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Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Analysis of Wadi Al-Noman, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

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Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Analysis of Wadi Al-Noman, Mecca, Saudi Arabia Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2013) 37: 894-907 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1209-56 Floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Al-Noman, Mecca, Saudi Arabia 1,2, 3,4 1 Kadry ABDEL KHALIK *, Mohamed EL-SHEIKH , Abeer EL-AIDAROUS 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia 2 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt 3 Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 4 Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt Received: 27.09.2012 Accepted: 14.03.2013 Published Online: 06.09.2013 Printed: 30.09.2013 Abstract: Wadi Al-Noman in Mecca is one of the most important wadis. It was included among the most important water sources where the springs and wells of Zobida run and it provides drinking water for the holy places in Mecca and visitors to the Kaaba and Arafat regions. The present study provides an analysis of floristic composition, vegetation types, and structure and species distribution at 20 sites, emphasising the environmental factors that affect species distribution. A total of 126 species representing 39 families of vascular plants are recorded. Fabaceae, Poaceae, and Boraginaceae are the largest families, and therophytes and chamaephytes are the most frequent, indicating a typical desert life-form spectrum. The floristic composition of the different geomorphologic landscape units shows differences in species richness. The highest species richness value (23 species stand–1) is recorded in the wadi bed. The lowest species richness value (18 species stand–1) is recorded in the wadi plateau and fissures. Chorological analysis revealed that 52% of the studied species are bioregional, native to the Saharo-Arabian–Sudano-Zambezian region. After application of the TWINSPAN, DCA, and CCA programs 4 vegetation groups were identified, and they were named after the characteristic species as follows: (I) Aristolochia bracteolata-Cucumis prophetarum; (II) Calotropis procera-Acacia hamulosa-Caralluma russeliana; (III) Acacia abyssinica- Acacia hamulosa-Tephrosia desertorum; and (IV) Argemone ochroleuca-Senna italica. The associations and speciation of these Wadi Al- Noman plants demonstrate significant variation in pH, electrical conductivity, soil mineral contents, and human impact. Key words: Floristic, canonical correspondence analysis, vegetation, multivariate analysis, wadi maturation, xerophytes 1. Introduction It is to be noted that the human activities in the Saudi Arabia is a huge arid desert with an area of about desert landscape have increased recently, due to rapid 2,250,000 km2 and covers the majority of the Arabian development in the study area. Human activities, through Peninsula. Therefore, xerophytic vegetation is a prominent their effect on the physical components of the fragile feature of the plant life in this country (Zahran, 1982). Wadis desert ecosystem, contribute to disruption of the natural represent one of the most prominent desert landforms, equilibrium among the components of the ecosystem. exhibiting physiographic irregularities that lead to parallel Usually, the main component subject to degradation is variation in species distribution (Kassas & Girgis, 1964). the soil, which is the basic resource of the ecosystem. This Life-form distribution is closely related to topography and inevitably results in retrogressive changes in the vegetation landform (Kassas & Girgis, 1965; Zohary, 1973; Orshan, (Shaltout & El-Sheikh, 2003; Guo, 2004). 1986; Fakhireh et al., 2012). Life-form composition is typical A number of studies were conducted in the past to of desert flora; the majority of species are therophytes and evaluate the life in deserts (Migahid, 1978; Chaudhary, chamaephytes. Wadi vegetation in general is not constant. 1999–2001) and they helped to strengthen the foundation It varies from year to year depending upon moisture levels of desert studies in Saudi Arabia. Al-Farraj et al. (1997) (Siddiqui & Al-Harbi, 1995). Establishment, growth, conducted vegetation studies in some raudhas in order regeneration, and distribution of the plant communities to verify the abundance, frequency, and density of each in the wadis are controlled by many factors such as species. A general description of the vegetation of western geographical position, physiographic features, and human Saudi Arabia was given by Vasey-Fitzeraid (1957a, 1957b), impact (Shaltout & El-Sheikh, 2003; Kürschner & Neef, and he recognised a number of vegetation and ecological 2011; Alatar et al., 2012; Korkmaz & Özçelik, 2013). types including littoral marshes, coastal desert plain, coastal * Correspondence: [email protected] 894 ABDEL KHALIK et al. / Turk J Bot foothills, mountain ranges, and wadis. Considerable efforts 2. Materials and methods have been made to interpret vegetation–environmental 2.1. Sample sites relationships in wadi ecosystems (Kassas & Imam, 1954, A total of 20 sample plots were selected along the Wadi 1959; Batanouny, 1979; El-Sharkawi et al., 1987; Shaltout Al-Noman under study (upstream, midstream, and & Mady, 1996; Al-Farhan, 2001; Alatar et al., 2012; Salama downstream parts, including the different wadi tributaries) et al., 2013). Some other reports have dealt with the in the period from January 2010 to January 2012. Locations vegetation types in certain regions of the Saudi Kingdom, and sample plots were selected to represent a wide range particularly in the Hijaz and Aseer regions (Zahran, 1982, of physiographic and environmental variation in each 1983; Batanouny & Baeshain, 1983; Abulfatih, 1992; tributary. In each location, sample plots were selected Abd El-Ghani, 1993; Fayed & Zayed, 1999; Al Wadie, randomly using the relevé method described by Muller- 2002; Fahmy & Hassan, 2005). Abdel-Fattah and Ali Dombois and Ellenberg (1974). The sample plots were (2005) indicated that soil water table and salinity cause 50 m × 50 m, and the sampling process was carried out discontinuities of vegetation in the Taif area (80–100 km during the spring season when most species were expected south-east of Mecca). Moreover, Parker (1991) showed to be growing (Figure 1). The vegetation sampling involved that water availability, including annual precipitation, soil listing all plant species at the sample plots. The plant cover properties, and topography, were biotic factors. In Mecca, of each species was estimated according to the Zurich- a few studies have provided qualitative valuations of the Montpellier technique (Braun-Blanquet, 1965). distribution of plant species and associations in relation to The collected plant specimens were identified and physiographic factors (Abd El-Ghani, 1993, 1997). named according to Collenette (1999), Cope (1985), Our aim is to analyse the vegetation of the Wadi Al- Mighaid (1996), and Chaudhary (1999–2001). Plant Noman in terms of species floristic composition, life-form, specimens were deposited in the Umm Al-Qura University chorotype, diversity, and community structure in relation Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty of Science. to edaphic variables. We also provide a general description Species life-forms were determined according to the of the floristic and ecological features of the different location of regenerative buds and the parts shed during the habitats in the study area, which is considered one of the unfavourable season (Raunkier, 1934). A chronological most diverse sites in the Mecca strip, presumably due to analysis of the floristic categories of species was made to the greater amounts of run-off water collecting there. assign the recorded species to world geographical groups, 1.1. The study area according to Wickens (1978) and Zohary (1973). The city of Mecca lies in the western part of Saudi Arabia at 2.2. Soil analysis 21°26′N and 39°46′E, about 80 km from Jeddah on the Red Soil samples were collected at 3 random points from each Sea coast. It is bordered by almost continuous granite and site as a profile (composite samples) at a depth of 0–50 cm. granite gneiss ridges (Brown et al., 1962). Wadi Al-Noman The electrical conductivity (EC) and pH for each sample is also located in the western part of Saudi Arabia, between were determined as a 1:5 dilution in deionised water the El Hada mountains in the east and the Red Sea coast in (Wilde et al., 1979). Soil analyses including total dissolved the west, and it extends between 21°06′N and 21°32′N and –1 salts (TDS; g L ) and total carbonates (CO3), bicarbonate 39°32′E and 40°20′E (Figure 1). It covers an area of 740.1 (HCO ), and chlorides (Cl; g 100 g–1 DW) were analysed 2 3 km and extends about 25 km from Mecca. It is bordered to by precipitation by AgCl and titration according to Jackson the north by Wadi El-Begaedy, to the west by Wadi Orna, to –1 (1967); sulphates (SO4; g 100 g DW) were precipitated the south by mountains and Wadi Melcan, and to the east gravimetrically and estimated according to Wilde et al. by the El Hada mountains. The vegetation in this arid area (1979). Major cations such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), is of a restricted type (mode contracté, sensu Monod, 1954) calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg; g 100 g–1 DW) were and is found only in runnels, wadis, and depressions with determined in the 1:5 soil extract by flame photometer deep, fine sediments that receive an adequate water supply (Jenway, PFP-7), according to the methods of Williams and are mainly ground-water–dependent (Abd El-Ghani, and Twine (1960). The minor cations iron (Fe), copper 1992). According to Walter et al. (1975), the study area lies (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were determined using a GBC model within the subtropical dry zone and it has very hot summers 1100B atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and their and mild winters. The average annual temperature is 30.7 concentrations were expressed in mg kg–1 dry soil. °C; January is the coldest month with the lowest average 2.3. Data analysis temperature (23.9 °C), and the hottest month is July with Species cover-type data matrices were created as follows: the highest average temperature (35.8 °C) (Figure 2).
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