even younger brides. However, while these she is older, and even talk about when they would and they may seek to marry their daughters earlier, the same roof appropriately anymore, because they aspects of marriage are considered as easier now, have children in the future. while their involvement and control is considered as do not have enough bedrooms to keep them separate participants mainly felt that the process of actual more appropriate and unlikely to be challenged. and ensuring they have the privacy they need at this marriage registration through a Jordanian court was Parents also spoke about the investigations made by time. One participant said that his adolescent boys ‘harder’, and continued to cause them problems when the bride’s parents, and ensuring they only accept sleep in the hall way to keep them separate from seeking to marry girls under 18 and under 15 years of proposals from a suitable groom, was particularly 5.4 How are concepts of ‘risk’, ‘vulnerability’, their sisters, and another participant said that the age. important because of the vulnerability of girls in a ‘protective factors’ and ‘successful outcomes’ mother sleeps in a room with all the girls, while the marital relationship. However, they recognised that it understood in Syrian refugees communities in father has to sleep in a room with his sons. Several -The fourth impact highlighted by participants is is not always easy to predict how a man is going to relation to child marriage? participants from EJC spoke about the difficulties that linked to the perception that because marriage is behave during marriage, even if the family is known Four main consequences of displacement on child parents have when they want to have sex, because now easier than it was in Syria, this has increased to them or is even a family member. When discussing marriage were identified by most participants from they lack privacy within the caravans. The spaces rates of child marriage and also rates of divorce the preferred characteristics in a groom, finding a across the different focus groups: that refugees inhabit do not easily allow them to because the institution of marriage is being watered man who is well mannered and respectful, who will - The first is that despite being in Jordan for so uphold traditions and practices linked to managing down. Parents suggested that young people entering treat his wife well, is seen as a way of ensuring the long, many Syrians continue to live in overcrowded adolescent sexuality, and this causes a huge degree marriage are not aware of their responsibilities marriage will last and will ensure a girls well-being. homes, with limited incomes and few opportunities to of concern and worry. and are not mature enough to take on the marital Several parents suggested that if they receive a economically flourish due to employment restrictions relationship and parenthood. Parents suggested this proposal from a groom who has a very good reputation and insecurity about their future. While the tents in - The third impact of displacement frequently spoken stemmed from a change in the way that their sons (but who may not be wealthy or employed) then this the refugee camps have become caravans, and most of across all of the focus groups is the perception that are identifying girls to marry (because they are now proposal should be accepted, almost no matter the Syrian refugees now live in rented accommodation in it is now easier to marry than it was in Syria, especially in more contact with girls, and find notions of ‘love’ age of the girl, because this will ensure her wellbeing. the North of Jordan, affording daily living still feels in refugee camps. Marriage traditions have built over attractive), which reduces the parents control and They suggested this was better than waiting a few precarious. Families still feel unable to provide for girls the years in Syria to ensure that men only marry when judgement about the best match for him. They also felt years, then an 18 year old ending up being married to in their homes sufficiently, and would still benefit from they are financially able to provide for his wife and that the Jordanian culture gives girls more freedom a husband who hit her. Fathers spoke about the need any Mahr (bridesprice/Islamic dowry) they receive children, and when he is mature enough to manage in society, and more rights which make them more for families to be heavily involved in the marriage when their daughter is married. While it is possible the responsibilities of an intimate relationship and difficult to control in marriage. Some parents felt process to ensure that their girls marry good men, and to work in Jordan, these legal opportunities remain ‘lead’ a household. Participants believe that marriage that couples were not independent enough anymore to ensure girls make a good decision about who they limited, often in low paid and insecure sectors. Aid and processes were also more protective, with more because young couples still receive a lot of input from accept, because they may not have the experience financial support from the UN and other organisations investigations occurring over a longer period of time the mother of the groom, which can lead to problems. and maturity to make this decision without guidance has also reduced over the years. Therefore, financial by the families of the proposed bride and groom. However, fathers from Irbid and EJC felt that the role and help. Some participants explicitly said that it was incentives related to child marriage remain attractive Marriage was done in less of a hurry and with more and authority of the father was being diluted, meaning a decision that should in fact be made by the father to some families, and girls may also be persuaded to care and precision. This then ensured a degree of that they found it harder to prevent divorces. These instead of the girl. agree to marriages while they are young to help their protection to girls (who were usually younger but kinds of concerns about the impact of displacement families. Participants, especially the fathers, spoke not always under 18 years of age) who could expect on marriage, which challenge masculinity and the Findings from the qualitative interviews found that the with frustration that they continue to remain in this to be provided with a new home, new furniture and traditional roles of men and women, have the potential ‘traditional’ process of marriage are seen as better difficult condition economically after many years, jewellery, as well as a man who was respectful and to cause a backlash where men seek to reinstate for younger girls who have less power or influence in with no end in sight. mature enough to ‘guide’ his bride through marriage, their authority, especially when under financial and the household, less knowledge about marriage, and and lead their new household. Participants suggested cultural pressures to provide appropriately for a large less experience of relationships outside the family - The second consequence linked to displacement that while these traditions are still important, it was family. home. When marriages are facilitated for girls as is the continued concern about girl’s protection, her nearly impossible for most Syrian men to fulfil these young as 13 or 14 years old, then heavy involvement ‘chastity’ and her reputation. Those from the camp obligations, and so they are no longer expected. This from family is seen to be ‘appropriate’ and ‘needed’ spoke about the fact that boys and girls encounter has meant that new brides often move into live with 5.5 What ‘protective’ actions do family and because they are young, inexperienced and don’t each other (even if it is just visually) much more the groom and his family rather than having their community members take in response to the know what is best for them. They cannot be trusted frequently than they ever did in Syria because they own space, which can create problems. The level of challenges associated with child marriage? to make a ‘good’ choice. However, these processes all live close together in very small caravans. This mahr expected is likely to be lower, and even wedding Parents in the focus groups spoke clearly about are less appropriate for adult women (over 18 years increases the risk of girls and boys interacting in parties are much smaller in size to make marriages marriage being the right of all people, and that old) who are educated and more experienced in an inappropriate way, also heighted by the use of possible for refugees. Within refugee camps, married barriers to men and women taking up this right were relationships outside the family, where they might mobile phones and social media. Participants living couples are usually offered a new caravan and new unacceptable. It is therefore likely that from a young expect to be more involved in the decisionmaking in Irbid and Mafraq also said that they face similar furniture and possibly a new family income. This age both girls and boys will expect to marry at some process [16]. These dynamics have been made concerns regarding harassment and reputation of means that men do not have to wait to marry until they point in their life, although it is unlikely they will have a

44 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 45 specific age in mind. The majority of participants in the receiving sexual and reproductive health information focus groups held with young people, repeatedly said prior to marriage, or accessing family planning that Jana was too young to marry at 13/14 years old, services. Although they did suggest that girls should legally, physically, socially, emotionally and morally. take up courses on cooking, cleaning and sewing This was based on their understandings of marriage, prior to marriage. Most participants also assume and what is expected in marriage. The participants that married girls will no longer continue with their could not see how a 13/14 year old girl could meet education and, despite this being seen as a negative the requirements of a wife and mother. They also consequence for married girls, it was also taken as felt that most 13/14 year old girls would be severally normal and to be expected and tolerated. under prepared for marriage, and would not know what to expect or what to do when married. However, the focus group participants often suggested that it would be different if Jana had been 16 or 17 years of age, as she wass likely to be more mature and have more of an understanding of life and able to advocate for her wishes and desires.

While most of the boys in the focus groups said that girls of 14 years of age getting married will be shocked, sad and anxious, and not know what to expect at all, a few of the girls suggested that girls facing marriage might also have other expectations. They suggested that girls know that they have to obey their husband and his family, but would also expect to have a ‘loving’ relationship and to form an ‘understanding’ with her husband, more independence and maybe her own house or space to run and shape as she pleases. She might expect to have more freedom than she does at home, and also respect in the community as being a married women. She will also expect to be a mother at some point and to start a family by having a baby. These potential aspects of marriage are likely to dominant expectations of marriage rather than concerns about early childbearing, parenting, domestic violence and the challenges of living with her in-laws, which participants generally felt girls were not prepared for.

While the focus group participants had reasonable knowledge about marriage laws and registration processes, there was some confusion about the different age limits of 18 and 15 years, and who they applied to and when. Some participants also shared knowledge of Muslim marriage traditions, and what was considered essential, as well as traditions around the Prophet marrying a 9 year old girl. Some of this knowledge was contested by other participants, also indicating that familiarity with Muslim marriage traditions, teachings and principles is varied.

None of the focus group participants spoke about girls

46 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 47 6. Recommendations 6. Recommendations

6.1 Advocacy and awareness-raising messages not see how a 14 year old girl could possibly be ready need to be nuanced and respectfully engage with for or manage the responsibilities of marriage, and community perceptions of child marriage and advocated that age had to be taken into consideration ambivalent attitudes in processes of marriage formation. Marriage is for Even if the associated harms of child marriage are adults, and a girl is a child. Attention needs to be paid recognised in a family or community, because child to the benefits of marrying as an adult as well as the marriage is often perceived as a legitimate form of harms of child marriage. marriage and facilitated through ‘normal’ marriage formation processes, awareness raising messages need to be informed and nuanced to avoid perceived 6.3 Peer to peer work with male refugees on ‘attacks’ on the institution of marriage. Discussions child marriage that takes into account changes amongst parents on the opportunities and risks or in traditional masculine identifies and the role challenges associated with child marriage indicates men play in preventing child marriage at different that, while families and communities are aware of the stages of their lives negative consequences of child marriage generally Many older male participants raised concerns (particularly in relation to divorce or risky childbearing), about the change in their roles and responsibilities there are also persistent narratives about why it is in relation to marriage formation, and an eroding of an opportunity for girls and their families. Aspects their authority, which could lead men to pursue child of child marriage that families and communities are marriage as a way of reinstating their authority and concerned with, which need to be recognised and meeting perceived responsibilities that they have. tackled in advocacy, awareness-raising messages The boys in the focus groups however, were more and conversations with communities include: vocal about the harms of child marriage when they - The inability of refugee families to ensure their male were asked to put themselves in Jana’s shoes, then and female adolescent children are appropriately when they were speaking as fathers. While there is separated and their sexuality is ‘managed’, due to an increasing focus on ‘working with boys and men’, overcrowding, small homes and high rents there needs to be clearer expectations about what - Concern that child marriage increases divorce these boys can do or ‘should’ do in response to child - Marriage is a right and marriage brings joy to families marriage at different stages of their lives. - Girls sometimes ‘want’ to get married early - Concerns about chastity and controlling sexuality in a precarious environment where girls and boys are 6.4 Peer to peer work with mothers, recognising more mobile and exposed to each other their role in facilitating/allowing child marriage - Maturity of girls While most of the mothers in the focus groups did - Not missing the opportunity of a ‘good’ marriage not ‘support’ child marriage, many had still facilitated match to a ‘good’ man marriages for their daughters under 18 years. Mothers

@Tdh/Diego Ibarra - Marrying a young girl enables her husband and his were also very clearly described as having a significant family to mould her and bring her up to be a ‘good’ wife, role in the process of marriage formation. Therefore, and she is more likely to have a good ‘understanding’ while mothers might not be considered as the ‘key with her husband decision maker,’ they are certainly influencers in the - Girls might be ‘left on the shelf’ if they marry later processes underpinning child marriage and may need - The conditions that refugees face give little choice support to develop ‘safe’ strategies for preventing than for girls to marry early child marriage that they can enact while maintaining family harmony.

6.2. Advocacy and awareness-raising on benefits of adult marriage rather than risks of child marriage 6.5 Creation of community based peers to engage Most of the young people in the focus groups could with families who are considering proposals

49 Families describe using the process of marriage, once to protect girls and guarantee certain rights in a are complex, particularly when is it considered as a proposal has been received, as an opportunity to marriage contract, and where they can get legal culturally appropriate and desirable for parents to weigh all the benefits and costs of (child) marriage, to support and protection. explicitly guide and direct their children, and when the girl and themselves as a family. It is possible that ‘persuasion’ could be considered as ‘coercion’. Within peer to peer conversations during this process can international discourse about the voice of children deliver targeted and culturally informed messages 6.7 Overcrowding to be included as a key driver of and decision-making, there is recognition of the need aimed at preventing child marriage. However, more child marriage for adult support – therefore positioning girls as those research is needed to understand how ‘outsiders’ can The inability of families to give their adolescent who need to ‘refuse’ child marriage in opposition effectively influence family and ‘private’ decisions children appropriate privacy, and for them to be able to their families who are forcing them to marry is without using statutory child protection procedures. to follow traditions of separation and controlling problematic and unsafe. Developing whole family sexuality, was frequently described as a significant level interventions, recognising the role of families in concern which caused much anxiety in families. decisions-making processes of an individual, appears 6.6 Continued work on implementation of marriage While this is a consequence of poverty and poor more cognisant with community processes related to legislation and protection of women’s right in access to employment, it is an important driver to be marriage. marriage included explicitly in theories of change related to The minimum age of marriage for Muslims in Jordan child marriage, particularly as it is linked to managing is 18 years, although it is possible to marry at 15 years sexuality and protection. 6.10 Contextualise the use of a gender inequality old in ‘exceptional circumstances’. New guidance and sexuality lens to child marriage through has recently been issued on how high court judges community-based approaches to promote pro- assess whether a marriage under 18 is eligible. There 6.8 Reconceptualisation of education for girls gender norms is no single legal age of marriage in Lebanon, as this While the impact of child marriage on education was Cultural norms and tradition remain a key driver varies by religious confession, although a new law recognised in the focus groups, it did not appear to of child marriage, yet these appear to be now also is being considered to set a national minimum age be a priority or a point of significant concern. Some closely linked to the current context of displacement of marriage (which may also include exceptions in participants even said that they did not want brides and the perceived ‘risks’ girls face, the limited special circumstances). For Sunni Muslims the legal who were educated and who would work in the potential for girls due to displacement and additional age of marriage is currently 17 years, with it possible future, as they need women to stay at home and concerns about sexuality. The nature of displacement to marry from 9 years with the permission of a High care for their children. This indicates that arguments has the potential to reinforce and re-establishing Court Judge (although it is not customary to marry seeking to prevent child marriage which are based cultural norms and traditions underpinned by gender from 9 years) [19]. Shia Muslims in Lebanon are legally on an assumed value of education for girls will be inequality that were decreasing in Syrian prior to the able to marry following puberty, and at a minimum ineffective without a reconceptualisation of the conflict. from 9 years of age [19]. The focus groups show that relationship between child marriage and education. having the two different age thresholds for marriage More work needs to be done on showing how continues to cause confusion amongst Syrian educated girls can contribute to marital relationships refugees about when their daughters may legally and parenting through specific engagement by the marry and in what circumstances child marriage is educational sector with child marriage. Linking the legally permissible. Women (and girls) also have the education of girls with better future (financially) for right to add requirements to the marriage contract the whole family is also important, even if it challenges to ensure their protection and well-being, such as established gender-related norms. continuing in education or living in an independent flat, or prolonging the engagement process until a certain age. It appears that these rights are rarely 6.9 Avoid positioning adolescent girls against enacted upon, especially by young girls. families through interventions, messages and approaches While campaigns have previously been run to inform The consent of girls to marry was described in the families of marriage laws in Jordan and Lebanon [13], focus groups as much more of a complicated process this research indicates that on-going awareness than girls merely saying ‘yes I will marry this man’, sessions and other activities which promote the with a range of social pressures and expectations and rights of girls and women under personal status law family dynamics shaping this process in families and in are still needed. This should include guidance of public. Discussions regarding the ability of girls under when marriage under the legal age may or may not 18 years of age to consent to marriage and the role be permissible and why, and what can be included of parents in the related decision-making processes

50 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 51 Appendices: Focus group tools Research tool – Focus group with parents (separate groups for mothers) and fathers, but same research tools

Introduce researcher (social worker from the UK, facilitator (i.e. who makes decisions about marriage? married with young children, partnership with Tdh, What happens? I.e. does a man know that he must get previous research with young wives and young married so he starts off the process or does his family mothers under the age of 18 in Mozambique) start the process by suggesting that he should now Give research information sheet and consent form if get married? Does he start to look for a woman he they haven’t yet had it would like to marry or ask his family to help him? Who Give verbal overview of the research approaches the woman’s family and when and how? Give time for participants to read the information When/how/why do families meet and what happens? sheet Etc) Read consent form Ask participants if they are happy to participate and if Facilitator to get all parents involved in describing they are happy to sign the consent form the process and any slight differences there might be Begin recording or note taking between families.

Facilitator to ask if process has changed at all since Participant details: leaving Syria – any challenges associated with the Gender: process of marriage since leaving Syria Age: Nationality: Continue once the process is established Home region before displacement: When displaced: Exercise 2: Where currently live: What do you look for in a marriage partner for your Refugee status and documentation: son? Own education level: Ask parents to call out (or write down?) things they Source of income: want in the marriage partner for their son (i.e. women Level of household economic stability: of good character? Woman who prays regularly? Number of children: Woman from a family with a good reputation? A Age of children: young woman? An older woman? A woman from the Education of each child: same tribe? A woman from the extended family (i.e.

@Tdh/Diego Ibarra Level/Type involvement with Tdh: cousin)? A woman who has finished school? A woman who is working? A teacher? A nurse?) Focus groups will be facilitated by Tdh project worker (i.e. community mobiliser/support group facilitator) Put these characteristics on pieces of paper on the floor (or on a board), and then ask the parents to try and order them in a list of importance/priority? Focus group outline: What do you look for in a marriage partner for your Exercise 1: daughter? The group of parents will first be asked to explain the Ask parents to call out (or write down?) things they process of marriage to Dr Aisha Hutchinson (if she is want in the marriage partner for their daughter (i.e. present) or to describe the process of marriage to the man of good character? Man who prays regularly?

53 Man from a family with a good reputation? A young challenges to build a protective circle for the young man? An older man? A man from the same tribe? A man women, her husband and their families … from the extended family (i.e. cousin)? A man who has finished school? A man who is working? A doctor? A Facilitator to ask about religious processes, support lawyer? A farmer? A good financial situation? Ability networks, cultural processes, government services, to get her residence papers?) UN services, INGO services … Research tool – Focus group with young people (separate

Put these characteristics on pieces of paper on the Facilitator to finish by reminding the group of the aims groups with girls and boys using same research tools) floor (or on a board), and then ask the parents to try and objectives of the research and order them in a list of importance/priority? Introduce researcher (social worker from the UK, What should Jana and her family do? Look at the two lists … are they the same/different, married with young children, partnership with Tdh, ask parents to discuss why they are the same or previous research with young wives and young PART 1 different mothers under the age of 18 in Mozambique) Give Jana is 13 years old, she left Syria with her parents research information sheet and consent form if they and her grandparents three years ago. She lives in a Exercise 3: haven’t yet had it Give verbal overview of the research small house with her family in Jordan/Lebanon (delete Building a protective circle Give time for participants to read the information as appropriate). Jana has two brothers and three Explain that we are going to focus on the marriage sheet Read consent form Ask participants if they are sisters. Jana is the oldest child. Her grandparents give of young women under the age of 18 because this is happy to participate and if they are happy to sign the her encouragement; however they are getting old and sometimes associated with additional opportunities consent form have some health problems. Her family are struggling and challenges for young women, her husband and to pay the rent and meet health care costs. They don’t their families Begin recording or note taking always have enough money to buy very much food. Jana’s father has irregular work in agriculture and Facilitator to ask for list of opportunities (good things/ her mother does some housework for local families. positive things) which might occur in the marriage of Participant details: Jana’s father attends the mosque regularly. a young woman under the age of 18, for her, for her We may already have some of this information prior husband and for their families (i.e. able to help mould to the interview Jana goes to school in the afternoon and helps look the young woman as she grows up, early stability Gender: after her siblings in the mornings. for the young woman, opportunity to start trying to Current age: children at a young age …) Nationality: Jana will turn 14 years old in 2 months’ time. Jana’s Home region before displacement: father has told her that his best friend is coming round Facilitator to write these down When displaced: Where currently live: with his brother who is 24 years old and is looking for a Refugee status: Education: Source of income: Level of wife. They are coming to talk about making a proposal Facilitator to ask for list of challenges which might household economic stability: of marriage to Jana. occur in the marriage of a young woman under the age Level/Type involvement with Tdh: of 18, for her, for her husband and for their families (i.e. DO YOU THINK JANA HAS HAD A MARRIAGE getting religious courts to agree to the marriage under Focus groups will be facilitated by Tdh project worker PROPOSAL BEFORE? 18; difficulties in registering the marriage; reduced (i.e. community mobiliser/support group facilitator) freedom for young woman; young women getting used WHAT DO YOU THINK JANAS RESPONSE IS? to a new household and family arrangements; lack of experience in running a household and pleasing her Focus group outline: WHAT WILL SHE THINK? WHAT WILL SHE SAY TO HER husband/in-laws; dropping out of school; extra mouth The facilitator will read out the story of Jana and PARENTS? WILL SHE BE HAPPY/EXCITIED/WORRIED/ to feed in household; extra person to provide for in the her family in four parts, and will ask the participants SCARED? household; problems during childbearing and birth) questions about what Jana and her family will do and say. Participants need to imagine that they are Jana WHAT DOES JANA KNOW ABOUT BEING MARRIED? Facilitator to suggest challenges as appropriate if and her family and think about what they would do they are not identified by the group (especially as they if they were in the same position. There are no right WHAT DOES SHE EXPECT OF/FROM MARRIAGE? pertain to the young woman) answers, you must just say what you think might happen based on your knowledge of Syrian families WHAT DOES JANA WANT FROM MARRIAGE? Facilitator to write these challenges out and then ask and communities. parents to think about how they can reduce/eliminate WHAT DOES JANA KNOW ABOUT BEING A WIFE?

54 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 55 WHAT DOES SHE KNOW ABOUT BECOMING A BECAUSE JANA IS 14 YEARS OLD? WILL THEY TAKE THE MARRAGE? WILL THEY TAKE HER AGE INTO MOTHER AND HAVING A CHILD? HER AGE INTO CONSIDERATION? CONSIDERATION?

WILL HER FAMILY CONSIDER THE MARRIAGE WILL JANA’S FATHER AGREE TO DIFFERENT WILL THEY REGISTAR THE MARRIAGE? PROPOSAL? MARRIAGE TERMS BECAUSE THEY ARE REFUGEES? FOR JORDAN: JANA IS ONLY 14 YEARS OLD AND IT IS ILLEGAL FOR HER TO MARRY IN JORDAN BEFORE SHE WILL JANA’S FATHER ASK HER IF SHE WANTS TO WILL HER PARENTS ACCEPT THE PROPOSAL? IS 15 YEARS OLD – HOW WILL JANA GET MARRIED? GET MARRIED? AND HOW WILL SHE REGISTAR HER MARRIAGE? WHAT WILL THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT BE? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SHE BECOMES PREGNANT? WHAT INVESTIGATIONS WILL HER FAMILY DO? WHO WILL TELL JANA ABOUT THE MEETING AND WHAT WILL HAPPEN AT THE PUBLIC CELEBRATION? PART 2 WHAT DETAILS WILL THEY SHARE? A few days later her father’s best friend and his PART 4 brother, Mohammad, visit the house to talk about a DO JANA’S PARENTS ASK HER FOR HER OPINION Jana has been married for 6 months … marriage proposal for Jana. Mohammad is also a AND HER CONSENT? Syrian refugee from a family with a good reputation. WHAT IS LIFE LIKE FOR JANA? He almost finished secondary school and has been DO YOU THINK THIS SEEMS LIKE A GOOD MATCH? (IS working on a farm since he was 16 years of age and IT GOOD FOR HER TO MARRY ANOTHER SYRIAN? IT WILL JANA CONTINUE TO GO TO SCHOOL? this can mean that he sometimes has to work far away IS GOOD FOR HER TO MARRY A FARMER? IT IS GOOD depending on what farm work is available. His family FOR HER TO MARRY A MAN WHO IS 10 YEARS OLDER WHERE WILL JANA LIVE AFTER SHE IS MARRIED? just about manage to bring in enough money each THAN HER? IS IT GOOD FOR HER TO MARRY A MAN month to pay for rent and food and clothes, but they WHO HAS NO OTHER WIVES? IT IS GOOD FOR HER TO WHO WILL PROVIDE FOR JANA? also struggle financially. Mohammad has no other MARRY INTO A POOR FAMILY? IS IT GOOD FOR HER wives. Mohammad usually attends the mosque on a TO MARRY AT 14 YEARS OLD?) WHEN WILL JANA HAVE A BABY? Friday. DO YOU THINK JANA SHOULD BE MARRIED? (WHY WHAT ARE THE BEST THINGS ABOUT JANA GETTING WHY ARE JANAS FAMILY CONSIDERING THE DO SOME FAMILY CONSIDER MARRIAGE FOR MARRIED? MARRIAGE PROPOSAL? WOMEN YOUNGER THAN 18 AND OTHERS DON’T?) WHAT CHALLENGES MIGHT JANA FACE? WHAT DO JANAS PARENTS WANT IN A MARRIAGE PART 3 PARTNER? WHAT ARE THEY LOOKING FOR? (i.e. Jana has had her birthday, she is now 14 years old. WHAT CAN JANA DO IN RESPONSE TO THOSE A Syrian/Jordanian/Lebanese/Saudi? Man of good Jana has been told that it will be good for her to marry CHALLENGES? character? Man who prays and fasts? Man from family Mohammad and that a marriage contract has been with a good reputation? A young man? An older man? secured and that they will soon go to the religious HOW IS JANA FEELING? WHO WILL JANA TALK TO A man from the same tribe? A man from the extended court to register the marriage. They will also make a ABOUT HER FEELINGS? family (i.e. cousin)? A man who has finished school? public announcement to confirm the marriage. A man who is working and can financially provide for HOW MIGHT JANA BE SUPPORTED BY HER his family? A teacher? A nurse? A doctor? A farmer? A HOW IS JANA FEELING? HUSBAND, PARENTS, IN-LAWS, WIDER FAMILY, man who can get her residence papers) FRIENDS, ORGANISATIONS LIKE MINISTRY OF WHO WILL PREPARE JANA FOR MARRIAGE AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT/UN/INGOS/TDH? DID JANA’S FATHER CONSULT ANYONE BEFORE HOW WILL SHE BE PREPARED? WILL THEY TAKE HER THE MEETING? DID HE CONSULT WITH HIS LOCAL AGE INTO CONSIDERATION? SHEIKH/IMAM? IF YOU WERE JANA AND HER FAMILY, WHAT WOULD HOW WILL THE MARRIAGE BE VIEWED UNDER YOU DO? WHO ATTENDS THE MEETING? ISLAM?

WHAT HAPPENS AT THIS MEETING? WHAT DO THEY WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF MARRIAGE UNDER TALK ABOUT? WHAT QUESTIONS WILL THEY ASK? ISLAM?

WILL JANA’S PARENTS BE LOOKING FOR DIFFERENT WHAT WILL HAPPEN AT THE RELIGIOUS COURT? THINGS FROM MOHAMMAD AND HIS FAMILY WILL THE SHEIKH SPEAK WITH JANA ABOUT

56 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 57 7. References 7. References

1. Gebel, M. and S. Heyne, Delayed transitions in times of increasing uncertainty: School-to-work transition and the delay of first marriage in Jordan. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 2016.46 (School-to-Work Transitions across Time and Place: Patterns, Socioeconomic Achievement and Parenthood): p. 61-72.

2. Higher Population Council, A study on Child Marriage in Jordan. 2017, Higher Population Council - Jordan: Amman Jordan. p. 1-119.

3. Department of Statistics (DOS) and ICF., Jordan Population and Family and Health Survey 2017-18. 2019, DOS and ICF: Amman, Jordan, and Rockville, Maryland, USA.

4. UN Women, Inter-agency Assessment: Gender-based violence and child protection among Syrian refugees in Jordan, with a focus on early marriage. 2013, Un Women: Amman, Jordan.

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6. International Medical Corps and UNICEF, Mental Health Psychosocial and child protection for Syrian adolescent refugees in Jordan. 2014.

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8. International Rescue Committee, Are we Listening? Acting on Our Commitments to Women and Girls Affected by the Syrian Conflict. 2014, IRC: New York.

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10. Spencer, R.A.J., et al., Gender Based Violence Against Women and Girls Displaced by the Syrian Conflict in South Lebanon and North Jordan: Scope of Violence and Health Correlates. 2015, Alianza por la Solidaridad. p. 1-100.

11. Care International, Six Years into Exile: The challenges and coping strategies of non-camp Syrian refugees in Jordan and their host communities. 2016, Care International: Amman. @Tdh/EJC 12. Swan, G., Undocumented, Unseen, and at Risk: The situation of Syrian Refugees lacking civil and legal documentation in Jordan. 2017, International Catholic Migration Commission (ICMC).

13. Hutchinson, A.J., Mapping responses to Child Marriage in Jordan: Reflections from practitioners and policymakers. 2018, Terre des Hommes: Amman.

14. UNICEF and UNFPA, Regional accountability Framework of Action on Ending Child Marriage: 2018-2021 Middle East and North Africa/Arab States. 2018, UNICEF and UNFPA: Amman, Jordan and Cairo, Egypt.

15. Bartels, S.A., et al., Making sense of child, early and forced marriage among Syrian refugee girls: a mixed methods study in Lebanon. BMJ Global Health, 2018: p. 1-12.

59 16. Hutchinson, A.J., Understanding the social processes underpinning child marriage: The impact of displacement in Jordan. 2018, Terre des Hommes.

17. Fowler, R., Syrian Refugee Families' Awareness of the Health Risks of Child Marriage and What Organizations Offer or Plan in order to Raise Awareness. 2014, Carnegie Mellon University: Independent Study Project (ISP) Collections.

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19. UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Third periodic report of States Parties, Lebanon,. 2006, CEDAW.

60 Child marriage in discussion: Findings from focus groups with Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon 61 @Tdh/Ollivier Girard T +962 (0) 64655717, Fax +962 (0) 64640852 64640852 (0) +962 Fax 64655717, (0) T +962 11191 Jordan -Amman 910408 P.O. Box floor 3rd Al-Abdali, Street, Al-Nabulsi Sulayman 2, Center Dina delegation Jordan