World J. Cur. Sci. Res. (2021) 1:3

World Journal of Current Scientific Research

Journal Homepage: www.wjcsr.com

Cipadessa baccifera Fruit- an Unexplored Store House of Nutrient Kavitha, K.R., Jyothsna, B.S., Arpita De* Nrupathunga University (Formerly, Government Science College, Autonomous)Department of Botany, Nrupathunga Rd, Sampangi Rama Nagar, Ambedkar Veedhi, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560001, India

A R T I C L E I N F O ABSTRACT

Keywords: Traditional practice of ethnobotany bridges the gap between plant resources and man. This will not only Bioprospecting help to sustain the exponentially rising population but will also upgrade the economic condition of tribal Cipadessa baccifera Ethnobotany folk. Cipadessa baccifera fruit is one those wild grown treasures that is generously loaded with medicinal as indigenous fruit well as nutritional values. Literature is overflowing with reports on the chemical composition and medicinal proximate analysis properties of the leaves. This ignited a completely different spark of interest in evaluating the proximate, chemical and vitamin composition of the fruit of Cipadessa baccifera. The present study was undertaken to *Corresponding author. evaluate the bioactive potentials of this fruit through proximate analysis. The results of analysis clearly E-mail addresses: [email protected] depict that Cipadessa baccifera fruits are fortified with incredibly important minerals (calcium, phosphorus, m potassium) and nutrients (carbohydrate, fibre) that are indispensable for healthy growth of our body. Since these plants grow in the wilderness, bioprospecting of this indigenous fruit will serve as a cost effective method to combat food insecurity and malnutrition.

with tetratriterpenoid (Li et al., 2007), trepenoids (Lin et al., 1. Introduction 2008) and limonids (Yu et al., 2020). Methanolic leaf extracts of Cipadessa baccifera have antimicrobial, anticancer as well as Medicinal plants are Nature’s gift to mankind. Cipadessa antioxidant properties (Thirunavukarasu et al., 2014; Rajani et baccifera, an ethnomedicinal shrub, is widely distributed in al., 2015). Bhakshu et al., in 2016 evaluated the anti candidal tropical forests of Asia, especially in the Western Ghats (Chetty properties of Cipadessa baccifera. These edible globose drupes et al., 2008). The monotypic genus Cipadessa belongs to family (fruits) of Cipadessa baccifera are reported to have radical Meliaceae and comprises of a single species viz., Cipadessa scavenging properties (Valve et al., 2011), hence assessing its baccifera, which is commonly known by the English names, nutritional content is a promising area of research that may help 'Black- oil tree', 'Intellect tree' and 'Climbing-staff plant'. The in contributing to the food constituent data repository of wild fruits and leaves of this Meliacean member is loaded with species for the development of new food products and dietary medicinal properties. The leaves are a storehouse of essential supplements. oils that has immense application in drug manufacturing industry (Kavitha et al., 2016). It is extensively used in the Thorough evaluation of the nutritional aspects of a plant treatment of hypertension (Jebarubi et al., 2018), diabetes, necessitates proximate analysis of the edible parts of that plant. dysentery, rheumatism, malarial fever, piles, dermatological The proximate system of analysis, originally developed by problems like pruritus (itchy skin), headache, psoriasis, burns, Hennerber and Stohmann of Germany way back in the mid19th scalds and to heal wounds (Zhu, 1998; Luo et al., 2000; Jeevan century (1860), is a qualitative method used to determine the et al., 2004; Amit and Shailendra, 2006; Malarvannan et al., macronutrients present in an edible material (Greenfield and 2009). Smoke toxicity of Cipadessa baccifera was proven to be Southgate, 1992; Gafar and Itodo, 2011). In this method, the effective against mosquitoes. Ramkumar et al., (2015) relative amounts of nutrients which are partitioned into 6 major demonstrated that leaf extract of this plant can be used as an categories based on the chemical properties viz., moisture, ash, ecofriendly mosquito repellent. protein, fat, crude fibre and carbohydrates are estimated (Bender, 2009) thereby rendering a vivid picture of nutritional This ethnopharmacologically important shrub is fortified

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Cite this article as Kavitha, K.R., Jyothsna, B.S., Arpita De. 2021. Cipadessa baccifera Fruit- an Unexplored Store House of Nutrient World J.Cur. Sci. Res.,1(3):164-171. Cipadessa baccifera Fruit- an Unexplored Store House of Nutrient Kavitha et al composition of the plant part in study. air oven at 70°C for about 8 hours keeping the lid of the petri dish open. Thereafter it as cooled at room temperature for an hour Despite being an ethnopharmacologically important plant, and final weight was recorded (W3). The dish with dried sample literature study shows that Cipadessa baccifera fruit has not was allowed to cool in a desiccator and its weight was noted been subjected to systematic and comprehensive scientific (W3). Difference in the dried weight after 1 hour should not evaluation for its bioactive potential. Prior to the present exceed 10 mg (Ranganna, 1986). The moisture content in the investigation the chemical compositions of the essential oils in fruit sample was calculated using following formula: the leaves of this plant were evaluated. The current study is an [() ()] attempt to evaluate the bioactive potential and validate the Percentage of moisture content = X 100 pharmacological properties of this ethnobotanically important () medicinal plant. Where, W1 = weight of clean and dry empty petri dish

The fruits were thus thoroughly screened for its W2 = weight of petri dish + wet sample nutraceutical potentials to see whether this can be W3 = weight of petri dish + dry sample recommended for inclusion in regular diet as a nutrient alternative. 2.4. Total ash content 2. Material and Methods Ash is the inorganic residue remaining after water and organic matter have been removed by heating and refers to the 2.1. Collection of plant material total mineral content. The ash content is determined by The plant samples for investigation were collected from incinerating the sample in Muffle furnace at a high temperature Thavarekere and Savandurga, Magadi Taluk, Bengaluru Rural of 550°C until all carbon has been removed and a light gray or district and outskirts of Bengaluru. They were identified white powder remains. as Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) Miq using Flora of Hassan (1976) 5 g of fruit sample was taken in a clean, dry silica crucible and Flora of Karnataka (1996) by Saldana. Further, and pre-ignited at 550°C for about 4 hours to remove the identification was authenticated by National Ayurveda and carbonaceous matter. The ash thus obtained was cooled in Dietetics Research Institute, Bangalore; vide voucher specimen desiccator and weighed (W3). The weight of the dish was noted number, RRCBI-8971 (Appendix 1). A separate voucher as W3. The ash was allowed to stand for another 1 hour to specimen BOT/Dec/11 is deposited in the herbarium of PG achieve constant weight. Difference in dried weight should not Department of Botany and Research Centre, St. Joseph's exceed 10 mg (Ranganna, 1986). The ash content in the fruit College, Bengaluru. The samples such as leaves, bark, fruits, sample was calculated using following formula: seeds and roots were collected in clean and sterile polythene bags for various analyses. Percentage of Ash = X 100

2.2. Proximate analysis of fruits 2.5. Total fat content

Proximate analysis is the quantitative evaluation of food 5 g of the fruit sample was taken in a dry, empty 250 ml to determine the percentage of the six fractions it divides food beaker and weight was recorded. 50 ml of distilled water and 5 materials into viz., moisture, total ash, fat or ether extractives, ml of concentrated HCl were added to the sample and the protein, crude fibre and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates could solution was warmed for about 10 minutes in water bath at 60°C. include additional compounds like dietary fibres, sugars and The contents were then transferred to a separating funnel by sugar alcohol, but are not limited by them. Ash content filtering with Whattman No.1 filter paper. 100 ml of petroleum includes, but is not limited to dietary minerals (sodium, ether was added to the separating funnel, swirled slowly and the potassium, iron, calcium) and vitamins (β-carotene, retinol, pressure released. Saturated solution of NaCl was then added to vitamin D3, vitamin D2 and vitamin B). Proximate parameters separate the emulsion and shaken vigorously. The layers were do not give the entire nutritional content, nevertheless it is an allowed to separate and the ether layer was collected. The important assay used today to assess the nutritional separation of aqueous solution was continued similarly with 100 significance of edible fruits and vegetables (Pandey et al., ml petroleum ether. Petroleum ether was collected; 100 ml of 2006) and monitor deviations from the quality of food. Today water was added to it for washing, until it is neutral to acid. The edible plants and their derived food products are assessed sample was passed through sodium sulphate and the petroleum qualitatively and quantitatively for the minerals and vitamins ether fraction was collected in a pre-dried 250 ml beaker. The using proximate parameters (Gafar and Itodo, 2011). petroleum ether was evaporated to near dryness and kept in an 2.3. Moisture content oven for about 1 hour. The beaker was cooled in desiccator and the weight of fat was calculated (Ranganna, 1986). The total fat A clean, oven dried petri dish was cooled (in a desiccator) content in the fruit sample was determined by following formula: and weighed (W1). 5 g of fruit sample was weighed on it and Percentage of Fat = X 100 total weight was recorded (W2). The sample was dried in hot

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2.6. Protein content Carbohydrate are determined as follows:

The total protein content of C. baccifera fruits was Percentage of N.F.E = 100 – (% Moisture + % Ash + % Crude fibre calculated from the nitrogen content in the fruit following + % Fat + % Protein) Kjeldahl method with minor modifications.1 g of fruit sample Percentage of Total Carbohydrate = % Nitrogen Free Extract was weighed into Kjeldahl flask and 1 g of CuSO4, 10 g of (N.F.E) + % Crude fibre. Na2SO4 and 25 ml of H2SO4 were added to it. The sample was heated for digestion on a heating mantle until the appearance 2.9. Determination of metals and minerals in fruits of green or blue colour. Thereafter it was cooled and the Sample digestion contents were transferred to a round bottomed distillation flask. On the receiver end, a beaker containing 25 ml of 0.1N Sample preparation for metal estimation was done H2SO4 with 2 drops of methyl red indicator was placed. The according to the guidelines of US-EPA 3050b. 0.3 g of C. baccifera acid in the beaker was neutralized by adding 40% NaOH. fruits was weighed in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 5 ml of 1:1 Distillation process was continued till about 50 ml of distillate HNO3 was added to it. The solution was heated on a hot plate to was collected. The distillate was titrated with 0.1N NaOH till 95ºC, refluxed for 15 minutes without boiling. After cooling, 2.5 the appearance of a persistent yellow colour. The titre volume ml of concentrated HNO3 was added; the sample was then in ml was recorded. 25 ml of 0.1N H2SO4 was used as a blank refluxed for 30 minutes at 95ºC without boiling and this step was (Ranganna, 1986). The protein content in the fruit sample was repeated. Thereafter, the sample was evaporated to 5 ml without calculated using the following formula: boiling. After cooling, 2 ml of double distilled water was added to the sample. This was followed by slow addition of 3 ml of 30% Percentage of Protein H2O2. The solution was then heated until the effervescence () . = 푋 1000 subsided. About 6 ml of 30% H2O2 in 1 ml aliquots was added and then solution was refluxed. After allowing it to cool, 2.5 ml of 2.7. Crude fibre concentrated HCl was added and the sample was refluxed for 15 minutes without boiling. After cooling to room temperature, the 2.5 g of fruit sample, taken in a dried round bottom flask sample was filtered using Whattman No.1 filter paper and then was weighed. 200 ml of 2.5% w/v H2SO4 was added to it and diluted to 50 ml with double distilled water. All samples were the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes with a condenser analyzed in triplicates by ICP-OES; Inductively Coupled Plasma– attached. The residue was cooled, filtered through linen cloth Optical Emission Spectrometer (AOAC, 2005). The measurements and washed with water and transferred into the same round were performed using the Perkin Elmer Optima ICP-OES bottomed flask. To the residue 2.5% w/w NaOH was added and instrument, ICP version; 4.0 software for simultaneous boiled for 30 minutes with condenser attached. The residue measurement of all analyte wavelengths of interest. was allowed to cool, filtered, given a water wash and transferred to a pre-weighed silica crucible. The residue was then dried at 110°C for 12 hours to obtain a constant mass and ICP–OES parameters Wavelengths the weight was noted. The crucible with dried residue was placed in a muffle furnace set at 550°C temperature for 3 Calcium (Ca) 315.887 nm hours, till constant mass was achieved and the weight was Copper (Cu) 324.752 nm recorded. The crude fibre present in the fruits was calculated as follows: Iron (Fe) 259.939 nm

Percentage of Crude fibre = X 100 Potassium (K) 766.490 nm Magnesium (Mg) 285.213 nm Where, W1 = weight of crucible with sample Manganese (Mn) 257.610 nm W2 = weight of crucible with residue Sodium (Na) 589.592 nm W3 = weight of crucible with ash. Phosphorous (P) 178.223 nm 2.8. Total carbohydrates Zinc (Zn) 206.200 nm The carbohydrate content was determined by difference, using the standard protocol of AOAC (1990). The nitrogen-free extract (NFE) is mainly composed of digestible carbohydrates. The total carbohydrate is calculated by the addition of crude fibre content to NFE. When the sum of the percentages of moisture, ash, crude protein and fat is subtracted from 100, the difference is designated as nitrogen free extract (Ranganna, 1986). The Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) and Total

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Operating conditions 3. Results and Discussion

Power 1450 3.1. Proximate analysis of fruits

W Plasma Gas Flow 15 L/min Table 1 depicts the proximate compositions of the fruits of Auxiliary Gas Flow 0.2 L/min Cipadessa baccifera. The fruits were found to be high in moisture, crude fibre and total carbohydrate content. The ash content Nebulizer Pressure 140.00 kPa which is a measure of the total mineral content of the fruit was Replicate Time 5 s estimated to be 1.22%. However the protein and fat content in the fruit were found to be low. Stab Time 10 s Table 1. Proximate analysis of the fruits of C. baccifera Sample Uptake 22 s Component Concentration Rinse Time 10 s (%) Pump Rate 25 rpm Moisture 64.10 ± 0.14

Total ash 1.22 ± 0.32 2.10. Analysis of vitamins present in fruits Total protein 0.43 ± 0.26 2.10.1. Estimation of water soluble vitamins Fat 0.14 ± 0.21 Healthy, infection free fruits of Cipadessa baccifera were finely ground and homogenized. 3 ml of 1N NaOH was added to Crude fibre 26.8 ± 0.28 2.5 g of homogenized sample and dissolved by adding 25 ml of NFE 7.31± 0.01 diluting solution. The sample was sonicated for 10 minutes and the volume was made up to 50 ml with the diluting solution. Total Carbohydrates 34.11± 0.26 The extract was filtered using Whattman filter paper No. 42. Each value is the mean of three observations ± SD The filtrate was collected and used for HPLC analysis. About 20

μL of the filtrate was injected into HPLC. The peak obtained at the respective RT was compared with that of the standard 3.2. Mineral composition of fruits vitamin and the concentration of vitamin was calculated Major mineral elements such as calcium, potassium and (AOAC, 2005). phosphorous were found in higher concentration in the fruits of 2.10.2 Estimation of fat soluble vitamins Cipadessa baccifera (Table 2). Magnesium was present in considerable quantity (35.3 mg/100g), whereas the amount of 1.0 g of homogeneous ground sample was taken in a 250 sodium, zinc and iron was found to be lesser. ml round bottom flask; 50 mg of hydroquinone, 30 ml of ethanol and 4 ml of 50% KOH were added to it and the mixture Table 2. Mineral composition of fruits of C. baccifera was heated on a water bath for 1 hour at 60°C. The solution was then cooled and transferred into a separating funnel with Mineral Concentration (mg/100 g) water and extract with 3x50 ml of peroxide free petroleum Calcium 733 ± 0.81 ether. The ether fraction was collected and washed with water until it was free from acid. The ether fraction was passed Copper (Cu) 0.1 ± 0.31 through anhydrous Na2SO4 solution and evaporated on a water Iron (Fe) 2.1 ± 0.87 bath at 60°C. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml of isopropyl alcohol. The extract was then filtered through Whattman filter Potassium (K) 408.97 ± 0.58 paper No. 42. The filtrate collected was subjected to HPLC Magnesium (Mg) 35.3 ± 0.54 analysis (AOAC, 2005). 25 mg of standard vitamin was used (in place of fruit sample) as sample blank. Manganese (Mn) 0.57 ± 0.47

The amount of vitamins present in fruits was determined by Sodium (Na) 1.58± 0.87 using following calculation: Phosphorous (P) 142.47 ± 0.64

Vitamin concentration in ppm = Zinc (Zn) 0.78 ± 0.83 sample area x standard weight x dilution x 100 Each value is the mean of three observations ± SD 푠푡푎푛푑푎푟푑 푋 푑푖푙푢푡푖표푛 푋 푤푒푖푔ℎ푡표푓푠푎푚푝푙푒

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3.3. Vitamin composition in fruits Sundriyal and Sundriyal (2001) analyzed the nutritive value of 27 wild edible plants which included 22 wild edible fruits that Vitamins present in fruits of C. baccifera were determined are an important part of the traditional diets in Sikkim, by HPLC technique (Table 3). Only traces of vitamin B9 were Himalayas. The proximate analysis of those fruits revealed that found while rest of the vitamins were not detected. the crude fibre content ranged between 2.15-39.90%, total Table 3. Vitamin composition in fruits of C. baccifera soluble salts 4.66-21.0% and vitamin C between 6-286 mg/100g. Fruits of Castanopsis species, Machilus edulis and Cinnamomum Vitamin Concentration (ppm) species were high in fat content, while the protein content was Vitamin A Not detected highest in Hippophae rhamnoides, Cucumis melo, and Elaeagnus latifolia. Nazarudeen (2010) screened 218 fruit plants used by Vitamin B1 Not detected the tribal communities of Kerala, of which ten wild fruits were subjected to proximate analysis. The results revealed that Vitamin B2 Not detected although these fruits were not tasty their nutritional composition

Vitamin B3 Not detected i.e., moisture, protein, fats, reducing, non-reducing, total sugars, fiber, total mineral, vitamin C, iron, sodium, potassium and Vitamin B6 Not detected energy value was higher when compared to the ten common cultivars. Hussain et al., (2010) investigated the proximate Vitamin B9 4.0 ± 0.21 composition and levels of metals in four commonly consumed Vitamin C Not detected species, Sonchus eruca, Melia azadirachta, Withania coagulans and Fagonia indica among which M. azadirachta was found to be Vitamin D Not detected rich in fibre content, energy values and also showed high concentrations of the metals like Cu, Mn, Cr and Fe. Our data on Each value is the mean of three observations ± SD nutritional aspects Cipadessa baccifera fruits are in congruence with those reported on other indigenous wild fruits and is particularly significant in its micronutrients and minerals Global bloom of population coupled with unprecedented contents. These minor lesser known fruits can therefore be surge in side effects of synthetic drugs necessitates thorough suggested for promotion as backyard plants, especially farming exploration of our traditional ethno pharmacological systems. systems suffering from crop loss, food shortage and chronic There is a growing need to identify alternative bio-nutritional malnutrition. sources in order to provide food security to the growing population and break the perpetuating network of poor Table.4 WHO recommended Calcium intake in man (Cormick nutrition, ill health and poverty. Many of the lesser-known wild and Belizán, 2019) varieties of fruits though not tasty may be edible and rich in Recommended nutrients hence could play a significant role in meeting the nutrient intake dietary requirements of tribal and ethnic communities. Age group Nutritional anthropologist Ann Fleuret has stressed on the role (mg / day) of edible wild plants and fruits in providing nutrients to the Children (7- 10 years) 1300 local diet of indigenous societies. Evaluation of the nutraceutical potentials of the unexploited, underutilized fruit Adult male (25 – 50 years) 1000 C. baccifera plant remained an unexplored area of work. Gnawing threats of nutrient deficiency diverted our focus from Adult female (25 - 50 years) 1000 the leaves to fruit of this plant. Misra and Malaya (2016) have Pregnant woman (19 + years) 940 reported that the ripened fruits of C. baccifera, a shrub or small tree found growing in scrubs and open mixed forests are edible Lactating mothers 1000 and can be eaten raw. The fruit juice is used for treating bleeding gums (Krishnamoorthi et al., 2018). Along with this it has multiple medicinal usage. Literature is overflowing with evidences of anticancer, antioxidant antibacterial, haemolytic, Calcium is indispensable for overall healthy lifestyle, proper thrombolytic and anti candidal properties of Cipadessa growth and development in man as it is associated with majority baccifera leaves. Analysis of the nutrient contents of the fruits of vital functions of our body (Ross et al., 2011). Adequate intake of Cipadessa baccifera is a lesser known area of research since of dietary calcium is required especially for maintenance of bone majority of the studies were conducted on leaf extracts of this mass and thus helps in reducing risk of a number of ailments like plant. The present investigation pivots around evaluation of cardiovascular, neural and hormonal disorders, osteoporosis and bioactive potentials of Cipadessa baccifera fruits through hypertension. Dairy products, vegetables, fruits legumes and proximate analysis. cereals are considered to be good source of calcium. The recommended calcium intake, depicted in Table.4 is indicative of

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Cipadessa baccifera Fruit- an Unexplored Store House of Nutrient Kavitha et al the fact that calcium is essential to people belonging to all age Cipadessa baccifera fruit (Table.1). Mahapatra et al., (2012) groups (Cormick and Blizan 2019). Results of the present study reported that that the carbohydrate content in wild fruit varieties depicts that Cipadessa baccifera fruits have high content of such as Mimusops elengi (18.1%), was found to be on par with calcium (Table. 2) which is much higher in comparison to that mango (17%) and pomegranate (17.1%). The wild fruit, Ziziphus found in both green (approximately 24.4mg/100g) as well as rugosa showed higher concentration of sugar (20.7%) compared red (approximately 25.8mg/100g) varieties of guava (Jyoti et to domesticated sapota (21.4%), grapes (16.2%) and al., 2018). Therefore considering these wild fruits for dietary pomegranate (16.5%). The Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) supplements will in turn be a cost effective method that will represents digestible carbohydrates such as sugars; fructans, serve to combat calcium deficiency in developed as well as pectins and polysaccharides like starch (Olaitan et al., 2015). The under developed countries. NFE and total carbohydrates could serve as a potential source of energy and was found to be significantly high at 7.31 and 34.11% Potassium is one of the most essential minerals that plays respectively in the fruits of C. baccifera. Previous studies have a key role in proper functioning of our body systems. WHO also reported significant concentration of total carbohydrates in recommends (conditional recommendation) an intake of 3510 some uncommon wild edible fruits such as, Arbutus pavarii mg of potassium a day in adults can keep the risks of (41.18%), Nitraria retusa (24.74%), Ficus palmata (28.74%) hypertension and cardiac disorders at bay. Apart from being (Hegazy et al., 2013), S. mombin (7.9%), M. whytii (8.9%) and D. loaded with calcium, these fruits are store house of potassium guineense (84.0%) (Adepoju, 2009). (Table. 2). The load of potassium in Cipadessa baccifera fruit is at par with that in guava fruits (Thomas et al., 2017). Balanced 4. Conclusion consumption of phosphorus is essential for sustenance of life. Deficiency as well as over intake both lead to adverse Bioprospecting is an investigation or search for economically conditions in our body. High – protein foods are rich in useful natural products and benefits are share for greater good of phosphorus (Chang and Anderson, 2017). Food and Nutrition mankind. Bioprospecting of Cipadessa baccifera fruit in the Board (1997) recommends a dietary allowance of 700 mg of present study is expected to pave way for a new arena of phosphorus a day in adults (19 + years). Cipadessa baccifera research where the bioactive potentials evaluated in this fruit is fruits can serve as a low cost phosphorus supplement in diet expected to be included in regular diet plan and manufacturing plan to combat hypophosphatemia since 100 g of these fruits herbal medicines. Promotion and commercialization of this plant give 142 mg of this mineral. bridge the gap between the tribal and the urban folk. The conclusion drawn from the results of proximate analysis of this Carbohydrates give us energy and the tiny fruits are fruit is that it is fortified with myriads of health benefits and can generously loaded with carbohydrate and fibre. Regular serve as a major low-price natural nutrient supplement in consumption of dietary fibre is of immense importance as it different corners of the globe. Practicing the art of bioprospecting aids in maintaining a healthy gut and are especially known to will in the long run save Mother Nature since there will be an play a great role in improving bowel functions by promoting overwhelming effort to bring out the best in nature without and laxation (Takahasi et al., 1994). This non digestible destroying her. carbohydrate helps in reducing body weight, hypertension and risk of cardiovascular disorders (Sudha et al., 2011), blood Conflicts of interest glucose levels (Yao et al., 2014) etc. Dietary guidelines for There are no conflicts to declare. Americans recommends an average intake of 38g /day and 25g /day of fibre for male and female adults (19 – 50 years) Acknowledgements respectively (Li and Komarek, 2017). Cipadessa baccifera fruit The entire research work was funded by the authors. have 26.8 % of fibre in it which makes it fit to be included in a fibre deficient diet. This is higher than that reported in some References common fruits such as, apple, mango, papaya (3.2, 2.0, and 2.6 Adepoju, O.T., 2009. Proximate composition and micronutrient % respectively) by Seal et al., (2014) and wild edible fruits potentials of three locally available wild fruits in Nigeria. African such as, Spondias mombin, M. whytii and D. guineense (0.6- Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(9): 887-892. 11.8%) by Tibursk et al., (2011) and Adepoju, (2009). The high crude fibre present in fruits of C. baccifera signifies it to be a Amit, R., Shailendra, S., 2006. Limonoids: Overview of Significant good source of dietary fibre. Crude fibre is reported to have Bioactive Triterpenes Distributed in Plants Kingdom. Biological health promoting properties such as; to act better on the and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29(2): 191-201. digestive system, lower the serum cholesterol level, Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 1990. Official constipation, reduce risk of coronary heart diseases, diabetes, Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Association of Official colon, breast cancer (Rao et al., 1998; Ishida, 2000) and help in Analytical Chemist, Washington DC. detoxification of poisonous metals (Cohn and Cohn 1996).

A mature mango fruit has 16 – 17 g of carbohydrate per 100g of dry fruit which is much lesser than that found in

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