A Preliminary Study of the Qin Period Inscribed Slips from Liye

Li Xueqin

Keywords: Longshan Liye city-site No. 1 well inscribed slips and tablets Qin period

On June 3rd, 2002, the No. 1 well of the city-site at Liye J1 ⑨ 1 and 10 里耶 in Longshan 龙山 County, Hunan 湖南, began to The 7th moon with jiazi as the shuo J1 ⑨ 3 and 12 yield inscribed slips, which was followed by the discov- The 8th moon with guisi as the shuo ery of voluminous inscribed slips and tablets in the same J1 ⑨ 2, 4–7, 9 and 11 well. The finds total as many as about 36,000 pieces The 4th moon with jiwei as the shuo, 35th year according to estimation. In the present paper, I would J1 ⑨ 1–12 like to deal with some problems on them so as to evoke further research and discussion. In the aspect of year recording, these inscriptions already cover most of the dates occurring in the slips and I. Calendar First Day of the Moon tablets. The first interesting point of the Liye slips and tablets as Through comparison with the relevant calendars such an important discovery, of course, is the problem of known from present calculation, it is easy to confirm that their date. The preliminary excavation report dates them the above dates were all in the Qin period. Consulting Xu to the time from the 25th year of Qin King Zheng 正 ’s Xiqi’s Xizhou (Gonghe) Zhi Xihan Lipu 徐锡祺: 西周 reign to the fist year of the Second Qin Emperor’s reign. (共和)至西汉历谱 ［ Calendar from the Western Zhou Do they undoubtedly belong to the Qin? This can be (Gonghe Reign) to the Western Han］, the latest in this determined by examining the recorded li shuo 历朔 type of publication, we see that those li shuo almost all (calendar first days of moons), which have been quoted conform to the Calendar. The only discrepancy is the a lot in this report, such as: eighth moon with jiaxu as the shuo, 27th year, which, The 5th moon with xinsi as the shuo 朔 (first day of the according to the Calendar, began from guiyou day. The moon), 26th year J1 9 difference for one day must owe to the establishment of The 8th moon with gengxu as the shuo J1 ⑧ 134 an additional greater moon between the third and the The 2nd moon with bingzi as the shuo, 27th year J1 5 seventh moons. These show the uniformity and meticu- The 8th moon with jiaxu as the shuo J1 ⑧ 133 lousness of the calendar observed in the Qin period. The 8th moon with wuchen as the shuo, 28th year It will be possible for us to have a relatively complete J1 ⑨ 984 understanding of Qin calendar days after the publication The 9th moon with bingchen as the shuo, 30th year of all the Liye slips and tablets. But the published records J1 ⑨ 981 on the li shuo have already provided some material for The 1st moon with wuyin as the shuo, 32nd year comparison with other data on calendar days. Let us read J1 ⑧ 157 the following examples. The 3rd moon with xinwei as the shuo The first example is the Han slips Zou Yan Shu 奏 J1 ⑨ 2, 3, 9 and 11 谳书 (Report on Trial) unearthed from Zhangjiashan The 4th moon with xinchou as the shuo 张家山 in Jiangling 江陵, Hubei 湖北. One of its parts J1 ⑨ 1, 4–8, 10 and 12 “Nanjun Zushi Gai Lu…Deng Yubu 南郡卒史盖 The 6th moon with jiawu as the shuo, 34th year 庐…… 等狱簿”(Prison Register by the Zushi Clerk

158 Chinese Archaeology Gai Lu of Nanjun Prefecture…) records:“The yushi the Nanjun 南郡 prefect Teng 腾 in the 20th year of the 御使 (imperial counsellor) wrote on renchen day of First Qin Emperor’s reign unearthed from Qin tomb No. the second moon, 27th year…”According to Xu 11 at Shuihudi 睡虎地 in Yunmeng 云梦, Hubei. But Xiqi’s Calendar, all the calendar days of the 27th year this may have been a copy with some details presumably of the First Qin Emperor’s reign in this paragraph are omitted, which remained unknown until the emergence agreeable to the li shuo in the Liye slips, but jiawu day of the Liye slips. of the ninth moon, 28th year, is unconformable to It is impressive that the administrative documents Xu’s Calendar. A note to the Zhangjiashan Han Mu from Liye, like the Qin legal documents previously Zhu Jian 张家山汉墓竹简 (Bamboo Slips from the recorded, are composed after standard, mature forms, Han Tomb at Zhangjiashan) says that“According to and in a succinct style. For example, some documents Fang Shiming and Fang Xiaofen’s Zhongguo Shi Liri contain the idiom“Gan yan zhi 敢言之”(literally“This He Zhongxi Liri Duizhao 方诗铭、方小芬: 中国史 is to report that…”or“This is the report”): 历日和中西历日对照 (Calendar Days in the History Jisi day of the 9th moon with bingchen day as the of China and Comparison of Chinese and Western shuo, 30th year. Report from Jing 敬, deputy chief of Calendar Days), there was a leap moon in the 28th the Land Department. This is to report that the office year of the First Qin Emperor’s reign. The ninth moon of county government required… to go to the office. of that year began with wuxu day and had no day This is the report. …J1 ⑨ 981 designated as jiawu. The jiawu day in the slips from Jiayin day of the 4th moon with bingwu day as the Zhangjiashan must have been in the intercalary ninth shuo, 32nd year. Report from Shi 是, deputy chief of moon, which began with dingmou day, and jiawu was the Shaonei 少内 (department in charge of financial the 28th day.”However, according to other calendars, affairs). This is to report that the yushi’s document this leap moon was in the 29th year. The actual fact inquiring… Now the document has been received. will come out when the li shuo of the 29th year in the This is the report. …J1 ⑧ 152 Liye slips are published. Obviously the function of“Gan yan zhi”is to mark the The second example is the calendar for the 34th year beginning and end of the main text of documents so as to of the First Qin Emperor’s reign inscribed on bamboo prevent tampering. A similar idiom is“Gan gao 敢告” slips from Qin tomb No. 30 at Zhoujiatai 周家台, Shashi (literally“This is to notify that…”or“This is the 沙市 in Jingzhou 荆州, Hubei. In this calendar, the shuo notice”). For example: show a distinct difference when compared with those in Jiayin day of the 4th moon with bingwu day as the Xu’s Calendar and the Liye slips. This is the seventh shuo, 32nd year. Notice from the Qianling 迁陵 moon beginning with guihai day but not jiazi, which County deputy magistrate’s assistant Se to the Youyang means that the sixth moon was taken as a lesser moon. It 酉阳 magistrate’s assistant. This is to notify that the must have been for the reason that the slips from Zhoujiatai document of inquiring the price of the clothes a clerk were private records and from the beginning 10th moon sent by your order has been received. This is the of this year, the moons were recorded as lesser moons notice. … J1 ⑧ 158 alternating with greater ones. Thus the double greater The matter said in this document is the same as that moons were misplaced on the seventh and eighth moons. in above-quoted J1 ⑧ 152, and both documents are Moreover, in the Zhoujiatai slips, there is no record of the dated the same day. As the Shaonei deputy chief Shi’s additional ninth moon in this year. But calculated back document was to submit to his superior, there occurs the from the li shuo of 35th year recorded in Xu’s Calendar wording“Gan yan zhi 敢言之.”But the Qianling and Liye slips, there was undoubtedly a leap moon in the deputy magistrate’s assistant Se shared the same official 34th year. It seems that the then calendar days were more rank with the addressee Youyang magistrate’s assistant, exactly recorded in official documents. so he used“Gan gao 敢告.” The document of Nanjun Prefect Teng unearthed II. Writing Form and Dispatching Manner from Shuihudi ends with the words“Mail by courier; of Documents the copy for the Jiangling Bureau, mail by post.”It Before the discovery of the Liye slips, the administrative means that the document was to be delivered in two documents of the Qin period were little known. The ways: The first was orderly transmission through courier material evidence was merely the document written by stations among the counties of the prefecture, while the

Volume 4 159 second was direct delivery by a special postman. An- by Assistant Ren J1 ⑨ 981 other example is the Liye slip J1 ⑧ 154, which says: Dingyou day of the 1st moon, at the time of “Mail delivered by the postman De 邮人得行.” breakfast. Brought by Maid Ran J1 ⑧ 157 The Er Nian Lü Ling 二年律令 (Ordinances Issued Jiayin day of the 4th moon, mid-noon. Brought in the Second Year) in the Han slips from Zhangjiashan by Assistant Chu J1 ⑧ 152 contains the Xing Shu Lü 行书律 (Statute on Document The other way was recording by the water clock, Delivery). It stipulates to establish one post station every which was done more frequently. ten li generally and every twenty li for the area south of As shown in the Liye slips, there were two manners the river in Nanjun Prefecture, and to set up 12 sub- of this time-of-a-day recording way. One is expressed as stations under each station. This was a huge system. Such “How many ke has the 11 ke of water fallen for?”For a great net formed in the second year of Empress Lü’s example: reign obviously had no counterpart in this region during Jiachen day, the 11 ke of water has fallen for 10 ke the Qin period. A slip from Liye says: J1 9 Jiawu day of the first moon with wuyin day as the Renyin day of the 2nd moon, the 11 ke of water shuo, 32nd year. Report from the chief of Qiling 启陵 has fallen for 2 ke J1 ⑧ 154 Township. This is to report that the positions of The other manner was leaving out the words“11 ke of.” Chengli 成里 Ward chief and Qiling postman are On Slip J1 6, the text contains the record“Gengxu vacant ……J1 ⑧ 157 day, the water has fallen for a certain ke,” and below is It indicates that Qiling Township and the like were the words“Wushen day, evening.”It suggests that such allowed to have only one postman. water clocks were used exclusively for the daytime. This As the postmen were in a small number, only a few is a rather simple time-measuring method, by which the urgent documents were delivered by special postmen, as daytime is divided into 11 ke. These are marked on the demonstrated in J1⑥2, which says:“Mail by post from arrowhead-shaped vertical scale in the water, and the Qianling to Dongting.”Most documents were transmit- time of a day can be read while the arrowhead is sinking ted by minor clerks, commoners or even male and female along with the falling water. Presumably the water clock servants. For example: resembles that discovered to be of the Han period, with Brought by Assistant Chu J1 ⑧ 152 the floating wooden arrowhead graduated from the bot- Brought by Assistant Ren J1 ⑨ 981 tom to the top. Compared with the Han method of Delivered from the county government by ex- “dividing the day and night into one hundred ke,”it is press J1 ⑧ 156 and 157 very primitive in structure and different in the form of The Xing Shu Lü in the Qin slips from Shuihudi says: time measuring. “Old and weak servants, regardless of males or females, Another noteworthy point of the Liye documents is and untrustworthy people should not be ordered to make the frequent occurrence of the idiom“One’s hand.” document delivery.”The above-quoted Liye slips re- The first word is a person’s name, while the“hand”can flect just the requirement of this regulation. be explained to be“in person,”and the whole phrase Another stipulation of this statute reads: means one’s signature. This can be exemplified with the The sending and receipt of documents should be following slips. recorded along with the respective time in date and J1⑧158 quoted above is the document the Qianling time, early or late, so as to be handled in time. deputy magistrate’s assistant Se sent to the Youyang This was also well implemented as reflected from magistrate’s assistant on jiayin (ninth) day of the fourth the Liye slips, where the sending and receipt of docu- moon beginning with bingwu day, 32nd year of the First ments are often noted down exactly, not only in date, but Qin Emperor’s reign. It tells that the document on the also in the time of a day. price of the clothes delivered by a clerk of the Youyang The time of a day was recorded in two ways. One was magistrate’s assistant has been received (the document is using the names of the periods in the day. For example: titled“Yushi’s Document Inquiring the Price of the Bingchen day of the 4th moon, morning. Deliv- Clothes”, see J1 ⑧ 153). The reverse of the slip is ered from the county government to Youyang by inscribed with the words: express J1 ⑧ 158 Bingchen day of the 4th moon, morning. Deliv- Gengwu day of the 9th moon, morning. Brought ered from the county government to Youyang by

160 Chinese Archaeology express. Xin’s hand. existence is also not dispelled until reading the slips J1 This means that the document was delivered to ⑨ 1–12 with the words“We do not know by which Youyang on bingchen (11th) day of the fourth moon. The county magistrate’s signature (the troops) are garrisoned original had been sent out, and the present J1⑧158 was in Dongting Prefecture.” a copy kept in file. Xin must have been the copier. Histories have no records on the establishment of Receiving through the Youyang government the Dongting Prefecture in the Qin period. While recounting yushi’s document inquiring the price of the clothes, the studies of Qin prefectures, Ma Feibai 马非白 in his Qin Qianling deputy magistrate’s assistant Se transmitted it Ji Shi 秦集史 (A Collection of Historical Records on the down to the Shaonei, the department in charge of finan- Qin) says that“There have always been two versions on cial affairs under the county government, on guichou the Qin prefectures and counties. One of them believes (eighth) day of the fourth moon for handling, and pointed that there were 36 prefectures during the whole Qin out that the document, i.e. J1 ⑧ 156, should be opened period as historians relate in their works. The other and read by officials of the Financial Section. The maintains that the 36 prefectures were set up in the 26th original had been handed to the Shaonei. The copier must year of the First Qin Emperor’s reign, not including the also have been Xin. later established.”The former version was brought about On the next day jiayin, the Shaonei deputy chief, by from Ban Gu’s Han Shu“: Dili Zhi”汉书·地理志 the order, submitted a report, i.e. J1 ⑧ 152. The docu- (History of the Han:“Geographical Monographs”); the ment was brought by the assistant Chu and opened by latter started from Pei Yin’s Shi Ji Ji Jie 裴 ·史记集 Xin, and the signer was Chu. 解 (Commentary on the“Historical Records”) and came Thus we know that the person who signed into its complete form in the Jin Shu“: Dili Zhi”晋书· “someone’s hand”was the clerk that copied, received 地理志 (History of the Jin:“Geographical Monographs”). or dispatched the document. But both do not mention Dongting Prefecture. Originally the Qianling area belonged to Qianzhong III. Dongting and Qianling 黔中 Prefecture of the Chu 楚 State. The Shi Ji“: Qin Through a careful reading of the above-quoted“Yushi’s Benji”史记·秦本纪 (Historical Records:“Basic An- Document of Inquiring the Price of the Clothes”and nals of the Qin”) records that in the 27th year of his reign related documents in slips, it has been known that the (280 BC), the Qin King Zhaowang昭王“ordered Sima city-site yielding the slips and tablets is the ruined seat of Cuo to lead his troops on an expedition from the western Qin period Qianling County belonging to Dongting Long 陇 region. With the Shu area as the base, they Prefecture. attacked Qianzhong of the Chu and captured it.”The The document was issued by the yushi (imperial “Chu Shijia”楚世家 “( Biography of the Chu”) of the counselor agency). The position yushi of the Qin Dy- same book says that“In the 22nd year”of the Chu King nasty originated from the system recorded in the Zhou Li Qingxiangwang 顷襄王’s reign (277 BC),“the Qin took 周礼(Ritual of the Zhou) and was headed by the yushi our Wu 巫 and Qianzhong Prefecture.”Consulting the dafu 御史大夫 (chief imperial counselor), assistant of Shui Jing“: Yuanshui Zhu”水经·沅水注 (Commentary the chancellor, mainly in charge of supervising and of the Waterways Classic:“Yuanshui River”), we read controlling the officials. With the purpose of requiring that“In the 27th year of the Qin King Zhaowang’s “Dongting 洞庭 to report the price of the clothes,”the reign, Sima Cuo, by the king’s order, led the Long and document was to be sent from Xianyang 咸阳 through Shu troops to attack on the Chu State, which ended with Dongting Prefecture to the counties under this prefecture the Chu’s territory north of the Hanshui River ceded to in proper order. So it was transmitted from Youyang to the Qin. In the 30th year, the Qin seized Wu, Qian and the Qianling, and then from the Qianling magistrate’s assis- southern Hanshui River valley from the Chu, and estab- tant down to the Shaonei (Financial Department) of the lished Qianzhong Prefecture in this tract of land.”These county government. This process reflects the Qin three- record evidence that the Qin captured the Qianzhong rank jurisdiction: the imperial court_Dongting region twice and finally made it a prefecture. The Prefecture_Qianling County. “Yuanshui Zhu”says further that“In the second (please After the discovery of the Liye slips, the problem of read“fifth”for it) year of the First Han Emperor’s “Dongting Prefecture”aroused a lot of discussion and reign, the territory of previous Qianzhong was made inference for a period of time. My suspicions about its Wuling Prefecture,” but it does not mention how

Volume 4 161 Qianzhong Prefecture was changed in the Qin period. I would like to cite some examples and make a brief Wuling Prefecture of the early Han period included account on them. Henshan 很山, Lingyang 零阳, Chongxian 充县, Example I: J1 9 Youyang, Qianling, Yuanling, Chenyang 辰阳, Yiling The document on the obverse is a report of Qiling 义陵, and Wuyang乌阳 counties mentioned in the Han Township, Qianling, to the county government. It tells Shu“: Dili Zhi,” with the seat located in Yiling, to the that Jia 嘉, deputy chief of Duxiang 都乡 (the township south of present-day Xupu 溆浦. The Qianling County where the county seat was located), made representa- seat, as recorded in the“Yuanshui Zhu,”was situated tions to Qiling about the problem that the He 劾 family’s east of present-day Baojing 保靖, at a distance from and other 16 families’ move from Qiling to the Duxiang Liye. The difference between the location known from had been done without handing over the register on their this literal record and that suggested by the present ages. The chief of Qiling Township, Ying 应 by name, archaeological data must have been owing to the move of inquired into the issue. It turned out that Qiling had given the seat, but both Baojing and Liye are situated on the the Duxiang a document on these families when they bank of the Youshui River. moved, and there were no longer any records on them, It is clearly reasonable to identify the Liye city-site including those on their ages. So Qiling reports the as the ruined seat of Qin period Qianling County. The matter to the county government and asks them to inform Liye slips, as the published show, are left over from the the Duxiang that the problem should be settled by the original and copied documents kept in the Qianling Duxiang itself. County government, which is well exemplified by the On the reverse are the instructions of Dun Hu 敦狐, above-quoted“Document of Inquiring the Price of the deputy magistrate’s assistant of Qianling County. It Clothes.”So the seat of Qianling County should be requires the chief of Duxiang to handle the matter by law, located at this place. It is again verified by the distance- i.e. to register the movers’ ages. recording slip J1 52. The places it recorded can be The report of Qiling Township is dated 20th of the identified as follows: fifth moon, 26th year of the First Qin Emperor’s reign …… (221 BC), and the instructions of the Qianling County Yan 鄢 To the southeast of present- deputy magistrate’s assistant were received by the day Yicheng 宜城, Hubei Duxiang on 24th. The document must have been kept in Xiao 销 (Calling for further identific the Duxiang. ation) In the Qin period, age registration was very impor- Jiangling Present-day Jingzhou, Hubei tant to the government because males coming of age Chanling 孱陵 To the southwest of present- should be included on the roll of laborers for conscription. day Gong’an 公安, Hubei The Shi Ji“: Qinshihuang Benji”史记·秦始皇本纪 Suo 索 To the northeast of present- (Historical Records:“Annals of the First Qin Emperor”) day Changde 常德, Hunan records that in the 16th year (231 BC),“adult males Linyuan 临沅 To the west of present-day began to be demanded to register their ages with the Changde, Hunan government.”It can be better understood by referring to Qianling the words“report one’s age orally”in the Qin slips The route ended just at Qianling, and the distances Bian Nian Ji 编年记(Chronicles) unearthed from between different points along the route were recorded Shuihudi. for the use of travelers to Qianling. Example II: J1 5 and 6 As for the location of Dongting Prefecture seat, the On the obverse of the two slips is the text telling that date of its establishment and the duration of its existence, the document delivered from the Dongting Prefecture it is still difficult to solve these problems at present. I government on 15th of the second moon, 27th year of the believe that the complete publication of the Liye slips First Qin Emperor’s reign (220 BC) has been sent to the and tablets will provide relevant evidence. counties of Dongting Prefecture. Moreover, it has been IV. Examples on the Importance of the transmitted to two zushi clerks and the military com- mander of the Prefecture. The matter is as follows: The Liye Slips Dongting prefectural government was ordered to pro- To demonstrate the great significance of the Liye slips, duce military supplies (including the above-mentioned

162 Chinese Archaeology “clothes,” i.e. uniforms) for the Neishi Metropolitan idioms“Gan yan zhi 敢言之”“( This is to report that Region and Bajun 巴郡, Nanjun, and Cangwu prefectures. …”) and“Shu dao wei bao 书到为报”(This is the The products had to be transported with great manpower. report) are all identical with those used in Liye slips. On Now the Dongting prefectural government, based on the same day, a copy of the document was sent from Jing relevant regulations, inspects whether the labors inter- 敬, chief’s assistant of Longshi 龙氏 Township, Jiangling, fered with the common people’s farm work. They re- to the chief’s assistant of Andu. The signer was the clerk quire that the county governments who saved their Ting, who must also have been the copier. soldiers and criminal-laborers by replacing them with M18:35C is a list of the Yan household’s members, conscribed laborers should submit reports urgently and an appendix to the document. It suggests that Yan was wait for handling. the widow of a lesser marquis, so her family was given On the reverse of J1 6 is the document from the special care. Yan came from Xin’an (to the east of deputy magistrate’s assistant of Qianling County magis- present-day Mianchi 渑池, Henan 河南), probably her trate for communicating the Prefecture’s instructions. husband’s native place. She lived in Jiangling with her He informed directly the matter to □ chun Township as husband and now, after his death, intended to move to he, presumably, stayed there at that time. Meanwhile he Andu (to the southwest of the old seat of present-day sent the document to the county military commander. Gaoyang 高阳, Hebei 河北), presumably her own The latter should make a copy for sending to the Duxiang, homeland. The report is an official document to handle to its Works Section and Stored Grain Section. Further- her application. more, the Duxiang should reproduce the copy for trans- What we see today is actually a copy of the document. mitting to Qiling and Erchun 贰春 townships. In this M18:35B and its appendix M18:35C are joined together, ways the Qianling County government required its sub- added with the sealing label M18:35A, and tied with two ordinates to execute the Prefecture’s order. lines of silk ribbon. On the original document, the lower The document from Qianling County was delivered line must have born a clay sealing with the legend“Seal on gengxu (5th) day of the third moon. On bingchen (11th) of Jiangling Magistrate’s Assistant.”But on the copy, day, the Qianling magistrate’s assistant Ou 欧 reaffirmed the legend is written in ink. Close to it, in the lower left the above instructions (See the reverse of J1 5). He corner of the reverse of M18:35B, there is the phrase copied the 5th day instructions on 13th of the third moon, “Chan’s hand,” indicating that the copier was the clerk and submitted them to his superior in the next morning. Chan 产. As for M18:35D, it is a list of grave goods and What we see today is copied from that copy. It is imagin- has nothing to do with the document. Presumably Yan able what a strict and complicated document-transmitting died before her departure for Andu, and the copied institution was practiced at that time. document that should have functioned as her certificate was used as a funeral object. V. Comparison with Early Han Documents The Gaotai wooden tablets provide us some material In form and content, the Liye slips are comparable to a evidences of the then document form. In the way of certain extent with the previously discovered slips of the sealing, M18:35A has its counterpart among the Liye early Han period. One example is a group of wooden slips, such as J1⑥2, a short narrow wooden piece. J1⑨ tablets from the No. 18 tomb at Gaotai 高台 of Jingzhou, 1_12 are a group of wooden tablets related to each other. Hubei. A comparison with the Liye slips in form sug- Originally they might have been tied together. This gests that the text they bear is a copied practical document. information and the like facilitate the sorting-out of this On the obverse of Gaotai M18:35B is the document type of document. proper. As the excavation report points out, the“seventh References year”should be assigned to the Han Emperor Wendi文 帝 ’s Qianyuan 前元 reign (174 BC), and the“gengzi” 1. Hubei Sheng Jingzhou Bowuguan 湖北省荆州博 is 25th of the tenth moon. On that day, Qi, chief of 物馆(2000). Jingzhou Gaotai Qin Han Mu 荆州高台秦 Zhongxiang 中乡 Township, Jiangling, reported to the 汉墓. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe 科学出版社. county government that Yan 燕 , an adult female of 2. Hunan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo et al. 湖 Xin’an新安, had asked to move to Andu安都 with two 南省文物考古研究所等(2003).“Hunan Longshan Liye adult servants and one maid and transfer their registered zhanguo_qindai gucheng yihao jing fajue jianbao 湖南 permanent residence to there. The dating way and the 龙山里耶战国—秦代古城一号井发掘简报”. Wenwu

Volume 4 163 文物 2003.1: 4_35. Kexue Jishu Chubanshe 北京科学技术出版社. 3. Shuihudi Qin Mu Zhujian Zhengli Xiaozu 睡虎地 5. Zhangjiashan Ersiqihao Han Mu Zhujian Zhengli 秦墓竹简整理小组(2000). Shuihudi Qin Mu Zhujian Xiaozu 张家山二四七号汉墓竹简整理小组(2001). 睡虎地秦墓竹简. Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe. Zhangjiashan Han Mu Zhujian (Ersiqihao Mu) 张家山 4. Xu Xiqi 徐锡祺(1997). Xizhou (Gonghe) Zhi 汉墓竹简(二四七号墓). Beijing: Wenwu Chubanshe Xihan Lipu 西周（共和）至西汉历谱. Beijing: Beijing 文物出版社.

Note: The original paper was published in Wenwu 2003.1: 73–81, with no figure, written by Li Xueqin李学勤. The present version, an abridgment from the original, is prepared by Cao Nan 曹楠 and English-translated by Mo Runxian 莫润先.

164 Chinese Archaeology