Major Theories and Issues •Part I

56499_PT01_0001_0050_3 4/8/08 10:04 AM Page 1

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTI FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEMajor OR DISTRIBUTION TheoriesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 56499_PT01_0001_0050_3 4/8/08 10:04 AM Page 2

©UICK Jones LOOK & AT Bartlett THE CHAPTER Learning, AHEAD LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Freud’s influence on theories of human development is in these areas:

© Jones• & The Bartlett structure Learning, of personality LLC has three compo- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORnents: SALE id, OR ego, DISTRIBUTION and superego. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Defense mechanisms protect the ego from un- pleasant feelings, especially anxiety and guilt. • There are three levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,• Children’s LLC control over primitive urges© Jones pro- & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONgresses through five psychosexualNOT stages. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Psychoanalysis brings into awareness uncon- 1 scious conflicts, motives, and defenses so that Freud: Psychoanalytic they can be resolved. • Early© experience Jones & Bartlettin childhood Learning, is the root LLC of Theory © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC adultNOT behavior FOR and SALE defenses. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION TERMS Anal stage Conflict Conscious © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Countertransference & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT DefenseFOR SALE mechanisms OR DISTRIBUTION Displacement Ego Fixation Genital stage © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettId Learning, LLC Identification NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE ORLatency DISTRIBUTION stage Oedipus complex Oral stage Phallic stage Preconscious © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Projection© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PsychoanalysisNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Rationalization Reaction formation Regression Repression © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesSuperego & Bartlett Learning,3 LLC Transference NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT UnconsciousFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

4 Major Theories and Issues •Part I

Born in 1856, Sigmund Freud was raised in Vienna, Austria, as the son of a Jewish merchant. After completing medical school in 1886, Freud began practicing neurology, specializing in hysteria. Concluding that its origins were sexual in nature, he developed psychoanalytic techniques to encour- © Jonesage & patients Bartlett to recall Learning, past experiences. LLC When female patients reported© Jones prepubertal & sexualBartlett encoun- Learning, LLC NOT FORters SALE with their OR fathers, DISTRIBUTION Freud struggled with deciding whether theseNOT encounters FOR wereSALE fantasies OR or DISTRIBUTION actual events. He underwent self-analysis, and his theory of psychosexual development ultimately evolved from this process. Freud indulged in cocaine to relieve his depression, but his addiction to nicotine caused his death from cancer of the mouth. In 1938, he left Vienna in poor health to seek refuge from the © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Nazis, who had LLC destroyed his Vienna Psychoanalytic© Jones Society. & Freud Bartlett died in LondonLearning, in 1939. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

Freud divided personality into three components: id, ego, and super- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ego. His concept of the id was influenced by Darwin. The id is the seat Freud divided of instinctualNOT drives, FOR especially SALE sex, OR food, DISTRIBUTION and aggression. Operating personalityNOT into FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on the pleasure principle, the id seeks immediate gratification and three components: id, ego, wants to avoid physical and psychic pain. It engages in primary and superego. process thinking, which is illogical and indulges in fantasy. The id’s self-serving drive for pleasure conflicts with society’s norms for acceptable behavior. The © Jonesego & emergesBartlett from Learning, this conflict, andLLC works to keep the id out of trouble.© Jones It balances & Bartlett the id’s drives Learning, LLC NOT FORwith SALE society’s OR expectations DISTRIBUTION by making decisions based on the realityNOT principle—that FOR SALE is, delaying OR DISTRIBUTION gratification until socially appropriate means for meeting instinctual drives can be found. The ego engages in secondary process thinking, which is realistic, and tries to solve problems. The superego is the moral component of the personality. Emerging around ages 3 to 5 years, the superego represents an inter- Emerging around © Jones & Bartlett Learning,nalization of socialLLC standards for good and bad© behavior. Jones It is & the Bartlett in- Learning,ages 3 to 5 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONdividual’s way of policing his or her own behavior.NOT When FOR the superego SALE years,OR theDISTRIBUTION superego repre- becomes too demanding, the individual feels excessive guilt for fail- sents an internalization of social standards for good and ing to meet moral perfection. In the absence of a superego, the indi- bad behavior. vidual feels no remorse. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC LEVELSNOT OF AWARENESSFOR SALE OR AND DISTRIBUTION DREAMS NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Freud identified three levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious consists of awareness of the present. The preconscious lies just below the surface, housing © Jonesmaterial & Bartlett that the Learning,individual knows LLC but is not thinking about right now.© Jones The unconscious & Bartlettcontains Learning, LLC NOT FORmemories, SALE thoughts, OR DISTRIBUTION and desires of which the individual is not awareNOT but thatFOR may SALE have a profound OR DISTRIBUTION influence on the person’s behavior, such as hostile feelings toward a loved one. The id rests entirely

Chapter 1 • Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory 5

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in the unconscious. In his 1899 book The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud argued that the “royal road” to theNOT unconscious FOR isSALE dreams. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

CONFLICT AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR FreudSALE believed OR thatDISTRIBUTION the internal battles between the id, ego, and NOTsuperego FOR create SALE conflict inOR the per-DISTRIBUTION sonality. The drives for sex and aggression are particularly conflicted because they are subject to ambiguous social norms—also known as mixed messages—and, therefore, are more likely to be unfulfilled. Unconscious internal bat- Defense mecha- tles produce anxiety, which can slip into consciousness and cause nisms are uncon- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,distress. DefenseLLC mechanisms (Table 1-1©) protectJones the & ego Bartlett from sciousLearning, and are not theLLC same NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONunpleasant feelings, especially anxiety andNOT guilt. TheyFOR include SALE ra- ORthing DISTRIBUTION as coping. tionalization, repression, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, and identification. Defense mechanisms are unconscious and are not the same thing as coping. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC STAGESNOT OFFOR PSYCHOSEXUAL SALE OR DISTRIBUTION DEVELOPMENT NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Freud used the term “sexual” broadly, meaning an innate drive for physical pleasures. Freud proposed that children’s control over these urges progresses through five psychosexual stages (Table 1-2). The © Jones &failure Bartlett to progress Learning, is referred LLCto as fixation. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEDuring OR the oralDISTRIBUTION stage in the first year of life, the main sourceNOT of pleasure FOR is SALE the mouth, OR such DISTRIBUTION as sucking and biting. Adult oral fixations include smoking and eating. The anal stage focuses on the toddler’s pleasure in controlling bowel movements. Toilet train- ing, which represents society’s first effort to control the child’s self-serving physical drives, causes conflict between child and caretakers. Adult anal fixations involve anxiety about being punished for © Jones & Bartlett Learning,not performing. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe phallic stage occurs between the thirdNOT and FOR fifth yearsSALE of life. OR Boys DISTRIBUTION find pleasure in self- stimulation and compete with their fathers for the affection of their mothers. Freud thought that girls envied boys’ ability for self-pleasure Some cross- and blamed their mothers for their lack of a penis. Girls compensate cultural evidence for this “deficiency” by forming an attachment to their fathers. The supports the idea of an Oedipus© Jones complex &refers Bartlett to sexual Learning, desires for the parentLLC of the oppo- Oedipus complex© Jonesin boys. & Bartlett Learning, LLC site sexNOT accompanied FOR SALE by hostility OR toward DISTRIBUTION the parent of the same sex. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION This conflict coincides with the emergence of the superego. Freud believed that the resolution of this conflict is essential for healthy A stage theory gender identification with the parent of the same sex. Some cross- focuses on dis- cultural evidence supports the idea of an Oedipus complex in boys. continuity in development, © Jones & BartlettDuring the Learning, latency stage LLC, from age 5 through puberty, sexual© Jonesbecause & itBartlett implies that devel-Learning, LLC urges become suppressed as children form social relationships beyond opment has clearly demar- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORcated points SALE of change. OR DISTRIBUTION the family, especially with peers.

6 Major Theories and Issues •Part I

Rationalization Creation of false but plausible excuses to justify behavior. Example: “Everyone else does it.” © JonesRepression & Bartlett Learning, Way of keeping LLC anxiety-producing thoughts in© the Jones unconscious. & Bartlett Learning, LLC Example: “Forgetting” a troubling experience. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Projection Attributing your thoughts, feelings, or motives to somebody else. Example: Believing a co-worker for whom you have sexual feelings has made a pass at you.

Displacement Diverting feelings that you have toward someone away from that person and © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC toward another person or© object. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Example: Yelling at your NOTspouse whenFOR you SALE are angry OR at your DISTRIBUTION boss. Reaction formation Behaving in a way that is exactly opposite the way you feel. Example: Crusading against pornography when you secretly enjoy it.

Regression Reverting to immature behavior. Example: Adult temper tantrums. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Identification Aligning yourself with a person or group that you admire as a way to form a NOT FOR positiveSALE self-identity. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Example: Joining a sorority.

The genital stage begins with puberty. During adolescence, sexual urges can be appropriately © Jonesdirected & Bartlett toward peersLearning, of the opposite LLC sex. A stage theory focuses on© discontinuity Jones & in Bartlett development, Learning, LLC NOT FORbecause SALE it implies OR thatDISTRIBUTION development has clearly demarcated pointsNOT of change. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

PSYCHOANALYSIS

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,The goal of psychoanalysis LLC is to bring into awareness© Jones unconscious & Bartlett conflicts, Learning,motives, and defenses LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONso that they can be resolved. Free associationNOT is the FORspontaneous SALE expression OR DISTRIBUTION of an individual’s thoughts and feelings. Interpretation involves the analyst’s attempt to explain the meaning of the client’s experience, including the symbolism in the client’s dreams. The analyst uses the client’s re- sistance to interpretation to further understand underlying conflicts.

Ta b l e 1-2© StagesJones of Psychosexual & Bartlett Development Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC StageNOT Age FOR SALEFocus OR of DISTRIBUTION Sexual Urges NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Oral First year of life The mouth (e.g., sucking, biting)

Anal Toddler Controlling biological urges (e.g., bowel movements)

Phallic 3–5 years Genital self-pleasure; the Oedipus complex © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORLatency SALE 5 ORyears–puberty DISTRIBUTION Suppressing urges NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Genital Puberty Peers of opposite sex

Chapter 1 • Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory 7

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTTransference FOR SALE means that OR a patient DISTRIBUTION may remind you of someone in your life andNOT you may FOR treat SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that patient in the same way that you treat that person—which may be either good or bad. Remember to treat each patient as an individual.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Transference occurs when clients relate to their analysts in ways that are similar to other sig- NOT FOR nificantSALE relationships OR DISTRIBUTION in their lives. Countertransference refersNOT to the FOR analyst’s SALE response OR to DISTRIBUTION the client.

SOURCE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONFreud, S. (1924/1952). A general introductionNOT to FORpsychoanalysis SALE(J. OR Riviere, DISTRIBUTION trans.). New York: Washington Square Press.

©UICK Jones LOOK & AT Bartlett THE CHAPTER Learning, AHEAD LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Erikson emphasized the role of the social environment in development:

© Jones• & Development Bartlett Learning, occurs through LLC interacting with © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORan SALE ever-widening OR DISTRIBUTION circle of people. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • There are eight stages of psychosocial development. • Each stage is marked by a normative developmental polar crisis. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,• Early negative LLC experience is important© Jones in the & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONdevelopment of personality, but it canNOT be FOR re- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION solved at a later time. 2 Erikson: Eight Stages

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALETerms OR DISTRIBUTION Identity foreclosure Integration Normative © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC developmental© Jones crisis & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PsychologicalNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION moratorium Psychosocial development © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 2 • Erikson: Eight Stages of the Life Cycle 9

Erik Homburger Erikson was born in Germany in 1902 to Danish parents. He studied child analysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute with Anna Freud, then emigrated to the United States in 1933. There, he developed affiliations with Harvard University, Yale University, and the University © Jones &of Bartlett California atLearning, Berkeley, establishing LLC Child Guidance Clinics for© theJones treatment & Bartlettof childhood Learning, psy- LLC NOT FOR chologicalSALE OR disturbances. DISTRIBUTION Erikson and his wife Joan introduced theNOT theory FOR of the SALE eight stages OR of DISTRIBUTION the human life cycle at a White House Conference in 1950, the same year Childhood and Society was published. Erickson wrote Identity: Youth and Crisis in 1968, a time of great upheaval among American youth. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1994. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONTHEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

While Freud emphasized internal psychosexual conflict in personal- Erikson’s theory ity development, Erikson recognized that the social environment of psychosocial devel- plays a significant role in shaping a child’s sense of self. Erikson’s the- opment is based on the ory of© psychosocial Jones & developmentBartlett Learning,is based on the LLC premise that hu- premise that ©humans Jones inter- & Bartlett Learning, LLC mansNOT interact FOR with anSALE ever-widening OR DISTRIBUTION circle of people, beginning with act with an ever-wideningNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION mother and ending with humankind in general. circle of people, beginning Each of the eight stages of the human lifecycle is marked by a with mother and ending with humankind in general. normative developmental crisis that is resolved on a continuum between opposing positive and negative outcomes (Table 2-1). © Jones &Personality Bartlett is Learning,formed as a result LLC of the resolution of these crises,© leaving Jones people & with Bartlett both strengths Learning, LLC NOT FOR andSALE weaknesses. OR DISTRIBUTION The mature personality represents the integrationNOTof earlier FOR stages SALE of development, OR DISTRIBUTION their crises, and resolutions, into later stages. Unlike Freud, who was pessimistic about humans’ ability to overcome an unfortunate early childhood, Erikson believed that humans rework earlier crises later in life. Their beliefs about the role of early experience are an important dif- Their beliefs © Jones & Bartlett Learning,ference between LLC Freud and Erikson, with Erikson© Jones being more& Bartlett hope- Learning,about the LLC role of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONful than Freud. Reworking can be growth enhancingNOT FOR when the SALE overall ORearly DISTRIBUTION experience are an im- balance of the personality is more positive than negative. If earlier portant difference between crises were poorly resolved, however, revisiting them can be disrup- Freud and Erikson, with Erikson being more hopeful tive, especially when doing so coincides with accidental life crises, than Freud. such as illness or death. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION THE EIGHT STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE

• Trust versus mistrust. Infants cannot meet their own needs for food, warmth, and com- © Jones & Bartlettfort. When Learning, they can count LLC on others—usually their mother—to© Jones meet &these Bartlett needs, they Learning, feel LLC NOT FOR SALEworthy OR of DISTRIBUTION care and develop a sense of trust both in “self”NOT and in FOR“other.” SALEBecause anOR atten- DISTRIBUTION tive mother cannot meet all the child’s needs at all times, even a positive resolution in- cludes a healthy degree of mistrust. Consistently poor caregiving leaves a child with a

10 Major Theories and Issues •Part I

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ta b l e 2-1 Stages of the Life Cycle NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Developmental Crisis Period Developmental Struggle

Trust versus mistrust Infancy I can trust others and thus myself versus I can’t trust and my needs are unworthy. Autonomy versus shame Toddler “I am,” “I can,” and that’s good, versus “I can’t” and © Jonesand & doubtBartlett Learning, LLC I am bad. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORInitiative SALE versus OR guilt DISTRIBUTIONPreschool I can control my busynessNOT versus FOR what SALE I do is bad. OR DISTRIBUTION Industry versus inferiority School-aged I can make friends and do things well versus nobody likes me and I’m stupid. Identity formation versus Adolescence I am in tune with myself versus I am confused, a identity diffusion nobody. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Intimacy versus LLC isolation Young adult© I share Jones who I am& Bartlettwith special othersLearning, versus I am LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTalone and FOR I have SALE nothing ORto share. DISTRIBUTION Generativity versus Adulthood I am making a contribution versus it only matters if it self-absorption matters to me. Ego integrity versus Senescence This was my life and I am okay with it versus I am disgust and despair filled with regret, I failed. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sense of unworthiness that can negatively influence self-identity and relationships throughout life. • Autonomy versus shame and doubt. Like Freud, Erikson realized that children’s ability to control their body functions poses a major developmental crisis. While toddlers attach © Jones & Bartlettvalue to exerting Learning, autonomous LLC will, caregivers disapprove of© uncivilized Jones behaviors. & Bartlett In a Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEpositive OR resolution, DISTRIBUTION toddlers gain a sense of self-pride and autonomyNOT FOR when SALEadults guide OR DISTRIBUTION them to learn approved behavior: “I am good.” Even healthy toddlers experience some shame, however. The more they experience disapproval without guidance, the deeper their shame and the more they doubt their own will: “I am bad.” • Initiative versus guilt. Preschoolers who like to do things can do the wrong thing. Like © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Freud, LLCErikson saw this stage as the birth© of Jones a conscience. & Bartlett A little guilt Learning, helps children LLCkeep their initiative within bounds. However, children who are overburdened by unrealistic ex- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONpectations for good behavior can only fail;NOT they mayFOR believe SALE they doOR bad DISTRIBUTION things, stifling their natural inquisitiveness. • Industry versus inferiority. During the latency period, children channel their energy into developing friendships and becoming good at things, such as academics and sports. They enjoy© Jones being productive & Bartlett and learn Learning, from their failures. LLC Children who do not experience© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC themselves as being competent socially, physically, or intellectually develop a sense of inad- equacyNOT and FOR inferiority. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Identity formation versus identity diffusion. Identity formation in adolescence is a cor- nerstone of Erikson’s theory. The developmental task is to integrate childhood identifica- tions with new biological urges, assumption of social roles, and recognition of one’s © Jones & Bartlettabilities and Learning, limitations. During LLC the psychological moratorium,© Jonesadolescents & Bartlett try on differ- Learning, LLC ent identities, values, and social roles. Failure to form an identity may result in identity dif- NOT FOR SALEfusion—of OR feelingDISTRIBUTION like a nobody, with no sense of direction NOTor commitment FOR SALE to a set ofOR DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 2 • Erikson: Eight Stages of the Life Cycle 11

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC values. Identity foreclosure occurs when adolescents as- NOTsume FOR a preordained SALE role OR without DISTRIBUTION question. Erikson coined EriksonNOT coined FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the term “identity crisis” in reference to adolescence. the term “iden- • Intimacy versus isolation. Once young people are secure in tity crisis” in reference to their identity, they can establish intimate relationships with adolescence. © Jones & Bartlettfriends Learning,and loving sexual LLC relationships. Fear of losing one’s© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC identity in a relationship can lead youth to avoid commitments, causing isolation and lone- NOT FOR SALEliness. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Generativity versus self-absorption. Generative adults are productive members of society, guiding the younger generation, caring for elders, and contributing their talents for the betterment of all. Self-absorbed adults do not look beyond their own needs, become stag- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,nant LLC emotionally, or lack a core set of© values. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Integrity versus disgust. Individuals whose resolution of developmental crises have been NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONrelatively positive reach old age with NOTa sense FORof ego integrity. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION They accept responsibility for what life is and was—whether Erikson never it be good, bad, or indifferent. Individuals who have been intended his emotionally isolated, self-absorbed, and without a secure stages to be viewed as what ©identity Jones end & life Bartlett in despair andLearning, regret. Erikson LLC believed that he later referred© Jonesto as the & Bartlett Learning, LLC it is never too late to positively reintegrate the personality, to “rosary” of development. NOTlearn FORlife’s lessons, SALE and ORto mature. DISTRIBUTION Erikson never intended his They are a convenientNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION stages to be viewed as what he later referred to as the heuristic, however. “rosary” of development. They are a convenient heuristic, however. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SOURCESSALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton. Erikson, E. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. New York: International Universities Press. Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION