“I Love Accents”

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“I Love Accents” View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives “I Love Accents” The use of accents in American sitcoms Turid Lie Vilkensen Department of foreign languages University of Bergen May 2013 ii Summary in Norwegian Målet med denne oppgaven har vært å se på bruken av ulike engelske dialekter (”accents”) i amerikanske komiserier. Seriene representerer to forskjellige tidsperioder, nærmere bestemt 1950- og 60-tallet, og 1990- og 2000-tallet. Seriene ble valgt basert på deres popularitet, og tre serier fra hver periode er inkludert. De tre eldre seriene er I Love Lucy, The Danny Thomas Show, og The Dick Van Dyke Show. De nyere seriene er Seinfeld, Friends, og Frasier. Oppgaven er inspirert av Rosina Lippi-Green sin studie om språkbruk i Disney-filmer (1997). Til tross for at komiserier er en meget populær form for underholdning, er det gjort lite forskning på dette mediet i forhold til språkbruk. Denne oppgaven vil bidra til å belyse et delvis mørklagt felt, og forhåpentligvis inspirere til videre forskning. Hovedmålet til oppgaven er å undersøke om det finnes en systematisk sammenheng mellom dialekttype og karaktertype i amerikanske komiserier. I tillegg har oppgaven som mål å avdekke potensielle diakroniske endringer ved å sammenligne resultatene fra de to tidsperiodene, samtidig som den undersøker om resultatene gjenspeiler tidligere studier av språkholdninger. Forventingene er at visse stereotypeholdninger til dialekter vil komme til syne gjennom fremstillingene av karakterer, og at disse reflekterer holdninger som eksisterer i samfunnet. 221 karakterer fordelt over 60 episoder er inkludert. Disse blir klassifisert i henhold til et utvalg av sosiale variabler, inkludert kjønn, karakterrolle, samt personlighetstrekk. Alle voksne karakterer som snakker en gjenkjennbar form for engelsk, er klassifisert. I tillegg til studien av komiserier, er det utført en mindre spørreundersøkelse. Amerikanske respondenter ble spurt om å rangere et utvalg av engelske dialekter med det formål å undersøke vanlige folks holdninger til disse dialektene. Resultatet fra spørreundersøkelsen er sammenlignet med tidligere forskning, i tillegg til hovedstudien. Funnene i mine studier av komiserier viser at språk blir i stor grad brukt som et virkemiddel i framstillingen av stereotype karakterer. Til tross for at majoriteten av karakterene snakker General American, ble det funnet at dialekter assosiert med negative holdninger er overrepresentert blant usofistikerte og usympatiske karakterer. Et annet hovedfunn er at en større andel av mannlige karakterer enn kvinnelige snakker en annen dialekt enn General American. Resultatene fra spørreundersøkelsen korresponderte med resultater fra både tidligere forskning og hovedstudien. Dette tilsier at holdninger som framstilles i komiserier eksisterer også i det amerikanske samfunnet. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to give my deepest thanks to my supervisor Bente Hannisdal. Without her advice, guidance, and patience, this thesis would have never been completed. Thanks to my family for supporting and pushing me throughout this whole process. And finally, my thanks go to Ryan William Watt DeWolf. Your keen eye for detail made your comments invaluable for this thesis. Turid Lie Vilkensen, Bergen May 2013 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary in Norwegian ............................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv List of tables ............................................................................................................................ viii List of figures ........................................................................................................................... viii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Aim and scope .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1. Questionnaire ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Why study sitcoms? ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3 The variables studied ........................................................................................................ 3 1. 4 Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................... 4 1. 5 The structure of the thesis ............................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 6 2.1 Language attitudes ............................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Language ideology .................................................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Previous research in language attitudes .................................................................. 11 2.1.4 Previous societal treatment studies ......................................................................... 13 2.2 Changes in society .......................................................................................................... 14 2.3 The media ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 The sitcom ............................................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Use of stereotypes in sitcoms .................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 3 DATA AND METHOD .................................................................................. 19 3.1 Presentation of varieties ................................................................................................. 19 3.1.1 General American ................................................................................................... 20 3.1.2 New York English ................................................................................................... 21 3.1.3 Southern American English .................................................................................... 22 3.1.4 African-American Vernacular English .................................................................... 23 3.1.5 Received Pronunciation ........................................................................................... 24 3.1.6 London English ....................................................................................................... 24 3.1.7 Irish English ............................................................................................................ 25 v 3.1.8 Northern British English ......................................................................................... 26 3.1.9 English with a foreign accent .................................................................................. 26 3.2 Methods in language attitudes studies ............................................................................ 27 3.2.1 The direct approach ................................................................................................. 27 3.2.2 The indirect approach .............................................................................................. 28 3.2.3 Societal treatment study .......................................................................................... 29 3.3 The selection of sitcoms ................................................................................................. 31 3.4 Non-linguistic variables ................................................................................................. 32 3.4.1 Character roles ......................................................................................................... 33 3.4.2 Gender ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.3 Sophistication .......................................................................................................... 34 3.4.4 Likability ................................................................................................................. 35 3.5 Collecting and analyzing the data .................................................................................. 35 3.6 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................... 39 4.1 Overall distribution of varieties ...................................................................................... 39 4.1.1 Comparing the two time periods ............................................................................. 41 4.2 Gender ............................................................................................................................ 44 4.3 Character roles ...............................................................................................................
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